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Martin H, Coursan A, Lallement J, Di Miceli M, Kandiah J, Raho I, Buttler J, Guilloux JP, De Deurwaerdere P, Layé S, Routh VH, Guiard BP, Magnan C, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Fioramonti X. Serotonergic neurons are involved in the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13344. [PMID: 37857383 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intensive insulin therapy provides optimal glycemic control in patients with diabetes. However, intensive insulin therapy causes so-called iatrogenic hypoglycemia as a major adverse effect. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) has been described as the primary brain area initiating the counter-regulatory response (CRR). Nevertheless, the VMH receives projections from other brain areas which could participate in the regulation of the CRR. In particular, studies suggest a potential role of the serotonin (5-HT) network. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the contribution of 5-HT neurons in CRR control. METHODS Complementary approaches have been used to test this hypothesis in quantifying the level of 5-HT in several brain areas by HPLC in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, measuring the electrical activity of dorsal raphe (DR) 5-HT neurons in response to insulin or decreased glucose level by patch-clamp electrophysiology; and measuring the CRR hormone glucagon as an index of the CRR to the modulation of the activity of 5-HT neurons using pharmacological or pharmacogenetic approaches. RESULTS HPLC measurements show that the 5HIAA/5HT ratio is increased in several brain regions including the VMH in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings show that insulin, but not decreased glucose level, increases the firing frequency of DR 5-HT neurons in the DR. In vivo, both the pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT neurons by intraperitoneal injection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT or the chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons reduce glucagon secretion, suggesting an impaired CRR. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data highlight a new neuronal network involved in the regulation of the CRR. In particular, this study shows that DR 5-HT neurons detect iatrogenic hypoglycemia in response to the increased insulin level and may play an important role in the regulation of CRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Martin
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Coursan
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Mathieu Di Miceli
- Worcester Biomedical Research Group, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Janany Kandiah
- Université Paris Cité, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ilyès Raho
- Université Paris Cité, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jasmine Buttler
- INCIA, UMR CNRS, Bordeaux University, Neurocampus, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Layé
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
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Li ZA, Samara A, Ray MK, Rutlin J, Raji CA, Shimony JS, Sun P, Song SK, Hershey T, Eisenstein SA. Childhood obesity is linked to putative neuroinflammation in brain white matter, hypothalamus, and striatum. Cereb Cortex Commun 2023; 4:tgad007. [PMID: 37207193 PMCID: PMC10191798 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is both a consequence and driver of overfeeding and weight gain in rodent obesity models. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enable investigations of brain microstructure that suggests neuroinflammation in human obesity. To assess the convergent validity across MRI techniques and extend previous findings, we used diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI) to characterize obesity-associated alterations in brain microstructure in 601 children (age 9-11 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. Compared with children with normal-weight, greater DBSI restricted fraction (RF), reflecting neuroinflammation-related cellularity, was seen in widespread white matter in children with overweight and obesity. Greater DBSI-RF in hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, and, in particular, nucleus accumbens, correlated with higher baseline body mass index and related anthropometrics. Comparable findings were seen in the striatum with a previously reported restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) model. Gain in waist circumference over 1 and 2 years related, at nominal significance, to greater baseline RSI-assessed restricted diffusion in nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus, and DBSI-RF in hypothalamus, respectively. Here we demonstrate that childhood obesity is associated with microstructural alterations in white matter, hypothalamus, and striatum. Our results also support the reproducibility, across MRI methods, of findings of obesity-related putative neuroinflammation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Adrian Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Amjad Samara
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 United States
| | - Mary Katherine Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Jerrel Rutlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Cyrus A Raji
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 United States
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Peng Sun
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 United States
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Sarah A Eisenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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3
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Actions and Consequences of Insulin in the Striatum. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030518. [PMID: 36979453 PMCID: PMC10046598 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin crosses the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain from the periphery. In the brain, insulin has well-established actions in the hypothalamus, as well as at the level of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the midbrain. Notably, insulin also acts in the striatum, which shows abundant expression of insulin receptors (InsRs) throughout. These receptors are found on interneurons and striatal projections neurons, as well as on glial cells and dopamine axons. A striking functional consequence of insulin elevation in the striatum is promoting an increase in stimulated dopamine release. This boosting of dopamine release involves InsRs on cholinergic interneurons, and requires activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopamine axons. Opposing this dopamine-enhancing effect, insulin also increases dopamine uptake through the action of insulin at InsRs on dopamine axons. Insulin acts on other striatal cells as well, including striatal projection neurons and astrocytes that also influence dopaminergic transmission and striatal function. Linking these cellular findings to behavior, striatal insulin signaling is required for the development of flavor–nutrient learning, implicating insulin as a reward signal in the brain. In this review, we discuss these and other actions of insulin in the striatum, including how they are influenced by diet and other physio-logical states.
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Crosstalk between neurological, cardiovascular, and lifestyle disorders: insulin and lipoproteins in the lead role. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:790-817. [PMID: 36149598 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and impaired lipoprotein metabolism contribute to a plethora of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. These alterations have been extensively linked with poor lifestyle choices, such as consumption of a high-fat diet, smoking, stress, and a redundant lifestyle. Moreover, these are also known to increase the co-morbidity of diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, insulin and lipoproteins exert a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. However, the tripping of balance between the periphery and center may alter the normal functioning of the brain and lead to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, depression, and multiple sclerosis. These neurological disorders are further characterized by certain behavioral and molecular changes that show consistent overlap with alteration in insulin and lipoprotein signaling pathways. Therefore, targeting these two mechanisms not only reveals a way to manage the co-morbidities associated with the circle of the metabolic, central nervous system, and cardiovascular disorders but also exclusively work as a disease-modifying therapy for neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of insulin resistance and lipoproteins in the progression of various neurological conditions and discuss the therapeutic options currently in the clinical pipeline targeting these two mechanisms; in addition, challenges faced in designing these therapeutic approaches have also been touched upon briefly.
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Sanchez-Murguia T, Torres-Castillo N, Magaña-de la Vega L, Rodríguez-Reyes SC, Campos-Pérez W, Martínez-López E. Role of Leu72Met of GHRL and Gln223Arg of LEPR Variants on Food Intake, Subjective Appetite, and Hunger-Satiety Hormones. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102100. [PMID: 35631243 PMCID: PMC9144565 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Appetite regulation has been recognized as a promising target for the prevention of obesity, which has become a worldwide health issue. Polymorphisms in the genes of hormones or receptors including Leu72Met for ghrelin and Gln223Arg for the leptin receptor could play a role in dietary intake, hunger, and satiety process. The aim of this study was to analyze subjective appetite assessments, dietary intake, and appetite hormones in relationship to these polymorphisms. Subjects (n = 132) with normal BMIs were enrolled. Dietary intake was analyzed with 3-day diet records. Subjective appetite was measured by visual analogue scales. Biochemical parameters were measured after 12 h of fasting and 120′ following ingestion of a test meal. Ghrelin and leptin levels were measured by ELISA assay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and insulin by chemiluminescence assay. The polymorphisms were determined by allelic discrimination using TaqMan® probes. Fasting ghrelin levels differed significantly between men and women. The consumption of fruit and bread/starch with added sugar servings, as indicated by dietary records, and measured ghrelin levels were higher in carriers of Leu72Met/Met72Met compared to Leu72Leu carriers; total sugar intake was higher in Gln223Gln carriers than in Gln223Arg/Arg223Arg carriers. In conclusion, the Leu72Met and Gln223Arg polymorphism in ghrelin and LEPR may contribute to differential responses to a standardized meal as evidenced by higher postprandial levels of ghrelin and may also contribute to a higher dietary sugar intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sanchez-Murguia
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico; (T.S.-M.); (N.T.-C.); (L.M.-d.l.V.); (S.C.R.-R.); (W.C.-P.)
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico
| | - Nathaly Torres-Castillo
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico; (T.S.-M.); (N.T.-C.); (L.M.-d.l.V.); (S.C.R.-R.); (W.C.-P.)
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico
| | - Lisset Magaña-de la Vega
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico; (T.S.-M.); (N.T.-C.); (L.M.-d.l.V.); (S.C.R.-R.); (W.C.-P.)
| | - Saraí Citlalic Rodríguez-Reyes
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico; (T.S.-M.); (N.T.-C.); (L.M.-d.l.V.); (S.C.R.-R.); (W.C.-P.)
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico
| | - Wendy Campos-Pérez
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico; (T.S.-M.); (N.T.-C.); (L.M.-d.l.V.); (S.C.R.-R.); (W.C.-P.)
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico
| | - Erika Martínez-López
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico; (T.S.-M.); (N.T.-C.); (L.M.-d.l.V.); (S.C.R.-R.); (W.C.-P.)
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, JA, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(33)10585200 (ext. 33644)
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Hanssen R, Thanarajah SE, Tittgemeyer M, Brüning JC. Obesity - A Matter of Motivation? Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:290-295. [PMID: 35181879 PMCID: PMC9286865 DOI: 10.1055/a-1749-4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Excessive food intake and reduced physical activity have long been established as
primary causes of obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms causing this
unhealthy behavior characterized by heightened motivation for food but not for
physical effort are unclear. Despite the common unjustified stigmatization that
obesity is a result of laziness and lack of discipline, it is becoming
increasingly clear that high-fat diet feeding and obesity cause alterations in
brain circuits that are critical for the control of motivational behavior. In this mini-review, we provide a comprehensive overview of incentive motivation,
its neural encoding in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system as well as its
metabolic modulation with a focus on derangements of incentive motivation in
obesity. We further discuss the emerging field of metabolic interventions to
counteract motivational deficits and their potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hanssen
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology and Preventive Medicine (PEPD), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sharmili E Thanarajah
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology and Preventive Medicine (PEPD), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
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7
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Tacad DKM, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Horn WF, Keim NL, Krishnan GP, Krishnan S. Satiety Associated with Calorie Restriction and Time-Restricted Feeding: Central Neuroendocrine Integration. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:758-791. [PMID: 35134815 PMCID: PMC9156369 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on summarizing current knowledge on how time-restricted feeding (TRF) and continuous caloric restriction (CR) affect central neuroendocrine systems involved in regulating satiety. Several interconnected regions of the hypothalamus, brainstem, and cortical areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of satiety. Following CR and TRF, the increase in hunger and reduction in satiety signals of the melanocortin system [neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)] appear similar between CR and TRF protocols, as do the dopaminergic responses in the mesocorticolimbic circuit. However, ghrelin and leptin signaling via the melanocortin system appears to improve energy balance signals and reduce hyperphagia following TRF, which has not been reported in CR. In addition to satiety systems, CR and TRF also influence circadian rhythms. CR influences the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or the primary circadian clock as seen by increased clock gene expression. In contrast, TRF appears to affect both the SCN and the peripheral clocks, as seen by phasic changes in the non-SCN (potentially the elusive food entrainable oscillator) and metabolic clocks. The peripheral clocks are influenced by the primary circadian clock but are also entrained by food timing, sleep timing, and other lifestyle parameters, which can supersede the metabolic processes that are regulated by the primary circadian clock. Taken together, TRF influences hunger/satiety, energy balance systems, and circadian rhythms, suggesting a role for adherence to CR in the long run if implemented using the TRF approach. However, these suggestions are based on only a few studies, and future investigations that use standardized protocols for the evaluation of the effect of these diet patterns (time, duration, meal composition, sufficiently powered) are necessary to verify these preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra K M Tacad
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - William F Horn
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giri P Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Poessel M, Morys F, Breuer N, Villringer A, Hummel T, Horstmann A. Brain response to food odors is not associated with body mass index and obesity-related metabolic health measures. Appetite 2021; 168:105774. [PMID: 34715246 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smell perception plays a role in eating behavior and might be involved in the development of obesity. In fact, olfactory function is impaired in obesity and might depend on metabolic health factors. To date, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigate neural processing of food-related odors in normal-weight, overweight and obese individuals. Fifty-three young and healthy participants (28.8 ± 4.4 years, 27 female; 24 normal-weight, 10 overweight, and 19 obese) were presented with high- (chocolate, potato chips) and low-caloric (orange, cucumber) food odors during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also assessed olfactory identification ability, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, insulin resistance, and leptin levels. In brief, olfactory perception of food odors was linked to brain activity in the entorhinal and piriform cortex, and the insula, hippocampus, and amygdala. Insulin resistance was negatively related to olfactory identification. Additionally, perception of sweet versus savory odors was related to a higher brain activity in the right middle/superior frontal gyrus. Finally, we found no effect of obesity status, BMI, metabolic factors, or body fat percentage on neural responses to food odors. Overall, this suggests that food odor processing might depend on factors other than body weight status or associated markers of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Poessel
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Filip Morys
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nora Breuer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital at the University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 16, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Mind Brain Body Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on the Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, P.O. Box 500355, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
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Electroacupuncture enhances resting-state functional connectivity between dorsal caudate and precuneus and decreases associated leptin levels in overweight/obese subjects. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:445-454. [PMID: 34415492 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is a safe and effective method for treating obesity. However, how it modulates reward-related brain activity/functional connectivity and gut hormones remains unclear. We employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) to investigate EA induced changes in resting-state activity and RSFC in reward-related regions and its association with gut hormones in overweight/obese subjects who received real (n = 20) and Sham (n = 15) stimulation. Results showed reduced leptin levels was positively correlated with reduced body mass index (BMI) and negatively correlated with increased cognitive-control as measured with Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire (TFEQ). Significant time effects on RSFC between dorsal caudate (DC) and precuneus were due to significant increased RSFC strength in both EA and Sham groups. In addition, increased RSFC of DC-precuneus was negatively correlated with reduced BMI and leptin levels in the EA group. Mediation analysis showed that the relationship between increased DC-precuneus RSFC strength and reduced BMI was mediated by reduced leptin levels. These findings reflect the association between EA-induced brain reward-related RSFC and leptin levels, and decreased leptin levels mediated altered DC-precuneus RSFC strength and consequent weight-loss, suggesting the potential role of EA in reducing weight and appetite.
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10
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Wever MCM, van Meer F, Charbonnier L, Crabtree DR, Buosi W, Giannopoulou A, Androutsos O, Johnstone AM, Manios Y, Meek CL, Holst JJ, Smeets PAM. Associations between ghrelin and leptin and neural food cue reactivity in a fasted and sated state. Neuroimage 2021; 240:118374. [PMID: 34245869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food cue exposure can trigger eating. Food cue reactivity (FCR) is a conditioned response to food cues and includes physiological responses and activation of reward-related brain areas. FCR can be affected by hunger and weight status. The appetite-regulating hormones ghrelin and leptin play a pivotal role in homeostatic as well as hedonic eating. We examined the association between ghrelin and leptin levels and neural FCR in the fasted and sated state and the association between meal-induced changes in ghrelin and neural FCR, and in how far these associations are related to BMI and HOMA-IR. Data from 109 participants from three European centers (age 50±18 y, BMI 27±5 kg/m2) who performed a food viewing task during fMRI after an overnight fast and after a standardized meal were analyzed. Blood samples were drawn prior to the viewing task in which high-caloric, low-caloric and non-food images were shown. Fasting ghrelin was positively associated with neural FCR in the inferior and superior occipital gyrus in the fasted state. This was partly attributable to BMI and HOMA-IR. These brain regions are involved in visual attention, suggesting that individuals with higher fasting ghrelin have heightened attention to food cues. Leptin was positively associated with high calorie FCR in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the fasted state and to neural FCR in the left supramarginal gyrus in the fasted versus sated state, when correcting for BMI and HOMA-IR, respectively. This PFC region is involved in assessing anticipated reward value, suggesting that for individuals with higher leptin levels high-caloric foods are more salient than low-caloric foods, but foods in general are not more salient than non-foods. There were no associations between ghrelin and leptin and neural FCR in the sated state, nor between meal-induced changes in ghrelin and neural FCR. In conclusion, we show modest associations between ghrelin and leptin and neural FCR in a relatively large sample of European adults with a broad age and BMI range. Our findings indicate that people with higher leptin levels for their weight status and people with higher ghrelin levels may be more attracted to high caloric foods when hungry. The results of the present study form a foundation for future studies to test whether food intake and (changes in) weight status can be predicted by the association between (mainly fasting) ghrelin and leptin levels and neural FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam C M Wever
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floor van Meer
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette Charbonnier
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel R Crabtree
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Road AB25 2ZD, Scotland; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - William Buosi
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Road AB25 2ZD, Scotland
| | - Angeliki Giannopoulou
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University Athens, 70 El. Venizelou avenue, 17671 Kallithea, Greece
| | - Odysseas Androutsos
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University Athens, 70 El. Venizelou avenue, 17671 Kallithea, Greece; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala 42132, Greece
| | | | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University Athens, 70 El. Venizelou avenue, 17671 Kallithea, Greece
| | - Claire L Meek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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11
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Pratt WE, Vaca-Tricerri R, Blanchard AC, Hopkins TR, Ilesanmi AO, Pierce-Messick Z, Rosner IA, Ying R. Selective serotonin receptor stimulation of the ventral tegmentum differentially affects appetitive motivation for sugar on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113139. [PMID: 33497748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin signaling influences satiety and motivation through known actions in the hindbrain and hypothalamus. Recently, we reported that some classes of serotonin receptors also modulate food intake through actions in the ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens. In the current experiments, we examined whether activation or blockade of individual serotonin receptor subtypes in the ventral tegmentum might also affect appetitive motivation for sugar pellets as assessed in a progressive ratio (PR) task. Separate groups of rats were tested following stimulation or blockade of ventral tegmental serotonin 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, or 3 receptors. Rats within each group received multiple doses of a single drug across days; each test was separated by 72 h. Progressive ratio break point was significantly affected by stimulation of ventral tegmental serotonin 1A receptors with 8-OH-DPAT (0, 2, 4, 8 μg/side) or stimulation of serotonin 3 receptors with mCPBG (0, 10, & 20 μg/side). High doses of both agents tended to decrease break point. Additionally, stimulation of serotonin 2C receptors with RO60-0175 (at 0, 2, and 5 μg/side) reduced total lever presses and demonstrated a trend towards reducing break point. There were no effects of stimulating ventral tegmental serotonin 1B, 2A, or 2B receptors on break point; neither did antagonism of any of the serotonin receptor subtypes significantly affect performance. These data provide additional evidence that serotonergic signaling in the mesolimbic pathway affects motivated behavior, and demonstrate that a subset of serotonin receptors impact not only food consumption, but appetitive food-seeking as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E Pratt
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | | | - Alexa C Blanchard
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - Thomas R Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Adeolu O Ilesanmi
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | | | - Ian A Rosner
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - Rose Ying
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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12
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Kahleova H, Tintera J, Thieme L, Veleba J, Klementova M, Kudlackova M, Malinska H, Oliyarnyk O, Markova I, Haluzik M, Pavlovicova R, Hill M, Tura A, Pelikanova T. A plant-based meal affects thalamus perfusion differently than an energy- and macronutrient-matched conventional meal in men with type 2 diabetes, overweight/obese, and healthy men: A three-group randomized crossover study. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1822-1833. [PMID: 33081982 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reward circuitry in the brain plays a key role in weight regulation. We tested the effects of a plant-based meal on these brain regions. METHODS A randomized crossover design was used to test the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a vegan (V-meal) and a conventional meat (M-meal) on brain activity, gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 20), overweight/obese participants (O; n = 20), and healthy controls (H; n = 20). Brain perfusion was measured, using arterial spin labeling functional brain imaging; satiety was assessed using a visual analogue scale; and plasma concentrations of gut hormones were determined at 0 and 180 min. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied. The Hedge's g statistic was used to measure the effect size for means of paired difference between the times (180-0 min) and meal types (M-V meal) for each group. RESULTS Thalamus perfusion was the highest in patients with T2D and the lowest in overweight/obese individuals (p = 0.001). Thalamus perfusion decreased significantly after ingestion of the M-meal in men with T2D (p = 0.04) and overweight/obese men (p = 0.004), and it decreased significantly after ingestion of the V-meal in healthy controls (p < 0.001; Group x Meal x Time: F = 3.4; p = 0.035). The effect size was -0.41 (95% CI, -1.14 to 0.31; p = 0.26) for men with diabetes; -0.72 (95% CI, -1.48 to 0.01; p = 0.05) for overweight/obese men; and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.09 to 1.59; p = 0.03) for healthy men. Postprandial secretion of active GLP-1 increased after the V-meal compared with the M-meal by 42% (95% CI 25-62%; p = 0.003) in men with T2D and by 41% (95% CI 24-61%; p = 0.002) in healthy controls. Changes in thalamus perfusion after ingestion of both test meals correlated with changes in satiety (r = +0.68; p < 0.01), fasting plasma insulin (r = +0.40; p < 0.01), C-peptide (r = +0.48; p < 0.01) and amylin (r = +0.55; p < 0.01), and insulin secretion at 5 mmol/l (r = +0.77; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The higher postprandial GLP-1 secretion after the V-meal in men with T2D, with concomitant greater satiety and changes in thalamus perfusion, suggest a potential use of plant-based meals in addressing the key pathophysiologic mechanisms of food intake regulation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02474147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kahleova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jaroslav Tintera
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Thieme
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Veleba
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Klementova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hana Malinska
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Markova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzik
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Pavlovicova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
| | - Terezie Pelikanova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Volchegorskii IA, Sinitskii AI, Miroshnichenko IY, Rassokhina LM. Effect of 3-Oxypyridine Derivatives and Succinic Acid on the Activity of Monoamine Oxidases and the Content of Monoamines in the Hypothalamus of Rats with Alloxan-Induced Diabetes. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Zou XH, Sun LH, Yang W, Li BJ, Cui RJ. Potential role of insulin on the pathogenesis of depression. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12806. [PMID: 32281722 PMCID: PMC7260070 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of insulin on depression and depression-like behaviour has been widely reported. Insulin and activation of its receptor can promote learning and memory, affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) balance, regulate the secretion of neurotrophic factors and neurotransmitters, interact with gastrointestinal microbiome, exert neuroprotective effects and have an impact on depression. However, the role of insulin on depression remains largely unclear. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the potential role of insulin on depression. It may provide new insight for clarifying role of insulin on the pathogenesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Hua Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Jin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ran Ji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Boyle CN, Le Foll C. Amylin and Leptin interaction: Role During Pregnancy, Lactation and Neonatal Development. Neuroscience 2019; 447:136-147. [PMID: 31846753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Amylin is co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic β-cells in response to a meal and produced by neurons in discrete hypothalamic brain areas. Leptin is proportionally secreted by the adipose tissue. Both hormones control food intake and energy homeostasis post-weaning in rodents. While amylin's main site of action is located in the area postrema (AP) and leptin's is located in the mediobasal hypothalamus, both hormones can also influence the other's signaling pathway; amylin has been shown enhance hypothalamic leptin signaling, and amylin signaling in the AP may rely on functional leptin receptors to modulate its effects. These two hormones also play major roles during other life periods. During pregnancy, leptin levels rise as a result of an increase in fat depot resulting in gestational leptin-resistance to prepare the maternal body for the metabolic needs during fetal development. The role of amylin is far less studied during pregnancy and lactation, though amylin levels seem to be elevated during pregnancy relative to insulin. Whether amylin and leptin interact during pregnancy and lactation remains to be assessed. Lastly, during brain development, amylin and leptin are major regulators of cell birth during embryogenesis and act as neurotrophic factors in the neonatal period. This review will highlight the role of amylin and leptin, and their possible interaction, during these dynamic time periods of pregnancy, lactation, and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Duriez P, Ramoz N, Gorwood P, Viltart O, Tolle V. A Metabolic Perspective on Reward Abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:915-928. [PMID: 31648936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is the psychiatric disorder with the highest mortality rate; however, the mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic loci associated with metabolic features in AN. Metabolic alterations that occur in AN have been mostly considered as consequences of the chronic undernutrition state but until recently have not been linked to the etiology of the disorder. We review the molecular basis of AN based on human genetics, with an emphasis on the molecular components controlling energy homeostasis, highlight the main metabolic and endocrine alterations occurring in AN, and decipher the possible connection between metabolic factors and abnormalities of reward processes that are central in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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17
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Merlino DJ, Barton JR, Charsar BA, Byrne MD, Rappaport JA, Smeyne RJ, Lepore AC, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Two distinct GUCY2C circuits with PMV (hypothalamic) and SN/VTA (midbrain) origin. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2983-2999. [PMID: 31485718 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) is the afferent central receptor in the gut-brain endocrine axis regulated by the anorexigenic intestinal hormone uroguanylin. GUCY2C mRNA and protein are produced in the hypothalamus, a major center regulating appetite and metabolic homeostasis. Further, GUCY2C mRNA and protein are expressed in the ventral midbrain, a principal structure regulating hedonic reward from behaviors including eating. While GUCY2C is expressed in hypothalamus and midbrain, its precise neuroanatomical organization and relationship with circuits regulating satiety remain unknown. Here, we reveal that hypothalamic GUCY2C mRNA is confined to the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV), while in midbrain it is produced by neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN). GUCY2C in the PMV is produced by 46% of neurons expressing anorexigenic leptin receptors, while in the VTA/SN it is produced in most tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons. In contrast to mRNA, GUCY2C protein is widely distributed throughout the brain in canonical sites of PMV and VTA/SN axonal projections. Selective stereotaxic ablation of PMV or VTA/SN neurons eliminated GUCY2C only in their respective canonical projection sites. Conversely, specific anterograde tracer analyses of PMV or VTA/SN neurons confirmed distinct GUCY2C-immunoreactive axons projecting to those canonical locations. Together, these findings reveal two discrete neuronal circuits expressing GUCY2C originating in the PMV in the hypothalamus and in the VTA/SN in midbrain, which separately project to other sites throughout the brain. They suggest a structural basis for a role for the GUCY2C-uroguanylin gut-brain endocrine axis in regulating homeostatic and behavioral components contributing to satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Merlino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - J R Barton
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - B A Charsar
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M D Byrne
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J A Rappaport
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - R J Smeyne
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - S A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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18
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Immunochemical Identification of Melanocortin and Leptin Receptors on Serotoninergic Neurons in the Rat Midbrain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-019-00809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Lost in Translation? On the Need for Convergence in Animal and
Human Studies on the Role of Dopamine in Diet-Induced Obesity. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Agarwal SM, Kowalchuk C, Castellani L, Costa-Dookhan KA, Caravaggio F, Asgariroozbehani R, Chintoh A, Graff-Guerrero A, Hahn M. Brain insulin action: Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2019; 168:107655. [PMID: 31152767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin action in the central nervous system is a major regulator of energy balance and cognitive processes. The development of central insulin resistance is associated with alterations in dopaminergic reward systems and homeostatic signals affecting food intake, glucose metabolism, body weight and cognitive performance. Emerging evidence has highlighted a role for antipsychotics (APs) to modulate central insulin-mediated pathways. Although APs remain the cornerstone treatment for schizophrenia they are associated with severe metabolic complications and fail to address premorbid cognitive deficits, which characterize the disorder of schizophrenia. In this review, we first explore how the hypothesized association between schizophrenia and CNS insulin dysregulation aligns with the use of APs. We then investigate the proposed relationship between CNS insulin action and AP-mediated effects on metabolic homeostasis, and different domains of psychopathology, including cognition. We briefly discuss a potential role of CNS insulin signaling to explain the hypothesized, but somewhat controversial association between therapeutic efficacy and metabolic side effects of APs. Finally, we propose how this knowledge might inform novel treatment strategies to target difficult to treat domains of schizophrenia. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Antipsychotics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chantel Kowalchuk
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kenya A Costa-Dookhan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Araba Chintoh
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Hebebrand J, Milos G, Wabitsch M, Teufel M, Führer D, Bühlmeier J, Libuda L, Ludwig C, Antel J. Clinical Trials Required to Assess Potential Benefits and Side Effects of Treatment of Patients With Anorexia Nervosa With Recombinant Human Leptin. Front Psychol 2019; 10:769. [PMID: 31156489 PMCID: PMC6533856 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The core phenotype of anorexia nervosa (AN) comprises the age and stage dependent intertwining of both its primary and secondary (i.e., starvation induced) somatic and mental symptoms. Hypoleptinemia acts as a key trigger for the adaptation to starvation by affecting diverse brain regions including the reward system and by induction of alterations of the hypothalamus-pituitary-“target-organ” axes, e.g., resulting in amenorrhea as a characteristic symptom of AN. Particularly, the rat model activity-based anorexia (ABA) convincingly demonstrates the pivotal role of hypoleptinemia in the development of starvation-induced hyperactivity. STAT3 signaling in dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays a crucial role in the transmission of the leptin signal in ABA. In patients with AN, an inverted U-shaped relationship has been observed between their serum leptin levels and physical activity. Albeit obese and therewith of a very different phenotype, humans diagnosed with rare congenital leptin deficiency have starvation like symptoms including hypothalamic amenorrhea in females. Over the past 20 years, such patients have been successfully treated with recombinant human (rh) leptin (metreleptin) within a compassionate use program. The extreme hunger of these patients subsides within hours upon initiation of treatment; substantial weight loss and menarche in females ensue after medium term treatment. In contrast, metreleptin had little effect in patients with multifactorial obesity. Small clinical trials have been conducted for hypothalamic amenorrhea and to increase bone mineral density, in which metreleptin proved beneficial. Up to now, metreleptin has not yet been used to treat patients with AN. Metreleptin has been approved by the FDA under strict regulations solely for the treatment of generalized lipodystrophy. The recent approval by the EMA may offer, for the first time, the possibility to treat extremely hyperactive patients with AN off-label. Furthermore, a potential dissection of hypoleptinemia-induced AN symptoms from the primary cognitions and behaviors of these patients could ensue. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to review the current state of the art of leptin in relation to AN to provide the theoretical basis for the initiation of clinical trials for treatment of this eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gabriella Milos
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Teufel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical Center and Central Laboratory, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Judith Bühlmeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Libuda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Ludwig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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22
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Agarwal SM, Caravaggio F, Costa-Dookhan KA, Castellani L, Kowalchuk C, Asgariroozbehani R, Graff-Guerrero A, Hahn M. Brain insulin action in schizophrenia: Something borrowed and something new. Neuropharmacology 2019; 163:107633. [PMID: 31077731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling in the central nervous system is at the intersection of brain and body interactions, and represents a fundamental link between metabolic and cognitive disorders. Abnormalities in brain insulin action could underlie the development of comorbid schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes. Among its functions, central nervous system insulin is involved in regulation of striatal dopamine levels, peripheral glucose homeostasis, and feeding regulation. In this review, we discuss the role and importance of central nervous system insulin in schizophrenia and diabetes pathogenesis from a historical and mechanistic perspective. We describe central nervous system insulin sites and pathways of action, with special emphasis on glucose metabolism, cognitive functioning, inflammation, and food preferences. Finally, we suggest possible mechanisms that may explain the actions of central nervous system insulin in relation to schizophrenia and diabetes, focusing on glutamate and dopamine signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and brain energetics. Understanding the interplay between central nervous system insulin and schizophrenia is essential to disentangling this comorbid relationship and may provide novel treatment approaches for both neuropsychiatric and metabolic dysfunction. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Antipsychotics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenya A Costa-Dookhan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Chantel Kowalchuk
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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23
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Hari Dass SA, McCracken K, Pokhvisneva I, Chen LM, Garg E, Nguyen TTT, Wang Z, Barth B, Yaqubi M, McEwen LM, MacIsaac JL, Diorio J, Kobor MS, O'Donnell KJ, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. A biologically-informed polygenic score identifies endophenotypes and clinical conditions associated with the insulin receptor function on specific brain regions. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:188-202. [PMID: 30922963 PMCID: PMC6491717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of brain insulin receptors modulates reward sensitivity, inhibitory control and memory. Variations in the functioning of this mechanism likely associate with individual differences in the risk for related mental disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD, addiction, dementia), in agreement with the high co-morbidity between insulin resistance and psychopathology. These neurobiological mechanisms can be explored using genetic studies. We propose a novel, biologically informed genetic score reflecting the mesocorticolimbic and hippocampal insulin receptor-related gene networks, and investigate if it predicts endophenotypes (impulsivity, cognitive ability) in community samples of children, and psychopathology (addiction, dementia) in adults. METHODS Lists of genes co-expressed with the insulin receptor in the mesocorticolimbic system or hippocampus were created. SNPs from these genes (post-clumping) were compiled in a polygenic score using the association betas described in a conventional GWAS (ADHD in the mesocorticolimbic score and Alzheimer in the hippocampal score). Across multiple samples (n = 4502), the biologically informed, mesocorticolimbic or hippocampal specific insulin receptor polygenic scores were calculated, and their ability to predict impulsivity, risk for addiction, cognitive performance and presence of Alzheimer's disease was investigated. FINDINGS The biologically-informed ePRS-IR score showed better prediction of child impulsivity and cognitive performance, as well as risk for addiction and Alzheimer's disease in comparison to conventional polygenic scores for ADHD, addiction and dementia. INTERPRETATION This novel, biologically-informed approach enables the use of genomic datasets to probe relevant biological processes involved in neural function and disorders. FUND: Toxic Stress Research network of the JPB Foundation, Jacobs Foundation (Switzerland), Sackler Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantala A Hari Dass
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Kathryn McCracken
- John Abbott College, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Lawrence M Chen
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Elika Garg
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Thao T T Nguyen
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Zihan Wang
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Barbara Barth
- McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Lisa M McEwen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Julie L MacIsaac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Josie Diorio
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, 117609, Singapore
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
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24
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Singh MK, Leslie SM, Packer MM, Zaiko YV, Phillips OR, Weisman EF, Wall DM, Jo B, Rasgon N. Brain and behavioral correlates of insulin resistance in youth with depression and obesity. Horm Behav 2019; 108:73-83. [PMID: 29596854 PMCID: PMC6173667 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Depression, together with insulin resistance, is increasingly prevalent among youth. These conditions have traditionally been compartmentalized, but recent evidence suggests that a shared brain motivational network underlies their co-occurrence. We posit that, in the context of depressive symptoms, insulin resistance is associated with aberrant structure and functional connectivity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and hippocampus. This motivational neural circuit underlies dysfunctional behavioral responses and increased sensitivity to rewarding aspects of ingesting high calorie food that lead to disinhibition of eating even when satiated. To investigate this shared mechanism, we evaluated a sample of forty-two depressed and overweight (BMI > 85th%) youth aged 9 to 17. Using ACC and hippocampus structural and seed-based regions of interest, we investigated associations between insulin resistance, depression, structure (ACC thickness, and ACC and hippocampal area), and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). We predicted that aberrant associations among these neural and behavioral characteristics would be stronger in insulin resistant compared to insulin sensitive youth. We found that youth with greater insulin resistance had higher levels of anhedonia and more food seeking behaviors, reduced hippocampal and ACC volumes, and greater levels of ACC and hippocampal dysconnectivity to fronto-limbic reward networks at rest. For youth with high levels of insulin resistance, thinner ACC and smaller hippocampal volumes were associated with more severe depressive symptoms, whereas the opposite was true for youth with low levels of insulin resistance. The ACC-hippocampal motivational network that subserves depression and insulin resistance separately, may represent a critical neural interaction that link these syndromes together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet K Singh
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States.
| | - Sara M Leslie
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Mary Melissa Packer
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Yevgeniya V Zaiko
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Owen R Phillips
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Elizabeth F Weisman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Danielle M Wall
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Booil Jo
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Natalie Rasgon
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
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25
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Abstract
Endocrine Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa Abstract. Anorexia nervosa is a perilous disease of unknown etiology that causes a variety of endocrine effects. Characteristic for anorexia nervosa are a reduced food intake and thus significant underweight, as well as the fear of gaining weight. Often sufferers also have a distorted self-perception, the urge to move and amenorrhea. AN is difficult to treat and often has a chronic course, and is associated with an increased mortality risk. The endocrinological changes occur in several endocrine axes, their extent is related to the degree of malnutrition. Low leptin levels, due to the underweight, signal a potentially dangerous lack of energy to the brain. There is a cascade of neuroendocrine adaptive responses to help the organism to survive. The effects of starvation are extensive, affecting the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, as well as the adrenal glands, gonads and bones. In positive cases, most dysfunctions are reversible; the compromised bone stability recovers only slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Milos
- Universitätsspital Zürich, Klinik für Konsiliarpsychiatrie und Psychosomatik, Zentrum für Essstörungen, Zürich
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- LVR-Klinikum, Kliniken/Institut der Universität Duisburg-Essen; Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Essen, Deutschland
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26
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Role of astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes in brain control of systemic metabolism. Nat Neurosci 2018; 22:7-14. [PMID: 30531847 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes play active roles in the regulation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. These non-neuronal cells are crucial in determining the functional interactions of specific neuronal subpopulations involved in the control of metabolism. Recent advances in biology, optics, genetics, and pharmacology have resulted in the emergence of novel and highly sophisticated approaches for studying hypothalamic neuronal-glial networks. Here we summarize the progress in the field and argue that glial-neuronal interactions provide a core hub integrating food-related cues, interoceptive signals, and internal states to adapt a complex set of physiological responses operating on different timescales to finely tune behavior and metabolism according to metabolic status. This expanding knowledge helps to redefine our understanding of the physiology of food intake and energy metabolism.
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27
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Mueller PL, Pritchett CE, Wiechman TN, Zharikov A, Hajnal A. Antidepressant-like effects of insulin and IGF-1 are mediated by IGF-1 receptors in the brain. Brain Res Bull 2018; 143:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Valian N, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Increasing methamphetamine doses inhibit glycogen synthase kinase 3β activity by stimulating the insulin signaling pathway in substantia nigra. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8522-8530. [PMID: 30011098 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA), a highly abused psychostimulant, exerts neurotoxic effects on the dopaminergic system via several neurotoxicity mechanisms in the long-term administration. Since the effect of MA on the signaling insulin pathway is less studied, the current study was designed to evaluate the effect of escalating an MA regimen on different insulin signaling elements in substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of a rat. Increasing MA doses (1-14 mg/kg) were administrated intraperitoneally twice a day for 14 days in rats. In the control group, normal saline was injected in the same volume. On days 1, 14, 28, and 60 after MA discontinuation, molecular assessments were performed. Insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 and 2 gene expression were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K), phospho-PI3K, Akt, phospho-Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and phospho-GSK3β were measured by the Western blot analysis in SN and striatum. Messenger RNA levels of IR and insulin receptor substrate 2 were increased in SN, 1 day after the last injection. Although no changes were observed in PI3K, phospho-PI3K, Akt, phospho-Akt, and GSK3β levels, increase in the level of inactive form of GSK3β (phosphorylated on serine 9) was indicated in SN on day 28. In striatum, decreases in IR and phospho-Akt were demonstrated, without any change in other elements. Repeated escalating regimen of MA activated the insulin signaling pathway and inhibited GSK3β activity in SN. This response, which did not occur in striatum, may act as an adaptive mechanism to prevent MA-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic cell bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Valian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Lázár BA, Jancsó G, Nagy I, Horváth V, Sántha P. The insulin receptor is differentially expressed in somatic and visceral primary sensory neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:243-249. [PMID: 29955950 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated the expression of the insulin receptor (InsR) and its functional interaction with the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 receptor (TRPV1) in primary sensory neurons (PSNs). The present study was undertaken to reveal the target-specific expression of the InsR and its co-localization with the TRPV1 in rat PSNs. We assessed the localization of the InsR and its co-localization with the TRPV1 in PSNs retrogradely labelled with biotin-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin injected into the dorsal hind paw skin, the gastrocnemius muscle, the pancreas and the urinary bladder wall. The largest proportions of retrogradely labelled InsR-immunoreactive neurons were identified among PSNs serving the pancreas (~ 54%) and the urinary bladder (~ 53%). The proportions of retrogradely labelled InsR-immunoreactive neurons innervating the dorsal hind paw skin and the gastrocnemius muscle amounted to ~ 22 and ~ 21%. TRPV1-immunoreactive neurons amounted to ~ 63, ~ 62, ~ 67 and ~ 65% of retrogradely labelled cutaneous, muscle, pancreatic and urinary bladder PSNs, respectively. Co-localization of the TRPV1 with the InsR was observed in ~ 16, ~ 15, ~ 29 and ~ 30% of retrogradely labelled cutaneous, muscle, pancreatic and urinary bladder PSNs. These quantitative immunohistochemical data demonstrate a preponderance of InsR-immunoreactivity among PSNs, which innervate visceral targets. The present findings suggest that visceral spinal PSNs are more likely to be exposed to the modulatory effects of insulin on sensory functions, including neurotrophic, nociceptive and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence András Lázár
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Kálvária sugárút 57, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary. .,Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Jancsó
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Viktor Horváth
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sántha
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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30
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Sun KL, Watson KT, Angal S, Bakkila BF, Gorelik AJ, Leslie SM, Rasgon NL, Singh MK. Neural and Endocrine Correlates of Early Life Abuse in Youth With Depression and Obesity. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:721. [PMID: 30622489 PMCID: PMC6308296 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and insulin resistance are becoming increasingly prevalent in younger populations. The origin and consequence of insulin resistance in depressed youth may, in part, be rooted in exposure to environmental stressors, such as early life abuse, that may lead to aberrant brain motivational networks mediating maladaptive food-seeking behaviors and insipient insulin resistance. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the impact of early life abuse on the development of insulin resistance in depressed and overweight youth aged 9 to 17 years. We hypothesized that youth with the greatest burden of early life abuse would have the highest levels of insulin resistance and corresponding aberrant reward network connectivities. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated sixty-nine depressed and overweight youth aged 9 to 17, using multimodal assessments of early life abuse, food-seeking behavior, and insulin resistance. Based on results of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), we separated our study participants into two groups: 35 youth who reported high levels of the sum of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and 34 youth who reported insignificant or no levels of any abuse. Results of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and resting state functional connectivity (RSFC), using the amygdala, insula, and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) as seed-based reward network regions of interest, were analyzed for group differences between high abuse and low abuse groups. High abuse youth exhibited differences from low abuse youth in amygdala-precuneus, NAcc-paracingulate gyrus, and NAcc-prefrontal cortex connectivities, that correlated with levels of abuse experienced. The more different their connectivity from of that of low abuse youth, the higher were their fasting glucose and glucose at OGTT endpoint. Importantly, level of abuse moderated the relation between reward network connectivity and OGTT glucose response. In contrast, low abuse youth showed hyperinsulinemia and more insulin resistance than high abuse youth, and their higher OGTT insulin areas under the curve correlated with more negative insula-precuneus connectivity. Our findings suggest distinct neural and endocrine profiles of youth with depression and obesity based on their histories of early life abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kathleen T Watson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sarthak Angal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Baylee F Bakkila
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Aaron J Gorelik
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sara M Leslie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Natalie L Rasgon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Manpreet K Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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31
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Clemmensen C, Müller TD, Woods SC, Berthoud HR, Seeley RJ, Tschöp MH. Gut-Brain Cross-Talk in Metabolic Control. Cell 2017; 168:758-774. [PMID: 28235194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because human energy metabolism evolved to favor adiposity over leanness, the availability of palatable, easily attainable, and calorically dense foods has led to unprecedented levels of obesity and its associated metabolic co-morbidities that appear resistant to traditional lifestyle interventions. However, recent progress identifying the molecular signaling pathways through which the brain and the gastrointestinal system communicate to govern energy homeostasis, combined with emerging insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying successful bariatric surgery, gives reason to be optimistic that novel precision medicines that mimic, enhance, and/or modulate gut-brain signaling can have unprecedented potential for stopping the obesity and type 2 diabetes pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine, and Nutritional Sciences at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.
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