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Xu T, Chen Z, Zhou X, Wang L, Zhou F, Yao D, Zhou B, Becker B. The central renin-angiotensin system: A genetic pathway, functional decoding, and selective target engagement characterization in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2306936121. [PMID: 38349873 PMCID: PMC10895353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306936121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the brain renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cognition and behavior as well as in the neuropathology of neurological and mental disorders. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) mediates most functional and neuropathology-relevant actions associated with the central RAS. However, an overarching comprehension to guide translation and utilize the therapeutic potential of the central RAS in humans is currently lacking. We conducted a comprehensive characterization of the RAS using an innovative combination of transcriptomic gene expression mapping, image-based behavioral decoding, and pre-registered randomized controlled discovery-replication pharmacological resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) trials (N = 132) with a selective AT1R antagonist. The AT1R exhibited a particular dense expression in a subcortical network encompassing the thalamus, striatum, and amygdalo-hippocampal formation. Behavioral decoding of the AT1R gene expression brain map showed an association with memory, stress, reward, and motivational processes. Transient pharmacological blockade of the AT1R further decreased neural activity in subcortical systems characterized by a high AT1R expression, while increasing functional connectivity in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuitry. Effects of AT1R blockade on the network level were specifically associated with the transcriptomic signatures of the dopaminergic, opioid, acetylcholine, and corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling systems. The robustness of the results was supported in an independent pharmacological fMRI trial. These findings present a biologically informed comprehensive characterization of the central AT1R pathways and their functional relevance on the neural and behavioral level in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, People’s Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Experimental Research Center for Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400037, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, People’s Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, People’s Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610054, People’s Republic of China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People’s Republic of China
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Ponomareva OY, Fenster RJ, Ressler KJ. Enhancing Fear Extinction: Pharmacological Approaches. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 64:289-305. [PMID: 37584834 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Extinction is the process by which the memory of a learned conditioned association decreases over time and with introduction of new associations. It is a vital part of fear learning, and it is critical to recovery in multiple fear-related disorders, including Specific and Social Phobias, Panic Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The process of extinction is also the underlying mechanism for recovery in gold-standard therapies for PTSD, including prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, eye movement desensitization and procession, as well as other empirically-based paradigms. Pharmacological modulators of extinction are thus promising targets for treatment of fear-related disorders. We focus here on emerging psychopharmacological treatments to facilitate extinction: D-cycloserine, scopolamine, losartan, ketamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. We also provide an overview of recent advances in molecular pathways that show promise as targets for extincion and inhibitory learning, including pathways related to cannabinoid, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal signaling, and promising work in neurosteroid compounds.
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Anjos PAR, Marchette RCN, Kremer R, Granzotto N, Alves TM, Fadanni GP, Mazur FG, Anton EL, da Silva-Santos JE, Linder ÁE, Izídio GS. The influence of chromosome 4 on high ethanol consumption and blood pressure. Alcohol 2022; 102:1-10. [PMID: 35500756 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) strain was developed through selective breeding for high systolic blood pressure. In our laboratory, we established a congenic rat strain named SHR.Lewis-Anxrr16 (SLA16). The SLA16 rat strain is genetically identical to the SHR except for the inserted Anxrr16 region in chromosome 4. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of this genomic region on ethanol consumption and blood pressure. First, we exposed SHR and SLA16 male and female rats to ethanol consumption. Results showed that, regardless of strain, females consumed more ethanol than males during forced (10% v/v) and spontaneous ethanol consumption (SEC; 2.5-20% v/v). Then, females from both strains were used to evaluate sensitivity to ethanol. No strain differences in the loss of righting reflex were observed after ethanol treatment (3 g/kg, 20% w/v, intraperitoneal [i.p.]). But, in the triple test, female SHR rats presented lower sensitivity to the ethanol (1.2 g/kg, 14% w/v, i.p.). Surprisingly, female SHR rats also presented higher blood pressure after SEC (10% v/v). Finally, losartan treatment was effective in decreasing the blood pressure of female rats of both strains, but had specific effects on SHR ethanol consumption. Our data suggest that SLA16 female rats consume less ethanol (10%), are more sensitive to its effects, and present lower blood pressure than SHR female rats. We demonstrated that the Anxrr16 locus in chromosome 4 is a genetic candidate to explain high ethanol consumption and blood pressure, at least in females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Cristina Nunes Marchette
- Department of Pharmacology - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rafael Kremer
- Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology, and Genetics - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Department of Medicine - Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natalli Granzotto
- Department of Pharmacology - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thalita Mello Alves
- Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology, and Genetics - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pasetto Fadanni
- Department of Pharmacology - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology, and Genetics - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gabriel Mazur
- Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology, and Genetics - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Elaine Leocádia Anton
- Department of Pharmacology - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Áurea Elizabeth Linder
- Department of Pharmacology - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Geison Souza Izídio
- Department of Pharmacology - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology, and Genetics - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Balthazar L, Lages YVM, Romano VC, Landeira-Fernandez J, Krahe TE. The association between the renin-angiotensin system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in anxiety disorders: A systematic review of animal studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105354. [PMID: 34329905 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is characterized as the emotional response in anticipation of a future threat. This hypervigilant state comprehends a cascade of neuroendocrine and physiological processes, involving the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Excessive and chronic anxiety may ultimately lead to the development of anxiety disorders. This systematic review aimed to investigate experimental studies using animal models that explored the relationship between RAS and the HPA axis in anxiety disorders. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, and was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria was mainly the mention of RAS, HPA axis, and an anxiety disorder in the same study. Quality of studies was evaluated according to the table of risk of bias from SYRCLE. From 12 eligible studies, 7 were included. Research in rats and mice shows that the overactivation of the RAS and HPA axis triggers several neuroendocrine reactions, mainly mediated by AT1 receptors, which promote anxiety-like behaviors and positive feedback for its hyperactivation. On the contrary, the administration of antihypertensive drugs, such as angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker, propitiated the regulation of the RAS and HPA axis, maintaining homeostasis even amid aversive situations. Assessment of risk of bias revealed a pronounced unclear to high risk in several categories, which thus jeopardize the comparability and reproducibility of the results. Nonetheless, the preclinical evidence indicates that the hyperactivation of both RAS and HPA axis during stress exerts deleterious consequences, inducing anxiogenic responses. Moreover, the compiled results show that the modulation of both systems by the administration of AT1 receptor blockers produce anxiolytic effects in animal models and may constitute a new venue for the treatment of anxiety-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Balthazar
- Laboratório de Neurociência do Comportamento, Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Neuroplasticidade e Comportamento (LENC), Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Y V M Lages
- Laboratório de Neurociência do Comportamento, Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Neuroplasticidade e Comportamento (LENC), Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - V C Romano
- Laboratório de Neurociência do Comportamento, Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Neuroplasticidade e Comportamento (LENC), Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - J Landeira-Fernandez
- Laboratório de Neurociência do Comportamento, Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - T E Krahe
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Neuroplasticidade e Comportamento (LENC), Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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The AT-1 Angiotensin Receptor is Involved in the Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Responses to Acute Restraint Stress in Male Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:109-124. [PMID: 33864194 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in cardiovascular and hydroelectrolytic control, being associated with the development of hypertension. The restraint stress (RS) model is an aversive situation, which promotes a sustained increase in blood pressure and heart rate, and stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stress leads to an increase of angiotensin-II contents both in the circulation and the central nervous system (CNS), as well as an increased expression of AT-1 receptors in CNS structures related to stress. Stressful stimuli are associated with the modulation of autonomic nervous system, as well as baroreflex; changes in this adjustment mechanism are related to cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that RAS is involved in the modulation of autonomic, neuroendocrine, and functional RS-caused alterations. The intravenous (i.v) pretreatment of rats with lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, reduced the RS-evoked pressor response. The doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg also reduced the RS-evoked tachycardia, while in the dose of 1 mg/kg of lisinopril potentiated the tachycardic one. Additionally, i.v. pretreatment with losartan, a selective AT-1 receptor antagonist, reduced the pressor and the tachycardic responses caused by RS. Pretreatment with lisinopril 0.3 mg/kg increased the power of the low frequency (LF) band of the systolic BP spectrum after the treatment without affecting this parameter during RS. The pretreatment with losartan 1 mg/kg increased the power of the high frequency (HF) band and reduced the LF (n.u.) and the LF/HF ratio of the pulse interval spectrum in the first hour of RS. Concerning baroreflex sensitiveness (SBR), pretreatments with losartan or lisinopril did not affect the gain of the baroreflex sequences. However, the pretreatment with losartan reduced the baroreflex effectiveness index of the total sequences in the third hour of the RS. These results indicate that Ang-II, via the AT-1 receptor, plays a facilitating influence on the cardiovascular response caused by RS; facilitates sympathetic activation and reduces parasympathetic activity related to RS; facilitates the baroreflex activation during RS and favors corticosterone release under this stress model. The impairment of Ang-II synthesis, as well as the blockade of AT-1 receptors, may constitute an important pharmacological strategy to treat cardiovascular consequences caused by stress.
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Chrissobolis S, Luu AN, Waldschmidt RA, Yoakum ME, D'Souza MS. Targeting the renin angiotensin system for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173063. [PMID: 33115635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emotional disorders like anxiety and depression are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality all over the world. Several antidepressant and anxiolytic medications are available for the treatment of anxiety and depression. However, a significant number of patients either do not respond to these medications or respond inadequately. Hence, there is a need to identify novel targets for the treatment of anxiety and depression. In this review we focus on the renin angiotensin system (RAS) as a potential target for the treatment of these disorders. We review work that has evaluated the effects of various compounds targeting the RAS on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Further, we suggest future work that must be carried out to fully exploit the RAS for the treatment of anxiety and depression. The RAS provides an attractive target for both the identification of novel anxiolytic and antidepressant medications and/or for enhancing the efficacy of currently available medications used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophocles Chrissobolis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Anh N Luu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Ryan A Waldschmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Madison E Yoakum
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America.
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Campos GV, de Souza AMA, Ji H, West CA, Wu X, Lee DL, Aguilar BL, Forcelli PA, de Menezes RC, Sandberg K. The Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antagonist Losartan Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Long Evans Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:407-420. [PMID: 31637567 PMCID: PMC7056686 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Women who have bilateral oophorectomies prior to the age of natural menopause are at increased risk of developing mild cognitive decline, dementia, anxiety, and depressive type disorders. Clinical and animal studies indicate angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARBs) have blood pressure (BP)-independent neuroprotective effects. To investigate the potential use of ARBs in normotensive women at increased risk of developing neurocognitive problems, we studied a rat model of bilateral oophorectomy. Long Evans rats were sham-operated (Sham) or ovariectomized (Ovx) at 3 months of age and immediately treated continuously with vehicle (Veh) or the ARB losartan (Los) for the duration of the experiment. In contrast to many hypertensive rat models, ovariectomy did not increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) in these normotensive rats. Ovariectomized rats spent less time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM) [(% total time): Veh, 34.1 ± 5.1 vs. Ovx, 18.7 ± 4.4; p < 0.05] and in the center of the open field (OF) [(s): Veh, 11.1 ± 1.7 vs. Ovx, 6.64 ± 1.1; p < 0.05]. They also had worse performance in the novel object recognition (NOR) test as evidenced by a reduction in the recognition index [Veh, 0.62 ± 0.04 vs. Ovx, 0.45 ± 0.03; p < 0.05]. These adverse effects of ovariectomy were prevented by Los. Losartan also reduced plasma corticosterone in Ovx rats compared to Veh treatment [(ng/mL): Ovx–Veh, 238 ± 20 vs. Ovx–Los, 119 ± 42; p < 0.05]. Ovariectomy increased AT1R mRNA expression in the CA3 region of the hippocampus (Hc) [(copies x 106/µg RNA): Sham–Veh, 7.15 ± 0.87 vs. Ovx–Veh, 9.86 ± 1.7; p < 0.05]. These findings suggest the neuroprotective effects of this ARB in normotensive Ovx rats involve reduction of plasma corticosterone and blockade of increased AT1R activity in the hippocampus. These data suggest ARBs have therapeutic potential for normotensive women at increased risk of developing cognitive and behavioral dysfunction due to bilateral oophorectomy prior to the natural age of menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda V Campos
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline M A de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Crystal A West
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Xie Wu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Dexter L Lee
- Department of Physiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brittany L Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rodrigo C de Menezes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Matthews GA, Tye KM. Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1457:5-25. [PMID: 30875095 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Social connections are vital to survival throughout the animal kingdom and are dynamic across the life span. There are debilitating consequences of social isolation and loneliness, and social support is increasingly a primary consideration in health care, disease prevention, and recovery. Considering social connection as an "innate need," it is hypothesized that evolutionarily conserved neural systems underlie the maintenance of social connections: alerting the individual to their absence and coordinating effector mechanisms to restore social contact. This is reminiscent of a homeostatic system designed to maintain social connection. Here, we explore the identity of neural systems regulating "social homeostasis." We review findings from rodent studies evaluating the rapid response to social deficit (in the form of acute social isolation) and propose that parallel, overlapping circuits are engaged to adapt to the vulnerabilities of isolation and restore social connection. By considering the neural systems regulating other homeostatic needs, such as energy and fluid balance, we discuss the potential attributes of social homeostatic circuitry. We reason that uncovering the identity of these circuits/mechanisms will facilitate our understanding of how loneliness perpetuates long-term disease states, which we speculate may result from sustained recruitment of social homeostatic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Matthews
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kay M Tye
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California
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Zhou X, Yang H, Song X, Wang J, Shen L, Wang J. Central blockade of the AT1 receptor attenuates pressor effects via reduction of glutamate release and downregulation of NMDA/AMPA receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats with stress-induced hypertension. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1142-1151. [PMID: 30842613 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamatergic activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which is an important brain area where angiotensin II (Ang II) elicits its pressor effects, contributes to the onset of hypertension. The present study aimed to explore the effect of central Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade on glutamatergic actions in the RVLM of stress-induced hypertensive rats (SIHR). The stress-induced hypertension (SIH) model was established by electric foot shocks combined with noises. Normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (control) and SIHR were intracerebroventricularly infused with the AT1R antagonist candesartan or artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 14 days. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), plasma norepinephrine (NE), glutamate, and the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunit NR1, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the RVLM increased in the SIH group. These increases were blunted by candesartan. Bilateral microinjection of the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid, the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, or the AMPA/kainate receptors antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione into the RVLM caused a depressor response in the SIH group, but not in other groups. NR1 and AMPA receptors expressed in the glutamatergic neurons of the RVLM, and glutamate levels, increased in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord of SIHR. Central Ang II elicits release of glutamate, which binds to the enhanced ionotropic NMDA and AMPA receptors via AT1R, resulting in activation of glutamatergic neurons in the RVLM, increasing sympathetic excitation in SIHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoshan Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jijiang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Lebois LAM, Seligowski AV, Wolff JD, Hill SB, Ressler KJ. Augmentation of Extinction and Inhibitory Learning in Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2019; 15:257-284. [PMID: 30698994 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the fear response is an adaptive response to threatening situations, a number of psychiatric disorders feature prominent fear-related symptoms caused, in part, by failures of extinction and inhibitory learning. The translational nature of fear conditioning paradigms has enabled us to develop a nuanced understanding of extinction and inhibitory learning based on the molecular substrates to systems neural circuitry and psychological mechanisms. This knowledge has facilitated the development of novel interventions that may augment extinction and inhibitory learning. These interventions include nonpharmacological techniques, such as behavioral methods to implement during psychotherapy, as well as device-based stimulation techniques that enhance or reduce activity in different regions of the brain. There is also emerging support for a number of psychopharmacological interventions that may augment extinction and inhibitory learning specifically if administered in conjunction with exposure-based psychotherapy. This growing body of research may offer promising novel techniques to address debilitating transdiagnostic fear-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A M Lebois
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Antonia V Seligowski
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Jonathan D Wolff
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Sarah B Hill
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
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Wang LA, de Kloet AD, Smeltzer MD, Cahill KM, Hiller H, Bruce EB, Pioquinto DJ, Ludin JA, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK, Krause EG. Coupling corticotropin-releasing-hormone and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 dampens stress responsiveness in male mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:85-93. [PMID: 29360543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study used mice to evaluate whether coupling expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) creates central interactions that blunt endocrine and behavioral responses to psychogenic stress. Central administration of diminazene aceturate, an ACE2 activator, had no effect on restraint-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; however, mice that ubiquitously overexpress ACE2 had reduced plasma corticosterone (CORT) and pituitary expression of POMC mRNA. The Cre-LoxP system was used to restrict ACE2 overexpression to CRH synthesizing cells and probe whether HPA axis suppression was the result of central ACE2 and CRH interactions. Within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), mice with ACE2 overexpression directed to CRH had a ≈2.5 fold increase in ACE2 mRNA, which co-localized with CRH mRNA. Relative to controls, mice overexpressing ACE2 in CRH cells had a decreased CORT response to restraint as well as decreased CRH mRNA in the PVN and CEA and POMC mRNA in the pituitary. Administration of ACTH similarly increased plasma CORT, indicating that the blunted HPA axis activation that accompanies ACE2 overexpression in CRH cells is centrally mediated. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed to determine whether the decreased HPA axis activation was predictive of anxiolysis. Mice with ACE2 overexpression directed to CRH cells displayed decreased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field when compared to that of controls. Collectively, these results suggest that exogenous ACE2 suppresses CRH synthesis, which alters the central processing of psychogenic stress, thereby blunting HPA axis activation and attenuating anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei A Wang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 32611, United States; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Michael D Smeltzer
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Karlena M Cahill
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Helmut Hiller
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Erin B Bruce
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - David J Pioquinto
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Jacob A Ludin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Michael J Katovich
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 32611, United States; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Eric G Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, United States; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 32611, United States.
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Tashev R, Ivanova M. Involvement of hippocampal angiotensin 1 receptors in anxiety-like behaviour of olfactory bulbectomized rats. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:847-852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gustaityte V, Winkler M, Stoelting I, Raasch W. Influence of AT1 blockers on obesity and stress induced eating of cafeteria diet. J Endocrinol 2018; 240:JOE-18-0477.R1. [PMID: 30400045 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Based on findings that treatment with AT1 receptor blocker (ARB) prevents diet-induced obesity and that the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is stimulated by AngII and blocked by ARBs, we aimed to investigate whether ARB treatment can reduce stress-induced eating of cafeteria diet (CD) , thus contributing to alterations in eating behavior. Sprague Dawley rats were fed with chow or CD and treated with telmisartan (TEL, 8mg/kg/d) or vehicle. At weeks 2 and 12, rats were stressed over 5 consecutive days by restraint stress (RS, 4h) and by additional shaking at d5. Tail blood was sampled during RS to determine hormone levels. During the first period of RS, ACTH and corticosterone responses were diminished at d5 in CD- compared to chow-fed rats. Independently of feeding, TEL did not reduce stress hormones. Compared to food behavior before RS, the stress-induced CD eating increased in controls but remained unchanged in TEL-treated rats. After 12 weeks, TEL reduced weight gain and energy intake, particularly in CD-fed rats. Similar to the first RS period, corticosterone response was reduced in CD-fed rats at d5 during the second RS period. TEL did not further reduce stress hormones and did not lessen the CD eating upon RS. We conclude that CD feeding compensates for stress reactions. However, stress-induced CD eating was only reduced by TEL after short-term, but not after long-term drug treatment. Thus, the potency of ARBs to lower HPA activity only plays a minor role in reducing energy intake to prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Gustaityte
- V Gustaityte, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Winkler
- M Winkler, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stoelting
- I Stoelting, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- W Raasch, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Can ACE-I Be a Silent Killer While Normal Renal Functions Falsely Secure Us? Case Rep Anesthesiol 2018; 2018:1852016. [PMID: 30112218 PMCID: PMC6077600 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1852016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current case report represents a warning against serious hyperkalaemia and acidosis induced by ACE-I during surgical stress while normal renal function could deceive the attending anaesthetist. Arterial gas analysis for follow-up of haemoglobin loss accidentally discovered hyperkalaemia and acidosis. Glucose-insulin and furosemide successfully corrected hyperkalaemia after 25 minutes and acidosis after 3 hours. These complications could be explained by a deficient steroid stress response to surgery secondary to suppression by ACE-I. Event analysis and database search found that ACE-I induced aldosterone deficiency aggravated by surgical stress response with an inadequate increase in aldosterone secretion due to angiotensin II deficiency as a sequel of ACE-I leading to defective secretion of H+ and K+. Furosemide is recommended to secrete H+ and K+ compensating for aldosterone deficiency in addition to other antihyperkalaemia measures. Anaesthetising an ACE-I treated patient requires considering ACE-I as a potential cause of hyperkalaemia and acidosis.
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DNA methylation and genetic variation of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 88:1-8. [PMID: 29132028 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, and in older persons is associated with high levels of comorbidity and under-treatment. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis is consistently observed in the older population as well as depressed patients, with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) a key regulator of the stress response. Epigenetic regulation of ACE may play an important role in HPA axis (dys)regulation. OBJECTIVE To investigate ACE promoter methylation as a biomarker of late-life depression, and its association with genetic variation and cortisol secretion. METHOD The longitudinal general population ESPRIT study is aimed at investigating psychiatric disorders in older persons (n=1863, average age=73). Depression was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview according to DSM-IV criteria and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Genotype information for seven polymorphisms across the ACE gene was also available. Blood and saliva samples collected at baseline and used to extract DNA and measure cortisol, respectively. Sequenom MassARRAY was used to measure promoter DNA methylation of the ACE gene (n=552). RESULTS There was no evidence of an association between ACE promoter methylation and depression. However, there was evidence that ACE genetic variants influenced methylation, and modified the association between depression and methylation (Δ at various sites; -2.05% to 1.74%; p=0.019 to 0.039). Multivariate analyses were adjusted for participants' lifestyle, health and medical history. Independent of depression status, ACE methylation was inversely correlated with cortisol levels (r=-0.336, p=0.042). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that associations between ACE methylation and depression are genotype-dependent, suggesting that the development of reliable depression biomarkers may need to consider methylation levels in combination with underlying genetic variation. ACE methylation may also be a suitable biomarker of cortisol and/or HPA axis activity.
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Saavedra J. Beneficial effects of Angiotensin II receptor blockers in brain disorders. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Singh B, Mourya A, Sah SP, Kumar A. Protective effect of losartan and ramipril against stress induced insulin resistance and related complications: Anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 801:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been reported in depression. The aim was to investigate the potential association between depression and seven genes regulating or interfering with the HPA axis, including the gene encoding angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). METHODS In total, 78 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one insertion/deletion polymorphism were genotyped. The study included 408 individuals with depression and 289 controls. In a subset of cases, the interaction between genetic variants and stressful life events (SLEs) was investigated. RESULTS After quality control, 68 genetic variants were left for analyses. Four of nine variants within ACE were nominally associated with depression and a gene-wise association was likewise observed. However, none of the SNPs located within AVP, CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, FKBP5 or NC3C1 were associated with depression. One nominally significant interaction, most likely due to chance, was identified. CONCLUSION The results indicate that ACE could be a potential candidate gene for depression.
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Choudhary S, Mourya A, Ahuja S, Sah SP, Kumar A. Plausible anti-inflammatory mechanism of resveratrol and caffeic acid against chronic stress-induced insulin resistance in mice. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:347-361. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Verrico CD, Haile CN, De La Garza R, Grasing K, Kosten TR, Newton TF. Subjective and Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Methamphetamine during Perindopril Maintenance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Human Laboratory Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw029. [PMID: 27207905 PMCID: PMC4966279 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our pilot study suggested that the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril might reduce some subjective effects produced by i.v. methamphetamine. We characterized the impact of a wider range of perindopril doses on methamphetamine-induced effects in a larger group of non-treatment-seeking, methamphetamine-using volunteers. METHODS Before treatment, participants received 30mg methamphetamine. After 5 to 7 days of perindopril treatment (0, 4, 8, or 16mg/d), participants received 15 and 30mg of methamphetamine on alternate days. Before and after treatment, participants rated subjective effects and cardiovascular measures were collected. RESULTS Prior to treatment with perindopril, there were no significant differences between treatment groups on maximum or peak subjective ratings or on peak cardiovascular effects. Following perindopril treatment, there were significant main effects of treatment on peak subjective ratings of "anxious" and "stimulated"; compared to placebo treatment, treatment with 8mg perindopril significantly reduced peak ratings of both anxious (P=.0009) and stimulated (P=.0070). There were no significant posttreatment differences between groups on peak cardiovascular effects. CONCLUSIONS Moderate doses of perindopril (8mg) significantly reduced peak subjective ratings of anxious and stimulated as well as attenuated many other subjective effects produced by methamphetamine, likely by inhibiting angiotensin II synthesis. Angiotensin II is known to facilitate the effects of norepinephrine, which contributes to methamphetamine's subjective effects. The lack of a classic dose-response function likely results from either nonspecific effects of perindopril or from between-group differences that were not accounted for in the current study (i.e., genetic variations and/or caffeine use). The current findings suggest that while angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors can reduce some effects produced by methamphetamine, more consistent treatment effects might be achieved by targeting components of the renin-angiotensin system that are downstream of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Verrico
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Drs Verrico, Haile, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), Department of Pharmacology (Drs Verrico, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), and Department of Neuroscience (Drs De La Garza and Kosten), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing).
| | - Colin N Haile
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Drs Verrico, Haile, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), Department of Pharmacology (Drs Verrico, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), and Department of Neuroscience (Drs De La Garza and Kosten), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing)
| | - Richard De La Garza
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Drs Verrico, Haile, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), Department of Pharmacology (Drs Verrico, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), and Department of Neuroscience (Drs De La Garza and Kosten), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing)
| | - Kenneth Grasing
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Drs Verrico, Haile, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), Department of Pharmacology (Drs Verrico, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), and Department of Neuroscience (Drs De La Garza and Kosten), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing)
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Drs Verrico, Haile, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), Department of Pharmacology (Drs Verrico, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), and Department of Neuroscience (Drs De La Garza and Kosten), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing)
| | - Thomas F Newton
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Drs Verrico, Haile, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), Department of Pharmacology (Drs Verrico, De La Garza, Kosten, and Newton), and Department of Neuroscience (Drs De La Garza and Kosten), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri (Dr Grasing)
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to determine whether exposure to chronic mild stress (CMS) affects expression of angiotensin II Type 1a receptor (AT1aR) messenger RNA (mRNA) in the brain and kidney. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into an unchallenged control group, which remained at rest, and an experimental group, exposed to CMS produced by a series of unexpected, disturbing stimuli applied at random over a period of 4 weeks. After sacrificing the animals, samples of the septal/accumbal and hypothalamic/thalamic diencephalon, brain medulla, cerebellum, and the renal medulla were harvested for determination of AT1aR mRNA. RESULTS Expression of AT1a receptor mRNA was significantly greater in the rats in the CMS condition than in the controls (septal/accumbal diencephalon: 1.689 [0.205] versus 0.027 [0.004], hypothalamic/thalamic diencephalon: 1.239 [0.101] versus 0.003 [0.001], brain medulla: 2.694 [0.295] versus 0.028 [0.003], cerebellum: 0.013 [0.002] versus 0.005 [0.001; p < .001 for all comparisons], and renal medulla: 409.92 [46.92] versus 208.06 [30.56; p < .01]). There was a significant positive correlation between AT1a mRNA expression in the septal/accumbal diencephalon and brain medulla (p < .025). CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that CMS significantly enhances expression of the AT1aR gene in the brain and kidney and indicate that changes in expression of AT1aR mRNA in different brain regions during CMS may be causally related. It is suggested that the up-regulation of AT1a receptors by chronic stress may potentiate negative effects of angiotensin II in pathologies associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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22
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Hurt RC, Garrett JC, Keifer OP, Linares A, Couling L, Speth RC, Ressler KJ, Marvar PJ. Angiotensin type 1a receptors on corticotropin-releasing factor neurons contribute to the expression of conditioned fear. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:526-33. [PMID: 26257395 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although generally associated with cardiovascular regulation, angiotensin II receptor type 1a (AT1a R) blockade in mouse models and humans has also been associated with enhanced fear extinction and decreased post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, respectively. The mechanisms mediating these effects remain unknown, but may involve alterations in the activities of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-expressing cells, which are known to be involved in fear regulation. To test the hypothesis that AT1a R signaling in CRFergic neurons is involved in conditioned fear expression, we generated and characterized a conditional knockout mouse strain with a deletion of the AT1a R gene from its CRF-releasing cells (CRF-AT1a R((-/-)) ). These mice exhibit normal baseline heart rate, blood pressure, anxiety and locomotion, and freeze at normal levels during acquisition of auditory fear conditioning. However, CRF-AT1a R((-/-)) mice exhibit less freezing than wild-type mice during tests of conditioned fear expression-an effect that may be caused by a decrease in the consolidation of fear memory. These results suggest that central AT1a R activity in CRF-expressing cells plays a role in the expression of conditioned fear, and identify CRFergic cells as a population on which AT1 R antagonists may act to modulate fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Hurt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine.,Division of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - J C Garrett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine.,Division of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - O P Keifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine.,Division of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - A Linares
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL
| | - L Couling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL
| | - R C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - K J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine.,Division of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - P J Marvar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medical and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Brudey C, Park J, Wiaderkiewicz J, Kobayashi I, Mellman TA, Marvar PJ. Autonomic and inflammatory consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder and the link to cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R315-21. [PMID: 26062635 PMCID: PMC4538229 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00343.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stress- and anxiety-related disorders are on the rise in both military and general populations. Over the next decade, it is predicted that treatment of these conditions, in particular, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), along with its associated long-term comorbidities, will challenge the health care system. Multiple organ systems are adversely affected by PTSD, and PTSD is linked to cancer, arthritis, digestive disease, and cardiovascular disease. Evidence for a strong link between PTSD and cardiovascular disease is compelling, and this review describes current clinical data linking PTSD to cardiovascular disease, via inflammation, autonomic dysfunction, and the renin-angiotensin system. Recent clinical and preclinical evidence regarding the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the extinction of fear memory and relevance in PTSD-related immune and autonomic dysfunction is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chevelle Brudey
- Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeanie Park
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, and Research Service Line, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Jan Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Ihori Kobayashi
- Howard University College of Medicine Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Washington, DC; and the
| | - Thomas A Mellman
- Howard University College of Medicine Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Washington, DC; and the
| | - Paul J Marvar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Investigations in foot shock stress of variable intensity in mice: Adaptation and role of angiotensin II. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Sladek CD, Michelini LC, Stachenfeld NS, Stern JE, Urban JH. Endocrine‐Autonomic Linkages. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1281-323. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Aguilera G. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by neuropeptides. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 7:327-36. [PMID: 25961271 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2011.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The major endocrine response to stress occurs via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading ultimately to increases in circulating glucocorticoids, which are essential for the metabolic adaptation to stress. The major players in the HPA axis are the hypothalamic neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), the pituitary hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone, and the negative feedback effects of adrenal glucocorticoids. In addition, a number of other neuropeptides, including vasopressin (VP), angiotensin II, oxytocin, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide, orexin and cholecystokinin, and nesfatin can affect HPA axis activity by influencing the expression and secretion of CRH, and also by modulating pituitary corticotroph function or adrenal steroidogenesis. Of these peptides, VP co-secreted with CRH from axonal terminals in the external zone of the median eminence plays a prominent role by potentiating the stimulatory effect of CRH and by increasing the number of pituitary corticotrophs during chronic challenge. Although the precise role and significance of many of these neuropeptides in regulating HPA axis activity requires further investigation, it is likely that they are part of a multifactorial system mediating the fine tuning of HPA axis activity during adaptation to a variety of physiological and stressful conditions.
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Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition reduces cardiovascular responses to acute stress in myocardially infarcted and chronically stressed rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:385082. [PMID: 25045668 PMCID: PMC4087298 DOI: 10.1155/2014/385082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that chronically stressed and myocardially infarcted rats respond with exaggerated cardiovascular responses to acute stress. The present experiments were designed to elucidate whether this effect can be abolished by treatment with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected either to sham surgery (Groups 1 and 2) or to myocardial infarction (Groups 3 and 4). The rats of Groups 2 and 4 were also exposed to mild chronic stressing. Four weeks after the operation, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) were measured under resting conditions and after application of acute stress. The cardiovascular responses to the acute stress were determined again 24 h after administration of captopril orally. Captopril significantly reduced resting MABP in each group. Before administration of captopril, the maximum increases in MABP evoked by the acute stressor in all (infarcted and sham-operated) chronically stressed rats and also in the infarcted nonchronically stressed rats were significantly greater than in the sham-operated rats not exposed to chronic stressing. These differences were abolished by captopril. The results suggest that ACE may improve tolerance of acute stress in heart failure and during chronic stressing.
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28
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Angiotensin type 1 receptor inhibition enhances the extinction of fear memory. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:864-72. [PMID: 24094510 PMCID: PMC3975818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current effective treatment options for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are limited, and therefore the need to explore new treatment strategies is critical. Pharmacological inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system is a common approach to treat hypertension, and emerging evidence highlights the importance of this pathway in stress and anxiety. A recent clinical study from our laboratory provides evidence supporting a role for the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of the stress response in patients diagnosed with PTSD. METHODS With an animal model of PTSD and the selective angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist losartan, we investigated the acute and long-term effects of AT1 receptor inhibition on fear memory and baseline anxiety. After losartan treatment, we performed classical Pavlovian fear conditioning pairing auditory cues with footshocks and examined extinction behavior, gene expression changes in the brain, as well as neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses. RESULTS After cued fear conditioning, both acute and 2-week administration of losartan enhanced the consolidation of extinction memory but had no effect on fear acquisition, baseline anxiety, blood pressure, and neuroendocrine stress measures. Gene expression changes in the brain were also altered in mice treated with losartan for 2 weeks, in particular reduced amygdala AT1 receptor and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis c-Fos messenger RNA levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AT1 receptor antagonism enhances the extinction of fear memory and therefore might be a beneficial therapy for PTSD patients who have impairments in extinction of aversive memories.
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Angiotensinergic neurotransmission in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus modulates the pressor response to acute restraint stress in rats. Neuroscience 2014; 270:12-9. [PMID: 24717718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the angiotensinergic neurotransmission, specifically in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), is involved in the cardiovascular modulation during acute restraint stress (RS) in rats. The intravenous pretreatment with the angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (5mg/kg) inhibited the pressor response to RS, but did not affect the concomitant RS-evoked tachycardiac response. Because similar effects were observed after the PVN pretreatment with CoCl2, and considering the high density of angiotensin receptors reported in the PVN, we studied the effect of the pretreatment of the PVN with either losartan or the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril on the RS-evoked cardiovascular response. The bilateral microinjection of losartan (0.5 nmol/100 nL) or lisinopril (0.5 nmol/100nL) into the PVN inhibited the RS-related pressor response without affecting the tachycardiac response, suggesting that the PVN angiotensinergic neurotransmission modulates the vascular component of the stress response. Finally, to exclude the possibility that centrally injected drugs could be leaking to the circulation and acting on peripheral vascular receptors, we tested the effect of the intravenous pretreatment with either losartan (0.5 nmol/animal) or lisinopril (0.5 nmol/animal), assuming the hypothesis of a total spread of drugs from the CNS to the peripheral circulation. When animals were pretreated with such doses of either losartan or lisinopril, the cardiovascular RS-evoked response was not affected, thus indicating that even if there were a complete leakage of the drug to the periphery, it would not affect the cardiovascular response to RS. This observation favors the idea that the effect of the intravenous injection of 5mg/kg of losartan on the RS-related cardiovascular response would be explained by an action across the blood-brain barrier, possibly in the PVN. In conclusion, the results suggest that an angiotensinergic neurotransmission in the PVN acting on AT1-receptors modulates the vascular component of the RS-evoked cardiovascular response.
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Sabharwal R. The link between stress disorders and autonomic dysfunction in muscular dystrophy. Front Physiol 2014; 5:25. [PMID: 24523698 PMCID: PMC3905207 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a progressive disease of muscle weakness, muscle atrophy and cardiac dysfunction. Patients afflicted with muscular dystrophy exhibit autonomic dysfunction along with cognitive impairment, severe depression, sadness, and anxiety. Although the psychological aspects of cardiovascular disorders and stress disorders are well known, the physiological mechanism underlying this relationship is not well understood, particularly in muscular dystrophy. Therefore, the goal of this perspective is to highlight the importance of autonomic dysfunction and psychological stress disorders in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy. This article will for the first time—(i) outline autonomic mechanisms that are common to both psychological stress and cardiovascular disorders in muscular dystrophy; (ii) propose therapies that would improve behavioral and autonomic functions in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasna Sabharwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, IA, USA
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene variants are associated with both cortisol secretion and late-life depression. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e322. [PMID: 24193727 PMCID: PMC3849962 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is assumed to influence the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, which shows hyperactivity in depressed patients. ACE could thus be a promising candidate gene for late-life depression but this has not been examined previously. Depression was assessed in 1005 persons aged at least 65 years, at baseline and over the 10-year follow-up. A clinical level of depression (DEP) was defined as having a score of > or =16 on the Centre for Epidemiology Studies-Depression scale or a diagnosis of current major depression based on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and according to DSM-IV criteria. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ACE gene were genotyped and diurnal cortisol secretion, as an index of HPA axis activity, was measured. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic and vascular factors, cognitive impairment, and apolipoprotein E. Strong significant associations were found between all seven SNPs and DEP and, in particular, first-onset DEP in persons without a past history of depression (P-values ranging from 0.005 to 0.0004). These associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. The genotypes that were associated with an increased risk of DEP were also significantly associated with an increase in cortisol secretion under stress conditions. Variants of the ACE gene influence cortisol secretion and appear as susceptibility factors for late-life depression in the elderly population. Whether this could represent a common pathophysiological mechanism linking HPA axis and late-life depression remains to be explored.
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Angiotensin as stress mediator: Role of its receptor and interrelationships among other stress mediators and receptors. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Angiotensin II AT₁ receptors are involved in neuronal activation induced by amphetamine in a two-injection protocol. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:534817. [PMID: 24089683 PMCID: PMC3780567 DOI: 10.1155/2013/534817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It was already found that Ang II AT1 receptors are involved in the neuroadaptative changes induced by a single exposure to amphetamine, and such changes are related to the development of behavioral and neurochemical sensitization. The induction of the immediately early gene c-fos has been used to define brain activated areas by amphetamine. Our aim was to evaluate the participation of AT1 receptors in the neuronal activation induced by amphetamine sensitization. The study examined the c-fos expression in mesocorticolimbic areas induced by amphetamine challenge (0.5 mg/kg i.p) in animals pretreated with candesartan, a selective AT1 receptor blocker (3 mg/kg p.o × 5 days), and amphetamine (5 mg/kg i.p) 3 weeks before the challenge. Increased c-fos immunoreactivity was found in response to the amphetamine challenge in the dorsomedial caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens, and both responses were blunted by the AT1 receptor blocker pretreatment. In the infralimbic prefrontal cortex, increased c-fos immunoreactivity was found in response to amphetamine and saline challenge, and both were prevented by the AT1 receptor blocker. No differences were found neither in ventral tegmental area nor prelimbic cortex between groups. Our results indicate an important role for brain Ang II in the behavioral and neuronal sensitization induced by amphetamine.
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Braszko JJ, Wincewicz D, Jakubów P. Candesartan prevents impairment of recall caused by repeated stress in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:421-8. [PMID: 22890474 PMCID: PMC3537078 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Deleterious effects of psychological stress on memory are increasingly important. Overexpression of the AT(1) angiotensin receptors in brain has been found to participate in several negative effects of chronic stress including hypertension and a cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE In this study, we searched for the protective effects the AT(1) angiotensin receptor blockade with candesartan against the adverse effects of repeated stress on recall of aversively and appetitively motivated behaviours in rats. METHODS Two groups of male Wistar rats were repeatedly stressed by keeping them daily (2 h/21 days) in tight plastic tubes. The subjects of the group 1 received candesartan (0.1 mg/kg, orally) each day before the stressing procedure. The rats of the group 2 received vehicle. Another two groups of rats (3 and 4) receiving candesartan and vehicle, respectively, were appropriately handled but not stressed. Next day, after ending the repeated stress procedure, all rats were tested in two cognitive paradigms: inhibitory avoidance (IA) and object recognition (OR). RESULTS Stressed animals displayed decreased recall of the IA behaviour (p < 0.01) and decreased OR (p < 0.05). These effects were not seen in the animals stressed and concomitantly treated with candesartan. The auxiliary tests designed to control for the possible unspecific contribution of motor (open field) and emotional (elevated "plus" maze) effects of the experimental procedures to results of the cognitive tests showed no such contribution. CONCLUSION These data strongly suggest that the AT(1) angiotensin receptor blockade effectively counteracts deleterious effects of stress on recall of aversively and appetitively motivated memories in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Józef Braszko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15a, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Dominik Wincewicz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15a, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Jakubów
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15a, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
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de Góis Queiroz AI, Medeiros CD, Ribeiro BMM, de Lucena DF, Macêdo DS. Angiotensin receptor blockers for bipolar disorder. Med Hypotheses 2012; 80:259-63. [PMID: 23265360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have suggested that the brain renin angiotensin system (RAS) regulates cerebral flow, autonomic and hormonal systems, stress, innate immune response and behavior, being implicated in several brain disorders such as major depression, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 (AT1R) is distributed in brain regions responsible for the control of stress response through peripheral and central sympathetic hyperactivation as well as in the hypothalamic paraventricular region, areas known for the release of several neurotransmitters related to inflammatory response facilitation. This relationship leads to the assumption that AT1R might be the receptor most related to the central deleterious actions of angiotensin II. New evidences from clinical studies have shown a possible role for RAS in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD), a multifactorial disorder with acknowledged presence of neuronal damage via oxidative stress in brain areas such as hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum. Given the studies highlighting AT1R activation as a central pro-inflammatory pathway and, conversely, the involvement of inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of BD; this paper hypothesizes the use of AT1R antagonists for BD management and prevention of its neuroprogression, due to their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabelle de Góis Queiroz
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Postgraduate Pharmacology Program, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Abstract
The effects of brain AngII (angiotensin II) depend on AT(1) receptor (AngII type 1 receptor) stimulation and include regulation of cerebrovascular flow, autonomic and hormonal systems, stress, innate immune response and behaviour. Excessive brain AT(1) receptor activity associates with hypertension and heart failure, brain ischaemia, abnormal stress responses, blood-brain barrier breakdown and inflammation. These are risk factors leading to neuronal injury, the incidence and progression of neurodegerative, mood and traumatic brain disorders, and cognitive decline. In rodents, ARBs (AT(1) receptor blockers) ameliorate stress-induced disorders, anxiety and depression, protect cerebral blood flow during stroke, decrease brain inflammation and amyloid-β neurotoxicity and reduce traumatic brain injury. Direct anti-inflammatory protective effects, demonstrated in cultured microglia, cerebrovascular endothelial cells, neurons and human circulating monocytes, may result not only in AT(1) receptor blockade, but also from PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) stimulation. Controlled clinical studies indicate that ARBs protect cognition after stroke and during aging, and cohort analyses reveal that these compounds significantly reduce the incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease. ARBs are commonly used for the therapy of hypertension, diabetes and stroke, but have not been studied in the context of neurodegenerative, mood or traumatic brain disorders, conditions lacking effective therapy. These compounds are well-tolerated pleiotropic neuroprotective agents with additional beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic profiles, and their use in central nervous system disorders offers a novel therapeutic approach of immediate translational value. ARBs should be tested for the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular Alzheimer's disease, affective disorders, such as co-morbid cardiovascular disease and depression, and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Saavedra
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Nostramo R, Tillinger A, Saavedra JM, Kumar A, Pandey V, Serova L, Kvetnansky R, Sabban EL. Regulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene expression in the adrenal medulla by acute and repeated immobilization stress. J Endocrinol 2012; 215:291-301. [PMID: 22911895 PMCID: PMC3474336 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the renin-angiotensin system is important for adrenomedullary responses to stress, the involvement of specific angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor subtypes is unclear. We examined gene expression changes of angiotensin II type 1A (AT(1A)) and type 2 (AT(2)) receptors in rat adrenal medulla in response to immobilization stress (IMO). AT(2) receptor mRNA levels decreased immediately after a single 2-h IMO. Repeated IMO also decreased AT(2) receptor mRNA levels, but the decline was more transient. AT(1A) receptor mRNA levels were unaltered with either single or repeated IMO, although binding was increased following repeated IMO. These effects of stress on Ang II receptor expression may alter catecholamine biosynthesis, as tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase mRNA levels in PC12 cells are decreased with Ang II treatment in the presence of ZD7155 (AT(1) receptor antagonist) or with CGP42112 (AT(2) receptor agonist) treatment. Involvement of stress-triggered activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical or sympathoadrenal axis in AT(2) receptor downregulation was examined. Cultured cells treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone displayed a transcriptionally mediated decrease in AT(2) receptor mRNA levels. However, glucocorticoids are not required for the immediate stress-triggered decrease in AT(2) receptor gene expression, as demonstrated in corticotropin-releasing hormone knockout (Crh KO) mice and hypophysectomized rats, although they can regulate basal gene expression. cAMP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide also reduced AT(2) receptor gene expression and may mediate this response. Overall, the effects of stress on adrenomedullary AT(1A) and AT(2) receptor expression may contribute to allostatic changes, such as regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Medulla/metabolism
- Animals
- Catecholamines/genetics
- Catecholamines/metabolism
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immobilization/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- PC12 Cells
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Nostramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Juan M. Saavedra
- Section of Pharmacology, DIRP, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Varunkumar Pandey
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Lidia Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Richard Kvetnansky
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Esther L. Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Kumar KVA, Satyanarayana S, Kumar KE. Evaluation of enalapril affecting the renin-angiotensin system in normal and stress-induced rats based on urinary metabolites of amines and cortisol. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 14:34-40. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320312460069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- KV Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Visveswarapura Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
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Taylor WD, Benjamin S, McQuoid DR, Payne ME, Krishnan RR, MacFall JR, Ashley-Koch A. AGTR1 gene variation: association with depression and frontotemporal morphology. Psychiatry Res 2012; 202:104-9. [PMID: 22703619 PMCID: PMC3398195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is implicated in the response to physiological and psychosocial stressors, but its role in stress-related psychiatric disorders is poorly understood. We examined if variation in AGTR1, the gene coding for the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT(1)R), is associated with a diagnosis of depression and differences in white matter hyperintensities and frontotemporal brain volumes. Participants comprised 257 depressed and 116 nondepressed elderly Caucasian subjects who completed clinical assessments and provided blood samples for genotyping. We used a haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (htSNP) analysis to test for variation in AGTR1. For measurement of hyperintense lesions, 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were available on 33 subjects. For measurements of the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), 3 Tesla MRI data were available on 70 subjects. Two htSNPs exhibited statistically significant frequency differences between diagnostic cohorts: rs10935724 and rs12721331. Although hyperintense lesion volume did not significantly differ by any htSNP, dlPFC and hippocampus volume differed significantly for several htSNPs. Intriguingly, for those htSNPs differing significantly for both dlPFC and hippocampus volume, the variant associated with smaller dlPFC volume was associated with larger hippocampal volume. This supports the idea that genetic variation in AGTR1 is associated with depression and differences in frontotemporal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren D Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sophiya Benjamin
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Douglas R McQuoid
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Martha E Payne
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Duke Neuropsychiatric Imaging Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ranga R Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James R MacFall
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Duke Neuropsychiatric Imaging Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
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Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker candesartan prevents the fast up-regulation of cerebrocortical benzodiazepine-1 receptors induced by acute inflammatory and restraint stress. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:84-92. [PMID: 22503782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Centrally acting Angiotensin II AT(1) receptor blockers (ARBs) protect from stress-induced disorders and decrease anxiety in a model of inflammatory stress, the systemic injection of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In order to better understand the anxiolytic effect of ARBs, we treated rats with LPS (50 μg/kg) with or without 3 days of pretreatment with the ARB candesartan (1mg/kg/day), and studied cortical benzodiazepine (BZ) and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors. We compared the cortical BZ and CRF receptors expression pattern induced by LPS with that produced in restraint stress. Inflammation stress produced a generalized increase in cortical BZ(1) receptors and reduced mRNA expression of the GABA(A) receptor γ(2) subunit in cingulate cortex; changes were prevented by candesartan pretreatment. Moreover, restraint stress produced similar increases in cortical BZ(1) receptor binding, and candesartan prevented these changes. Treatment with candesartan alone increased cortical BZ(1) binding, and decreased γ(2) subunit mRNA expression in the cingulate cortex. Conversely, we did not find changes in CRF(1) receptor expression in any of the cortical areas studied, either after inflammation or restraint stress. Cortical CRF(2) receptor binding was undetectable, but CRF(2) mRNA expression was decreased by inflammation stress, a change prevented by candesartan. We conclude that stress promotes rapid and widespread changes in cortical BZ(1) receptor expression; and that the stress-induced BZ(1) receptor expression is under the control of AT(1) receptor activity. The results suggest that the anti-anxiety effect of ARBs may be associated with their capacity to regulate stress-induced alterations in cortical BZ(1) receptors.
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Saavedra JM. Angiotensin II AT(1) receptor blockers ameliorate inflammatory stress: a beneficial effect for the treatment of brain disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:667-81. [PMID: 21938488 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive allostatic load as a consequence of deregulated brain inflammation participates in the development and progression of multiple brain diseases, including but not limited to mood and neurodegenerative disorders. Inhibition of the peripheral and brain Renin-Angiotensin System by systemic administration of Angiotensin II AT(1) receptor blockers (ARBs) ameliorates inflammatory stress associated with hypertension, cold-restraint, and bacterial endotoxin administration. The mechanisms involved include: (a) decreased inflammatory factor production in peripheral organs and their release to the circulation; (b) reduced progression of peripherally induced inflammatory cascades in the cerebral vasculature and brain parenchyma; and (c) direct anti-inflammatory effects in cerebrovascular endothelial cells, microglia, and neurons. In addition, ARBs reduce bacterial endotoxin-induced anxiety and depression. Further pre-clinical experiments reveal that ARBs reduce brain inflammation, protect cognition in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease, and diminish brain inflammation associated with genetic hypertension, ischemia, and stroke. The anti-inflammatory effects of ARBs have also been reported in circulating human monocytes. Clinical studies demonstrate that ARBs improve mood, significantly reduce cognitive decline after stroke, and ameliorate the progression of Alzheimer's disease. ARBs are well-tolerated and extensively used to treat cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as hypertension and diabetes, where inflammation is an integral pathogenic mechanism. We propose that including ARBs in a novel integrated approach for the treatment of brain disorders such as depression and Alzheimer's disease may be of immediate translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Saavedra
- Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Angiotensin II does not directly affect Aβ secretion or β-/γ-secretase activity via activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:103-7. [PMID: 21704122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Saavedra JM, Sánchez-Lemus E, Benicky J. Blockade of brain angiotensin II AT1 receptors ameliorates stress, anxiety, brain inflammation and ischemia: Therapeutic implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1-18. [PMID: 21035950 PMCID: PMC2998923 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor adaptation to stress, alterations in cerebrovascular function and excessive brain inflammation play critical roles in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric and neurological disorders such as major depression, schizophrenia, post traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and traumatic brain injury. Treatment for these highly prevalent and devastating conditions is at present very limited and many times inefficient, and the search for novel therapeutic options is of major importance. Recently, attention has been focused on the role of a brain regulatory peptide, Angiotensin II, and in the translational value of the blockade of its physiological AT(1) receptors. In addition to its well-known cardiovascular effects, Angiotensin II, through AT(1) receptor stimulation, is a pleiotropic brain modulatory factor involved in the control of the reaction to stress, in the regulation of cerebrovascular flow and the response to inflammation. Excessive brain AT(1) receptor activity is associated with exaggerated sympathetic and hormonal response to stress, vulnerability to cerebrovascular ischemia and brain inflammation, processes leading to neuronal injury. In animal models, inhibition of brain AT(1) receptor activity with systemically administered Angiotensin II receptor blockers is neuroprotective; it reduces exaggerated stress responses and anxiety, prevents stress-induced gastric ulcerations, decreases vulnerability to ischemia and stroke, reverses chronic cerebrovascular inflammation, and reduces acute inflammatory responses produced by bacterial endotoxin. These effects protect neurons from injury and contribute to increase the lifespan. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are compounds with a good margin of safety widely used in the treatment of hypertension and their anti-inflammatory and vascular protective effects contribute to reduce renal and cardiovascular failure. Inhibition of brain AT(1) receptors in humans is also neuroprotective, reducing the incidence of stroke, improving cognition and decreasing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Blockade of AT(1) receptors offers a novel and safe therapeutic approach for the treatment of illnesses of increasing prevalence and socioeconomic impact, such as mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Saavedra
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2D-57, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Albrecht D. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of different angiotensins in the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Effect of acute stress on sexual behavior in female rats: Participation of the central angiotensinergic system. Behav Brain Res 2010; 207:429-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Särndahl E, Bergström I, Nijm J, Forslund T, Perretti M, Jonasson L. Enhanced neutrophil expression of annexin-1 in coronary artery disease. Metabolism 2010; 59:433-40. [PMID: 19850308 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The systemic inflammatory activity in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with a dysregulated cortisol response. Moreover, an aberrant activation status of neutrophils in CAD has been discussed; and the question of glucocorticoid resistance has been raised. The anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by annexin-1 (ANXA1). We investigated the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and ANXA1, as well as the exogenous effects of ANXA1 on neutrophils in CAD patients and related the data to diurnal salivary cortisol. Salivary cortisol levels were measured in the morning and evening during 3 consecutive days in 30 CAD patients and 30 healthy individuals. The neutrophil expression of GR and ANXA1 was determined by flow cytometry. The effect of exogenous ANXA1 was determined in a neutrophil stimulation assay. The patients showed a flattened diurnal cortisol pattern compared with healthy subjects, involving higher levels in the evening. The neutrophil expression of GR-total and GR-alpha was decreased, whereas the GR-beta expression did not differ compared with controls. The neutrophil expression of ANXA1 was significantly increased in patients. Ex vivo, ANXA1 impaired the leukotriene B(4)-induced neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species in patients but not in controls. Our findings indicate a persistent overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in CAD patients but do not give any evidence for glucocorticoid resistance, as assessed by the neutrophil expression of GR and ANXA1. The altered neutrophil phenotype in CAD may thus represent a long-term response to disease-related activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Särndahl
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden.
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Dempster EL, Kiss E, Kapornai K, Daróczi G, Mayer L, Baji I, Tamas Z, Gadoros J, Kennedy JL, Vetró A, Kovacs M, Barr CL. No evidence of an association between two genes, EDN1 and ACE, and childhood-onset mood disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:341-6. [PMID: 19475602 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence supports a pathological link between heart disease and depressive symptoms, suggesting that depression is both etiologic and prognostic to heart disease. Thus, biological molecules which are at the interface between heart and mind are plausible candidate genes for depressive disorders. To investigate this line of enquiry we have investigated two genes, Endothelin 1 (EDN1) and Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in a family-based sample with childhood-onset mood disorders (COMDs). EDN1 is highly expressed in endothelium where it acts as a potent vasoconstrictor, and is also expressed in the brain where it exhibits neurotransmitter characteristics. ACE acts as a potent vasopressor, and interacts with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, which is often dysregulated in mood disorders. Furthermore, ACE has recently been found to be associated with major depression. Polymorphisms were selected to best capture the genetic variation at the two loci, and to replicate previous associations. The markers were genotyped across EDN1 and ACE in a sample comprised of 382 Hungarian nuclear families ascertained through affected probands diagnosed with a mood disorders before the age of 15. We found no evidence of association between either of these genes and COMD. Consequently, we were unable to support our hypothesis that these two genes, which are involved in both vascular and brain functions are contributing to the susceptibility to mood disorders of children/adolescents.
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Sánchez-Lemus E, Benicky J, Pavel J, Saavedra JM. In vivo Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade selectively inhibits LPS-induced innate immune response and ACTH release in rat pituitary gland. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:945-57. [PMID: 19427376 PMCID: PMC2749886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration induces an innate immune response and stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We studied Angiotensin II AT(1) receptor participation in the LPS effects with focus on the pituitary gland. LPS (50 microg/kg, i.p.) enhanced, 3h after administration, gene expression of pituitary CD14 and that of Angiotensin II AT(1A) receptors in pituitary and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN); stimulated ACTH and corticosterone release; decreased pituitary CRF(1) receptor mRNA and increased all plasma and pituitary pro-inflammatory factors studied. The AT(1) receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan (1mg/kg/day, s.c. daily for 3 days before LPS) blocked pituitary and PVN AT(1) receptors, inhibited LPS-induced ACTH but not corticosterone secretion and decreased LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 to the circulation. The ARB reduced LPS-induced pituitary gene expression of IL-6, LIF, iNOS, COX-2 and IkappaB-alpha; and prevented LPS-induced increase of nNOS/eNOS activity. The ARB did not affect LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta gene expression, IL-6 or IL-1beta protein content or LPS-induced decrease of CRF(1) receptors. When administered alone, the ARB increased basal plasma corticosterone levels and basal PGE(2) mRNA in pituitary. Our results demonstrate that the pituitary gland is a target for systemically administered LPS. AT(1) receptor activity is necessary for the complete pituitary response to LPS and is limited to specific pro-inflammatory pathways. There is a complementary and complex influence of the PVN and circulating cytokines on the initial pituitary response to LPS. Our findings support the proposal that ARBs may be considered for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sánchez-Lemus
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gallo-Payet N, Roussy JF, Chagnon F, Roberge C, Lesur O. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis multiple and organ dysfunction syndrome in critical illness: A special focus on arginine-vasopressin and apelin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17471060802339711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Coleman CG, Anrather J, Iadecola C, Pickel VM. Angiotensin II type 2 receptors have a major somatodendritic distribution in vasopressin-containing neurons in the mouse hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Neuroscience 2009; 163:129-42. [PMID: 19539723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and angiotensin II (AngII) play critical roles in cardiovascular and neurohumoral regulation ascribed in part to vasopressin (VP) release. The AngII actions in the PVN are mediated largely through angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, there is indirect evidence that the functionally elusive central angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptors are also mediators of AngII signaling in the PVN. We used electron microscopic dual immunolabeling of antisera recognizing the AT2 receptor and VP to test the hypothesis that mouse PVN neurons expressing VP are among the cellular sites where this receptor has a subcellular distribution conducive to local activation. Immunoreactivity for the AT2 receptor was detected in somatodendritic profiles, of which approximately 60% of the somata and approximately 28% of the dendrites also contained VP. In comparison with somata and dendrites, axons, axon terminals, and glia less frequently contained the AT2 receptor. Somatic labeling for the AT2 receptor was often seen in the cytoplasm near the Golgi lamellae and other endomembrane structures implicated in receptor trafficking. AT2 receptor immunoreactivity in dendrites was commonly localized to cytoplasmic endomembranes, but was occasionally observed on extra- or peri-synaptic portions of the plasma membrane apposed by astrocytic processes or by unlabeled axon terminals. The labeled dendritic plasmalemmal segments containing AT2 receptors received asymmetric excitatory-type or more rarely symmetric inhibitory-type contacts from unlabeled axon terminals containing dense core vesicles, many of which are known to store neuropeptides. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that AT2 receptors in PVN neurons expressing VP and other neuromodulators are strategically positioned for surface activation by AngII and/or intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Coleman
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 407 E 61st Street, New York, NY, USA.
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