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Wu Y, Fan H, Feng Y, Yang J, Cen X, Li W. Unveiling the gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30491. [PMID: 38756593 PMCID: PMC11096930 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of the form deprivation myopia (FDM) guinea pig eye-gut axis and investigate the relationship between serum vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), specific gut microbiota and their metabolites. Method 20 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) guinea pigs were divided into the FDM and the control(Con) group. Following model induction, serum levels of VIP and LPS were quantified. A combination of 16S ribosomal ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) gene sequencing, non-targeted metabolomics and bioinformatics analysis were employed to identify disparities in gut microbiota and metabolites between the two groups of guinea pigs. Result Compared to the control group, FDM guinea pigs exhibited a significant trend towards myopia, along with significantly elevated concentrations of LPS and VIP (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, Ruminococcus_albus emerged as the predominant bacterial community enriched in FDM (p < 0.05), and demonstrated positive correlations with 10 metabolites, including l-Glutamic acid, Additionally, Ruminococcus_albus exhibited positive correlations with VIP and LPS levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that the Ruminococcus_Albus and glutamate metabolic pathways play a significant role in myopia development, leading to concurrent alterations in serum VIP and LPS levels in FDM guinea pigs. This underscores the potential of specific gut microbiota and their metabolites as pivotal biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wu
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Aier Eye Hospital, Shanghai, 200235, China
- Shanghai Aier Eye Institute, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Shanxi Aier Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Aier Eye Hospital, Shanghai, 200235, China
- Shanghai Aier Eye Institute, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Jiasong Yang
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Aier Eye Hospital, Shanghai, 200235, China
- Shanghai Aier Eye Institute, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Aier Eye Hospital, Shanghai, 200235, China
- Shanghai Aier Eye Institute, Shanghai, 200235, China
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Wang Y, Li L, Tang X, Fan H, Song W, Xie J, Tang Y, Jiang Y, Zou Y. The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in atropine-related inhibition of the progression of myopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:41. [PMID: 38279089 PMCID: PMC10811830 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in myopia development and its contribution to the mechanism of action of the anti-myopia drug, atropine. METHODS Thirty-three-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal control (NC, n = 10), monocularly form-deprived (FDM, n = 10), and FDM treated with 1% atropine (FDM + AT, n = 10) groups. The diopter and axial length were measured at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. Guinea pig eyeballs were removed at week four, fixed, and stained for morphological changes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were performed to evaluate VIP protein and mRNA levels. RESULTS The FDM group showed an apparent myopic shift compared to the control group. The results of the H&E staining were as follows: the cells of the inner/outer nuclear layers and retinal ganglion cells were disorganized; the choroidal thickness (ChT), blood vessel lumen, and area were decreased; the sclera was thinner, with disordered fibers and increased interfibrillar space. IHC and ISH revealed that VIP's mRNA and protein expressions were significantly up-regulated in the retina of the FDM group. Atropine treatment attenuated FDM-induced myopic shift and fundus changes, considerably reducing VIP's mRNA and protein expressions. CONCLUSIONS The findings of elevated VIP mRNA and protein levels observed in the FDM group indicate the potential involvement of VIP in the pathogenesis and progression of myopia. The ability of atropine to reduce this phenomenon suggests that this may be one of the molecular mechanisms for atropine to control myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, No.234 FuJiang Road, Nanchong, 637000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong Central Hospital), Nanchong, China
| | - Lan Li
- Langzhong People's Hospital, Langzhong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, No.234 FuJiang Road, Nanchong, 637000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Haobo Fan
- Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, No.234 FuJiang Road, Nanchong, 637000, China
- Department of Optometry and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiqi Song
- Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, No.234 FuJiang Road, Nanchong, 637000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Juan Xie
- Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, No.234 FuJiang Road, Nanchong, 637000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yangyu Tang
- Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, No.234 FuJiang Road, Nanchong, 637000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yanqing Jiang
- Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, No.234 FuJiang Road, Nanchong, 637000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yunchun Zou
- Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, No.234 FuJiang Road, Nanchong, 637000, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong Central Hospital), Nanchong, China.
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Kaser-Eichberger A, Platzl C, Wolfmeier H, Trost A, Horn A, Barnerssoi M, Strohmaier C, Schroedl F. Urocortin-positive nerve fibres and cells are present in the human choroid. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1575-1582. [PMID: 35217514 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroidal vascular regulation is mediated by the autonomic nervous system in order to gain proper blood flow control. While the mechanisms behind this control are unknown, neuroregulatory peptides are involved in this process. To better understand choroidal function, we investigate the presence of urocortin-1 (UCN), a neuroregulatory peptide with vascular effects, in the human choroid and its possible intrinsic and extrinsic origin. METHODS Human choroid and eye-related cranial ganglia (superior cervical ganglion- SCG, ciliary ganglion-CIL, pterygopalatine ganglion-PPG, trigeminal ganglion-TRI) were prepared for immunohistochemistry against UCN, protein-gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). For documentation, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used. RESULTS In choroidal stroma, UCN-immunoreactivity was present in nerve fibres, small cells and intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN). Some UCN+ nerve fibres colocalised for VAChT, while others were VAChT. A similar situation was found with SP: some UCN+ nerve fibres showed colocalisation for SP, while others lacked SP. Colocalisation for UCN and TH was not observed. In eye-related cranial ganglia, only few cells in the SCG, PPG and TRI were UCN+, while many cells of the CIL displayed weak UCN immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION UCN is part of the choroidal innervation. UCN+/VAChT+ fibres could derive from the few cells of the PPG or cells of the CIL, if these indeed supply the choroid. UCN+/SP+ fibres might originate from ICN, or the few UCN+ cells detected in the TRI. Further studies are necessary to establish UCN function in the choroid and its implication for choroidal autonomic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Platzl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Heidi Wolfmeier
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja Horn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany
| | - Miriam Barnerssoi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Oberösterreich, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Platzl C, Kaser-Eichberger A, Wolfmeier H, Trost A, Schroedl F. Human intrinsic choroidal neurons do not alter the expression of intrinsic markers in response to pressure. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1209-1215. [PMID: 34933896 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choroid is densely innervated by all parts of the autonomic nervous system and further harbours a network of local nerve cells, the intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN). Their function in ocular control is currently unknown. While morphological data assume a role in intraocular pressure regulation, we here test if increased pressure on isolated choroids may activate ICN. METHODS Donor tissue was transferred into a pressurisable tissue culture chamber, and nasal and temporal choroid halves incubated for 1 or 4 hours, with pressures set to 15 or 50 mm Hg, followed by qRT-PCR expression analysis of the ICN-specific markers VIP, UCN, NOS1, UCH-L1. POL2-normalised data in the different pressure settings, incubation times and localisations were statistically analysed. RESULTS The presence of the ICN-specific markers VIP, UCN, NOS1, UCH-L1 was confirmed using immunohistochemistry, and mRNA of all markers was detected in all experimental conditions. Marker analysis revealed no significant changes of mRNA expression levels between 15 and 50 mm Hg in the different incubation times. When comparing all samples over all experimental conditions, a significant increase of VIP and NOS1 mRNA was detected in temporal versus nasal choroids. CONCLUSION In this functional analysis of human ICN in vitro, higher amounts of VIP and NOS1 mRNA were detected in the temporal choroid, that is, the choroidal site with ICN accumulation. Further, our data indicate that elevated pressure is apparently not able to trigger ICN responses via the investigated markers. Alternative markers and stimuli need to be investigated in upcoming studies in order to unravel ICN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Platzl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Heidi Wolfmeier
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Privalov E, Zenkel M, Schloetzer-Schrehardt U, Kuerten S, Bergua A, Hohberger B. Pressure-Dependent Elevation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Level in Chicken Choroid. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040495. [PMID: 37106696 PMCID: PMC10136289 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autonomic control is important in maintaining ocular integrity. As recent data suggested that intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN), an intrinsic choroidal autonomic control, may regulate choroidal thickening via release of the vasodilative vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), it was the aim of the study to investigate the level of choroidal VIP (VIPchor) in the presence of an increased atmospheric pressure in a chicken model. METHODS Chicken choroidal whole mounts were exposed to ambient pressure (n = 20) and 40 mm Hg (n = 20) in a PC-controlled, open chamber system for 24 and 72 h, respectively. The VIP concentration was analyzed by ELISA, and the total protein concentration was measured by the BCA assay. Statistical analysis was done using an unpaired two-tailed t-test. RESULTS The pressurization systems enabled choroidal whole mount pressurization (40 mm Hg) with humidifying, pressure, temperature, and gas exchange. Overall, the VIPchor level concentration was significantly increased at 40 mmHg compared to the ambient pressure (30.09 ± 7.18 pg vs. 20.69 ± 3.24 pg; p < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis yielded a significantly increased VIPchor level at 40 mmHg compared to the ambient pressure after 24 h (28.42 ± 6.03 pg vs. 20.76 ± 4.06 pg; p = 0.005) and 72 h (31.77 ± 7.82 pg vs. 20.61 ± 2.12 pg; p = 0.002), respectively. The VIPchor elevation at 40 mm Hg ranged between 1.37- (24 h) and 1.54-fold (72 h) compared to the ambient pressure. No difference was observed between the VIPchor level at 24 h and 72 h (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The increase of the total choroidal VIP level, representing the intracellular VIP content, in the presence of an increased ambient pressure argues for a retention of VIP within the neurons, decreasing both vasodilatation and, consequently, choroid thickness. This finding might be a passive or even active function of ICN in the regulation of choroidal thickness, ocular integrity and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Privalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Zenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ursula Schloetzer-Schrehardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonio Bergua
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Wolfmeier H, Heindl S, Platzl C, Kaser-Eichberger A, Nematian-Ardestani E, Strohmaier C, Pruszak J, Schroedl F. Targeted surface marker screening on neuronal structures in the human choroid. Exp Eye Res 2023; 227:109368. [PMID: 36586549 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While choroidal neuronal control is known to be essential for retinal and ocular health, its mechanisms are not understood. Especially, the local choroidal innervation mediated by intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) remains enigmatic. Neuronal functionality depends on the synaptic neurotransmitters and neuroregulatory peptides involved as well as from membrane components presented on the cell surface. Since the neuronal surface molecular expression patterns in the choroid are currently unknown, we sought to determine the presence of various cluster-of-differentiation (CD) antigens in choroidal neuronal structures with a particular focus on ICN. Human choroids were prepared for immunohistochemistry and the pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5 was combined with CD15, CD24, CD29, CD34, CD46, CD49b, CD49e, CD56, CD58, CD59, CD71, CD81, CD90, CD146, CD147, CD151, CD165, CD171, CD184, CD200, CD271 and fluorescence- and confocal laser scanning-microscopy was used for documentation. The following antigens were found to be co-localized in PGP.9.5+ nerve fibers and ICN perikarya: CD29, CD34, CD56, CD81, CD90, CD146, CD147, CD151, CD171, CD200 and CD271, while all other CD markers where not detectable. Whereas CD24- and CD59- immunoreactivity was clearly absent in ICN perikarya, some neural processes of the choroidal stroma displayed CD24 and CD59 immunopositivity. While a multitude of the aforementioned CD-markers were indeed detected in nervous structures of the choroid, the CD24+ and CD59+ nerve fibers most likely have extrinsic origin from cranial ganglia since ICN cell bodies were found to lack both markers. These findings illustrate how the detailed analysis of CD molecules described here opens novel avenues for future functional studies on choroidal innervation and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wolfmeier
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Heindl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Platzl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - E Nematian-Ardestani
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - J Pruszak
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - F Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Ortega JT, Parmar T, Jastrzebska B. Galanin receptor 3 - A new pharmacological target in retina degeneration. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106675. [PMID: 36693600 PMCID: PMC9918719 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin receptor 3 (GALR3) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) broadly expressed in the nervous system, including the retina. GALR3 is involved in the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Tight control of these processes is critical for maintaining homeostasis in the retina and is required to sustain vision. Here, we investigated the role of GALR3 in retina pathologies triggered by bright light and P23H mutation in the rhodopsin (RHO) gene, associated with the activation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. We used a multiphase approach involving pharmacological inhibition of GALR3 with its antagonist SNAP-37889 and genetic depletion of GALR3 to modulate the GALR3 signaling. Our in vitro experiments in the retinal pigment epithelium-derived cells (ARPE19) susceptible to all-trans-retinal toxicity indicated that GALR3 could be involved in the cellular stress response to this phototoxic product. Indeed, blocking the GALR3 signaling in Abca4-/-/Rdh8-/- and wild-type Balb/cJ mice, sensitive to bright light-induced retina damage, protected retina health in these mice exposed to light. The retina morphology and function were substantially improved, and stress response processes were reduced in these mouse models compared to the controls. Furthermore, in P23H Rho knock-in mice, a model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), both pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation of GALR3 prolonged the survival of photoreceptors. These results indicate that GALR3 signaling contributes to acute light-induced and chronic RP-linked retinopathies. Together, this work provides the pharmacological knowledge base to evaluate GALR3 as a potential target for developing novel therapies to combat retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tanu Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Beata Jastrzebska
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Patko E, Szabo E, Toth D, Tornoczky T, Bosnyak I, Vaczy A, Atlasz T, Reglodi D. Distribution of PACAP and PAC1 Receptor in the Human Eye. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2176-2187. [PMID: 35253081 PMCID: PMC9726800 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. Several studies show that PACAP has strong cytoprotective effects mediated mostly through its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R) and it plays important roles in several pathological conditions. Its distribution and altered expression are known in various human tissues, but there is no descriptive data about PACAP and its receptors in the human eyebulb. Since PACAP38 is the dominant form of the naturally occurring PACAP, our aim was to investigate the distribution of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity in the human eye and to describe the presence of PAC1-R. Semiquantitative evaluation was performed after routine histology and immunohistochemical labeling on human eye sections. Our results showed high level of immunopositivity in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. Within the vascular layer, the iris and the ciliary body had strong immunopositivity for both PACAP and PAC1-R. Several layers of the retina showed immunoreactivity for PACAP and PAC1-R, but the ganglion cell layer had a special pattern in the immunolabeling. Labeling was observed in the neuropil within the optic nerve in both cases and glial cells displayed immunoreactivity for PAC1-R. In summary, our study indicates the widespread occurrence of PACAP and its specific receptor in the human eye, implying that the results from in vitro and animal studies have translational value and most probably are also present in the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Patko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Tornoczky
- Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Inez Bosnyak
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
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Shan SSW, Wang PF, Cheung JKW, Yu F, Zheng H, Luo S, Yip SP, To CH, LAM C. Transcriptional profiling of the chick retina identifies down-regulation of VIP and UTS2B genes during early lens-induced myopia. Mol Omics 2022; 18:449-459. [DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00407g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression of the chick retina was examined during the early development of lens-induced myopia (LIM) using whole transcriptome sequencing. Monocular treatment of the right eyes with −10 diopter (D)...
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10
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Li HX, Feng J, Liu Q, Ou BQ, Lu SY, Ma Y. PACAP-derived mutant peptide MPAPO protects trigeminal ganglion cell and the retina from hypoxic injury through anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and promoting axon regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:130018. [PMID: 34597723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the MPAPO, derived peptide of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), would protect trigeminal ganglion cells (TGCs) and the mice retinas from a hypoxic insult. The nerve endings of the ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal nerve are widely distributed in eye tissues. In TGCs after hypoxia exposure, we discovered that reactive oxygen species level, the contents of cytosolic cytochrome c and cleaved-caspase-3 were significantly increased, in the meanwhile, m-Calpain was activated and cytoskeleton proteins (αII-spectrin and Synapsin) were degraded, neurites of TGCs disappeared, but these effects were reversed in TGCs treated with MPAPO. The structure of the mice retinas after hypoxic exposure was disordered. Increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, positive cells of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), the disintegration of nerve fibers was examined in the retinas following a hypoxic insult. Disordered retina was attenuated with MPAPO eye drops, as well as hypoxia-induced apoptosis in the developing retina, increase in LPO, and decrease in GSH levels and SOD activity of the retina. Moreover, the disintegrated retinal nerve fibers were reassembled after MPAPO treatment. These results suggest that hypoxia induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neurites disruption, while MPAPO is remarkably protective against these adverse effects of hypoxia in TGCs and the developing retinas by specifically activating PAC1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xian Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Feng
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Qian Ou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yin Lu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Hwang DDJ, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Lee SM. The Role of Neuropeptides in Pathogenesis of Dry Dye. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4248. [PMID: 34575359 PMCID: PMC8471988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are known as important mediators between the nervous and immune systems. Recently, the role of the corneal nerve in the pathogenesis of various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye disease, has been highlighted. Neuropeptides are thought to be important factors in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease, as suggested by the well-known role between the nervous and immune systems, and several recently published studies have elucidated the previously unknown pathogenic mechanisms involved in the role of the neuropeptides secreted from the corneal nerves in dry eye disease. Here, we reviewed the emerging concept of neurogenic inflammation as one of the pathogenic mechanisms of dry eye disease, the recent results of related studies, and the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duck-Jin Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Lee
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
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12
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Jamali A, Seyed-Razavi Y, Chao C, Ortiz G, Kenyon B, Blanco T, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy of the Ocular Surface: Alterations in Conventional Dendritic Cell Morphology and Kinetics in Dry Eye Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:742. [PMID: 32457740 PMCID: PMC7227427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface, characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis and ocular symptoms, in which neurosensory abnormalities have recently been shown to play an etiological role. Although the role of inflammation has been widely studied in DED, the kinetics of immune cells of the ocular surface in this complex disease are hereto unclear. Herein, we utilized intravital multiphoton imaging on transgenic mice to investigate the 3D morphology and kinetics of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and the role of ocular surface sensory nerves in regulating them in both the naïve state and experimental DED. Mice with DED had significantly lower tear secretion (p < 0.01), greater corneal fluorescein staining (p < 0.001), and higher cDC density in the ocular surface (p < 0.05), compared to naïve mice. cDCs in DED mice showed morphological alterations in the limbus, exhibiting smaller surface area (p < 0.001) and volume (p < 0.001) compared to naïve mice. Furthermore, corneal cDCs showed greater sphericity in DED mice compared to naïve mice (p < 0.01). In addition, limbal cDCs displayed significantly increased migratory kinetics in DED, including mean track speed, 3D instantaneous velocity, track length, and displacement, compared to naïve mice (all p < 0.05). In mice with DED, cDCs showed a higher meandering index in the limbus compared to central cornea (p < 0.05). In DED, cDCs were less frequently found in contact with nerves in the limbus, peripheral, and central cornea (p < 0.05). cDCs in contact with nerves demonstrated a larger surface area (p < 0.001) and volume (p < 0.001), however, they exhibited less sphericity (p < 0.05) as compared to cDCs not in contact with nerves in naïve mice. Importantly, cDCs in contact with nerves during DED had a decreased track length, displacement, mean track speed, and 3D instantaneous velocity compared to those not in contact with nerves (all p < 0.05). Taken together, we present in vivo evidence of altered cDC kinetics and 3D morphology in DED. Furthermore, apparent neuronal contact significantly alters cDC kinetics and morphological characteristics, suggesting that ocular surface nerves may play a direct role in mediating immune responses in DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cecilia Chao
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tomas Blanco
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Immunology, School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Martinez-Camarillo JC, Spee CK, Chen M, Rodriguez A, Nimmagadda K, Trujillo-Sanchez GP, Hinton DR, Giarola A, Pikov V, Sridhar A, Humayun MS, Weitz AC. Sympathetic Effects of Internal Carotid Nerve Manipulation on Choroidal Vascularity and Related Measures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4303-4309. [PMID: 31618767 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate specific effects of denervation and stimulation of the internal carotid nerve (ICN) on the choroid and retina. Methods Female Sprague Dawley rats underwent unilateral ICN transection (n = 20) or acute ICN electrical stimulation (n = 7). Rats in the denervation group were euthanized 6 weeks after nerve transection, and eyes were analyzed for changes in choroidal vascularity (via histomorphometry) or angiogenic growth factors and inflammatory markers (via ELISA). Rats in the stimulation group received acute ICN electrical stimulation with a bipolar cuff electrode over a range of stimulus amplitudes, frequencies, and pulse widths. Choroidal blood flow and pupil diameter were monitored before, during, and after stimulation. Results Six weeks after unilateral ICN transection, sympathectomized choroids exhibited increased vascularity, defined as the percentage of choroidal surface area occupied by blood vessel lumina. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) protein levels in denervated choroids were 61% and 124% higher than in contralateral choroids, respectively. TNF-α levels in denervated retinas increased by 3.3-fold relative to levels in contralateral retinas. In animals undergoing acute ICN electrical stimulation, mydriasis and reduced choroidal blood flow were observed in the ipsilateral eye. The magnitude of the reduction in blood flow correlated positively with stimulus frequency. Conclusions Modulation of ICN activity reveals a potential role of the ocular sympathetic system in regulating endpoints related to neovascular diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Martinez-Camarillo
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christine K Spee
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Kiran Nimmagadda
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC - Caltech MD/PhD Program, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Gloria Paulina Trujillo-Sanchez
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - David R Hinton
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | | | - Victor Pikov
- Galvani Bioelectronics, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Galvani Bioelectronics, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Humayun
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Andrew C Weitz
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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14
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Murugesan V, Dwivedi R, Saini M, Gupta V, Dada T, Vivekanandhan S. Tear neuromediators in eyes on chronic topical antiglaucoma therapy with and without BAK preservatives. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 105:141-148. [PMID: 31383648 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate tear neuropeptides (NPs) (vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), nerve growth factor (NGF)) in chronic ocular topical hypotensive therapy with and without benzalkonium chloride (BAK) preservative. METHODS A comparative, open label, cross-sectional study of patients using antiglaucoma medications for >6 months with BAK (group I), without BAK (group II) and controls was done. Tear NPs (ELISA), ocular surface evaluation tests (tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer's test, corneal and conjunctival staining score) and confocal central corneal subbasal nerve fibre layer (SBNFL) imaging was done. RESULTS Of 153 eyes evaluated, group 1 (82 eyes (41 patients; mean age 48±14.5 years)) and group 2 (71 eyes (36 patients; mean age 43.11±15 years)) were on therapy for a mean duration of 10.05±2.0 and 9.67±2.3 months, respectively. Tear analysis showed elevated SP and NGF (p<0.01); decreased CGRP (p=0.03), VIP and NPY (p<0.01) compared with controls (n=30, mean age 29.33±5.7 years). Tear NP levels (SP (p=0.1), NGF (p=0.33), CGRP (p=1), VIP (p=0.87), NPY (p=0.83)) and SBNFL (p=0.09) were comparable in both groups. There was no correlation seen between tear NP levels and clinical tests and SBNFL. CONCLUSION Our study analysis points towards altered tear NP levels in eyes on chronic topical hypotensive therapy in comparison with controls with no significant difference in tear NP levels and central corneal SBNFL density between the BAK preservative and BAK-free antiglaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanathi Murugesan
- Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Dwivedi
- Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Manu Saini
- Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Viney Gupta
- Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - S Vivekanandhan
- Neurobiochemistry Lab, C N Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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15
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Malhotra R, Elalfy MS, Kannan R, Nduka C, Hamada S. Update on corneal neurotisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 103:26-35. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Corneal neurotisation describes surgical restoration of nerve growth into the cornea to restore corneal sensation and trophic function. It represents an exciting and effective emerging treatment for neurotrophic keratopathy. Techniques described to date involve either direct nerve transfer or an interpositional nerve graft coapted to a healthy donor nerve. We review the experience to date with particular emphasis on a detailed review of techniques, outcomes and current thoughts.
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16
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Guerrera M, Abbate F, Di Caro G, Germanà G, Levanti M, Micale V, Montalbano G, Laurà R, Germanà A, Muglia U. Localization of cholecystokinin in the zebrafish retina from larval to adult stage. Ann Anat 2018; 218:175-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Hohberger B, Jünemann A, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA, Schrödl F. Distribution of the neuro-regulatory peptide galanin in the human eye. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:85-93. [PMID: 27914762 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a neuro-regulatory peptide involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. While data of GAL origin/distribution in the human eye are rather fragmentary and since recently the presence of GAL-receptors in the normal human eye has been reported, we here systematically search for sources of ocular GAL in the human eye. Human eyes (n=14) were prepared for single- and double-immunohistochemistry of GAL and neurofilaments (NF). Cross- and flat-mount sections were achieved; confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. In the anterior eye, GAL-immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) was detected in basal layers of corneal epithelium, endothelium, and in nerve fibers and keratinocytes of the corneal stroma. In the conjunctiva, GAL-IR was seen throughout all epithelial cell layers. In the iris, sphincter and dilator muscle and endothelium of iris vessels displayed GAL-IR. It was also detected in stromal cells containing melanin granules, while these were absent in others. In the ciliary body, ciliary muscle and pigmented as well as non-pigmented ciliary epithelium displayed GAL-IR. In the retina, GAL-IR was detected in cells associated with the ganglion cell layer, and in endothelial cells of retinal blood vessels. In the choroid, nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma as well as fibers forming boutons and surrounding choroidal blood vessels displayed GAL-IR. Further, the majority of intrinsic choroidal neurons were GAL-positive, as revealed by co-localization-experiments with NF, while a minority displayed NF- or GAL-IR only. GAL-IR was also detected in choroidal melanocytes, as identified by the presence of intracellular melanin-granules, as well as in cells lacking melanin-granules, most likely representing macrophages. GAL-IR was detected in numerous cells and tissues throughout the anterior and posterior eye and might therefore be an important regulatory peptide for many aspects of ocular control. Upcoming studies in diseased tissue will help to clarify the role of GAL in ocular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm Jünemann
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Research Program of Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Dept. of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Director of the Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Dept. of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine tear neuropeptide levels in contact lens wearers and non-wearers, and to examine relationships with indices of corneal innervation, tear function, and ocular discomfort. METHODS A cross-sectional, single-visit, investigator-masked pilot study. Assessments included Ocular Comfort Index (OCI), central and mid-peripheral corneal nerve density and morphology (HRT-Rostock), corneal sensitivity (Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer), tear Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration (ELISA), in situ tear osmolarity (TearLab), tear secretion (Phenol Red Thread), and noninvasive tear break-up time (NITBUT; Keeler Tearscope). Groups were compared using independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and regional differences assessed using paired t-tests. Associations were analyzed using Pearson or Spearman correlation. Significance was determined at P < .05. RESULTS Twenty contact lens wearers (7M:13F, 32 ± 5 years) and 20 non-wearers (7M:13F, 31 ± 5 years) completed the study. OCI score was numerically higher in lens wearers (32.27 ± 5.33) than non-wearers (27.66 ± 9.94). Tear osmolarity was higher [298.0 (IQR 291.0-309.8) vs. 288.5 (282.3-298.3) mOsmol/L; P = .01] whereas NITBUT was lower (9.8 ± 3.4 vs. 13.8 ± 5.6 s; P = .01) in lens wearers compared with non-wearers. Tear neuropeptide concentrations were not different between groups [Substance P 4.29 ng/ml (IQR 1.57-6.05), CGRP 14.89 ng/ml (5.08-59.26)], and there were no differences in nerve morphology or ocular surface sensitivity. Higher nerve density, interconnections, and tortuosity were observed in the central cornea than mid-peripherally (P < .05). OCI score was moderately associated with nerve tortuosity (r = 0.42, P = .01). CGRP was associated with central nerve density (ρ = 0.38, P = .02), as was tear secretion (r = -0.37, P = .02). Nerve interconnections were strongly associated with corneal sensitivity (ρ = 0.64, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Relationships were demonstrated between nerve density, tear CGRP, and corneal sensitivity. Markers of corneal neurobiology and sensory function do not appear to be altered in contact lens wear despite worse tear function (osmolarity and stability) in lens wearers. This suggests that mechanisms other than overt changes in corneal innervation regulate tear function during lens wear. The relationship between nerve tortuosity and ocular discomfort requires elucidation.
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Changes in Corneal Subbasal Nerve Morphology and Sensitivity During Orthokeratology: Onset of Change. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:227-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Cakmak AI, Basmak H, Gursoy H, Ozkurt M, Yildirim N, Erkasap N, Bilgec MD, Tuncel N, Colak E. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, a promising agent for myopia? Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:211-216. [PMID: 28251078 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.02.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in form-deprivation myopia (FDM). METHODS FDM was created in three groups of eight chicks by placing a translucent diffuser on their right eyes. Intravitreal injections of saline and VIP were applied once a day into the occluded eyes of groups 2 and 3, respectively. Retinoscopy and axial length (AL) measurements were performed on the first and 8th days of diffuser wear. The retina mRNA levels of the VIP receptors and the ZENK protein in right eyes of the three groups and left eyes of the first group on day 8 were determined using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The median final refraction (D) in right eyes were -13.75 (-16.00, -12.00), -11.50 (-12.50, -7.50), and -1.50 (-4.75, -0.75) in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P<0.001). The median AL (mm) in right eyes were 10.65 (10.00, 11.10), 9.90 (9.70, 10.00), and 9.20 (9.15, 9.25) in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P<0.001). The median delta-delta cycle threshold (CT) values for the VIP2 receptors were 1.07 (0.82, 1.43), 1.22 (0.98, 1.65), 0.29 (0.22, 0.45) in right eyes of groups 1, 2, and 3, and 1.18 (0.90, 1.37) in left eyes of group 1, respectively (P=0.001). The median delta-delta CT values for the ZENK protein were 1.07 (0.63, 5.03), 3.55 (2.20, 5.55), undetectable in right eyes of groups 1, 2, and 3 and 1.89 (0.21, 4.73) in left eyes of group 1, respectively (P=0.001). CONCLUSION VIP has potential inhibitory effects in the development of FDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Idil Cakmak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Basmak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Gursoy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
| | - Mete Ozkurt
- Department of Physiology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Yildirim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Erkasap
- Department of Physiology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Deger Bilgec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
| | - Nese Tuncel
- Department of Physiology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26180, Turkey
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21
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The Intriguing Role of Neuropeptides at the Ocular Surface. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Muraleedharan CK, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Li C, Montenegro D, Carion T, Berger E, Hazlett LD, Xu S. Inactivation of the miR-183/96/182 Cluster Decreases the Severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1506-17. [PMID: 27035623 PMCID: PMC4819431 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The microRNA-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183/96/182) plays important roles in sensory organs. Because the cornea is replete with sensory innervation, we hypothesized that miR-183/96/182 modulates the corneal response to bacterial infection through regulation of neuroimmune interactions. METHODS Eight-week-old miR-183/96/182 knockout (ko) mice and their wild-type littermates (wt) were used. The central cornea of anesthetized mice was scarred and infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), strain 19660. Corneal disease was graded at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection (dpi). Corneal RNA was harvested for quantitative RT-PCR. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were enumerated by myeloperoxidase assays; the number of viable bacteria was determined by plate counts, and ELISA assays were performed to determine cytokine protein levels. A macrophage (Mϕ) cell line and elicited peritoneal PMN were used for in vitro functional assays. RESULTS MicroRNA-183/96/182 is expressed in the cornea, and in Mϕ and PMN of both mice and humans. Inactivation of miR-183/96/182 resulted in decreased corneal nerve density compared with wt mice. Overexpression of miR-183/96/182 in Mϕ decreased, whereas knockdown or inactivation of miR-183/96/182 in Mϕ and PMN increased their capacity for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of PA. In PA-infected corneas, ko mice showed decreased proinflammatory neuropeptides such as substance P and chemoattractant molecules, MIP-2, MCP1, and ICAM1; decreased number of PMN at 1 and 5 dpi; increased viable bacterial load at 1 dpi, but decreased at 5 dpi; and markedly decreased corneal disease. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNA-183/96/182 modulates the corneal response to bacterial infection through its regulation of corneal innervation and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra K. Muraleedharan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sharon A. McClellan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ronald P. Barrett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Daniel Montenegro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Thomas Carion
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Elizabeth Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Linda D. Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Pharmacology of the retinal pigment epithelium, the interface between retina and body system. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 787:84-93. [PMID: 27044435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a close, interactive partner to the photoreceptors as well as an interface with the endothelium of the choroid and thus with the body's circulatory system. To fulfill these roles, the RPE communicates with neighboring tissue by secretion of a large variety of factors and is able to react to secreted factors via a plethora of transmembrane receptors. Clinically relevant local pharmacological effects are caused by anti-VEGF-A treatment in choroidal neovascularization or by carboanhydrase inhibitors reducing fluid accumulation in the macula. Being exposed to the bloodstream, the RPE reacts to systemic disease, such as diabetes or hypertension, but also to systemic pharmacological intervention, for example to hypotensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin-system. Sustained pharmacological treatments, in particular, cause side effects at the RPE with consequences for both RPE function and photoreceptor survival. Among these are systemic inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme, insulin treatment in diabetes and anti-VEGF-A therapy. Given the special anatomical and functional relationships of the RPE, pharmacological intervention targeting either the eye or the body systemically should take potential alteration of RPE and subsequently photoreceptor function into account.
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Martinez-Moreno CG, Trudeau VL, Harvey S. Co-storage and secretion of growth hormone and secretoneurin in retinal ganglion cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:124-32. [PMID: 25435278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that growth hormone (GH) and granins are co-stored and co-secreted from pituitary somatotrophs. In this work we demonstrate for the first time that GH- and secretoneurin (SN) immunoreactivity (the secretogranin II (SgII) fragment) are similarly present in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which is an extrapituitary site of GH expression, and in quail QNR/D cells, which provide an experimental RGC model. The expression of SgII and chromogranin A in the pituitary gland, neuroretina and QNR/D cells was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Western blotting also showed that the SN-immunoreactivity in somatotrophs and QNR/D cells was associated with multiple protein bands (24, 35, 48, 72, 78, 93 and 148kDa) of which the 72kDa and 148kDa bands were most abundant. Secretoneurin was constitutively secreted from QNR/D cells as 35kDa and 37kDa proteins and unlike GH, was not increased by exogenous GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). Intracellular analysis by EM showed co-localization of GH and SN in cell bodies and neurites in QNR/D cells. This co-localization was associated with small dark bodies in the neurites. In addition, co-localization of GH and SNAP-25 in the cell surface of QNR/D's plasma membranes suggests GH-release involves specific vesicle-membrane recognition in QNR/D cells. As SN is a marker for secretory granules, GH secretion from RGCs is thus likely to be in secretory granules, as in somatotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Structural and functional changes in corneal innervation after laser in situ keratomileusis and their relationship with dry eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:2029-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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26
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Schrödl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Motloch K, Holub B, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA. Distribution of galanin receptors in the human eye. Exp Eye Res 2015; 138:42-51. [PMID: 26122049 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely distributed within intrinsic and extrinsic sources supplying the eye. It is involved in regulation of the vascular tone, thus important for ocular homeostasis. Since the presence/distribution of its receptors is unknown, we here screen for the presence of the various GAL receptors in the human eye. Meeting the Helsinki-Declaration, human eyes (n = 6; 45-83 years of age, of both sex, post mortem time 10-19 h) were obtained from the cornea bank and prepared for immunohistochemistry against GAL receptors 1-3 (GALR1-GALR3). Over-expressing cell assays served as positive controls and confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. Cell assays reliably detected immunoreactivity for GALR1-3 and cross-reactions between antibodies used were not observed. In the cornea, GALR1-3 were detected in basal layers of the epithelium, stroma, endothelium, as well as in adjacent conjunctiva. In the iris, GALR1-3 were detected in iris sphincter and dilator, while iris vessels displayed immunoreactivity for GALR1 and GALR3. In the ciliary body, GALR1 was exclusively found in the non-pigmented epithelium while GALR3 was detected in the ciliary muscle and vessels. In the retina, GALR1 was present in fibers of the IPL, OPL, NFL, many cells of the INL and few cells of the ONL. GALR2 and GALR3 were present in few neurons of the INL, while GALR2 was also found surrounding retinal vessels. RPE displayed weak immunoreactivity for GALR2 but intense immunoreactivity for GALR3. In the choroid, GALR1-3 were detectable in intrinsic choroidal neurons and nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma, and all three receptors were detected surrounding choroidal blood vessels, while the choriocapillaris was immunoreactive for GALR3 only. This is the first report of the various GALRs in the human eye. While the presence of GALRs in cornea and conjunctiva might be relevant for wound healing or inflammatory processes, the detection in iris vessels (GALR1, 2) and choroidal vessels (GALR1-3) highlights the role of GAL in vessel dynamics. Presence of GALR1 in ciliary body epithelium and GALR3 in ciliary vessels indicates involvement in aqueous humor production, whereas retinal GALR distribution might contribute to signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Holub
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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27
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Schrödl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Krefft K, Kofler B, Brandtner H, Reitsamer HA. Alarin in cranial autonomic ganglia of human and rat. Exp Eye Res 2014; 131:63-8. [PMID: 25497346 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsic and intrinsic sources of the autonomic nervous system contribute to choroidal innervation, thus being responsible for the control of choroidal blood flow, aqueous humor production or intraocular pressure. Neuropeptides are involved in this autonomic control, and amongst those, alarin has been recently introduced. While alarin is present in intrinsic choroidal neurons, it is not clear if these are the only source of neuronal alarin in the choroid. Therefore, we here screened for the presence of alarin in human cranial autonomic ganglia, and also in rat, a species lacking intrinsic choroidal innervation. Cranial autonomic ganglia (i.e., ciliary, CIL; pterygopalatine, PPG; superior cervical, SCG; trigeminal ganglion, TRI) of human and rat were prepared for immunohistochemistry against murine and human alarin, respectively. Additionally, double staining experiments for alarin and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxilase (TH), substance P (SP) were performed in human and rat ganglia for unequivocal identification of ganglia. For documentation, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used, while quantitative RT-PCR was applied to confirm immunohistochemical data and to detect alarin mRNA expression. In humans, alarin-like immunoreactivity (alarin-LI) was detected in intrinsic neurons and nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma, but was lacking in CIL, PPG, SCG and TRI. In rat, alarin-LI was detected in only a minority of cranial autonomic ganglia (CIL: 3.5%; PPG: 0.4%; SCG: 1.9%; TRI: 1%). qRT-PCR confirmed the low expression level of alarin mRNA in rat ganglia. Since alarin-LI was absent in human cranial autonomic ganglia, and only present in few neurons of rat cranial autonomic ganglia, we consider it of low impact in extrinsic ocular innervation in those species. Nevertheless, it seems important for intrinsic choroidal innervation in humans, where it could serve as intrinsic choroidal marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schrödl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasase 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina Krefft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herwig Brandtner
- Department of Legal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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28
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Cox SM, Nichols JJ. The neurobiology of the meibomian glands. Ocul Surf 2014; 12:167-77. [PMID: 24999100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article compiles research regarding the neuroanatomy of the meibomian glands and their associated blood vessels. After a review of meibomian gland morphology and regulation via hormones, a case for innervation is made based on anatomical findings whereby the nerves lack a myelin sheath and Schwann cells. The localization and co-localization of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P are explored with emphasis on differences that exist between species. The presence of the various neuropeptides/neurotransmitters adjacent to the meibomian gland versus the vasculature associated with the meibomian gland is documented so that conclusions can be made with regard to direct and indirect effects. Research regarding the presence of receptors and receptor proteins for these neuropeptides is documented. Evidence supporting the influence of certain neurotransmitters and/or neuropeptides on the meibomian gland is given based on research that correlates changes in meibomian gland morphology and/or tear film with changes in neurotransmitter and/or neuropeptide presence. Conclusions are drawn related to direct and indirect regulation and differences between the various nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Cox
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason J Nichols
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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Gramlich OW, Lorenz K, Grus FH, Kriechbaum M, Ehrlich D, Humpel C, Fischer-Colbrie R, Bechrakis NE, Troger J. Catestatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat eye. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:7-13. [PMID: 24331778 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the presence and distribution of the chromogranin A-derived peptide catestatin in the rat eye and trigeminal ganglion by immunofluorescence using an antibody which recognizes not only free catestatin but also larger fragments containing the sequence of catestatin. Western blots were performed in an attempt to characterize the immunoreactivities detected by the catestatin antiserum. Sparse immunoreactive nerve fibers were visualized in the corneal stroma, in the chamber angle, in the sphincter muscle but also in association with the dilator muscle, in the stroma of the ciliary body and processes, but dense in the irideal stroma, around blood vessels at the limbus and in the choroid and in cells of the innermost retina representing amacrine cells as identified by colocalization with substance P. Furthermore, catestatin-immunoreactivity was detected in the trigeminal ganglion in small to medium-sized cells and there were abundant catestatin-positive nerve fibers stained throughout the stroma of the ganglion. Double immunofluorescence of catestatin with substance P revealed colocalization both in cells of the trigeminal ganglion as well as in nerve fibers in the choroid. The immunoreactivities are present obviously as free catestatin and/or small-sized catestatin-containing fragments in the retina and ocular nerves but as large processed fragments as well, weak in the retina and more prominent in remaining ocular tissues, possibly in endothelial cells. This indicates that this peptide is a constituent of sensory neurons innervating the rat eye and the presence in amacrine cells in the retina is typical for neuropeptides. Catestatin is biologically highly active and might be of significance in the pathophysiology of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Gramlich
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Lorenz
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maren Kriechbaum
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Ehrlich
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reiner Fischer-Colbrie
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter Mayrstraße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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30
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Rat choroidal pericytes as a target of the autonomic nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 356:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Stapleton F, Marfurt C, Golebiowski B, Rosenblatt M, Bereiter D, Begley C, Dartt D, Gallar J, Belmonte C, Hamrah P, Willcox M. The TFOS International Workshop on Contact Lens Discomfort: report of the subcommittee on neurobiology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:TFOS71-97. [PMID: 24058137 PMCID: PMC5963174 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This report characterizes the neurobiology of the ocular surface and highlights relevant mechanisms that may underpin contact lens-related discomfort. While there is limited evidence for the mechanisms involved in contact lens-related discomfort, neurobiological mechanisms in dry eye disease, the inflammatory pathway, the effect of hyperosmolarity on ocular surface nociceptors, and subsequent sensory processing of ocular pain and discomfort have been at least partly elucidated and are presented herein to provide insight in this new arena. The stimulus to the ocular surface from a contact lens is likely to be complex and multifactorial, including components of osmolarity, solution effects, desiccation, thermal effects, inflammation, friction, and mechanical stimulation. Sensory input will arise from stimulation of the lid margin, palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, and the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carl Marfurt
- Indiana University School of Medicine–Northwest, Gary, Indiana
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Rosenblatt
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - David Bereiter
- University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn Begley
- Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Darlene Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Belmonte
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Stoneham, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Schrödl F, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Kaser-Eichberger A, Eberhard N, Santic R, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA. Distribution of the regulatory peptide alarin in the eye of various species. Exp Eye Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Squier W, Mack J, Green A, Aziz T. The pathophysiology of brain swelling associated with subdural hemorrhage: the role of the trigeminovascular system. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28:2005-15. [PMID: 22885686 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This paper reviews the evidence in support of the hypothesis that the trigeminal system mediates brain swelling associated with subdural bleeding. The trigeminovascular system has been extensively studied in migraine; it may play an important but under-recognized role in the response to head trauma. Nerve fibers originating in trigeminal ganglion cells are the primary sensors of head trauma and, through their collateral innervation of the intracranial and dural blood vessels, are capable of inciting a cascade of vascular responses and brain swelling. The extensive trigeminal representation in the brainstem initiates and augments autonomic responses. Blood and tissue injury in the dura incite neurogenic inflammatory responses capable of sensitizing dural nerves and potentiating the response to trauma. DISCUSSION The trigeminal system may provide the anatomo-physiological link between small-volume, thin subdural bleeds and swelling of the underlying brain. This physiology may help to explain the poorly understood phenomena of "second-impact syndrome," the infant response to subdural bleeding (the "big black brain"), as well as post-traumatic subdural effusions. Considerable age-specific differences in the density of dural innervation exist; age-specific responses of this innervation may explain differences in the brain's response to trauma in the young. An understanding of this pathophysiology is crucial to the development of intervention and treatment of these conditions. Antagonists to specific neuropeptides of the trigeminal system modify brain swelling after trauma and should be further explored as potential therapy in brain trauma and subdural bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waney Squier
- Neuropathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Bianchi E, Scarinci F, Ripandelli G, Feher J, Pacella E, Magliulo G, Gabrieli CB, Plateroti R, Plateroti P, Mignini F, Artico M. Retinal pigment epithelium, age-related macular degeneration and neurotrophic keratouveitis. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:232-42. [PMID: 23128960 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of impaired vision and blindness in the aging population. The aims of our studies were to identify qualitative and quantitative alterations in mitochondria in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from AMD patients and controls and to test the protective effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a known neurotrophic and antiangiogenic substance, against neurotrophic keratouveitis. Histopathological alterations were studied by means of morphometry, light and electron microscopy. Unexpectedly, morphometric data showed that the RPE alterations noted in AMD may also develop in normal aging, 10-15 years later than appearing in AMD patients. Reduced tear secretion, corneal ulceration and leukocytic infiltration were found in capsaicin (CAP)-treated rats, but this effect was significantly attenuated by PEDF. These findings suggest that PEDF accelerated the recovery of tear secretion and also prevented neurotrophic keratouveitis and vitreoretinal inflammation. PEDF may have a clinical application in inflammatory and neovascular diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Department of Sensory Organs, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Lorenz K, Gramlich OW, Grus FH, Ehrlich D, Humpel C, Nogalo M, Fischer-Colbrie R, Bechrakis NE, Hattmannstorfer R, Troger J. GE-25-like immunoreactivity in the rat eye. Peptides 2012; 36:286-91. [PMID: 22634234 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the presence and distribution of the chromogranin A-derived peptide GE-25 in the rat eye. The molecular form detected by the GE-25 antiserum was evaluated in the rat trigeminal ganglion, retina and remaining tissues of the rat eye by means of Western blots and the distribution pattern of GE-25-like immunoreactivity was studied in the rat eye and rat trigeminal ganglion by immunofluorescence. One single band of approximately 70kDa was stained in the trigeminal ganglion and retina which represents the uncleaved intact chromogranin A indicating that the proteolytic processing of chromogranin A to GE-25 is limited in these tissues. Sparse GE-25-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were visualized in the corneal stroma, at the limbus around blood vessels, in the sphincter and dilator muscle and stroma of the iris, in the stroma of the ciliary body and ciliary processes and in the stroma and around blood vessels in the choroid. This distribution pattern is characteristic for neuropeptides whereas the presence of immunoreactivity in the corneal endothelium and in Müller glia in the retina is atypical. GE-25-like immunoreactivity was found in small to medium-sized ganglion cells in the rat trigeminal ganglion clearly indicating that the nerve fibers in the rat eye are of sensory origin. The colocalization of GE-25-immunoreactivity with SP-immunoreactivity in the rat ciliary body is in agreement with the presumption of the sensory nature of the innervation of the anterior segment of the eye by GE-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Bring DKI, Paulson K, Renstrom P, Salo P, Hart DA, Ackermann PW. Residual substance P levels after capsaicin treatment correlate with tendon repair. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 20:50-60. [PMID: 22276586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2011.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess healing after capsaicin-induced substance P (SP) depletion during rat Achilles tendon repair by biomechanical testing. Capsaicin treatment reduced the concentrations of SP by ∼60% and calcitonin gene-related peptide by ∼40% as compared with the control group, as assessed by radioimmunoassay in the dorsal root ganglia, at 1 and 4 weeks post-tendon rupture. Also, the peripheral neuronal presence of SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, was lower at both weeks 1 and 4. The decreased peripheral neuronal presence of SP at week 1 correlated with the corresponding levels in the dorsal root ganglia (r = 0.54, p = 0.018). The reduced presence of SP/calcitonin gene-related peptide after capsaicin treatment was verified by a decreased sensitivity to painful mechanical and thermal stimuli (p < 0.05). Correlation analyses between individual residual SP levels and biomechanical tissue properties were performed because of differences in failure mode between the groups and high individual variations in the SP levels after capsaicin treatment. Thus, the residual SP levels in the dorsal root ganglia correlated with transverse area, ultimate tensile strength, and stress at failure (r = 0.39, p = 0.036; r = 0.53, p = 0.005; and r = 0.43, p = 0.023, respectively). Furthermore, individual pain sensitivity at week 2 correlated with peripheral occurrence of SP and was correlated with tensile strength and stress at failure (r = 0.89, p = 0.006 and r = 0.78, p = 0.015) at week 4. In conclusion, rats with higher residual SP levels after capsaicin-induced neuropathy develop improved tensile strength and stress at failure in the healing of Achilles tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K I Bring
- Section of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Oh JY, Choi H, Lee RH, Roddy GW, Ylöstalo JH, Wawrousek E, Prockop DJ. Identification of the HSPB4/TLR2/NF-κB axis in macrophage as a therapeutic target for sterile inflammation of the cornea. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:435-48. [PMID: 22359280 PMCID: PMC3403300 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation underlies many diseases of the cornea including serious chemical burns and the common dry eye syndrome. In search for therapeutic targets for corneal inflammation, we defined the kinetics of neutrophil infiltration in a model of sterile injury to the cornea and identified molecular and cellular mechanisms triggering inflammatory responses. Neutrophil infiltration occurred in two phases: a small initial phase (Phase I) that began within 15 min after injury, and a larger second phase (Phase II) that peaked at 24–48 h. Temporal analysis suggested that the neuropeptide secretoneurin initiated Phase I without involvement of resident macrophages. Phase II was initiated by the small heat shock protein HSPB4 that was released from injured keratocytes and that activated resident macrophages via the TLR2/NF-κB pathway. The Phase II inflammation was responsible for vision-threatening opacity and was markedly suppressed by different means of inhibition of the HSPB4/TLR2/NF-κB axis: in mice lacking HSPB4 or TLR2, by antibodies to HSPB4 or by TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 that CD44-dependently inhibits the TLR2/NF-κB pathway. Therefore, our data identified the HSPB4/TLR2/NF-κB axis in macrophages as an effective target for therapy of corneal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Youn Oh
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
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Lorenz K, Troger J, Gramlich O, Grus F, Hattmannstorfer R, Fischer-Colbrie R, Joachim S, Schmid E, Teuchner B, Haas G, Bechrakis N. PE-11, a peptide derived from chromogranin B, in the rat eye. Peptides 2011; 32:1201-6. [PMID: 21439336 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the presence and distribution of PE-11, a peptide derived from chromogranin B, in the rat eye. For this purpose, newborn rats were injected with a single dosage of 50mg/kg capsaicin subcutaneously under the neck fold and after three months, particular eye tissues were dissected and the concentration of PE-11-like immunoreactivity was determined by radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, PE-11-like immunoreactivities were characterized in an extract of the rat eye by reversed phase HPLC. Then, the distribution pattern of PE-11 was investigated in the rat eye and rat trigeminal ganglion by immunofluorescence. As a result, PE-11 was present in each tissue of the rat eye and capsaicin pretreatment led to a 88.05% (±7.07) and a 64.26% (±14.17) decrease of the levels of PE-11 in the cornea and choroid/sclera, respectively, and to a complete loss in the iris/ciliary body complex. Approximately 70% of immunoreactivities detected by the PE-11 antiserum have been found to represent authentic PE-11. Sparse nerve fibers were visualized in the corneal and uveal stroma, surrounding blood vessels at the limbus, ciliary body and choroid and in association with the dilator and sphincter muscle. Furthermore, immunoreactivity was present in the corneal endothelium. In the retina and optic nerve, glia was labeled. In the rat trigeminal ganglion, PE-11-immunoreactivity was visualized in small and medium sized ganglion cells with a diameter of up to 30μm. In conclusion, there is unequivocal evidence that PE-11 is a constituent of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons innervating the rat eye and the distribution pattern is typically peptidergic in the peripheral innervation but in the retina completely atypical for neuropeptides and unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Lorenz
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Chang Z, Okamoto K, Tashiro A, Bereiter DA. Ultraviolet irradiation of the eye and Fos-positive neurons induced in trigeminal brainstem after intravitreal or ocular surface transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 activation. Neuroscience 2010; 170:678-85. [PMID: 20643195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The interior structures of the eye are well supplied by the trigeminal nerve; however, the function of these afferent fibers is not well defined. The aim of this study was to use c-fos like immunohistochemistry (Fos-LI) to map the trigeminal brainstem complex after intravitreal microinjection or ocular surface application of capsaicin, a selective transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist in male rats under barbiturate anesthesia. The effect of ocular inflammation on Fos-LI was tested 2 or 7 days after UV irradiation of the eye. In non-inflamed controls, intravitreal capsaicin produced peaks of Fos-LI at the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vcvl) transition and in superficial laminae at the caudalis/upper cervical cord (Vc/C1) junction regions. At the Vc/C1 junction intravitreal capsaicin induced Fos-LI in a dose-dependent manner, while at the Vi/Vcvl transition responses were similar after vehicle or capsaicin injections. Two days, but not 7 days, after UV irradiation intravitreal and ocular surface capsaicin-evoked Fos-LI at the Vc/C1 junction and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) were markedly enhanced, whereas the responses at the Vi/Vcvl transition were not different from non-inflamed controls. More than 80% of trigeminal ganglion neurons labeled after intravitreal microinjection of Fluorogold also expressed immunoreactivity for the TRPV1 receptor. These findings suggested that most intraocular trigeminal sensory nerves serve as nociceptors. The similar pattern and magnitude of Fos-LI after capsaicin suggested that TRPV1-responsive trigeminal nerves that supply intraocular and ocular surface tissues form a unified integrative circuit in the caudal brainstem. Intensity coding of capsaicin concentration and facilitation of Fos-LI expression after UV irradiation strongly supported the hypothesis that the Vc/C1 junction was critical for nociceptive processing related to ocular pain, whereas the Vi/Vcvl transition region likely served other functions in ocular homeostasis under naïve and inflamed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chang
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 18-214 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Okamoto K, Tashiro A, Chang Z, Bereiter DA. Bright light activates a trigeminal nociceptive pathway. Pain 2010; 149:235-242. [PMID: 20206444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bright light can cause ocular discomfort and/or pain; however, the mechanism linking luminance to trigeminal nerve activity is not known. In this study we identify a novel reflex circuit necessary for bright light to excite nociceptive neurons in superficial laminae of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc/C1). Vc/C1 neurons encoded light intensity and displayed a long delay (>10s) for activation. Microinjection of lidocaine into the eye or trigeminal root ganglion (TRG) inhibited light responses completely, whereas topical application onto the ocular surface had no effect. These findings indicated that light-evoked Vc/C1 activity was mediated by an intraocular mechanism and transmission through the TRG. Disrupting local vasomotor activity by intraocular microinjection of the vasoconstrictive agents, norepinephrine or phenylephrine, blocked light-evoked neural activity, whereas ocular surface or intra-TRG microinjection of norepinephrine had no effect. Pupillary muscle activity did not contribute since light-evoked responses were not altered by atropine. Microinjection of lidocaine into the superior salivatory nucleus diminished light-evoked Vc/C1 activity and lacrimation suggesting that increased parasympathetic outflow was critical for light-evoked responses. The reflex circuit also required input through accessory visual pathways since both Vc/C1 activity and lacrimation were prevented by local blockade of the olivary pretectal nucleus. These findings support the hypothesis that bright light activates trigeminal nerve activity through an intraocular mechanism driven by a luminance-responsive circuit and increased parasympathetic outflow to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Okamoto
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 18-214 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Staines DR, Brenu EW, Marshall-Gradisnik S. Vasoactive neuropeptides in clinical ophthalmology: An association with autoimmune retinopathy? Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:259-61. [PMID: 19668576 PMCID: PMC2709019 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian eye is protected against pathogens and inflammation in a relatively immune-privileged environment. Stringent mechanisms are activated that regulate external injury, infection, and autoimmunity. The eye contains a variety of cells expressing vasoactive neuropeptides (VNs), and their receptors, located in the sclera, cornea, iris, ciliary body, ciliary process, and the retina. VNs are important activators of adenylate cyclase, deriving cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of VN function would arguably impede cAMP production and impede utilization of ATP. Thus VN autoimmunity may be an etiological factor in retinopathy involving perturbations of purinergic signaling. A sound blood supply is necessary for the existence and functional properties of the retina. This paper postulates that impairments in the endothelial barriers and the blood–retinal barrier, as well as certain inflammatory responses, may arise from disruption to VN function. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and purinergic modulators may have a role in the treatment of postulated VN autoimmune retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Staines
- Queensland Health, Gold Coast Population Health Unit, Southport, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Murashita K, Kurokawa T, Nilsen TO, Rønnestad I. Ghrelin, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): molecular cloning and tissue expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 160:223-35. [PMID: 19073185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) peptide hormones, ghrelin (GHRL), cholecystokinin (CCK), and peptide YY (PYY) genes were identified in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Full-length cDNAs encoding two isoforms of GHRL (GHRL-1 and GHRL-2), two isoforms of CCK (CCK-L and CCK-N) and peptide YY (PYY) cDNA were obtained. The GHRL-1 and GHRL-2 genes encoded proteins of 111- and 108-amino acids, respectively. Both types of GHRL were mainly expressed in the stomach, but also weakly expressed in the pyloric caeca, mid-gut, adipose tissue, and testis. The CCK-L and CCK-N genes encoded preproproteins of 132- and 140-amino acids, respectively. Both types of CCK were strongly expressed in the brain and comparatively weakly expressed in other tissues, including the digestive tract. In the digestive tract, CCK-L was mainly expressed in the pyloric caeca and hind-gut, while CCK-N was only expressed in the pyloric caeca. The PYY gene encoded for 97-amino acid residues and was mainly expressed in the brain and anterior part of the intestine, including the pyloric caeca. In an experiment, we demonstrated that 6 days starvation led to, increased GHRL-1 mRNA levels in the GI tract (stomach), while there no significant changes in expression levels for the other hormones in the GI tract. This suggests an orexigenic role for GHRL-1 in Atlantic salmon. These data contribute to elucidate the functional relationships among teleost gastrointestinal peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murashita
- Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Shiogama, Miyagi, Japan
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Genetics and epidemiology. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8:489-93. [PMID: 18769207 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32830f1c83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lorenz K, Troger J, Fischer-Colbrie R, Kremser B, Schmid E, Kralinger M, Teuchner B, Bechrakis N, Kieselbach G. Substance P and secretoneurin in vitreous aspirates of patients with various vitreoretinal diseases. Peptides 2008; 29:1561-5. [PMID: 18550223 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By means of highly sensitive radioimmunoassays, the levels of substance P (SP) and secretoneurin (SN) were detected in vitreous aspirates of patients with macular holes which served as controls, in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR), active proliferative diabetic retinopathy (active PDR), inactive PDR, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Furthermore, SN-like immunoreactivities were characterized by reversed phase-HPLC. The concentration of SN was more than 20-fold higher in macular holes when compared with SP and reversed phase HPLC revealed evidence that the vitreous levels of SN represent authentic SN. SN was significantly decreased in patients with nonproliferative DR, active PDR and inactive PDR by more than 70% which seems to result from a reduced expression and/or secretion from the cilary epithelium and a reduced release from the retina both due to diabetes mellitus. By contrast SP was increased in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment most obviously due to an enhanced outflow of the peptide through retinal breaks. Despite their proangiogenic activities, SP and SN are unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of neovascularizations in DR because of their unchanged and reduced levels, respectively, but the low levels of both peptides may facilitate the regression of vasoproliferations following laser photocoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Yang JH, Meng XX, Xie LS, Guo Z. Acute myocardial ischemia up-regulates substance P in the retina of rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 443:218-22. [PMID: 18687380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that sympathetic nerves and substance P (SP) are involved in some physiological and pathophysiological changes and activities in retina. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SP participates in the stress reaction and possible involvement of adrenergic mechanisms in modulation of the changes of SP in the retina of the rats suffering from acute stress evoked by coronary artery occlusion (CAO). The changes of SP in retina were examined and analyzed within 6h of CAO using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and EIA approaches. The effects of phentolamine, an antagonist of alpha1-adrenergic receptor, and esmolol, an antagonist of beta1-adrenergic receptor, on the changes of SP were investigated to examine the role of adrenergic mechanisms in modulation of expression of SP in the retina under the stressful condition. It was observed that SP was markedly up-regulated in the layers of ganglion cells, inner plexiform, inner nuclear and pigment epithelium within 6h of the CAO. Intravenous administration of the adrenergic antagonists attenuated the up-regulation of SP. The results may indicate that SP in retina was involved in the stress response induced by acute myocardial ischemia. Adrenergic mechanisms may modulate the process in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-hong Yang
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Keay S. Cell signaling in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Cell Signal 2008; 20:2174-9. [PMID: 18602988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for several types of cell signaling abnormalities has been presented for patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS), a poorly understood chronic painful bladder disorder for which currently there is no reliable effective therapy. Increases or decreases in various urine cytokines and growth factors have been found in patient specimens, along with abnormal expression of epithelial differentiation markers, growth factors, cell membrane proteins, neurotransmitters, and other cytokines in tissue biopsies and/or explanted bladder cells from IC/PBS patients. Some of the abnormalities found in bladder epithelial cells from IC/PBS patients have been shown to be induced in normal cells by an antiproliferative factor from IC/PBS bladder epithelial cells that binds to a functional cell membrane receptor (CKAP4/p63). Greater understanding of cell signaling events associated with this debilitating disorder may lead to the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Keay
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
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