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Alsegiani AS, Shah ZA. Age-dependent sex differences in cofilin1 pathway (LIMK1/SSH1) and its association with AD biomarkers after chronic systemic inflammation in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 144:43-55. [PMID: 39265451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation (CSI) results in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Cofilin1 is a stress protein that activates microglia and induces neuroinflammation, but its role in CSI at different aging stages remains unidentified. Therefore, the study aims to identify cofilin1 and its upstream regulators LIMK1 and SSH1 after CSI in young-, middle-, and advanced-aged mice. CSI was induced by injecting the male and female mice with a sub-lethal dose of Lipopolysaccharide weekly for six weeks. The results showed that normal male mice did not show cofilin pathway dysregulation, but a significant dysregulation was observed in CSI advanced-aged mice. In females, cofilin1 dysregulation was observed in healthy and CSI advanced-aged mice, while significant cofilin1 dysregulation was observed in middle-aged mice during CSI. Furthermore, cofilin1 pathway dysregulations correlated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in the brain and saliva, astrocyte activation, synaptic degeneration, neurobehavioral impairments, gut-microbiota abnormalities, and circulatory inflammation. These results provide new insights into cofilin1 sex and age-dependent mechanistic differences that might help identify targets for modulating neuroinflammation and early onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amsha S Alsegiani
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Dos Santos AS, Segabinazi E, de Almeida W, Faustino AM, Bronauth LP, Dos Santos TM, Ferreira FS, Wyse ATS, Marcuzzo S, Pereira LO. Resistance exercise was safe for the pregnancy and offspring's development and partially protected rats against early life stress-induced effects. Behav Brain Res 2023; 445:114362. [PMID: 36889464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Promising evidence points to gestational physical exercise as the key to preventing various disorders that affect the offspring neurodevelopment, but there are no studies showing the impact of resistance exercise on offspring health. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether resistance exercise during pregnancy is able to prevent or to alleviate the possible deleterious effects on offspring, caused by early life-stress (ELS). Pregnant rats performed resistance exercise throughout the gestational period:they climbed a sloping ladder with a weight attached to their tail, 3 times a week. Male and female pups, on the day of birth (P0), were divided into 4 experimental groups: 1) rats of sedentary mothers (SED group); 2) rats of exercised mothers (EXE group); 3) rats of sedentary mothers and submitted to maternal separation (ELS group) and 4) rats of exercised mothers and submitted to MS (EXE + ELS group). From P1 to P10, pups from groups 3 and 4 were separated from their mothers for 3 h/day. Maternal behavior was assessed. From P30, behavioral tests were performed and on P38 the animals were euthanized and prefrontal cortex samples were collected. Oxidative stress and tissue damage analysis by Nissl staining were performed. Our results demonstrate that male rats are more susceptible to ELS than females, showing impulsive and hyperactive behavior similar to that seen in children with ADHD. This behavior was attenuated by the gestational resistance exercise. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that resistance exercise performed during pregnancy seems to be safe for the pregnancy and offspring's neurodevelopment and are effective in preventing ELS-induced damage only in male rats. Interestingly, resistance exercise during pregnancy improved maternal care and it is reasonable to propose that this finding may be related to the protective role on the animals neurodevelopment, observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Souza Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ethiane Segabinazi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Wellington de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Martins Faustino
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Loise Peres Bronauth
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Marcon Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Marcuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Cheng L, Wang F, Li ZH, Wen C, Ding L, Zhang SB, You QY. Study on the active components and mechanism of Suanzaoren decoction in improving cognitive impairment caused by sleep deprivation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115502. [PMID: 35777606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Suanzaoren Decoction (SZRD) is a traditional and classic prescription for the treatment of insomnia, with a history of more than 1,000 years. It replenishes blood components, calms the nerves, reduces fever and irritability. It is commonly used in the clinical treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome, cardiac neurosis, and menopausal syndromes. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that it improves cognitive impairment; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study preliminarily investigated the potential bioactive components and mechanism of SZRD in improving cognitive impairment by exploring network pharmacology, molecular docking, and conducting in vivo experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS The components of various Chinese herbs in SZRD and their disease-related targets were identified through network pharmacology and literature. Gene ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of intersection targets were performed using the relevant database. Next, the "Components-Targets-Pathways" (C-T-P) and "Protein-Protein interaction" networks were constructed using the enrichment analysis results to further identify potential pathways, bioactive components, and hub genes. At the same time, molecular docking was used to further distinguish the key bioactive components and genes of SZRD responsible for improving cognitive impairment. Finally, the potential mechanism of action was further analysed and verified using in vivo experiments. RESULTS A total of 117 potential active components and 138 intersection targets were identified by network pharmacology screening. The key bioactive components, including calycosin, 5-Prenylbutein, licochalcone G, glypallichalcone, and ZINC189892, were identified by analysing the networks and molecular docking results. Hub genes included ACHE, CYP19A1, EGFR, ESR1, and ESR2. The oestrogen signalling pathway was the most important in the enrichment analysis. In vivo experiments further proved that SZRD could improve cognitive impairment by affecting the oestrogen signalling pathway and the expression of ACHE and CYP19A1. CONCLUSIONS Network pharmacology and in vivo experiments demonstrate that SZRD improves cognitive impairment caused by sleep disturbance through estrogen receptor pathway, which provides a basis for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Zi-Heng Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Chun Wen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Li Ding
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Shun-Bo Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Qiu-Yun You
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Verma N, Mukhopadhyay S, Barnable P, Plagianos MG, Teleshova N. Estradiol inhibits HIV-1 BaL infection and induces CFL1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and endocervical mucosa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6165. [PMID: 35418661 PMCID: PMC9008051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An inhibitory effect of estradiol (E2) on HIV-1 infection was suggested by several reports. We previously identified increased gene expression of actin-binding protein cofilin 1 (CFL1) in endocervix in the E2-dominated proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Actin cytoskeleton has an integral role in establishing and spreading HIV-1 infection. Herein, we studied in vitro effects of E2 on HIV-1 infection and on CFL1 expression to gain insight into the mechanism of HIV-1 inhibition by E2. E2 dose-dependently inhibited HIV-1BaL infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and endocervix. In PBMCs and endocervix, E2 increased protein expression of total CFL1 and phosphorylated CFL1 (pCFL1) and pCFL1/CFL1 ratios. LIMKi3, a LIM kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor, abrogated the phenotype and restored infection in both PBMCs and endocervix; inhibited E2-induced expression of total CFL1, pCFL1; and decreased pCFL1/CFL1 ratios. Knockdown of CFL1 in PBMCs also abrogated the phenotype and partially restored infection. Additional analysis of soluble mediators revealed decreased concentrations of pro-inflammatory chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5 in infected tissues incubated with E2. Our results suggest a link between E2-mediated anti-HIV-1 activity and expression of CFL1 in PBMCs and endocervical mucosa. The data support exploration of cytoskeletal signaling pathway targets for the development of prevention strategies against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Verma
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - S Mukhopadhyay
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - P Barnable
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - M G Plagianos
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - N Teleshova
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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5
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LIM-Kinases in Synaptic Plasticity, Memory, and Brain Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082079. [PMID: 34440848 PMCID: PMC8391678 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory require structural and functional modifications of synaptic connections, and synaptic deficits are believed to underlie many brain disorders. The LIM-domain-containing protein kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton by affecting the actin-binding protein, cofilin. In addition, LIMK1 is implicated in the regulation of gene expression by interacting with the cAMP-response element-binding protein. Accumulating evidence indicates that LIMKs are critically involved in brain function and dysfunction. In this paper, we will review studies on the roles and underlying mechanisms of LIMKs in the regulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), the most extensively studied forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity widely regarded as cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. We will also discuss the involvement of LIMKs in the regulation of the dendritic spine, the structural basis of synaptic plasticity, and memory formation. Finally, we will discuss recent progress on investigations of LIMKs in neurological and mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Williams–Beuren syndrome, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders.
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Lynch KM, Shi Y, Toga AW, Clark KA. Hippocampal Shape Maturation in Childhood and Adolescence. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3651-3665. [PMID: 30272143 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a subcortical structure critical for learning and memory, and a thorough understanding of its neurodevelopment is important for studying these processes in health and disease. However, few studies have quantified the typical developmental trajectory of the structure in childhood and adolescence. This study examined the cross-sectional age-related changes and sex differences in hippocampal shape in a multisite, multistudy cohort of 1676 typically developing children (age 1-22 years) using a novel intrinsic brain mapping method based on Laplace-Beltrami embedding of surfaces. Significant age-related expansion was observed bilaterally and nonlinear growth was observed primarily in the right head and tail of the hippocampus. Sex differences were also observed bilaterally along the lateral and medial aspects of the surface, with females exhibiting relatively larger surface expansion than males. Additionally, the superior posterior lateral surface of the left hippocampus exhibited an age-sex interaction with females expanding faster than males. Shape analysis provides enhanced sensitivity to regional changes in hippocampal morphology over traditional volumetric approaches and allows for the localization of developmental effects. Our results further support evidence that hippocampal structures follow distinct maturational trajectories that may coincide with the development of learning and memory skills during critical periods of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Lynch
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kristi A Clark
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Taxier LR, Gross KS, Frick KM. Oestradiol as a neuromodulator of learning and memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:535-550. [PMID: 32879508 PMCID: PMC8302223 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent oestrogen 17β-oestradiol have been less well recognized by the scientific community in this capacity. The predominance of females in studies of oestradiol and memory and the general (but erroneous) perception that oestrogens are 'female' hormones have probably prevented oestradiol from being more widely considered as a key memory modulator in both sexes. Indeed, although considerable evidence supports a crucial role for oestradiol in regulating learning and memory in females, a growing body of literature indicates a similar role in males. This Review discusses the mechanisms of oestradiol signalling and provides an overview of the effects of oestradiol on spatial, object recognition, social and fear memories. Although the primary focus is on data collected in females, effects of oestradiol on memory in males will be discussed, as will sex differences in the molecular mechanisms that regulate oestrogenic modulation of memory, which may have important implications for the development of future cognitive therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Taxier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kellie S Gross
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Karyn M Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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8
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Nicholson K, MacLusky NJ, Leranth C. Synaptic effects of estrogen. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2020; 114:167-210. [PMID: 32723543 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The concept that estradiol may act as a local neuromodulator in the brain, rapidly affecting connectivity and synaptic function, has been firmly established by research over the last 30 years. De novo synthesis of estradiol within the brain as well as signaling mechanisms mediating responses to the hormone have been demonstrated, along with morphological evidence indicating rapid changes in synaptic input following increases in local estradiol levels. These rapid synaptic effects may play important roles in both physiological and pathophysiological responses to changes in circulating hormone levels, as well as in neurodegenerative disease. How local effects of estradiol on synaptic plasticity are integrated into changes in the overall activity of neural networks in the brain, however, remains a subject that is only incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Nicholson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Neil J MacLusky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Csaba Leranth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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9
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Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) is a potent steroid hormone of both gonadal and neuronal origin that exerts profound effects on neuroplasticity in several brain regions. Dendritic spine and synapse formation and rearrangements are modulated and mediated by estrogens. In this chapter, we highlighted the essential background concerning the effects of E2 on synaptic rearrangements accompanied by synaptic plasticity in E2-sensitive brain regions that mediate learning and memory, i.e., cortex and hippocampus. We also address details of the molecular mechanisms underlying E2 regulation of spine dynamics. The proposed models of action of E2 overlaps with that for well-established synaptic modulators, such as adenosine. Thus, the possible synergistic effects of those two molecules in respect to synaptic rearrangement and plasticity were presented.
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Abstract
The investigation of hormones, brain function and behavior over the past 50 years has played a major role in elucidating how the brain and body communicate reciprocally via hormones and other mediators and how this impacts brain and body health both positively and negatively. This is illustrated here for the hippocampus, a uniquely sensitive and vulnerable brain region, study of which as a hormone target has provided a gateway into the rest of the brain. Hormone actions on the brain and hormones generated within the brain are now recognized to include not only steroid hormones but also metabolic hormones and chemical signals from bone and muscle. Moreover, steroid hormones, and some metabolic hormones, and their receptors, are generated by the brain for specific functions that synergize with effects of those circulating hormones. Hormone actions in hippocampus have revealed its capacity, and that of other brain regions, for adaptive plasticity, loss of which needs external intervention in, for example, mood disorders. Early life experiences as well as in utero and transgenerational effects are now appreciated for their lasting effects at the level of gene expression affecting the capacity for adaptive plasticity. Moreover sex differences are recognized as affecting the whole brain via both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The demonstrated plasticity of a healthy brain gives hope that interventions throughout the life course can ameliorate negative effects by reactivating that plasticity and the underlying epigenetic activity to produce compensatory changes in the brain with more positive consequences for the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
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Finney CA, Shvetcov A, Westbrook RF, Jones NM, Morris MJ. The role of hippocampal estradiol in synaptic plasticity and memory: A systematic review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100818. [PMID: 31843506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The consolidation of long-term memory is influenced by various neuromodulators. One of these is estradiol, a steroid hormone that is synthesized both in peripheral endocrine tissue and in the brain, including the hippocampus. Here, we examine the evidence regarding the role of estradiol in the hippocampus, specifically, in memory formation and its effects on the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. We conclude that estradiol improves memory consolidation and, thereby, long-term memory. Previous studies have shown that it does this in three, interconnected ways: (1) via functional changes in excitatory activity, (2) signaling changes in calcium dynamics, protein phosphorylation and protein expression, and (3) structural changes to synaptic morphology. Through a functional network analysis of proteins affected by estradiol, we identify potential protein-protein interactions that further support a role for estradiol in modulating synaptic plasticity as well as highlight signaling pathways that may be involved in these changes within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Finney
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Shvetcov
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R F Westbrook
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N M Jones
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Dorsal Hippocampal Actin Polymerization Is Necessary for Activation of G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) to Increase CA1 Dendritic Spine Density and Enhance Memory Consolidation. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9598-9610. [PMID: 31628182 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2687-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the membrane estrogen receptor G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in ovariectomized mice via the GPER agonist G-1 mimics the beneficial effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on hippocampal CA1 spine density and memory consolidation, yet the cell-signaling mechanisms mediating these effects remain unclear. The present study examined the role of actin polymerization and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in mediating effects of dorsal hippocampally infused G-1 on CA1 dendritic spine density and consolidation of object recognition and spatial memories in ovariectomized mice. We first showed that object learning increased apical CA1 spine density in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) within 40 min. We then found that DH infusion of G-1 increased both CA1 spine density and phosphorylation of the actin polymerization regulator cofilin, suggesting that activation of GPER may increase spine morphogenesis through actin polymerization. As with memory consolidation in our previous work (Kim et al., 2016), effects of G-1 on CA1 spine density and cofilin phosphorylation depended on JNK phosphorylation in the DH. Also consistent with our previous findings, E2-induced cofilin phosphorylation was not dependent on GPER activation. Finally, we found that infusion of the actin polymerization inhibitor, latrunculin A, into the DH prevented G-1 from increasing apical CA1 spine density and enhancing both object recognition and spatial memory consolidation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GPER-mediated hippocampal spinogenesis and memory consolidation depend on JNK and cofilin signaling, supporting a critical role for actin polymerization in the GPER-induced regulation of hippocampal function in female mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Emerging evidence suggests that G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) activation mimics effects of 17β-estradiol on hippocampal memory consolidation. Unlike canonical estrogen receptors, GPER activation is associated with reduced cancer cell proliferation; thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms through which GPER regulates hippocampal function may provide new avenues for the development of drugs that provide the cognitive benefits of estrogens without harmful side effects. Here, we demonstrate that GPER increases CA1 dendritic spine density and hippocampal memory consolidation in a manner dependent on actin polymerization and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. These findings provide novel insights into the role of GPER in mediating hippocampal morphology and memory consolidation, and may suggest first steps toward new therapeutics that more safely and effectively reduce memory decline in menopausal women.
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Hippocampus-specific Rictor knockdown inhibited 17β-estradiol induced neuronal plasticity and spatial memory improvement in ovariectomized mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Fang Q, Zhang Y, Da P, Shao B, Pan H, He Z, Cheng C, Li D, Guo J, Wu X, Guan M, Liao M, Zhang Y, Sha S, Zhou Z, Wang J, Wang T, Su K, Chai R, Chen F. Deletion of Limk1 and Limk2 in mice does not alter cochlear development or auditory function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3357. [PMID: 30833597 PMCID: PMC6399249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited hearing loss is associated with gene mutations that result in sensory hair cell (HC) malfunction. HC structure is defined by the cytoskeleton, which is mainly composed of actin filaments and actin-binding partners. LIM motif-containing protein kinases (LIMKs) are the primary regulators of actin dynamics and consist of two members: LIMK1 and LIMK2. Actin arrangement is directly involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal structure and the maturation of synapses in the central nervous system, and LIMKs are involved in structural plasticity by controlling the activation of the actin depolymerization protein cofilin in the olfactory system and in the hippocampus. However, the expression pattern and the role of LIMKs in mouse cochlear development and synapse function also need to be further studied. We show here that the Limk genes are expressed in the mouse cochlea. We examined the morphology and the afferent synapse densities of HCs and measured the auditory function in Limk1 and Limk2 double knockout (DKO) mice. We found that the loss of Limk1 and Limk2 did not appear to affect the overall development of the cochlea, including the number of HCs and the structure of hair bundles. There were no significant differences in auditory thresholds between DKO mice and wild-type littermates. However, the expression of p-cofilin in the DKO mice was significantly decreased. Additionally, no significant differences were found in the number or distribution of ribbon synapses between the DKO and wild-type mice. In summary, our data suggest that the Limk genes play a different role in the development of the cochlea compared to their role in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojun Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518000, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Da
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Buwei Shao
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Haolai Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, 200233, Shanghai, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 112008, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zuhong He
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menghui Liao
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Suhua Sha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zikai Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, 200233, Shanghai, China.,School of Human Communication Disorders, Dalhousie University, B3J1Y6, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kaiming Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, 200233, Shanghai, China.
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Fangyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
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15
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wang D. LIM Kinase 1 Mediates Estradiol Effects on the Phosphorylation of Cofilin1 in Eutopic Endometrial Stromal Cells During the Invasion and Proliferation of Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2019; 26:1499-1505. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719119828076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent gynecological disease; however, the mechanism by which estradiol promotes the development of endometriosis, including invasion and proliferation, remains unclear. Estradiol is involved in cell invasion and proliferation by regulating the cytoskeleton. The abnormally high expression of cytoskeletal regulators (LIM kinase 1 [LIMK1] and cofilin1) is closely related to increased invasiveness and proliferation of eutopic endometrial stromal cells from endometriosis patients compared to normal eutopic endometrial cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of estradiol during invasion and proliferation through the LIMK1/cofilin1 pathway in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. To address this, primary eutopic endometrial stromal cells were isolated from the uteri of patients with endometriosis and cultured without estradiol. The phosphorylation of cofilin1 was analyzed by western blotting. Cell invasiveness and proliferation were evaluated following LIMK1 knockdown by RNA interference technology. We found that, before LIMK1silencing, the phosphorylation levels of cofilin1 and LIMK1 of eutopic endometrial stromal cells from endometriosis patients treated with estradiol were higher than cells not treated with estradiol ( P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). The total levels of cofilin1 and LIMK1 protein did not change ( P > .05 and P > .05, respectively). After LIMK1 silencing, the phosphorylation of cofilin1 by estradiol was significantly reduced, and invasiveness and proliferation were clearly and concurrently decreased ( P < .05 and P < .05, respectively). Thus, the phosphorylation of cofilin1 by estradiol is mediated by LIMK1, and estradiol is involved in regulating cell invasion and proliferation in endometriotic patients through the LIMK1/cofilin1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Jing Liu and Zhifang Zhang contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- The First People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Jing Liu and Zhifang Zhang contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danbo Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Sex differences and the neurobiology of affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:111-128. [PMID: 30061743 PMCID: PMC6235863 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the source and implications of this epidemiologic sex difference remain unclear, as does the practical significance of the multitude of sex differences that have been reported in brain structure and function. In this article, we attempt to provide a framework for thinking about how sex and reproductive hormones (particularly estradiol as an example) might contribute to affective illness. After briefly reviewing some observed sex differences in depression, we discuss how sex might alter brain function through hormonal effects (both organizational (programmed) and activational (acute)), sex chromosome effects, and the interaction of sex with the environment. We next review sex differences in the brain at the structural, cellular, and network levels. We then focus on how sex and reproductive hormones regulate systems implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, including neuroplasticity, genetic and neural networks, the stress axis, and immune function. Finally, we suggest several models that might explain a sex-dependent differential regulation of affect and susceptibility to affective illness. As a disclaimer, the studies cited in this review are not intended to be comprehensive but rather serve as examples of the multitude of levels at which sex and reproductive hormones regulate brain structure and function. As such and despite our current ignorance regarding both the ontogeny of affective illness and the impact of sex on that ontogeny, sex differences may provide a lens through which we may better view the mechanisms underlying affective regulation and dysfunction.
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17
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McEwen BS. Redefining neuroendocrinology: Epigenetics of brain-body communication over the life course. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:8-30. [PMID: 29132949 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress that perceives and determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor, and it does so somewhat differently in males and females. The expression of steroid hormone receptors throughout the brain has broadened the definition of 'neuroendocrinology' to include the reciprocal communication between the entire brain and body via hormonal and neural pathways. Mediated in part via systemic hormonal influences, the adult and developing brain possess remarkable structural and functional plasticity in response to stress, including neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling, and synapse turnover. This article is both an account of an emerging field elucidating brain-body interactions at multiple levels, from molecules to social organization, as well as a personal account of my laboratory's role and, most importantly, the roles of trainees and colleagues, along with my involvement in interdisciplinary groups working on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA. http://www.rockefeller.edu/labheads/mcewen/mcewen-lab.php
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18
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Martínez-Rivera FJ, Pérez-Laspiur J, Santiago-Gascot ME, Alemán-Reyes AG, García-Santiago E, Rodríguez-Pérez Y, Calo-Guadalupe C, Otero-Pagán I, Ayala-Pagán RN, Martínez M, Cantres-Rosario YM, Meléndez LM, Barreto-Estrada JL. Differential protein expression profile in the hypothalamic GT1-7 cell line after exposure to anabolic androgenic steroids. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180409. [PMID: 28719635 PMCID: PMC5515402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been considered a major public health problem during decades. Supraphysiological doses of AAS may lead to a variety of neuroendocrine problems. Precisely, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is one of the body systems that is mainly influenced by steroidal hormones. Fluctuations of the hormonal milieu result in alterations of reproductive function, which are made through changes in hypothalamic neurons expressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In fact, previous studies have shown that AAS modulate the activity of these neurons through steroid-sensitive afferents. To increase knowledge about the cellular mechanisms induced by AAS in GnRH neurons, we performed proteomic analyses of the murine hypothalamic GT1-7 cell line after exposure to 17α-methyltestosterone (17α-meT; 1 μM). These cells represent a good model for studying regulatory processes because they exhibit the typical characteristics of GnRH neurons, and respond to compounds that modulate GnRH in vivo. Two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry analyses identified a total of 17 different proteins that were significantly affected by supraphysiological levels of AAS. Furthermore, pathway analyses showed that modulated proteins were mainly associated to glucose metabolism, drug detoxification, stress response and cell cycle. Validation of many of these proteins, such as GSTM1, ERH, GAPDH, PEBP1 and PDIA6, were confirmed by western blotting. We further demonstrated that AAS exposure decreased expression of estrogen receptors and GnRH, while two important signaling pathway proteins p-ERK, and p-p38, were modulated. Our results suggest that steroids have the capacity to directly affect the neuroendocrine system by modulating key cellular processes for the control of reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddyson J. Martínez-Rivera
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Juliana Pérez-Laspiur
- Translational Proteomics Center-RCMI, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - María E. Santiago-Gascot
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Abner G. Alemán-Reyes
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Emanuel García-Santiago
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Yolanda Rodríguez-Pérez
- Translational Proteomics Center-RCMI, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Cristhian Calo-Guadalupe
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Inelia Otero-Pagán
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Roxsana N. Ayala-Pagán
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Magdiel Martínez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Yisel M. Cantres-Rosario
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Loyda M. Meléndez
- Translational Proteomics Center-RCMI, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Barreto-Estrada
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
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19
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Pandey K, Mizukami Y, Watanabe K, Sakaguti S, Kadokawa H. Deep sequencing of the transcriptome in the anterior pituitary of heifers before and after ovulation. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1003-1012. [PMID: 28442638 PMCID: PMC5487774 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine gene expression patterns in the anterior pituitary (AP) of heifers
before and after ovulation via deep sequencing of the transcriptome (RNA-seq) to identify
new genes and clarify important pathways. Heifers were slaughtered on the estrus day
(pre-ovulation; n=5) or 3 days after ovulation (post-ovulation; n=5) for AP collection. We
randomly selected 4 pre-ovulation and 4 post-ovulation APs, and the ribosomal RNA-depleted
poly (A)+RNA were prepared to assemble next-generation sequencing libraries. The bovine
APs expressed 12,769 annotated genes at pre- or post-ovulation. The sum of the reads per
kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads (RPKM) values of all transcriptomes were
599,676 ± 38,913 and 668,209 ± 23,690, and 32.2 ± 2.6% and 44.0 ± 4.4% of these
corresponded to the AP hormones in the APs of pre- and post-ovulation heifers,
respectively. The bovine AP showed differential expression of 396 genes
(P<0.05) in the pre- and post-ovulation APs. The 396 genes included
two G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes (GPR61 and
GPR153) and those encoding 13 binding proteins. The AP also expressed
259 receptor and other 364 binding proteins. Moreover, ingenuity pathway analysis for the
396 genes revealed (P=2.4 × 10−3) a canonical pathway linking
GPCR to cytoskeleton reorganization, actin polymerization, microtubule growth, and gene
expression. Thus, the present study clarified the novel genes found to be differentially
expressed before and after ovulation and clarified an important pathway in the AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Pandey
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University, Minami Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube-shi, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University, Minami Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube-shi, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Syuiti Sakaguti
- Institute of Radioisotope Research and Education, Yamaguchi University, Minami Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube-shi, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kadokawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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20
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McEwen BS, Milner TA. Understanding the broad influence of sex hormones and sex differences in the brain. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:24-39. [PMID: 27870427 PMCID: PMC5120618 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Within neurons, sex hormone receptors are found in nuclei and are also located near membranes, where they are associated with presynaptic terminals, mitochondria, spine apparatus, and postsynaptic densities. Sex hormone receptors also are found in glial cells. Hormonal regulation of a variety of signaling pathways as well as direct and indirect effects on gene expression induce spine synapses, up- or downregulate and alter the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors, and regulate neuropeptide expression and cholinergic and GABAergic activity as well as calcium sequestration and oxidative stress. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences and responses to sex hormones in brain regions, which influence functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era of our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S. McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
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21
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Wang W, Kantorovich S, Babayan AH, Hou B, Gall CM, Lynch G. Estrogen's Effects on Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Entail Integrin and TrkB Transactivation and Depend Upon β1-integrin function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2723-32. [PMID: 27272766 PMCID: PMC5026741 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) perfusion rapidly increases the strength of fast excitatory transmission and facilitates long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, two effects likely related to its memory-enhancing properties. Past studies showed that E2's facilitation of transmission involves activation of RhoA signaling leading to actin polymerization in dendritic spines. Here we report that brief exposure of adult male hippocampal slices to 1 nM E2 increases the percentage of postsynaptic densities associated with high levels of immunoreactivity for activated forms of the BDNF receptor TrkB and β1-integrins, two synaptic receptors that engage actin regulatory RhoA signaling. The effects of E2 on baseline synaptic responses were unaffected by pretreatment with the TrkB-Fc scavenger for extracellular BDNF or TrkB antagonism, but were eliminated by neutralizing antisera for β1-integrins. E2 effects on synaptic responses were also absent in conditional β1-integrin knockouts, and with inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, extracellular enzymes that generate integrin ligands. We propose that E2, acting through estrogen receptor-β, transactivates synaptic TrkB and β1-integrin, and via mechanisms dependent on integrin activation and signaling, reversibly reorganizes the spine cytoskeleton and thereby enhances synaptic responses in adult hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Kantorovich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alex H Babayan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bowen Hou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christine M Gall
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California at Irvine, 837 Health Science Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA, Tel: +1 949 824 8652, Fax: +1 949 824 0276, E-mail: or
| | - Gary Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California at Irvine, 837 Health Science Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA, Tel: +1 949 824 8652, Fax: +1 949 824 0276, E-mail: or
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22
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Shaw PX, Sang A, Wang Y, Ho D, Douglas C, Dia L, Goldberg JL. Topical administration of a Rock/Net inhibitor promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:33-42. [PMID: 27443501 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering ophthalmic solutions that inhibit Rho-associated protein kinases (Rock) and norepinephrine transporters (Net) are currently under clinical evaluation. Here we evaluate topical application of one such drug for its effects on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve crush injury. We performed unilateral optic nerve crush on young rats (P18) and topically applied Rock/Net inhibitor AR-13324 or placebo 3 times a day for 14 days. IOP was measured starting 3 days before and up to 9 days after injury. On day 12, cholera toxin B (CTB) was injected intravitreally to trace optic nerve regeneration. On day 14, retinas and optic nerves were collected. The retinas were flat-mounted and stained with RBPMS to quantify RGC survival and the optic nerves were sectioned for optic nerve axon quantification using fluorescent and confocal microscopy. Rock phosphorylation targets implicated in axon growth including cofilin and LIMK were examined by fluorescence microscopy and quantitative western blotting. AR-13324 lowered IOP as expected. RGC survival and optic nerve axon regeneration were significantly higher with Rock/Net inhibitor treatment compared with placebo. Furthermore, topical therapy decreased Rock target protein phosphorylation in the retinas and proximal optic nerves. These data suggest that topical administration of a Rock/Net inhibitor promotes RGC survival and regeneration after optic nerve injury, with associated molecular changes indicative of posterior drug activity. Coordinated IOP lowering and neuroprotective or regenerative effects may be advantageous in the treatment of patients with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter X Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Alan Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Daisy Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Lara Dia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States.
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23
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McEwen BS, Nasca C, Gray JD. Stress Effects on Neuronal Structure: Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Prefrontal Cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:3-23. [PMID: 26076834 PMCID: PMC4677120 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 856] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus provided the gateway into much of what we have learned about stress and brain structural and functional plasticity, and this initial focus has expanded to other interconnected brain regions, such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Starting with the discovery of adrenal steroid, and later, estrogen receptors in the hippocampal formation, and subsequent discovery of dendritic and spine synapse remodeling and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, mechanistic studies have revealed both genomic and rapid non-genomic actions of circulating steroid hormones in the brain. Many of these actions occur epigenetically and result in ever-changing patterns of gene expression, in which there are important sex differences that need further exploration. Moreover, glucocorticoid and estrogen actions occur synergistically with an increasing number of cellular mediators that help determine the qualitative nature of the response. The hippocampus has also been a gateway to understanding lasting epigenetic effects of early-life experiences. These findings in animal models have resulted in translation to the human brain and have helped change thinking about the nature of brain malfunction in psychiatric disorders and during aging, as well as the mechanisms of the effects of early-life adversity on the brain and the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA,Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. Tel: +1 212 327 8624, Fax: +1 212 327 8634, E-mail: or http://www.rockefeller.edu/labheads/mcewen/mcewen-lab.php
| | - Carla Nasca
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason D Gray
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Preserving neuroplasticity: Role of glucocorticoids and neurotrophins via phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15544-5. [PMID: 26627713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521416112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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25
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Ikeda M, Hojo Y, Komatsuzaki Y, Okamoto M, Kato A, Takeda T, Kawato S. Hippocampal spine changes across the sleep-wake cycle: corticosterone and kinases. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:M13-27. [PMID: 26034071 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The corticosterone (CORT) level changes along the circadian rhythm. Hippocampus is sensitive to CORT, since glucocorticoid receptors are highly expressed. In rat hippocampus fixed in a living state every 3 h, we found that the dendritic spine density of CA1 pyramidal neurons increased upon waking (within 3 h), as compared with the spine density in the sleep state. Particularly, the large-head spines increased. The observed change in the spine density may be due to the change in the hippocampal CORT level, since the CORT level at awake state (∼30 nM) in cerebrospinal fluid was higher than that at sleep state (∼3 nM), as observed from our earlier study. In adrenalectomized (ADX) rats, such a wake-induced increase of the spine density disappeared. S.c. administration of CORT into ADX rats rescued the decreased spine density. By using isolated hippocampal slices, we found that the application of 30 nM CORT increased the spine density within 1 h and that the spine increase was mediated via PKA, PKC, ERK MAPK, and LIMK signaling pathways. These findings suggest that the moderately rapid increase of the spine density on waking might mainly be caused by the CORT-driven kinase networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Ikeda
- Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hojo
- Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan
| | - Asami Kato
- Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan
| | - Taishi Takeda
- Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan
| | - Suguru Kawato
- Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan Department of Biophysics and Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, JapanBioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanLaboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and NeuroendocrinologyFaculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanDepartment of UrologyGraduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan
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Hojo Y, Munetomo A, Mukai H, Ikeda M, Sato R, Hatanaka Y, Murakami G, Komatsuzaki Y, Kimoto T, Kawato S. Estradiol rapidly modulates spinogenesis in hippocampal dentate gyrus: Involvement of kinase networks. Horm Behav 2015; 74:149-56. [PMID: 26122288 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Estradiol and cognition". Estradiol (E2) is locally synthesized within the hippocampus and the gonads. Rapid modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by E2 is essential for synaptic regulation. The molecular mechanisms of modulation through the synaptic estrogen receptor (ER) and its downstream signaling, however, are largely unknown in the dentate gyrus (DG). We investigated the E2-induced modulation of dendritic spines in male adult rat hippocampal slices by imaging Lucifer Yellow-injected DG granule cells. Treatments with 1 nM E2 increased the density of spines by approximately 1.4-fold within 2h. Spine head diameter analysis showed that the density of middle-head spines (0.4-0.5 μm) was significantly increased. The E2-induced spine density increase was suppressed by blocking Erk MAPK, PKA, PKC and LIMK. These suppressive effects by kinase inhibitors are not non-specific ones because the GSK-3β antagonist did not inhibit E2-induced spine increase. The ER antagonist ICI 182,780 also blocked the E2-induced spine increase. Taken together, these results suggest that E2 rapidly increases the density of spines through kinase networks that are driven by synaptic ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hojo
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa Munetomo
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hideo Mukai
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneki Ikeda
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Rei Sato
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hatanaka
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimoto
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Suguru Kawato
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
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Hara Y, Waters EM, McEwen BS, Morrison JH. Estrogen Effects on Cognitive and Synaptic Health Over the Lifecourse. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:785-807. [PMID: 26109339 PMCID: PMC4491541 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen facilitates higher cognitive functions by exerting effects on brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Estrogen induces spinogenesis and synaptogenesis in these two brain regions and also initiates a complex set of signal transduction pathways via estrogen receptors (ERs). Along with the classical genomic effects mediated by activation of ER α and ER β, there are membrane-bound ER α, ER β, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) that can mediate rapid nongenomic effects. All key ERs present throughout the body are also present in synapses of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. This review summarizes estrogen actions in the brain from the standpoint of their effects on synapse structure and function, noting also the synergistic role of progesterone. We first begin with a review of ER subtypes in the brain and how their abundance and distributions are altered with aging and estrogen loss (e.g., ovariectomy or menopause) in the rodent, monkey, and human brain. As there is much evidence that estrogen loss induced by menopause can exacerbate the effects of aging on cognitive functions, we then review the clinical trials of hormone replacement therapies and their effectiveness on cognitive symptoms experienced by women. Finally, we summarize studies carried out in nonhuman primate models of age- and menopause-related cognitive decline that are highly relevant for developing effective interventions for menopausal women. Together, we highlight a new understanding of how estrogen affects higher cognitive functions and synaptic health that go well beyond its effects on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hara
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth M Waters
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - John H Morrison
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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28
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Estrous Cycle-Dependent Phasic Changes in the Stoichiometry of Hippocampal Synaptic AMPA Receptors in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131359. [PMID: 26121335 PMCID: PMC4486186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function can be affected by the estrous cycle. However, the effect of the estrous cycle on synaptic functions is poorly understood. Here we show that in female rats, inhibitory-avoidance (IA) task (hippocampus-dependent contextual fear-learning task) drives GluA2-lacking Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) into the hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses during all periods of the estrous cycle except the proestrous period, when estrogen levels are high. In addition, IA task failed to drive CP-AMPARs into the CA3-CA1 synapses of ovariectomized rats only when estrogen was present. Thus, changes in the stoichiometry of AMPA receptors during learning depend on estrogen levels. Furthermore, the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) after IA task was prevented during the proestrous period, while intact LTP is still expressed after IA task during other period of the estrous cycle. Consistent with this finding, rats conditioned by IA training failed to acquire hippocampus-dependent Y-maze task during the proestrous period. On the other hand, during other estrous period, rats were able to learn Y-maze task after IA conditioning. These results suggest that high estrogen levels prevent the IA learning-induced delivery of CP-AMPARs into hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses and limit synaptic plasticity after IA task, thus preventing the acquisition of additional learning.
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Sellers K, Raval P, Srivastava DP. Molecular signature of rapid estrogen regulation of synaptic connectivity and cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:72-89. [PMID: 25159586 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is now a growing appreciation that estrogens are capable of rapidly activating a number of signaling cascades within the central nervous system. In addition, there are an increasing number of studies reporting that 17β-estradiol, the major biologically active estrogen, can modulate cognition within a rapid time frame. Here we review recent studies that have begun to uncover the molecular and cellular framework which contributes to estrogens ability to rapidly modulate cognition. We first describe the mechanisms by which estrogen receptors (ERs) can couple to intracellular signaling cascades, either directly, or via the transactivation of other receptors. Subsequently, we review the evidence that estrogen can rapidly modulate both neuronal function and structure in the hippocampus and the cortex. Finally, we will discuss how estrogens may influence cognitive function through the modulation of neuronal structure, and the implications this may have on the treatment of a range of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Pooja Raval
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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McEwen BS. Sex, stress and the brain: interactive actions of hormones on the developing and adult brain. Climacteric 2014; 17 Suppl 2:18-25. [PMID: 25225752 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2014.949662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a target of steroid hormone actions that affect brain architecture, molecular and neurochemical processes, behavior and neuroprotection via both genomic and non-genomic actions. Estrogens have such effects throughout the brain and this article provides an historical and current view of how this new view has come about and how it has affected the study of sex differences, as well as other areas of neuroscience, including the effects of stress on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S McEwen
- Alfred E. Mirsky Professor, Head, Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
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31
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Bangasser DA, Valentino RJ. Sex differences in stress-related psychiatric disorders: neurobiological perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:303-19. [PMID: 24726661 PMCID: PMC4087049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress is associated with the onset and severity of several psychiatric disorders that occur more frequently in women than men, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Patients with these disorders present with dysregulation of several stress response systems, including the neuroendocrine response to stress, corticolimbic responses to negatively valenced stimuli, and hyperarousal. Thus, sex differences within their underlying circuitry may explain sex biases in disease prevalence. This review describes clinical studies that identify sex differences within the activity of these circuits, as well as preclinical studies that demonstrate cellular and molecular sex differences in stress responses systems. These studies reveal sex differences from the molecular to the systems level that increase endocrine, emotional, and arousal responses to stress in females. Exploring these sex differences is critical because this research can reveal the neurobiological underpinnings of vulnerability to stress-related psychiatric disorders and guide the development of novel pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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32
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Stournaras C, Gravanis A, Margioris AN, Lang F. The actin cytoskeleton in rapid steroid hormone actions. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2014; 71:285-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Achilles Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Andrew N. Margioris
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Wang TJ, Chen JR, Wang WJ, Wang YJ, Tseng GF. Genistein partly eases aging and estropause-induced primary cortical neuronal changes in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89819. [PMID: 24587060 PMCID: PMC3934964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadal hormones can modulate brain morphology and behavior. Recent studies have shown that hypogonadism could result in cortical function deficits. To this end, hormone therapy has been used to ease associated symptoms but the risk may outweigh the benefits. Here we explored whether genistein, a phytoestrogen, is effective in restoring the cognitive and central neuronal changes in late middle age and surgically estropause female rats. Both animal groups showed poorer spatial learning than young adults. The dendritic arbors and spines of the somatosensory cortical and CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons were revealed with intracellular dye injection and analyzed. The results showed that dendritic spines on these neurons were significantly decreased. Remarkably, genistein treatment rescued spatial learning deficits and restored the spine density on all neurons in the surgically estropause young females. In late middle age females, genistein was as effective as estradiol in restoring spines; however, the recovery was less thorough than on young OHE rats. Neither genistein nor estradiol rectified the shortened dendritic arbors of the aging cortical pyramidal neurons suggesting that dendritic arbors and spines are differently modulated. Thus, genistein could work at central level to restore excitatory connectivity and appears to be potent alternative to estradiol for easing aging and menopausal syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsyr-Jiuan Wang
- Department of Nursing, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Rung Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jay Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Jan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Fang Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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34
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Briz V, Baudry M. Estrogen Regulates Protein Synthesis and Actin Polymerization in Hippocampal Neurons through Different Molecular Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:22. [PMID: 24611062 PMCID: PMC3933789 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen rapidly modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity by activating selective membrane-associated receptors. Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and stimulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated protein synthesis are two major events required for the consolidation of hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory. Estradiol regulates synaptic plasticity by interacting with both processes, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Here, we used acute rat hippocampal slices to analyze the mechanisms underlying rapid changes in mTOR activity and actin polymerization elicited by estradiol. Estradiol-induced mTOR phosphorylation was preceded by rapid and transient activation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (Akt) and by phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) degradation. These effects were prevented by calpain and ERK inhibitors. Estradiol-induced mTOR stimulation did not require activation of classical estrogen receptors (ER), as specific ERα and ERβ agonists (PPT and DPN, respectively) failed to mimic this effect, and ER antagonists could not block it. Estradiol rapidly activated both RhoA and p21-activated kinase (PAK). Furthermore, a specific inhibitor of RhoA kinase (ROCK), H1152, and a potent and specific PAK inhibitor, PF-3758309, blocked estradiol-induced cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization. ER antagonists also blocked these effects of estrogen. Consistently, both PPT and DPN stimulated PAK and cofilin phosphorylation as well as actin polymerization. Finally, the effects of estradiol on actin polymerization were insensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors, but its stimulation of mTOR activity was impaired by latrunculin A, a drug that disrupts actin filaments. Taken together, our results indicate that estradiol regulates local protein synthesis and cytoskeletal reorganization via different molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Briz
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Michel Baudry
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Michel Baudry, Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, NSC, Room 102C, 309 E. 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA e-mail:
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Srivastava DP, Woolfrey KM, Penzes P. Insights into rapid modulation of neuroplasticity by brain estrogens. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1318-50. [PMID: 24076546 PMCID: PMC3799233 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from cellular, electrophysiological, anatomic, and behavioral studies suggests that the remodeling of synapse structure and function is a critical component of cognition. This modulation of neuroplasticity can be achieved through the actions of numerous extracellular signals. Moreover, it is thought that it is the integration of different extracellular signals regulation of neuroplasticity that greatly influences cognitive function. One group of signals that exerts powerful effects on multiple neurologic processes is estrogens. Classically, estrogens have been described to exert their effects over a period of hours to days. However, there is now increasing evidence that estrogens can rapidly influence multiple behaviors, including those that require forebrain neural circuitry. Moreover, these effects are found in both sexes. Critically, it is now emerging that the modulation of cognition by rapid estrogenic signaling is achieved by activation of specific signaling cascades and regulation of synapse structure and function, cumulating in the rewiring of neural circuits. The importance of understanding the rapid effects of estrogens on forebrain function and circuitry is further emphasized as investigations continue to consider the potential of estrogenic-based therapies for neuropathologies. This review focuses on how estrogens can rapidly influence cognition and the emerging mechanisms that underlie these effects. We discuss the potential sources and the biosynthesis of estrogens within the brain and the consequences of rapid estrogenic-signaling on the remodeling of neural circuits. Furthermore, we argue that estrogens act via distinct signaling pathways to modulate synapse structure and function in a manner that may vary with cell type, developmental stage, and sex. Finally, we present a model in which the coordination of rapid estrogenic-signaling and activity-dependent stimuli can result in long-lasting changes in neural circuits, contributing to cognition, with potential relevance for the development of novel estrogenic-based therapies for neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Neuroscience & Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, 125 Coldharbour Lane, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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McEwen BS, Morrison JH. The brain on stress: vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course. Neuron 2013; 79:16-29. [PMID: 23849196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in working memory and self-regulatory and goal-directed behaviors and displays remarkable structural and functional plasticity over the life course. Neural circuitry, molecular profiles, and neurochemistry can be changed by experiences, which influence behavior as well as neuroendocrine and autonomic function. Such effects have a particular impact during infancy and in adolescence. Behavioral stress affects both the structure and function of PFC, though such effects are not necessarily permanent, as young animals show remarkable neuronal resilience if the stress is discontinued. During aging, neurons within the PFC become less resilient to stress. There are also sex differences in the PFC response to stressors. While such stress and sex hormone-related alterations occur in regions mediating the highest levels of cognitive function and self-regulatory control, the fact that they are not necessarily permanent has implications for future behavior-based therapies that harness neural plasticity for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Wada-Kiyama Y, Suzuki C, Hamada T, Rai D, Kiyama R, Kaneda M, Sakuma Y. Estrogen-induced cell signaling in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area: potential involvement of cofilin in actin dynamics for cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:287-92. [PMID: 23537649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is a key factor to induce the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) in the preoptic area (POA) of the rat brain. Identification of estrogen-dependent signaling pathways at SDN in POA during the critical period is a prerequisite for elucidating the mechanism. In the present study, we treated female rats with/without 17β-estradiol (E2) at birth, designated as postnatal day 1 (P1), and prepared total RNA from brain slices containing SDN for DNA microarray analysis. Among the estrogen-responsive genes identified, protein kinase C-delta (PKC-δ) was significantly up-regulated by E2 at P5. We examined the downstream effectors of PKC-δ protein by Western blotting and found an E2-induced PKC-δ/Rac1/PAK1/LIMK1/cofilin pathway. In the pathway, E2 suppressed the phosphorylation (inactive form) of cofilin. This result was supported by immunohistochemistry, where the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of cofilin occurred at SDN, which suggests that cell migration is a cue to create sexual dimorphism in POA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Wada-Kiyama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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McEwen BS. The ever-changing brain: cellular and molecular mechanisms for the effects of stressful experiences. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:878-90. [PMID: 21898852 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain is capable of considerable structural and functional plasticity and the study of hormone actions in brain has contributed to our understanding of this important phenomenon. In particular, stress and stress-related hormones such as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids play a key role in the ability of acute and chronic stress to cause reversible remodeling of neuronal connections in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. To produce this plasticity, these hormones act by both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms together with ongoing, experience-driven neural activity mediated by excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor, extracellular molecules such as neural cell adhesion molecule, neuropeptides such as corticotrophin releasing factor, and endocannabinoids. The result is a dynamic brain architecture that can be modified by experience. Under this view, the role of pharmaceutical agents, such as antidepressants, is to facilitate such plasticity that must also be guided by experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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A role for hippocampal actin rearrangement in object placement memory in female rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98:284-90. [PMID: 23010136 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Actin rearrangement, the polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) to filamentous actin, causes morphological changes in dendritic spines and is hypothesized to be a substrate of learning and memory. The ovarian hormone estradiol promotes hippocampal actin rearrangement and enhances performance on hippocampus-dependent tasks, including object placement memory. The goals of the current study were to determine a role for actin rearrangement and its regulatory pathway in object placement memory in female rats and to determine if estradiol impacts actin rearrangement in ovariectomized rats during the performance of the task. In an initial experiment, young adult Long-Evans rats were ovariectomized and implanted with capsules containing either cholesterol vehicle or estradiol. Bilateral intrahippocampal infusions of aCSF vehicle or the actin rearrangement inhibitor, latrunculin A, were administered 15 min prior to initiation of the object placement task. Latrunculin A dose-dependently impaired object placement memory. Estradiol had no impact on the ability of latrunculin A to affect performance. In a second experiment, rats were ovariectomized and received implants containing cholesterol or estradiol. Half of each hormone treatment group was exposed to the object placement memory task and half underwent control procedures. Immediately following completion of behavior, rats were euthanized and hippocampi removed. Western blotting was used to measure hippocampal levels of phosphorylated and total levels of a regulator of actin polymerization, the actin depolymerization factor cofilin. Exposure to the object placement memory task resulted in significant increases in phosphorylated levels of cofilin. Estradiol treatment had no impact on protein levels. These data support a role for hippocampal actin rearrangement and its regulatory proteins in object placement memory in female rats and suggest that chronic estradiol treatment does not impact hippocampal actin arrangement.
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Yun SP, Ryu JM, Kim MO, Park JH, Han HJ. Rapid actions of plasma membrane estrogen receptors regulate motility of mouse embryonic stem cells through a profilin-1/cofilin-1-directed kinase signaling pathway. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1291-303. [PMID: 22734041 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term estrogen actions are vital for driving cell growth, but more recent evidence suggests that estrogen mediates more rapid cellular effects. However, the function of estradiol-17β (E(2))-BSA in mouse embryonic stem cells has not been reported. Therefore, we examined the role of E(2)-BSA in mouse embryonic stem cell motility and its related signal pathways. E(2)-BSA (10(-8) m) significantly increased motility after 24 h incubation and increased filamentous (F)-actin expression; these effects were inhibited by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, indicating that E(2)-BSA bound membrane estrogen receptors and initiated a signal. E(2)-BSA increased c-Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, which was attenuated by ICI 182,780. The E(2)-BSA-induced increase in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation was inhibited by Src inhibitor PP2. As a downstream signal molecule, E(2)-BSA activated cdc42 and increased formation of a complex with the neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP)/cdc42/transducer of cdc42-dependent actin assembly-1 (TOCA-1), which was inhibited by FAK small interfering RNA (siRNA) and EGFR inhibitor AG 1478. In addition, E(2)-BSA increased profilin-1 expression and cofilin-1 phosphorylation, which was blocked by cdc42 siRNA. Subsequently, E(2)-BSA induced an increase in F-actin expression, and cell motility was inhibited by each signal pathway-related siRNA molecule or inhibitors but not by cofilin-1 siRNA. A combined treatment of cofilin-1 siRNA and E(2)-BSA increased F-actin expression and cell motility more than that of E(2)-BSA alone. These data demonstrate that E(2)-BSA stimulated motility by interacting with profilin-1/cofilin-1 and F-actin through FAK- and c-Src/EGFR transactivation-dependent N-WASP/cdc42/TOCA-1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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McEwen BS, Akama KT, Spencer-Segal JL, Milner TA, Waters EM. Estrogen effects on the brain: actions beyond the hypothalamus via novel mechanisms. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126:4-16. [PMID: 22289042 DOI: 10.1037/a0026708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From its origins in how the brain controls the endocrine system via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, neuroendocrinology has evolved into a science that now includes hormone action on many aspects of brain function. These actions involve the whole central nervous system and not just the hypothalamus. Advances in our understanding of cellular and molecular actions of steroid hormones have gone beyond the important cell nuclear actions of steroid hormone receptors to include signaling pathways that intersect with other mediators such as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. This has, in turn, broadened the search for and identification of steroid receptors to include nonnuclear sites in synapses, dendrites, mitochondria, and glial cells, as well as cell nuclei. The study of estrogen receptors and estrogen actions on processes related to cognition, mood, autonomic regulation, pain, and neuroprotection, among other functions, has led the way in this new view of hormone actions on the brain. In this review, we summarize past and current work in our laboratory on this topic. This exciting and growing field involving many laboratories continues to reshape our ideas and approaches to neuroendocrinology both at the bench and the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, Box 165, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Spencer-Segal JL, Tsuda MC, Mattei L, Waters EM, Romeo RD, Milner TA, McEwen BS, Ogawa S. Estradiol acts via estrogen receptors alpha and beta on pathways important for synaptic plasticity in the mouse hippocampal formation. Neuroscience 2011; 202:131-46. [PMID: 22133892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol affects hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and underlying structural and electrical synaptic plasticity in female mice and rats. Using estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta knockout mice and wild-type littermates, we investigated the role of ERs in estradiol effects on multiple pathways important for hippocampal plasticity and learning. Six hours of estradiol administration increased immunoreactivity for phosphorylated Akt throughout the hippocampal formation, whereas 48 h of estradiol increased immunoreactivity for phosphorylated TrkB receptor. Estradiol effects on phosphorylated Akt and TrkB immunoreactivities were abolished in ER alpha and ER beta knockout mice. Estradiol also had distinct effects on immunoreactivity for post-synaptic density 95 (PSD-95) and brain derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in ER alpha and beta knockout mice. Thus, estradiol acts through both ERs alpha and beta in several subregions of the hippocampal formation. The different effects of estradiol at 6 and 48 h indicate that several mechanisms of estrogen receptor signaling contribute to this female hormone's influence on hippocampal synaptic plasticity. By further delineating these mechanisms, we will better understand and predict the effects of endogenous and exogenous ovarian steroids on mood, cognition, and other hippocampal-dependent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Spencer-Segal
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Srivastava DP, Penzes P. Rapid estradiol modulation of neuronal connectivity and its implications for disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:77. [PMID: 22654827 PMCID: PMC3356153 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have multiple actions in the brain including modulating synaptic plasticity, connectivity, and cognitive behaviors. While the classical view of estrogens are as endocrine signals, whose effects manifest via the regulation of gene transcription, mounting evidence has been presented demonstrating that estrogens have rapid effects within specific areas of the brain. The emergence that 17 β-estradiol can be produced locally in the brain which can elicit rapid (within minutes) cellular responses has led to its classification as a neurosteroid. Moreover, recent studies have also begun to detail the molecular and cellular underpinnings of how 17 β-estradiol can rapidly modulate spiny synapses (dendritic spines). Remodeling of dendritic spines is a key step in the rewiring of neuronal circuitry thought to underlie the processing and storage of information in the forebrain. Conversely, abnormal remodeling of dendritic spines is thought to contribute to a number of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we review recent molecular and cellular work that offers a potential mechanism of how 17 β-estradiol may modulate synapse structure and function of cortical neurons. This mechanism allows cortical neurons to respond to activity-dependent stimuli with greater efficacy. In turn this form of plasticity may provide an insight into how 17 β-estradiol can modulate the rewiring of neuronal circuits, underlying its ability to influencing cortically based behaviors. We will then go on to discuss the potential role of 17 β-estradiol modulation of neural circuits and its potential relevance for the treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
- *Correspondence: Deepak P. Srivastava, Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. e-mail:
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA
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