1
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Alizadeh M, Krouglov S, Barzda V. Polarimetric second-harmonic generation microscopy of partially oriented fibers I: Digital modeling. Biophys J 2023; 122:3924-3936. [PMID: 37608550 PMCID: PMC10560684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in biological tissues originates predominantly from noncentrosymmetric fibrillar structures partially oriented within a focal volume (voxel) of a multiphoton excitation microscope. This study is aimed to elucidate fibrillar organization factors influencing SHG intensity, as well as achiral, R, and chiral, C, nonlinear susceptibility tensor component ratios. SHG response is calculated for various configurations of fibrils in a voxel using the digital nonlinear microscope. The R and C ratios are calculated using linear incident and outgoing polarization states that simulate polarization-in polarization-out polarimetric measurements. The investigation shows strong SHG intensity dependence on parallel/antiparallel fiber organization. The R and C ratios are strongly influenced by the fiber chirality, tilting of the fibers out of the image plane, and crossing of the fibers. The computational modeling provides the basis for the interpretation of polarimetric SHG microscopy images in terms of the ultrastructural organization of fibers in each voxel of the samples. The modeling results are employed in the accompanying paper to investigate the ultrastructures with parallel/antiparallel fibers and two-dimensional and tree-dimensional crossing fibers in biological and biomimetic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Alizadeh
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serguei Krouglov
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Alizadeh M, Habach F, Maciulis M, Kontenis L, Bagdonas S, Krouglov S, Baranauskas V, Bulotiene D, Karabanovas V, Rotomskis R, Akens MK, Barzda V. Polarimetric second harmonic generation microscopy of partially oriented fibers II: Imaging study. Biophys J 2023; 122:3937-3949. [PMID: 37621088 PMCID: PMC10560685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarimetric second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy imaging is employed to investigate the ultrastructural organization of biological and biomimetic partially oriented fibrillar structures. The linear polarization-in polarization-out SHG microscopy measurements are conducted with rat tail tendon, rabbit cornea, pig cartilage, and biomimetic meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS4) cylindrical aggregates, which represent different two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) configurations of C6 symmetry fibril structures in the focal volume (voxel) of the microscope. The polarization-in polarization-out imaging of rat tail tendon reveals that SHG intensity is affected by parallel/antiparallel arrangements of the fibers, and achiral (R) and chiral (C) susceptibility component ratio values change by tilting the tendon fibers out of image plane. The R ratio changes for the 2D crossing fibers observed in cornea tissue. The 3D crossing of fibers also affects R ratio in cartilage tissue. The distinctly different dependence of R on crossing and tilting of fibers is demonstrated in collagen and TPPS4 aggregates, due to the achiral molecular susceptibility ratio having values below and above 3, respectively. The polarimetric microscopy results correspond well with the analytical expressions of amplitude and R and C ratios dependence on the crossing angle of the fibers. The experimentally measured SHG intensity and R and C ratio maps are consistent with the computational modeling of various fiber configurations presented in the preceding article. The demonstrated SHG intensity and R and C ratio dependencies on fibril configurations provide the basis for interpreting polarimetric SHG microscopy images in terms of 3D ultrastructural organization of fibers in each voxel of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Alizadeh
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Fayez Habach
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mykolas Maciulis
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lukas Kontenis
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Light Conversion, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Bagdonas
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Serguei Krouglov
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vytautas Baranauskas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Science Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Danute Bulotiene
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalijus Karabanovas
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ricardas Rotomskis
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Margarete K Akens
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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3
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Aghigh A, Bancelin S, Rivard M, Pinsard M, Ibrahim H, Légaré F. Second harmonic generation microscopy: a powerful tool for bio-imaging. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:43-70. [PMID: 36909955 PMCID: PMC9995455 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-01041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is an important optical imaging technique in a variety of applications. This article describes the history and physical principles of SHG microscopy and its more advanced variants, as well as their strengths and weaknesses in biomedical applications. It also provides an overview of SHG and advanced SHG imaging in neuroscience and microtubule imaging and how these methods can aid in understanding microtubule formation, structuration, and involvement in neuronal function. Finally, we offer a perspective on the future of these methods and how technological advancements can help make SHG microscopy a more widely adopted imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Aghigh
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, QC Canada
| | | | - Maxime Rivard
- National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC Canada
| | - Maxime Pinsard
- Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Et Technologies Pour L’environnement Et L’agriculture, Paris, France
| | - Heide Ibrahim
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, QC Canada
| | - François Légaré
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, QC Canada
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4
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Chae I, Zu R, Barhoumi Meddeb A, Ogawa Y, Chen Z, Gopalan V, Ounaies Z, Kim SH. Electric Field-Induced Polarization Responses of Noncentrosymmetric Crystalline Biopolymers in Different Frequency Regimes - A Case Study on Unidirectionally Aligned β-Chitin Crystals. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1901-1909. [PMID: 33797889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A dielectric medium containing noncentrosymmetric domains can exhibit piezoelectric and second-harmonic generation (SHG) responses when an electric field is applied. Since many crystalline biopolymers have noncentrosymmetric structures, there has been a great deal of interest in exploiting their piezoelectric and SHG responses for electromechanical and electro-optic devices, especially owing to their advantages such as biocompatibility and low density. However, exact mechanisms or origins of such polarization responses of crystalline biopolymers remain elusive due to the convolution of responses from multiple domains with varying degrees of structural disorder or difficulty of ensuring the unidirectional alignment of noncentrosymmetric domains. In this study, we investigate the polarization responses of a noncentrosymmetric crystalline biopolymer, namely, unidirectionally aligned β-chitin crystals interspersed in the amorphous protein matrix, which can be obtained naturally from tubeworm Lamellibrachia satsuma (LS) tube. The mechanisms governing polarization responses in different dynamic regimes covering optical (>1013 Hz), acoustic/ultrasonic (103-105 Hz), and low (10-2-102 Hz) frequencies are explained. Relationships between the polarization responses dominant in different frequencies are addressed. Also, electromechanical coupling responses, including piezoelectricity of the LS tube, are quantitatively discussed. The findings of this study can be applicable to other noncentrosymmetric crystalline biopolymers, elucidating their polarization responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseok Chae
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rui Zu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Amira Barhoumi Meddeb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zoubeida Ounaies
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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5
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Ofner M, Walach H. The Vegetative Receptor-Vascular Reflex (VRVR) - A New Key to Regeneration. Front Physiol 2020; 11:547526. [PMID: 33071809 PMCID: PMC7538835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.547526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe a potentially new physiological reflex path that has so far been neglected but which could be used for a novel therapeutic approach: The vegetative receptor-vascular reflex. This is a physiological response that starts from the connective tissue and influences the whole organism. We cross-fertilized various research areas with each other. KEY FINDINGS The matrix or the connective tissue forms a passive reservoir of substrate for the growth and development of cells, and functions as the primordial communication system of all living systems. It contains a continuous network of cells, such as fibroblasts, along with protein bundles made up of collagen that support electrical exchange through piezoelectric effects. This archaic vegetative system surrounds all cells, including neurons, and can thus be viewed as the primordial coordinating system in every organism. It is very likely the basis for a reflex which we describe here for the first time: the vegetative receptor vascular reflex. We also indicate some potential practical applications and test procedures. CONCLUSION The vegetative receptor vascular reflex describes the pathway from stimuli that originate in the connective tissue or the extracellular matrix toward organ systems. They might be chemical in nature or electrical via piezo-electric effects stimulating nerve endings, and thus can influence higher order processes such as regeneration or healing of tissue. Thus, this reflex lends itself to a novel therapeutic approach via certain types of manipulation of the connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ofner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Walach
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Psychology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Change Health Science Institute, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Golaraei A, Kontenis L, Mirsanaye K, Krouglov S, Akens MK, Wilson BC, Barzda V. Complex Susceptibilities and Chiroptical Effects of Collagen Measured with Polarimetric Second-Harmonic Generation Microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12488. [PMID: 31462663 PMCID: PMC6713739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical properties of collagen type-I are investigated in thin tissue sections of pig tendon as a research model using a complete polarimetric second-harmonic generation (P-SHG) microscopy technique called double Stokes-Mueller polarimetry (DSMP). Three complex-valued molecular susceptibility tensor component ratios are extracted. A significant retardance is observed between the chiral susceptibility component and the achiral components, while the achiral components appear to be in phase with each other. The DSMP formalism and microscopy measurements are further used to explain and experimentally validate the conditions required for SHG circular dichroism (SHG-CD) of collagen to occur. The SHG-CD can be observed with the microscope when: (i) the chiral second-order susceptibility tensor component has a non-zero value, (ii) a phase retardance is present between the chiral and achiral components of the second-order susceptibility tensor and (iii) the collagen fibres are tilted out of the image plane. Both positive and negative areas of SHG-CD are observed in microscopy images, which relates to the anti-parallel arrangement of collagen fibres in different fascicles of the tendon. The theoretical formalism and experimental validation of DSMP imaging technique opens new opportunities for ultrastructural characterisation of chiral molecules, in particular collagen, and provides basis for the interpretation of SHG-CD signals. The nonlinear imaging of chiroptical parameters offers new possibilities to further improve the diagnostic sensitivity and/or specificity of nonlinear label-free histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Golaraei
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Mississauga, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Lukas Kontenis
- Light Conversion Ltd., LT-10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Vilnius University, Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius, 10223, Lithuania
| | - Kamdin Mirsanaye
- University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Mississauga, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Serguei Krouglov
- University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Mississauga, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Margarete K Akens
- Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L5, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Surgery, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada.
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Mississauga, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Vilnius University, Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius, 10223, Lithuania.
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7
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Golaraei A, Mirsanaye K, Ro Y, Krouglov S, Akens MK, Wilson BC, Barzda V. Collagen chirality and three-dimensional orientation studied with polarimetric second-harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800241. [PMID: 30288949 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-dependent second-harmonic generation (P-SHG) microscopy is used to characterize molecular nonlinear optical properties of collagen and determine a three-dimensional (3D) orientation map of collagen fibers within a pig tendon. C6 symmetry is used to determine the nonlinear susceptibility tensor components ratios in the molecular frame of reference χzzz2/χzxx2 and χxyz2/χzxx2 , where the latter is a newly extracted parameter from the P-SHG images and is related to the chiral structure of collagen. The χxyz2/χzxx2 is observed for collagen fibers tilted out of the image plane, and can have positive or negative values, revealing the relative polarity of collagen fibers within the tissue. The P-SHG imaging was performed using a linear polarization-in polarization-out (PIPO) method on thin sections of pig tendon cut at different angles. The nonlinear chiral properties of collagen can be used to construct the 3D organization of collagen in the tissue and determine the orientation-independent molecular susceptibility ratios of collagen fibers in the molecular frame of reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Golaraei
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamdin Mirsanaye
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yeji Ro
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serguei Krouglov
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margarete K Akens
- Techna Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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8
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van der Kolk JN, Bancelin S, Kioulos C, Lesina AC, Légaré F, Ramunno L. Effect of refractive index mismatch on forward-to-backward ratios in SHG imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5082-5085. [PMID: 30320824 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical imaging in the epi-direction is used to image subresolution features. We find that a refractive index mismatch between the object to be imaged and the background medium can change the far-field intensity image. As an example, we study second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy where the forward-to-backward (F/B) ratio is used to quantify subresolution features. We show both theoretically and experimentally that the inhomogeneous refractive index in collagen tendon tissue creates near-field effects, which can change the F/B ratio by ∼20%-25%, even though the effect is negligible for most of the individual fibrils in the tissue. This is caused by the sensitivity of the backward signal on phase matching conditions.
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9
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Apter B, Lapshina N, Handelman A, Fainberg BD, Rosenman G. Peptide Nanophotonics: From Optical Waveguiding to Precise Medicine and Multifunctional Biochips. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801147. [PMID: 30027685 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguiding phenomena found in bioinspired chemically synthesized peptide nanostructures are a new paradigm which can revolutionize emerging fields of precise medicine and health monitoring. A unique combination of their intrinsic biocompatibility with remarkable multifunctional optical properties and developed nanotechnology of large peptide wafers makes them highly promising for new biomedical light therapy tools and implantable optical biochips. This Review highlights a new field of peptide nanophotonics. It covers peptide nanotechnology and the fabrication process of peptide integrated optical circuits, basic studies of linear and nonlinear optical phenomena in biological and bioinspired nanostructures, and their passive and active optical waveguiding. It is shown that the optical properties of this generation of bio-optical materials are governed by fundamental biological processes. Refolding the peptide secondary structure is followed by wideband optical absorption and visible tunable fluorescence. In peptide optical waveguides, such a bio-optical effect leads to switching from passive waveguiding mode in native α-helical phase to an active one in the β-sheet phase. The found active waveguiding effect in β-sheet fiber structures below optical diffraction limit opens an avenue for the future development of new bionanophotonics in ultrathin peptide/protein fibrillar structures toward advanced biomedical nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Apter
- Faculty of Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, 5810201, Israel
| | - Nadezda Lapshina
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amir Handelman
- Faculty of Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, 5810201, Israel
| | - Boris D Fainberg
- Faculty of Science, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, 5810201, Israel
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Gil Rosenman
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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10
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Bazaid A, Neumayer SM, Sorushanova A, Guyonnet J, Zeugolis D, Rodriguez BJ. Non-destructive determination of collagen fibril width in extruded collagen fibres by piezoresponse force microscopy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa85ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Jiang P, Yan F, Nasr Esfahani E, Xie S, Zou D, Liu X, Zheng H, Li J. Electromechanical Coupling of Murine Lung Tissues Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1827-1835. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Yuhu District, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fei Yan
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ehsan Nasr Esfahani
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shuhong Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Yuhu District, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Daifeng Zou
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composites and Devices, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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12
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Denning D, Kilpatrick JI, Fukada E, Zhang N, Habelitz S, Fertala A, Gilchrist MD, Zhang Y, Tofail SAM, Rodriguez BJ. Piezoelectric Tensor of Collagen Fibrils Determined at the Nanoscale. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:929-935. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Denning
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jason I. Kilpatrick
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eiichi Fukada
- Kobayasi Institute of Physical Research, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nan Zhang
- School
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin
4, Ireland
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department
of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0758, United States
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Michael D. Gilchrist
- School
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin
4, Ireland
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Department
of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Syed A. M. Tofail
- Department
of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian J. Rodriguez
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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13
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Mahapatra C, Singh RK, Kim JJ, Patel KD, Perez RA, Jang JH, Kim HW. Osteopromoting Reservoir of Stem Cells: Bioactive Mesoporous Nanocarrier/Collagen Gel through Slow-Releasing FGF18 and the Activated BMP Signaling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27573-27584. [PMID: 27649064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Providing an osteogenic stimulatory environment is a key strategy to construct stem cell-based bone-equivalent tissues. Here we design a stem cell delivering gel matrix made of collagen (Col) with bioactive glass nanocarriers (BGn) that incorporate osteogenic signaling molecule, fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18), a reservoir considered to cultivate and promote osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The presence of BGn in the gel was shown to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, possibly due to the therapeutic role of ions released. The mesoporous nature of BGn was effective in loading FGF18 at large quantity, and the FGF18 release from the BGn-Col gel matrix was highly sustainable with almost a zero-order kinetics, over 4 weeks as confirmed by the green fluorescence protein signal change. The released FGF18 was effective in accelerating osteogenesis (alkaline phosphatase activity and bone related gene expressions) and bone matrix formation (osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin production) of MSCs. This was attributed to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, where the FGF18 release stimulated the endogenous secretion of BMP2 and the downstream signal Smad1/5/8. Taken together, the FGF18-BGn/Col gel is considered an excellent osteopromoting depot to support and signal MSCs for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmaya Mahapatra
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Rajendra K Singh
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ju Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Kapil D Patel
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Roman A Perez
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeog Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, Inha University School of Medicine , Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
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14
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Couture CA, Bancelin S, Van der Kolk J, Popov K, Rivard M, Légaré K, Martel G, Richard H, Brown C, Laverty S, Ramunno L, Légaré F. The Impact of Collagen Fibril Polarity on Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy. Biophys J 2016; 109:2501-2510. [PMID: 26682809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report the implementation of interferometric second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy with femtosecond pulses. As a proof of concept, we imaged the phase distribution of SHG signal from the complex collagen architecture of juvenile equine growth cartilage. The results are analyzed in respect to numerical simulations to extract the relative orientation of collagen fibrils within the tissue. Our results reveal large domains of constant phase together with regions of quasi-random phase, which are correlated to respectively high- and low-intensity regions in the standard SHG images. A comparison with polarization-resolved SHG highlights the crucial role of relative fibril polarity in determining the SHG signal intensity. Indeed, it appears that even a well-organized noncentrosymmetric structure emits low SHG signal intensity if it has no predominant local polarity. This work illustrates how the complex architecture of noncentrosymmetric scatterers at the nanoscale governs the coherent building of SHG signal within the focal volume and is a key advance toward a complete understanding of the structural origin of SHG signals from tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-André Couture
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bancelin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Konstantin Popov
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Sainte Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Sainte Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cameron Brown
- University of Oxford, Botnar Research Center, NDORMS, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Sainte Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lora Ramunno
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Quebec, Canada.
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15
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Seol D, Park S, Varenyk OV, Lee S, Lee HN, Morozovska AN, Kim Y. Determination of ferroelectric contributions to electromechanical response by frequency dependent piezoresponse force microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30579. [PMID: 27466086 PMCID: PMC4964340 DOI: 10.1038/srep30579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hysteresis loop analysis via piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is typically performed to probe the existence of ferroelectricity at the nanoscale. However, such an approach is rather complex in accurately determining the pure contribution of ferroelectricity to the PFM. Here, we suggest a facile method to discriminate the ferroelectric effect from the electromechanical (EM) response through the use of frequency dependent ac amplitude sweep with combination of hysteresis loops in PFM. Our combined study through experimental and theoretical approaches verifies that this method can be used as a new tool to differentiate the ferroelectric effect from the other factors that contribute to the EM response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Seol
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjae Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Olexandr V Varenyk
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 46, pr. Nauki, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Shinbuhm Lee
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ho Nyung Lee
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Anna N Morozovska
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 46, pr. Nauki, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yunseok Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu XY, Yan F, Niu LL, Chen QN, Zheng HR, Li JY. Strong correlation between early stage atherosclerosis and electromechanical coupling of aorta. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6975-6980. [PMID: 26972797 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07398g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases that are responsible for many deaths in the world, and the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis is highly desirable. The existing imaging methods, however, are not capable of detecting the early stage of atherosclerosis development due to their limited spatial resolution. Using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), we show that the piezoelectric response of an aortic wall increases as atherosclerosis advances, while the stiffness of the aorta shows a less evident correlation with atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we show that there is strong correlation between the coercive electric field necessary to switch the polarity of the artery and the development of atherosclerosis. Thus by measuring the electromechanical coupling of the aortic wall, it is possible to probe atherosclerosis at the early stage of its development, not only improving the spatial resolution by orders of magnitude, but also providing comprehensive quantitative information on the biomechanical properties of the artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Liu
- College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composites and Devices, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - F Yan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - L L Niu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Q N Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H R Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - J Y Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Ren L, Yang P, Wang Z, Zhang J, Ding C, Shang P. Biomechanical and biophysical environment of bone from the macroscopic to the pericellular and molecular level. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 50:104-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Aboulfadl H, Hulliger J. Absolute polarity determination of teeth cementum by phase sensitive second harmonic generation microscopy. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:67-75. [PMID: 26297858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The absolute sign of local polarity in relation to the biological growth direction has been investigated for teeth cementum using phase sensitive second harmonic generation microscopy (PS-SHGM) and a crystal of 2-cyclooctylamino-5-nitropyridine (COANP) as a nonlinear optic (NLO) reference material. A second harmonic generation (SHG) response was found in two directions of cementum: radial (acellular extrinsic fibers that are oriented more or less perpendicular to the root surface) and circumferential (cellular intrinsic fibers that are oriented more or less parallel to the surface). A mono-polar state was demonstrated for acellular extrinsic cementum. However, along the different parts of cementum in circumferential direction, two corresponding domains were observed featuring an opposite sign of polarity indicative for a bi-polar microscopic state of cellular intrinsic cementum. The phase information showed that the orientation of radial collagen fibrils of cementum is regularly organized with the donor (D) groups pointing to the surface. Circumferential collagen molecules feature orientational disorder and are oriented up and down in random manner showing acceptor or donor groups at the surface of cementum. Considering that the cementum continues to grow in thickness throughout life, we can conclude that the cementum is growing circumferentially in two opposite directions and radially in one direction. A Markov chain type model for polarity formation in the direction of growth predicts D-groups preferably appearing at the fiber front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Aboulfadl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freierstrasse 3, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hulliger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freierstrasse 3, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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19
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Vogel M, Wingert A, Fink RHA, Hagl C, Ganikhanov F, Pfeffer CP. Enabling the detection of UV signal in multimodal nonlinear microscopy with catalogue lens components. J Microsc 2015; 260:62-72. [PMID: 26016390 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Using an optical system made from fused silica catalogue optical components, third-order nonlinear microscopy has been enabled on conventional Ti:sapphire laser-based multiphoton microscopy setups. The optical system is designed using two lens groups with straightforward adaptation to other microscope stands when one of the lens groups is exchanged. Within the theoretical design, the optical system collects and transmits light with wavelengths between the near ultraviolet and the near infrared from an object field of at least 1 mm in diameter within a resulting numerical aperture of up to 0.56. The numerical aperture can be controlled with a variable aperture stop between the two lens groups of the condenser. We demonstrate this new detection capability in third harmonic generation imaging experiments at the harmonic wavelength of ∼300 nm and in multimodal nonlinear optical imaging experiments using third-order sum frequency generation and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy so that the wavelengths of the detected signals range from ∼300 nm to ∼660 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vogel
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Axel Wingert
- Medical Biophysics Group, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer H A Fink
- Medical Biophysics Group, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Hagl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munchen, Germany
| | - Feruz Ganikhanov
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A
| | - Christian P Pfeffer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munchen, Germany.,Department of Craniofacial and Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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20
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A unifying neuro-fasciagenic model of somatic dysfunction - underlying mechanisms and treatment - Part I. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2015; 19:310-26. [PMID: 25892388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper offers an extensive review of the main fascia-mediated mechanisms underlying various dysfunctional and pathophysiological processes of clinical relevance for manual therapy. The concept of somatic dysfunction is revisited in light of the diverse fascial influences that may come into play in its genesis and maintenance. A change in perspective is thus proposed: from a nociceptive model that for decades has viewed somatic dysfunction as a neurologically-mediated phenomenon, to a unifying fascial model that integrates neural influences into a multifactorial and multidimensional interpretation of dysfunctional process as being partially, if not entirely, mediated by the fascia.
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21
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Kushagra A. Thermal Fluctuation Induced Piezoelectric Effect in Cytoskeletal Microtubules: Model for Energy Harvesting and Their Intracellular Communication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2015.88048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Determination of collagen fibril size via absolute measurements of second-harmonic generation signals. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4920. [PMID: 25223385 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantification of collagen fibril size is a major issue for the investigation of pathological disorders associated with structural defects of the extracellular matrix. Second-harmonic generation microscopy is a powerful technique to characterize the macromolecular organization of collagen in unstained biological tissues. Nevertheless, due to the complex coherent building of this nonlinear optical signal, it has never been used to measure fibril diameter so far. Here we report absolute measurements of second-harmonic signals from isolated fibrils down to 30 nm diameter, via implementation of correlative second-harmonic-electron microscopy. Moreover, using analytical and numerical calculations, we demonstrate that the high sensitivity of this technique originates from the parallel alignment of collagen triple helices within fibrils and the subsequent constructive interferences of second-harmonic radiations. Finally, we use these absolute measurements as a calibration for ex vivo quantification of fibril diameter in the Descemet's membrane of a diabetic rat cornea.
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23
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Rivard M, Popov K, Couture CA, Laliberté M, Bertrand-Grenier A, Martin F, Pépin H, Pfeffer CP, Brown C, Ramunno L, Légaré F. Imaging the noncentrosymmetric structural organization of tendon with Interferometric Second Harmonic Generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:638-46. [PMID: 23894135 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the imaging of tendon with Interferometric Second Harmonic Generation microscopy. We observe that the noncentrosymmetric structural organization can be maintained along the fibrillar axis over more than 150 μm, while in the transverse direction it is ∼1-15 μm. Those results are explained by modeling tendon as a heterogeneous distribution of noncentrosymmetric nano-cylinders (collagen fibrils) oriented along the fibrillar axis. The preservation of the noncentrosymmetric structural organization over multiple tens of microns reveals that tendon is made of domains in which the ratio between fibrils with positive and negative polarity is unbalanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X1S2, Canada
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24
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Li J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Cai HL, Xiong RG. Molecular ferroelectrics: where electronics meet biology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20786-96. [PMID: 24018952 PMCID: PMC3836842 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last several years, we have witnessed significant advances in molecular ferroelectrics, with the ferroelectric properties of molecular crystals approaching those of barium titanate. In addition, ferroelectricity has been observed in biological systems, filling an important missing link in bioelectric phenomena. In this perspective, we will present short historical notes on ferroelectrics, followed by an overview of the fundamentals of ferroelectricity. The latest developments in molecular ferroelectrics and biological ferroelectricity will then be highlighted, and their implications and potential applications will be discussed. We close by noting molecular ferroelectric as an exciting frontier between electronics and biology, and a number of challenges ahead are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2600, USA.
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25
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Brown CP, Houle MA, Popov K, Nicklaus M, Couture CA, Laliberté M, Brabec T, Ruediger A, Carr AJ, Price AJ, Gill HS, Ramunno L, Légaré F. Imaging and modeling collagen architecture from the nano to micro scale. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 5:233-43. [PMID: 24466490 PMCID: PMC3891335 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The collagen meshwork plays a central role in the functioning of a range of tissues including cartilage, tendon, arteries, skin, bone and ligament. Because of its importance in function, it is of considerable interest for studying development, disease and regeneration processes. Here, we have used second harmonic generation (SHG) to image human tissues on the hundreds of micron scale, and developed a numerical model to quantitatively interpret the images in terms of the underlying collagen structure on the tens to hundreds of nanometer scale. Focusing on osteoarthritic changes in cartilage, we have demonstrated that this combination of polarized SHG imaging and numerical modeling can estimate fibril diameter, filling fraction, orientation and bundling. This extends SHG microscopy from a qualitative to quantitative imaging technique, providing a label-free and non-destructive platform for characterizing the extracellular matrix that can expand our understanding of the structural mechanisms in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Carr
- Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Lora Ramunno
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Canada
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26
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27
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Han Y, Raghunathan V, Feng RR, Maekawa H, Chung CY, Feng Y, Potma EO, Ge NH. Mapping molecular orientation with phase sensitive vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6149-56. [PMID: 23675654 DOI: 10.1021/jp4022147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a phase sensitive, vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (PSVR-SFG) microscope that combines high resolution, fast image acquisition speed, chemical selectivity, and phase sensitivity. Using the PSVR-SFG microscope, we generate amplitude and phase images of the second-order susceptibility of collagen I fibers in rat tail tendon tissue on resonance with the methylene vibrations of the protein. We find that the phase of the second-order susceptibility shows dependence on the effective polarity of the fibril bundles, revealing fibrous collagen domains of opposite orientations within the tissue. The presence of collagen microdomains in tendon tissue may have implications for the interpretation of the mechanical properties of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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28
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Chow MJ, Chen NQ, Ma F, Zhang Y, Li J. Glucose suppresses biological ferroelectricity in aortic elastin. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:168101. [PMID: 23679639 PMCID: PMC3865614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.168101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is an intriguing extracellular matrix protein present in all connective tissues of vertebrates, rendering essential elasticity to connective tissues subjected to repeated physiological stresses. Using piezoresponse force microscopy, we show that the polarity of aortic elastin is switchable by an electrical field, which may be associated with the recently discovered biological ferroelectricity in the aorta. More interestingly, it is discovered that the switching in aortic elastin is largely suppressed by glucose treatment, which appears to freeze the internal asymmetric polar structures of elastin, making it much harder to switch, or suppressing the switching completely. Such loss of ferroelectricity could have important physiological and pathological implications from aging to arteriosclerosis that are closely related to glycation of elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2600, USA
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ming-Jay Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Nataly Q. Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2600, USA
| | - Feiyue Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2600, USA
| | - Yanhang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2600, USA
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29
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Adamcik J, Mezzenga R. Study of amyloid fibrils via atomic force microscopy. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Denning D, Alilat S, Habelitz S, Fertala A, Rodriguez BJ. Visualizing molecular polar order in tissues via electromechanical coupling. J Struct Biol 2012; 180:409-19. [PMID: 22985991 PMCID: PMC4409004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques have long been used to characterize collagen fibril ordering and alignment in connective tissues. These techniques, however, are unable to map collagen fibril polarity, i.e., the polar orientation that is directed from the amine to the carboxyl termini. Using a voltage modulated AFM-based technique called piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), we show it is possible to visualize both the alignment of collagen fibrils within a tissue and the polar orientation of the fibrils with minimal sample preparation. We demonstrate the technique on rat tail tendon and porcine eye tissues in ambient conditions. In each sample, fibrils are arranged into domains whereby neighboring domains exhibit opposite polarizations, which in some cases extend to the individual fibrillar level. Uniform polarity has not been observed in any of the tissues studied. Evidence of anti-parallel ordering of the amine to carboxyl polarity in bundles of fibrils or in individual fibrils is found in all tissues, which has relevance for understanding mechanical and biofunctional properties and the formation of connective tissues. The technique can be applied to any biological material containing piezoelectric biopolymers or polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Denning
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sofiane Alilat
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, USA
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brian J. Rodriguez
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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31
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Azodi M, Harnagea C, Buscaglia V, Buscaglia MT, Nanni P, Rosei F, Pignolet A. Ferroelectric switching in Bi4Ti3O12 nanorods. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2012; 59:1903-1911. [PMID: 23007759 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2012.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of individual one-dimensional objects made of Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12) (BiT). The nanorods and nanowires investigated in this study were fabricated by a two-step process: 1) preparation of reactive templates using hydrothermal-like synthesis and colloidal chemistry and 2) transformation of the reactive templates in Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12) by solid-state reaction, overcoming the morphological instability problem of 1-D templates. Using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) with both out-of-plane and in-plane detection capability, we show that both types of objects exhibit strong piezoelectric activity and good switching ferroelectric behavior. Analysis of the PFM hysteresis loops obtained revealed that the coercive voltage of the in-plane PFM signal can be either equal to or different from that of the out-of-plane response. We associate these situations with two types of polarization switching mechanisms: direct 180° switching, and via rotation of polarization, resulting from the independent switching of the components along the a- and ccrystallographic axes. In a few instances, we observe a negative piezoelectric coefficient, which we explain by the specific shape of the piezoelectric surface of Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Azodi
- Centre Energie, Materiaux et Telecommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, QC, Canada
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32
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Denning D, Abu-Rub MT, Zeugolis DI, Habelitz S, Pandit A, Fertala A, Rodriguez BJ. Electromechanical properties of dried tendon and isoelectrically focused collagen hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3073-9. [PMID: 22522132 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Assembling artificial collagenous tissues with structural, functional, and mechanical properties which mimic natural tissues is of vital importance for many tissue engineering applications. While the electro-mechanical properties of collagen are thought to play a role in, for example, bone formation and remodeling, this functional property has not been adequately addressed in engineered tissues. Here the electro-mechanical properties of rat tail tendon are compared with those of dried isoelectrically focused collagen hydrogels using piezoresponse force microscopy under ambient conditions. In both the natural tissue and the engineered hydrogel D-periodic type I collagen fibrils are observed, which exhibit shear piezoelectricity. While both tissues also exhibit fibrils with parallel orientations, Fourier transform analysis has revealed that the degree of parallel alignment of the fibrils in the tendon is three times that of the dried hydrogel. The results obtained demonstrate that isoelectrically focused collagen has similar structural and electro-mechanical properties to that of tendon, which is relevant for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Denning
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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33
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Nakamura M, Hiratai R, Yamashita K. Bone mineral as an electrical energy reservoir. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1368-74. [PMID: 22374799 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress in bone induces an electrical potential generated by piezoelectricity arising from displacement of collagen fibrils. Where and for how long the potential is stored in bone; however, are still poorly understood. We investigated the electrical properties of collagen fibrils and apatite minerals and found that bone, when polarized electrically by applying an external voltage, depolarizes by two mechanisms. Plots of thermally stimulated depolarization current show two significant peaks: one at 100°C, attributed to collagen fibrils because decalcified bone exhibits depolarization peak at 100°C, and the other at 500°C, attributed to apatite minerals because calcined bone exhibits depolarization peak at 500°C and has activation energy similar to that for synthesized apatite. The crystallographic c-axis orientation of calcined bone depends on the direction in which the bone is cut, either transverse or longitudinal, and strongly affects the polarization efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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34
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chow MJ, Chen QN, Li J. Biological ferroelectricity uncovered in aortic walls by piezoresponse force microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:078103. [PMID: 22401260 PMCID: PMC3499944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.078103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many biological tissues are piezoelectric and pyroelectric with spontaneous polarization. Ferroelectricity, however, has not been reported in soft biological tissues yet. Using piezoresponse force microscopy, we discover that the porcine aortic walls are not only piezoelectric, but also ferroelectric, with the piezoelectric coefficient in the order of 1 pm/V and coercive voltage approximately 10 V. Through detailed switching spectroscopy mapping and relaxation studies, we also find that the polarization of the aortic walls is internally biased outward, and the inward polarization switched by a negative voltage is unstable, reversing spontaneously to the more stable outward orientation shortly after the switching voltage is removed. The discovery of ferroelectricity in soft biological tissues adds an important dimension to their biophysical properties, and could have physiological implications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yanhang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ming-Jay Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Qian Nataly Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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35
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Handelman A, Beker P, Amdursky N, Rosenman G. Physics and engineering of peptide supramolecular nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6391-408. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Rosenman G, Beker P, Koren I, Yevnin M, Bank-Srour B, Mishina E, Semin S. Bioinspired peptide nanotubes: deposition technology, basic physics and nanotechnology applications. J Pept Sci 2010; 17:75-87. [PMID: 21234978 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic peptide monomers can self-assemble into PNM such as nanotubes, nanospheres, hydrogels, etc. which represent a novel class of nanomaterials. Molecular recognition processes lead to the formation of supramolecular PNM ensembles containing crystalline building blocks. Such low-dimensional highly ordered regions create a new physical situation and provide unique physical properties based on electron-hole QC phenomena. In the case of asymmetrical crystalline structure, basic physical phenomena such as linear electro-optic, piezoelectric, and nonlinear optical effects, described by tensors of the odd rank, should be explored. Some of the PNM crystalline structures permit the existence of spontaneous electrical polarization and observation of ferroelectricity. The PNM crystalline arrangement creates highly porous nanotubes when various residues are packed into structural network with specific wettability and electrochemical properties. We report in this review on a wide research of PNM intrinsic physical properties, their electronic and optical properties related to QC effect, unique SHG, piezoelectricity and ferroelectric spontaneous polarization observed in PNT due to their asymmetric structure. We also describe PNM wettability phenomenon based on their nanoporous structure and its influence on electrochemical properties in PNM. The new bottom-up large scale technology of PNT physical vapor deposition and patterning combined with found physical effects at nanoscale, developed by us, opens the avenue for emerging nanotechnology applications of PNM in novel fields of nanophotonics, nanopiezotronics and energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rosenman
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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37
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Rivard M, Laliberté M, Bertrand-Grenier A, Harnagea C, Pfeffer CP, Vallières M, St-Pierre Y, Pignolet A, El Khakani MA, Légaré F. The structural origin of second harmonic generation in fascia. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 2:26-36. [PMID: 21326632 PMCID: PMC3028495 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fascia tissue is rich in collagen type I proteins and can be imaged by second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. While identifying the overall alignment of the collagen fibrils is evident from those images, the tridimensional structural origin for the observation of SHG signal is more complex than it apparently seems. Those images reveal that the noncentrosymmetric (piezoelectric) structures are distributed heterogeneously on spatial dimensions inferior to the resolution provided by the nonlinear optical microscope (sub-micron). Using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), we show that an individual collagen fibril has a noncentrosymmetric structural organization. Fibrils are found to be arranged in nano-domains where the anisotropic axis is preserved along the fibrillar axis, while across the collagen sheets, the phase of the second order nonlinear susceptibility is changing by 180 degrees between adjacent nano-domains. This complex architecture of noncentrosymmetric nano-domains governs the coherent addition of 2ω light within the focal volume and the observed features in the SHG images taken in fascia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Mathieu Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Antony Bertrand-Grenier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Catalin Harnagea
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | | | - Martin Vallières
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Qc Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Alain Pignolet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - My Ali El Khakani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
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