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von Stebut J, Heiland M, Preissner R, Rendenbach C, Preissner S. Association of Herpes simplex infection with significantly increased risk of head and neck cancer: real-world evidence of about 500,000 patients. Int J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38643367 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of viral agents in the development of head and neck cancers has remained controversial. While markers of viral origin have been isolated from oral cancer tissues, a causative relationship has yet to be shown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between head and neck cancers and Herpes simplex virus, one of the most common viral infections of the oral orifice. METHODS Here, we conducted a retrospective analysis of two age- and gender-matched cohorts extracted from the real-world database TriNetX on March 10th, 2023, each consisting of 249,272 patients with and without Herpes simplex infections (ICD-10: B00). The diagnoses C00-C14 were analyzed, and risk analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival statics were computed. RESULTS The strongest association was found for lip cancer (ICD-10: C00) with a hazard ratio [HR (CI 95% low-high)] of 3.08 (1.77-5.35). A significant association with HR of 1.17 (1.02-1.34) was found for the entire group of head and neck cancers. Confounders like smoking and alcohol dependence were considered using propensity score matching. CONCLUSION The surprisingly strong correlation with lip, oral cavity, and pharynx neoplasms sheds new light on supposedly harmless herpes simplex infections, suggesting them as a possible new factor for risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer von Stebut
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Heiland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Science-IT and Institute for Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Rendenbach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Preissner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Chung IY, Kim J, Koh A. The Microbiome Matters: Its Impact on Cancer Development and Therapeutic Responses. J Microbiol 2024; 62:137-152. [PMID: 38587593 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In the evolving landscape of cancer research, the human microbiome emerges as a pivotal determinant reshaping our understanding of tumorigenesis and therapeutic responses. Advanced sequencing technologies have uncovered a vibrant microbial community not confined to the gut but thriving within tumor tissues. Comprising bacteria, viruses, and fungi, this diverse microbiota displays distinct signatures across various cancers, with most research primarily focusing on bacteria. The correlations between specific microbial taxa within different cancer types underscore their pivotal roles in driving tumorigenesis and influencing therapeutic responses, particularly in chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This review amalgamates recent discoveries, emphasizing the translocation of the oral microbiome to the gut as a potential marker for microbiome dysbiosis across diverse cancer types and delves into potential mechanisms contributing to cancer promotion. Furthermore, it highlights the adverse effects of the microbiome on cancer development while exploring its potential in fortifying strategies for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Chung
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Koh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Joseph J, Sandel G, Kulkarni R, Alatrash R, Herrera BB, Jain P. Antibody and Cell-Based Therapies against Virus-Induced Cancers in the Context of HIV/AIDS. Pathogens 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 38251321 PMCID: PMC10821063 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents, notably viruses, can cause or increase the risk of cancer occurrences. These agents often disrupt normal cellular functions, promote uncontrolled proliferation and growth, and trigger chronic inflammation, leading to cancer. Approximately 20% of all cancer cases in humans are associated with an infectious pathogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recognizes seven viruses as direct oncogenic agents, including Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), human papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Most viruses linked to increased cancer risk are typically transmitted through contact with contaminated body fluids and high-risk behaviors. The risk of infection can be reduced through vaccinations and routine testing, as well as recognizing and addressing risky behaviors and staying informed about public health concerns. Numerous strategies are currently in pre-clinical phases or undergoing clinical trials for targeting cancers driven by viral infections. Herein, we provide an overview of risk factors associated with increased cancer incidence in people living with HIV (PLWH) as well as other chronic viral infections, and contributing factors such as aging, toxicity from ART, coinfections, and comorbidities. Furthermore, we highlight both antibody- and cell-based strategies directed against virus-induced cancers while also emphasizing approaches aimed at discovering cures or achieving complete remission for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Joseph
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Ratuja Kulkarni
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Reem Alatrash
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (R.A.); (B.B.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (R.A.); (B.B.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.J.); (G.S.)
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4
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Zhang C, Yang T. Long Non-coding RNA LINC00473 Promotes Breast Cancer Progression via miR-424-5p/CCNE1 Pathway. Protein Pept Lett 2023; 30:72-84. [PMID: 36305147 DOI: 10.2174/0929866530666221026164454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a large increase in the incidence of breast cancer (BC) among women. LINC00473 is a cancer-related lncRNA, participating in the progression of many cancers, but its role in the progression of BC awaits more elaboration. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify LINC00473, miR-424-5p, and cyclin E1 (CCNE1) mRNA expression levels in BC tissues and cells. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to detect the cell viability; the cell migration and invasion abilities were evaluated by the Transwell assay. Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were adopted to study CCNE1 protein expression; dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to clarify the targeting relationships among LINC00473, miR-424-5p, and CCNE1. RESULTS LINC00473 expression was elevated in BC tissues and cell lines, which was associated with lymph node metastasis and higher clinical stage of the patients with BC. LINC00473 proved to be a molecular sponge for miR-424-5p; LINC00473 knockdown impeded the growth, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of BC cells, while these effects were abolished by miR-424-5p inhibitors; miR-424-5p targeted CCNE1 to restrain its expression. LINC00473 positively regulated CCNE1 expression, and CCNE1 restoration counteracted the effects induced by LINC00473 knockdown in BC cells. CONCLUSION LINC00473 facilitates the progression of BC through miR-424-5p/CCNE1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Operating Room, New Century Women's and Children's Hospital, Beijing 100102, China
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Shi W, Chen S, Chi F, Qiu Q, Zhong Y, Bian X, Zhang H, Xi J, Qian H. Advances in Tumor Antigen‐Based Anticancer Immunotherapy: Recent Progress, Prevailing Challenges, and Future Perspective. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Fanglian Chi
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhong
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Bian
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Science China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Junting Xi
- School of Science China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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6
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Jamal QMS. Antiviral Potential of Plants against COVID-19 during Outbreaks-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13564. [PMID: 36362351 PMCID: PMC9655040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several human diseases are caused by viruses, including cancer, Type I diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the past, people have suffered greatly from viral diseases such as polio, mumps, measles, dengue fever, SARS, MERS, AIDS, chikungunya fever, encephalitis, and influenza. Recently, COVID-19 has become a pandemic in most parts of the world. Although vaccines are available to fight the infection, their safety and clinical trial data are still questionable. Social distancing, isolation, the use of sanitizer, and personal productive strategies have been implemented to prevent the spread of the virus. Moreover, the search for a potential therapeutic molecule is ongoing. Based on experiences with outbreaks of SARS and MERS, many research studies reveal the potential of medicinal herbs/plants or chemical compounds extracted from them to counteract the effects of these viral diseases. COVID-19's current status includes a decrease in infection rates as a result of large-scale vaccination program implementation by several countries. But it is still very close and needs to boost people's natural immunity in a cost-effective way through phytomedicines because many underdeveloped countries do not have their own vaccination facilities. In this article, phytomedicines as plant parts or plant-derived metabolites that can affect the entry of a virus or its infectiousness inside hosts are described. Finally, it is concluded that the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants must be analyzed and evaluated entirely in the control of COVID-19 in cases of uncontrollable SARS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Hochman J, Braitbard O. Life after Cleavage: The Story of a β-Retroviral (MMTV) Signal Peptide-From Murine Lymphoma to Human Breast Cancer. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112435. [PMID: 36366533 PMCID: PMC9694287 DOI: 10.3390/v14112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence in recent years supports an association of the betaretrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) with human breast cancer. This is an issue that still raises heated controversy. We have come to address this association using the signal peptide p14 of the MMTV envelope precursor protein as a key element of our strategy. In addition to its signal peptide function, p14 has some significant post endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeting characteristics: (1) it localizes to nucleoli where it binds key proteins (RPL5 and B23) involved (among other activities) in the regulation of nucleolar stress response, ribosome biogenesis and p53 stabilization; (2) p14 is a nuclear export factor; (3) it is expressed on the cell surface of infected cells, and as such, is amenable to, and successfully used, in preventive vaccination against experimental tumors that harbor MMTV; (4) the growth of such tumors is impaired in vivo using a combination of monoclonal anti-p14 antibodies or adoptive T-cell transfer treatments; (5) p14 is a phospho-protein endogenously phosphorylated by two different serine kinases. The phosphorylation status of the two sites determines whether p14 will function in an oncogenic or tumor-suppressing capacity; (6) transcriptional activation of genes (RPL5, ErbB4) correlates with the oncogenic potential of MMTV; (7) finally, polyclonal anti-p14 antibodies have been applied in immune histochemistry analyses of breast cancer cases using formalin fixed paraffin-embedded sections, supporting the associations of MMTV with the disease. Taken together, the above findings constitute a road map towards the diagnosis and possible prevention and treatment of MMTV-associated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hochman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-54-441-4370
| | - Ori Braitbard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem 9372115, Israel
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8
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Karimi AA, Tarharoudi R, Kianmehr Z, Sakhaee F, Jamnani FR, Siadat SD, Fateh A. Traces of JC polyomavirus in papillary thyroid cancer: a comprehensive study in Iran. Virol J 2022; 19:153. [PMID: 36163265 PMCID: PMC9513940 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is known to induce solid tumors such as astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and neuroblastomas in experimental animals, and recent studies have shown that the virus may be correlated with carcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of JCPyV on the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods A total of 1057 samples, including 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS) and 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS), and 1057 adjacent non-cancerous samples were evaluated for the presence of JCPyV DNA and RNA. Results We observed that 10.8% (114/1057) samples, including 17.5% (72/412) FBS and 6.5% (42/645) PEBS were positive for the JCPyV DNA. Among the JCPyV-positive samples, the mean JCPyV copy number was lower in patients with PEBS (0.3 × 10–4 ± 0.1 × 10–4 copies/cell) compared to FBS (1.8 × 10–1 ± 0.4 × 10–1 copies/cell) and non-PTC normal samples (0.2 × 10–5 ± 0.01 × 10–5 copies/cell), with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The LT-Ag RNA expression was lower in PEBS than in FBS, while no VP1 gene transcript expression was found. Conclusions Although our results confirmed the presence of JCPyV in some Iranian patients with PTC, more research is needed to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Karimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahil Tarharoudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kianmehr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. .,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Goubran H, Stakiw J, Seghatchian J, Ragab G, Burnouf T. SARS-CoV-2 and cancer: The intriguing and informative cross-talk. Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103488. [PMID: 35753906 PMCID: PMC9192107 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has significantly disrupted and burdened the diagnostic workup and delivery of care, including transfusion, to cancer patients across the globe. Furthermore, cancer patients suffering from solid tumors or hematologic malignancies were more prone to the infection and had higher morbidity and mortality than the rest of the population. Major signaling pathways have been identified at the intersection of SARS-CoV-2 and cancer cells, often leading to tumor progression or alteration of the tumor response to therapy. The reactivation of oncogenic viruses has also been alluded to in the context and following COVID-19. Paradoxically, certain tumors responded better following the profound infection-induced immune modulation. Unveiling the mechanisms of the virus-tumor cell interactions will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of both cancer progression and virus propagation. It would be challenging to monitor, through the different cancer registries, retrospectively, the response of patients who have been previously exposed to the virus in contrast to those who have not contracted the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Goubran
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Julie Stakiw
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jerard Seghatchian
- International Consultancy in Blood Components Quality/Safety, Audit/Inspection and DDR Strategy, London, UK
| | - Gaafar Ragab
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wu FG. Carbon Dots as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Antimicrobial Applications: A Minireview. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200003. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xi Wang
- Southeast University School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zihao Wang
- Southeast University School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering CHINA
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- Southeast University School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering 2 Sipailou Road 210096 Nanjing CHINA
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11
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Cifci D, Foersch S, Kather JN. Artificial intelligence to identify genetic alterations in conventional histopathology. J Pathol 2022; 257:430-444. [PMID: 35342954 DOI: 10.1002/path.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Precision oncology relies on the identification of targetable molecular alterations in tumor tissues. In many tumor types, a limited set of molecular tests is currently part of standard diagnostic workflows. However, universal testing for all targetable alterations, especially rare ones, is limited by the cost and availability of molecular assays. From 2017 to 2021, multiple studies have shown that artificial intelligence (AI) methods can predict the probability of specific genetic alterations directly from conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) tissue slides. Although these methods are currently less accurate than gold-standard testing (e.g. immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction or next-generation sequencing), they could be used as pre-screening tools to reduce the workload of genetic analyses. In this systematic literature review, we summarize the state of the art in predicting molecular alterations from H&E using AI. We found that AI methods perform reasonably well across multiple tumor types, although few algorithms have been broadly validated. In addition, we found that genetic alterations in FGFR, IDH, PIK3CA, BRAF, TP53 and DNA repair pathways are predictable from H&E in multiple tumor types, while many other genetic alterations have rarely been investigated or were only poorly predictable. Finally, we discuss the next steps for the implementation of AI-based surrogate tests in diagnostic workflows. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Cifci
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Foersch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Pathology and Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Wu L, Zhou W, Lin L, Chen A, Feng J, Qu X, Zhang H, Yue J. Delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides in nanoscale. Bioact Mater 2022; 7:292-323. [PMID: 34466734 PMCID: PMC8379367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides (TOs) represent one of the most promising drug candidates in the targeted cancer treatment due to their high specificity and capability of modulating cellular pathways that are not readily druggable. However, efficiently delivering of TOs to cancer cellular targets is still the biggest challenge in promoting their clinical translations. Emerging as a significant drug delivery vector, nanoparticles (NPs) can not only protect TOs from nuclease degradation and enhance their tumor accumulation, but also can improve the cell uptake efficiency of TOs as well as the following endosomal escape to increase the therapeutic index. Furthermore, targeted and on-demand drug release of TOs can also be approached to minimize the risk of toxicity towards normal tissues using stimuli-responsive NPs. In the past decades, remarkable progresses have been made on the TOs delivery based on various NPs with specific purposes. In this review, we will first give a brief introduction on the basis of TOs as well as the action mechanisms of several typical TOs, and then describe the obstacles that prevent the clinical translation of TOs, followed by a comprehensive overview of the recent progresses on TOs delivery based on several various types of nanocarriers containing lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, porous nanoparticles, DNA/RNA nanoassembly, extracellular vesicles, and imaging-guided drug delivery nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Lihua Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Anhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Xiangmeng Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Jun Yue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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13
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DNAzymes, Novel Therapeutic Agents in Cancer Therapy: A Review of Concepts to Applications. J Nucleic Acids 2021; 2021:9365081. [PMID: 34760318 PMCID: PMC8575636 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9365081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a rapid evolution in cancer drug research which is aimed at developing active biological interventions to regulate cancer-specific molecular targets. Nucleic acid-based therapeutics, including ribozymes, antisense oligonucleotides, small interference RNA (siRNA), aptamer, and DNAzymes, have emerged as promising candidates regulating cancer-specific genes at either the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level. Gene-specific catalytic DNA molecules, or DNAzymes, have shown promise as a therapeutic intervention against cancer in various in vitro and in vivo models, expediting towards clinical applications. DNAzymes are single-stranded catalytic DNA that has not been observed in nature, and they are synthesized through in vitro selection processes from a large pool of random DNA libraries. The intrinsic properties of DNAzymes like small molecular weight, higher stability, excellent programmability, diversity, and low cost have brought them to the forefront of the nucleic acid-based therapeutic arsenal available for cancers. In recent years, considerable efforts have been undertaken to assess a variety of DNAzymes against different cancers. However, their therapeutic application is constrained by the low delivery efficiency, cellular uptake, and target detection within the tumour microenvironment. Thus, there is a pursuit to identify efficient delivery methods in vivo before the full potential of DNAzymes in cancer therapy is realized. In this light, a review of the recent advances in the use of DNAzymes against cancers in preclinical and clinical settings is valuable to understand its potential as effective cancer therapy. We have thus sought to firstly provide a brief overview of construction and recent improvements in the design of DNAzymes. Secondly, this review stipulates the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of DNAzymes developed against major hallmarks of cancers tested in preclinical and clinical settings. Lastly, the recent advances in DNAzyme delivery systems along with the challenges and prospects for the clinical application of DNAzymes as cancer therapy are also discussed.
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14
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Evidencing the presence of merkel cell polyomavirus in papillary thyroid cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21447. [PMID: 34728730 PMCID: PMC8563948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infects most people asymptomatically, but recent reports indicate that the virus may be related to carcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of MCPyV on the development of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Totally, 1057 samples, including 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS) and 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS), and 1057 adjacent non-cancerous samples were assessed for the presence of MCPyV DNA and RNA. MCPyV DNA was positive in 215 (20.3%) of samples, including 126 (30.6%) in FBS and 89 (13.8%) in PEBS. In MCPyV-positive samples, the mean MCPyV copy number was higher in the patients with FBS (2.3 × 10-1 ± 0.5 × 10-1 copies/cell) compared to PEBS (0.7 × 10-4 ± 0.1 × 10-4 copies/cell) and adjacent non-PTC normal samples (0.3 × 10-5 ± 0.02 × 10-5 copies/cell), indicating a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The LT-Ag RNA expression was higher in FBS compared to PEBS, while VP1 gene transcript was not detected in any samples. Although our findings showed the presence of MCPyV in a subset of PTC Iranian patients, further research is required to confirm these findings.
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15
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Malik S, Prasad S, Kishore S, Kumar A, Upadhyay V. A perspective review on impact and molecular mechanism of environmental carcinogens on human health. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2021; 37:178-207. [PMID: 34672914 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2021.1991715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death all around the world. It is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells leading to severe health conditions and fatality if remains undiagnosed till later stages. Cancer can be caused due to mutation or sudden alterations by effect of certain external agents. Agents that can cause sudden alterations in the genetic content of an individual are known as mutagens. Mutations can lead to permanent changes in the genetic constituency of an individual and possibly lead to cancer. Mutagenic agents that possess the capacity to induce cancer in humans are called carcinogens. Carcinogens may be naturally present in the environment or generated by anthropogenic activities. However, with the progress in molecular techniques, genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis of a wide range of carcinogens have been elucidated. Present review aims to discuss different types of environmental carcinogens and their respective mechanisms responsible for inducing cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Shilpa Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Shristi Kishore
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics (Iob), Whitefield, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Mahe), Manipal, India
| | - Vineet Upadhyay
- Institute of Bioinformatics (Iob), Whitefield, Bangalore, India
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16
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Ju E, Li T, Ramos da Silva S, Markazi A, Gao SJ. Reversible switching of primary cells between normal and malignant state by oncogenic virus KSHV and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of a major viral latent protein. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5065-5075. [PMID: 33942339 PMCID: PMC9016784 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a plethora of human diseases. Although antiviral therapies effectively confront the viral spread and infection, how to completely eradicate the viral genome from infected cells remains a challenge. In this study, we demonstrated the reversible switching of primary cells between normal and malignant states by an oncogenic virus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of a major viral latent protein. Primary cells can be transformed into malignant status by infection of KSHV, while elimination of the KSHV genome from latent KSHV-infected cells reverses KSHV-transformed primary cells back to a "normal state" by CRISPR/Cas-mediated knockout of viral major latent gene LANA. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated efficient elimination of KSHV episome in KSHV-associated primary effusion lymphoma cells resulting in the induction of apoptosis by liposome-encapsulated CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Lipo/Cas9-LANAsgRNA). Our work illustrates CRISPR/Cas as a promising technology for eliminating oncogenic viruses from persistently infected cells by taking advantage of the genetic differences between viral and cellular genomes. Compared to traditional antiviral therapy, our study offer an approach for antagonizing human oncogenic virus-related cancers by directly targeting as well as clearing viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguo Ju
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley Markazi
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Li Y, Wan Z, Zuo L, Li S, Liu H, Ma Y, Zhou L, Jin X, Li Y, Zhang C. A Novel 2-dimensional Multiplex qPCR Assay for Single-Tube Detection of Nine Human Herpesviruses. Virol Sin 2021; 36:746-754. [PMID: 33635517 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that are classified into nine species. More than 90% of adults are ever infected with one or more herpesviruses. The symptoms of infection with different herpesviruses are diverse ranging from mild or asymptomatic infections to deadly diseases such as aggressive lymphomas and sarcomas. Timely and accurate detection of herpesvirus infection is critical for clinical management and treatment. In this study, we established a single-tube nonuple qPCR assay for detection of all nine herpesviruses using a 2-D multiplex qPCR method with a house-keeping gene as the internal control. The novel assay can detect and distinguish different herpesviruses with 30 to 300 copies per 25 µL single-tube reaction, and does not cross-react with 20 other human viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses. The robustness of the novel assay was evaluated using 170 clinical samples. The novel assay showed a high consistency (100%) with the single qPCR assay for HHVs detection. The features of simple, rapid, high sensitivity, specificity, and low cost make this assay a high potential to be widely used in clinical diagnosis and patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 260026, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Lulu Zuo
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Honglian Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lianqun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 260026, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yuye Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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18
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Intra-host changes in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes in Ugandan adults with Kaposi sarcoma. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008594. [PMID: 33465147 PMCID: PMC7845968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-host tumor virus variants may influence the pathogenesis and treatment responses of some virally-associated cancers. However, the intra-host variability of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), has to date been explored with sequencing technologies that possibly introduce more errors than that which occurs in the viral population, and these studies have only studied variable regions. Here, full-length KSHV genomes in tumors and/or oral swabs from 9 Ugandan adults with HIV-associated KS were characterized. Furthermore, we used deep, short-read sequencing using duplex unique molecular identifiers (dUMI)–random double-stranded oligonucleotides that barcode individual DNA molecules before library amplification. This allowed suppression of PCR and sequencing errors to ~10−9/base as well as afforded accurate determination of KSHV genome numbers sequenced in each sample. KSHV genomes were assembled de novo, and rearrangements observed were confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing. 131-kb KSHV genome sequences, excluding major repeat regions, were successfully obtained from 23 clinical specimens, averaging 2.3x104 reads/base. Strikingly, KSHV genomes were virtually identical within individuals at the point mutational level. The intra-host heterogeneity that was observed was confined to tumor-associated KSHV mutations and genome rearrangements, all impacting protein-coding sequences. Although it is unclear whether these changes were important to tumorigenesis or occurred as a result of genomic instability in tumors, similar changes were observed across individuals. These included inactivation of the K8.1 gene in tumors of 3 individuals and retention of a region around the first major internal repeat (IR1) in all instances of genomic deletions and rearrangements. Notably, the same breakpoint junctions were found in distinct tumors within single individuals, suggesting metastatic spread of rearranged KSHV genomes. These findings define KSHV intra-host heterogeneity in vivo with greater precision than has been possible in the past and suggest the possibility that aberrant KSHV genomes may contribute to aspects of KS tumorigenesis. Furthermore, study of KSHV with use of dUMI provides a proof of concept for utilizing this technique for detailed study of other virus populations in vivo. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a leading cancer in sub-Saharan Africa and in persons with HIV co-infection. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also referred to as human herpesvirus-8, or HHV-8) is the etiologic agent of KS, but the factors that contribute to the development of KS, which occurs in only a small subset of infected individuals, remain largely unknown. While strain differences or mutations in other tumor viruses are known to affect the risk and progression of their associated cancers, whether genetic variation in KSHV is important to the natural history of KS is unclear. Most studies of KSHV diversity have only characterized ~4% of its 165-kb genome, and the observed variation in some studies is likely to have been impacted by PCR or cloning artifacts. To precisely define genomic diversity of KSHV in vivo, we evaluated full-length viral genomes (except the internal repeat regions) using a technique that greatly lowers sequencing error rates and thus measures genomic diversity much more accurately than previous studies. In addition, we extended our analyses to look for potential tumor-specific changes in the KSHV genomes by examining viruses in both tumor and non-tumor tissues. To these ends, we performed highly sensitive, single-molecule sequencing of whole KSHV genomes in paired KS tumors and oral swabs from 9 individuals with KS. We found that KSHV genomes were virtually identical within the 9 individuals, with no evidence of quasispecies formation or multi-strain infection. However, KSHV genome aberrations and gene-inactivating mutations were found to be common in KS tumors, often impacting the same genes and genomic regions across individuals. Whether theses mutations influence KS tumorigenesis or result from genomic instability commonly found in tumors warrants further study. Lastly, aberrant KSHV genomes were found to be shared by distinct tumors within individuals, suggesting the capacity of KS tumor cells to metastasize and seed new lesions.
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19
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Pan XY, Huang C, Li J. The emerging roles of m 6A modification in liver carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:271-284. [PMID: 33390849 PMCID: PMC7757034 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.50003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'epitranscriptome', a collective term for chemical modifications that influence the structure, metabolism, and functions of RNA, has recently emerged as vitally important for the regulation of gene expression. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent mammalian mRNA internal modification, has been demonstrated to have a pivotal role in almost all vital bioprocesses, such as stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, heat shock or DNA damage response, tissue development, and maternal-to-zygotic transition. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is prevalent worldwide with high morbidity and mortality because of late diagnosis at an advanced stage and lack of effective treatment strategies. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and histone modification have been demonstrated to be crucial for liver carcinogenesis. However, the role and underlying molecular mechanism of m6A in liver carcinogenesis are mostly unknown. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the m6A region and how these new findings remodel our understanding of m6A regulation of gene expression. We also describe the influence of m6A modification on liver carcinoma and lipid metabolism to instigate further investigations of the role of m6A in liver biological diseases and its potential application in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yin Pan
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University
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20
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Moran GP, Al-Hebshi N. Editorial: The Human Microbiome and Cancer. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1514. [PMID: 32793130 PMCID: PMC7385252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Moran
- School of Dental Science, Dublin Dental University Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Gary P. Moran
| | - Nezar Al-Hebshi
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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Kori M, Arga KY. Pathways involved in viral oncogenesis: New perspectives from virus-host protein interactomics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165885. [PMID: 32574835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses are among the apparent causes of cancer-associated mortality. It was estimated that 12% to 15% of human malignancies are linked to oncoviruses. Although modernist strategies and traditional genetic studies have defined host-pathogen interactions of the oncoviruses, their host functions which are critical for the establishment of infection still remain mysterious. However, over the last few years, it has become clear that infections hijack and modify cellular pathways for their benefit. In this context, we constructed the virus-host protein interaction networks of seven oncoviruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HTLV-1, HHV8, HPV16, and HPV18), and revealed cellular pathways hijacking as a result of oncogenic virus infection. Several signaling pathways/processes such as TGF-β signaling, cell cycle, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, and androgen receptor signaling were mutually targeted by viruses to induce oncogenesis. Besides, cellular pathways specific to a certain virus were detected. By this study, we believe that we improve the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of viral oncogenesis and provide information in setting new targets for treatment, prognosis, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medi Kori
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Foy JP, Bertolus C, Boutolleau D, Agut H, Gessain A, Herceg Z, Saintigny P. Arguments to Support a Viral Origin of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Non-Smoker and Non-Drinker Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:822. [PMID: 32528893 PMCID: PMC7253757 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In some western countries, an increasing incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been observed in non-smoker non-drinker patients (NSND), mostly in women with HPV-negative OSCC. In the context of the unknown etiology and mechanisms of tumorigenesis of OSCC in NSND, we discuss data supporting the hypothesis of a viral origin not related to HPV. OSCC from NSND are characterized by an antiviral DNA methylation and gene expression signature. Based on the similar increasing incidence of oral tongue SCC (OTSCC) and oropharyngeal SCC (OPSCC) in young women and men respectively, we hypothesize that changes in sexual behaviors may lead to an increasing incidence of herpesvirus in the oral cavity, especially HSV-2, similarly to what has already been described in HPV-positive OPSCC. Because viral genome integration has not been detected in OSCC from NSND, a "hit and run" viral mechanism involving epigenome deregulation could therefore play a key role at early steps of oral carcinogenesis in this population of patients. In conclusion, epidemiological, clinical and molecular data supports a "hit and run" viral origin of OSCC from NSND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Foy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Bertolus
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Paris, France
| | - David Boutolleau
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Centre National de Référence Herpèsvirus, Department of Virology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), INSERM U1135, Paris, France
| | - Henri Agut
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Centre National de Référence Herpèsvirus, Department of Virology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), INSERM U1135, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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23
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Banerjee S, Alwine JC, Wei Z, Tian T, Shih N, Sperling C, Guzzo T, Feldman MD, Robertson ES. Microbiome signatures in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:749-764. [PMID: 30794288 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a microbiome signature for prostate cancer using an array-based metagenomic and capture-sequencing approach. A diverse microbiome signature (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) was observed in the prostate cancer samples compared with benign prostate hyperplasia controls. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified three distinct prostate cancer-specific microbiome signatures. The three signatures correlated with different grades, stages and scores of the cancer. Thus, microbiome signature analysis potentially provides clinical diagnosis and outcome predictions. The array data were validated by PCR and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Specific NGS data suggested that certain viral genomic sequences were inserted into the host somatic chromosomes of the prostate cancer samples. A randomly selected group of these was validated by direct PCR and sequencing. In addition, PCR validation of Helicobacter showed that Helicobacter cagA sequences integrated within specific chromosomes of prostate tumor cells. The viral and Helicobacter integrations are predicted to affect the expression of several cellular genes associated with oncogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Banerjee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Alwine
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Natalie Shih
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colin Sperling
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Guzzo
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Ju E, Li T, Liu Z, da Silva SR, Wei S, Zhang X, Wang X, Gao SJ. Specific Inhibition of Viral MicroRNAs by Carbon Dots-Mediated Delivery of Locked Nucleic Acids for Therapy of Virus-Induced Cancer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:476-487. [PMID: 31895530 PMCID: PMC7119180 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are associated with up to 15% of human cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encoded by numerous oncogenic viruses including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) play significant roles in regulating the proliferation and survival of virus-induced cancer cells, hence representing attractive therapeutic targets. Here, we report that specific inhibition of viral miRNAs by carbon dots (Cdots)-mediated delivery of locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based suppressors inhibit the proliferation of KSHV-associated primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells. Specifically, a combination of Cdots-LNAs to knock down the levels of KSHV miR-K12-1, miR-K12-4, and miR-K12-11 induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of PEL cells. Significantly, these Cdots-LNAs effectively inhibit the initiation of PEL and regress established PEL in a xenograft mouse model. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using Cdots to deliver miRNA suppressors for targeting viral cancers. Our study with viral miRNAs as targets may provide the scientific basis for using antisense drugs for human cancers associated with oncogenic viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carbon/chemistry
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/chemistry
- Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Lymphoma/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Oligonucleotides/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides/pharmacology
- Particle Size
- Quantum Dots/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- Rats
- Surface Properties
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguo Ju
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15232 , United States
| | - Tingting Li
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15232 , United States
| | - Zhen Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15232 , United States
| | - Shan Wei
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15232 , United States
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15232 , United States
| | - Xian Wang
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15232 , United States
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15232 , United States
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Bach DH, Lee SK. The Potential Impacts of Tylophora Alkaloids and their Derivatives in Modulating Inflammation, Viral Infections, and Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4709-4725. [PMID: 30047325 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180726123339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapies or antitumor agents mainly remain the backbone of current treatment based on killing the rapidly dividing cancer cell such as tylophora alkaloids and their analogues which have also demonstrated anticancer potential through diverse biological pathways including regulation of the immune system. The introduction of durable clinically effective monoclonal antibodies, however, unmasked a new era of cancer immunotherapies. Therefore, the understanding of cancer pathogenesis will provide new possible treatment options, including cancer immunotherapy and targeted agents. Combining cytotoxic agents and immunotherapies may offer several unique advantages that are complementary to and potentially synergistic with biologic modalities. Herein, we highlight the dynamic mechanism of action of immune modulation in cancer and the immunological aspects of the orally active antitumor agents tylophora alkaloids and their analogues. We also suggest that future cancer treatments will rely on the development of combining tumor-targeted agents and biologic immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Martinez Cuesta L, Lendez PA, Nieto Farias MV, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Can Bovine Leukemia Virus Be Related to Human Breast Cancer? A Review of the Evidence. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:101-107. [PMID: 29777406 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is continuously increasing worldwide, as influenced by many factors that act synergistically. In the last decade there was an increasing interest in the possible viral etiology of human breast cancer. Since then, many viruses have been associated with this disease (murine mammary tumor virus, MMTV; Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and human papillomavirus, HPV). Recently, BLV has been identified in human breast cancers giving rise to the hypothesis that it could be one of the causative agents of this condition. BLV is a retrovirus distributed worldwide that affects cattle, causing lymphosarcoma in a small proportion of infected animals. Because of its similarity with human retroviruses like HTLV and HIV, BLV was assumed to also be involved in tumor emergence. Based on this assumption, studies were focused on the possible role of BLV in human breast cancer development. We present a compilation of the current knowledge on the subject and some prospective analysis that is required to fully end this controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martinez Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Pamela Anahi Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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Molecular Diagnosis of Felis catus Gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) Infection in Cats of Known Retrovirus Status with and without Lymphoma. Viruses 2018. [PMID: 29538321 PMCID: PMC5869521 DOI: 10.3390/v10030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1), a common infection of domestic cats, is unknown. To explore an association between FcaGHV1 detection and feline lymphoma, a retrospective, cross-sectional, disease-association study was conducted. The infection status of all cats for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus was determined. Neither a molecular diagnosis of FcaGHV1 nor whole-blood FcaGHV1 load was related to outcome in 122 lymphoma cases compared with 71 controls matched for age and sex. Molecular analysis of lymphoma-derived DNA paired with autologous uninvolved tissue did not suggest restriction of FcaGHV1 DNA to tumour tissue. FcaGHV1 DNA detection was associated with significantly shorter survival in lymphoma cases, an observation that could not be adequately explained by treatment differences. In addition, regressive feline leukaemia virus infection was identified as a risk factor for lymphoma. A history of fighting or roaming was identified as a novel epidemiological risk factor for FcaGHV1 detection, lending support to intercat aggression as a potential route of transmission. Studies investigating the cellular location and expression of FcaGHV1 are indicated to assist in ruling out a lymphomagenic role for this virus. Prospective investigation of FcaGHV1 DNA detection as a prognostic marker in feline lymphoma is warranted.
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Atique S, Hsieh CH, Hsiao RT, Iqbal U, Nguyen PAA, Islam MM, Li YCJ, Hsu CY, Chuang TW, Syed-Abdul S. Viral warts (Human Papilloma Virus) as a potential risk for breast cancer among younger females. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 144:203-207. [PMID: 28495003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There have been several reports on the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of breast cancer. To our knowledge, this is first study to use disease-disease association data-mining approach to analyzing viral warts and breast cancer to be conducted in Taiwanese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the Taiwan's National Health Insurance database (NHIDM data comprising of 23 million patient data) to examine the association between viral warts and female breast carcinoma. The patients were categorized into three groups: breast cancer only, viral warts only, and those with both breast cancer and viral warts. The Cox proportion hazard regression analysis was used to measure the effect of HPV on the time to breast cancer diagnosis. Multivariable analyzes and stratified analyzes using hazard ratios (HRs) were presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for age, and CCI. RESULT Among 807,578 HPV population, we identified 6014 breast cancer cases. The HPV group was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing breast cancer (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.15-1.21; p< 0.001) compared with the non-HPV group. HPV patients with age group 18-39 was slightly higher risk of breast cancer occurrence (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.13; p<.05). The risk of breast cancer in 10-year incidence was 7% higher for females less than 40 years and 23% for over 40 year's patients when compared with non-HPV patients of the same age group. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that women who develop viral warts are at a significantly higher risk of developing breast cancer than women who have not diagnosed with viral warts. Thus, the presence of viral warts is a potential risk to breast cancer. Therefore, we suggest patients diagnosed with viral warts may get early screening for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Atique
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology (CoMST), Taipei Medical University Taiwan, Wuxing Street 250, Xinyi 11031, Taipei, Taiwan; International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ho Hsieh
- Department of General Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ruei-Ting Hsiao
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Usman Iqbal
- International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Global Health and Development Deparrtment, College of Public health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Health Informatics Unit, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Phung Anh Alex Nguyen
- Department of General Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Md Mohaimenul Islam
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology (CoMST), Taipei Medical University Taiwan, Wuxing Street 250, Xinyi 11031, Taipei, Taiwan; International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Jack Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology (CoMST), Taipei Medical University Taiwan, Wuxing Street 250, Xinyi 11031, Taipei, Taiwan; International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department. of Dermatology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yeh Hsu
- Global Health and Development Deparrtment, College of Public health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wu Chuang
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shabbir Syed-Abdul
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology (CoMST), Taipei Medical University Taiwan, Wuxing Street 250, Xinyi 11031, Taipei, Taiwan; International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Robinson KM, Crabtree J, Mattick JSA, Anderson KE, Dunning Hotopp JC. Distinguishing potential bacteria-tumor associations from contamination in a secondary data analysis of public cancer genome sequence data. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:9. [PMID: 28118849 PMCID: PMC5264480 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of bacteria are known to influence carcinogenesis. Therefore, we sought to investigate if publicly available whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing data generated by large public cancer genome efforts, like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), could be used to identify bacteria associated with cancer. The Burrows-Wheeler aligner (BWA) was used to align a subset of Illumina paired-end sequencing data from TCGA to the human reference genome and all complete bacterial genomes in the RefSeq database in an effort to identify bacterial read pairs from the microbiome. RESULTS Through careful consideration of all of the bacterial taxa present in the cancer types investigated, their relative abundance, and batch effects, we were able to identify some read pairs from certain taxa as likely resulting from contamination. In particular, the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples was correlated with the sequencing center of the samples. Additionally, there was a correlation between the presence of Ralstonia spp. and two specific plates of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. At the end, associations remained between Pseudomonas-like and Acinetobacter-like read pairs in AML, and Pseudomonas-like read pairs in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) that could not be explained through batch effects or systematic contamination as seen in other samples. CONCLUSIONS This approach suggests that it is possible to identify bacteria that may be present in human tumor samples from public genome sequencing data that can be examined further experimentally. More weight should be given to this approach in the future when bacterial associations with diseases are suspected.
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MESH Headings
- Acinetobacter/genetics
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma/classification
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/microbiology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/microbiology
- Databases, Genetic
- Genome, Bacterial
- Genome, Human
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/microbiology
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/microbiology
- Microbiota
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/microbiology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/microbiology
- Pseudomonas/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Robinson
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jonathan Crabtree
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John S. A. Mattick
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kathleen E. Anderson
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Julie C. Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Robinson LA, Jaing CJ, Campbell CP, Magliocco A, Xiong Y, Magliocco G, Thissen JB, Antonia S. Reply to: Comment on 'Molecular evidence of viral DNA in non-small cell lung cancer and non-neoplastic lung'. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:e6. [PMID: 27764846 PMCID: PMC5294469 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lary A Robinson
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer (CIRC), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA
| | - Crystal J Jaing
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94559-9698, USA
| | - Christine Pierce Campbell
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer (CIRC), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA
| | - Anthony Magliocco
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA
| | - Yin Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA
| | - Genevra Magliocco
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA
| | - James B Thissen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94559-9698, USA
| | - Scott Antonia
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA
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Abstract
The AID/APOBEC family enzymes convert cytosines in single-stranded DNA to uracils, causing base substitutions and strand breaks. They are induced by cytokines produced during the body's inflammatory response to infections, and they help combat infections through diverse mechanisms. AID is essential for the maturation of antibodies and causes mutations and deletions in antibody genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) processes. One member of the APOBEC family, APOBEC1, edits mRNA for a protein involved in lipid transport. Members of the APOBEC3 subfamily in humans (APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H) inhibit infections of viruses such as HIV-1, HBV, and HCV, and retrotransposition of endogenous retroelements through mutagenic and nonmutagenic mechanisms. There is emerging consensus that these enzymes can cause mutations in the cellular genome at replication forks or within transcription bubbles depending on the physiological state of the cell and the phase of the cell cycle during which they are expressed. We describe here the state of knowledge about the structures of these enzymes, regulation of their expression, and both the advantageous and deleterious consequences of their expression, including carcinogenesis. We highlight similarities among them and present a holistic view of their regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachini U Siriwardena
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Mucosal Immunology Studies Team, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Ashok S Bhagwat
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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Félez-Sánchez M, Vergara M, de Sanjosé S, Castellsagué X, Alemany L, Bravo IG. Searching beyond the usual papillomavirus suspects in squamous carcinomas of the vulva, penis and head and neck. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:198-204. [PMID: 27600594 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the etiology of anogenital and head and neck cancers. The HPV DNA prevalence greatly differs by anatomical site. Indeed, the high rates of viral DNA prevalence in anal and cervical carcinomas contrast with the lower fraction of cancer cases attributable to HPVs in other anatomical sites, chiefly the vulva, the penis and head and neck. Here we analyzed 2635 Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded surgical samples that had previously tested negative for the presence of HPVs DNA using the SPF10/DEIA procedure, in order to identify the presence of other PVs not explicitly targeted by standard molecular epidemiologic approaches. All samples were reanalyzed using five broad-PV PCR primer sets (CP1/2, FAP6064/FAP64, SKF/SKR, MY9/MY11, MFI/MFII) targeting the main PV main clades. In head and neck carcinoma samples (n=1141), we recovered DNA from two BetaHPVs, namely HPV20 and HPV21, and from three cutaneous AlphaPVs, namely HPV2, HPV57 and HPV61. In vulvar squamous cell carcinoma samples (n=902), we found one of the samples containing DNA of one cutaneous HPV, namely HPV2, and 29 samples contained DNA from essentially mucosal HPVs. In penile squamous cell carcinoma samples (n=592), we retrieved the DNA of HPV16 in 16 samples. Our results show first that the SPF10/DEIA is very sensitive, as we recovered only 2.1% (55/2635) false negative results; second, that although the DNA of cutaneous HPVs can be detected in cancer samples, their relative contribution remains anyway minor (0.23%; 6/2635) and may be neglected for screening and vaccination purposes; and third, their contribution to malignancy is not necessarily warranted and needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Félez-Sánchez
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marleny Vergara
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alemany
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; MIVEGEC, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Montpellier, France.
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Robinson LA, Jaing CJ, Pierce Campbell C, Magliocco A, Xiong Y, Magliocco G, Thissen JB, Antonia S. Molecular evidence of viral DNA in non-small cell lung cancer and non-neoplastic lung. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:497-504. [PMID: 27415011 PMCID: PMC4985355 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although ∼20% of human cancers are caused by microorganisms, only suspicion exists for a microbial cause of lung cancer. Potential infectious agents were investigated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and non-neoplastic lung. Methods: Seventy NSCLC tumours (33 squamous cell carcinomas, 17 adenocarcinomas, 10 adenocarcinomas with lepidic spread, and 10 oligometastases) and 10 non-neoplastic lung specimens were evaluated for molecular evidence of microorganisms. Tissues were subjected to the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array, an oncovirus panel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping. Associations were examined between microbial prevalence, clinical characteristics, and p16 and EGFR expression. Results: Retroviral DNA was observed in 85% squamous cell carcinomas, 47% adenocarcinomas, and 10% adenocarcinomas with lepidic spread. Human papillomavirus DNA was found in 69% of squamous cell carcinomas with 30% containing high-risk HPV types. No significant viral DNA was detected in non-neoplastic lung. Patients with tumours containing viral DNA experienced improved long-term survival compared with patients with viral DNA-negative tumours. Conclusions: Most squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas contained retroviral DNA and one-third of squamous cell carcinomas contained high-risk HPV DNA. Viral DNA was absent in non-neoplastic lung. Trial results encourage further study of the viral contribution to lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary A Robinson
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA.,Center for Infection Research in Cancer (CIRC), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA
| | - Crystal J Jaing
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94559-9698, USA
| | - Christine Pierce Campbell
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer (CIRC), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA
| | - Anthony Magliocco
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA
| | - Yin Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA
| | - Genevra Magliocco
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA
| | - James B Thissen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94559-9698, USA
| | - Scott Antonia
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA
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35
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Stamatiou DP, Derdas SP, Zoras OL, Spandidos DA. Herpes and polyoma family viruses in thyroid cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1635-1644. [PMID: 26998055 PMCID: PMC4774504 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is considered the most common malignancy that affects the endocrine system. Generally, thyroid cancer derives from follicular epithelial cells, and thyroid cancer is divided into well-differentiated papillary (80% of cases) and follicular (15% of cases) carcinoma. Follicular thyroid cancer is further divided into the conventional and oncocytic (Hürthle cell) type, poorly differentiated carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma. Both poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma can arise either de novo, or secondarily from papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. The incidence of thyroid cancer has significantly increased for both males and females of all ages, particularly for females between 55–64 years of age, from 1999 through 2008. The increased rates refer to tumors of all stages, though they were mostly noted in localized disease. Recently, viruses have been implicated in the direct regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the development of metastases. More specifically, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins may potentially lead to the development of metastasis through the regulation of the metastasis suppressor, Nm23, and the control of Twist expression. The significant enhancement of the metastatic potential, through the induction of angiogenesis and changes to the tumor microenvironment, subsequent to viral infection, has been documented, while EMT also contributes to cancer cell permissiveness to viruses. A number of viruses have been identified to be associated with carcinogenesis, and these include lymphotropic herpesviruses, namely EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8)]; two hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV); human papillomaviruses (HPVs); human T cell lymphoma virus (HTLV); and a new polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus identified in 2008. In this review, we examined the association between thyroid cancer and two oncogenic virus families, the herpes and polyoma family viruses, and we discuss their potential role as causative agents in thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris P Stamatiou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Stavros P Derdas
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Odysseas L Zoras
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
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Viruses in cancer cell plasticity: the role of hepatitis C virus in hepatocellular carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:A62-7. [PMID: 25691824 PMCID: PMC4322526 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.47132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are considered as causative agents of a significant proportion of human cancers. While the very stringent criteria used for their classification probably lead to an underestimation, only six human viruses are currently classified as oncogenic. In this review we give a brief historical account of the discovery of oncogenic viruses and then analyse the mechanisms underlying the infectious causes of cancer. We discuss viral strategies that evolved to ensure virus propagation and spread can alter cellular homeostasis in a way that increases the probability of oncogenic transformation and acquisition of stem cell phenotype. We argue that a useful way of analysing the convergent characteristics of viral infection and cancer is to examine how viruses affect the so-called cancer hallmarks. This view of infectious origin of cancer is illustrated by examples from hepatitis C infection, which is associated with a high proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Abel L, Casanova JL. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease: genetic, immunological, and clinical features of inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:454-70. [PMID: 25453225 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare condition characterized by predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as BCG vaccines and environmental mycobacteria, in otherwise healthy individuals with no overt abnormalities in routine hematological and immunological tests. MSMD designation does not recapitulate all the clinical features, as patients are also prone to salmonellosis, candidiasis and tuberculosis, and more rarely to infections with other intramacrophagic bacteria, fungi, or parasites, and even, perhaps, a few viruses. Since 1996, nine MSMD-causing genes, including seven autosomal (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IL12B, IL12RB1, ISG15, and IRF8) and two X-linked (NEMO, and CYBB) genes have been discovered. The high level of allelic heterogeneity has already led to the definition of 18 different disorders. The nine gene products are physiologically related, as all are involved in IFN-γ-dependent immunity. These disorders impair the production of (IL12B, IL12RB1, IRF8, ISG15, NEMO) or the response to (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IRF8, CYBB) IFN-γ. These defects account for only about half the known MSMD cases. Patients with MSMD-causing genetic defects may display other infectious diseases, or even remain asymptomatic. Most of these inborn errors do not show complete clinical penetrance for the case-definition phenotype of MSMD. We review here the genetic, immunological, and clinical features of patients with inborn errors of IFN-γ-dependent immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France, EU.
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NY, USA; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
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Saravani S, Miri-Moghaddam E, Sanadgol N, Kadeh H, Nazeri MR. Human herpesvirus-6 and epstein-barr virus infections at different histopathological grades of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5:1231-8. [PMID: 25400880 PMCID: PMC4223941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and viral load of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) in different histopathologic grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Forty-five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue section of OSCC patients were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of EBV and HHV-6. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 58.6 years, 69% of whom were female, and 31% were male. Overall, the positive rate for EBV and HHV-6 were 16.7% and 27.1%, respectively; and the mean viral load EBV was 27.9 × 10(3) and 38.5 × 10(3) for HHV-6. No correlation was demonstrated between the viral load of EBV DNA (P = 0.35) and HHV-6 (P = 0.38) at the different OSCC histopathologic grades. CONCLUSIONS These findings neither lend support to the hypothesis that EBV and HHV-6 are directly involved in OSCC nor rule out the possibility that these viruses play an indirect role in carcinogenesis in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Saravani
- Dental Research Centre, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran,Correspondence to: Dr. Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hamideh Kadeh
- Dental Research Centre, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nazeri
- Dentist, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Peng J, Wang T, Zhu H, Guo J, Li K, Yao Q, Lv Y, Zhang J, He C, Chen J, Wang L, Jin Q. Multiplex PCR/mass spectrometry screening of biological carcinogenic agents in human mammary tumors. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:255-9. [PMID: 25088618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many studies have suggested a possible link between breast cancer pathogenesis and infection by viruses, the role of viruses in breast carcinogenesis remains controversial. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the prevalence of 30 oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) and six polyomaviruses in breast tumor specimens. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed breast specimens from 100 breast cancer patients (group 1) and 50 benign breast disease patients (group 2) from Shaanxi Province in China. We also screened for the viruses in blood samples from the patients and 96 female blood donor volunteers (group 3). RESULTS EBV, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and HPV-18 were detected in 60, 14 and 2 breast cancer patients, respectively, and EBV and MCPyV were detected in 16 and 1 benign breast disease patients, respectively. EBV and MCPyV were more prevalent in group 1 than in group 2 (EBV: 60.0% vs. 32.0%, p = 0.0012; MCPyV: 14.0% vs. 2.0%; p = 0.02). In contrast, there was no difference in the prevalence of EBV and MCPyV in blood samples between group 1 and group 2, group 1 and group 3. EBV was detected in malignant breast tissue and its presence was confined to the malignant cells using in situ hybridization. CONCLUSIONS We found that EBV and MCPyV were more prevalent in the tumors of women with breast cancer than in samples from women with benign breast disease. Our results support an etiologic role for EBV in breast cancer pathogenesis in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Peng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Zhu
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Guo
- Agena Bioscience, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Lv
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juliang Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang He
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghao Chen
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Ramirez-Garcia A, Rementeria A, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Moragues MD, Antoran A, Pellon A, Abad-Diaz-de-Cerio A, Hernando FL. Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression? Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:181-93. [PMID: 24963692 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.913004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is currently increasing concern about the relation between microbial infections and cancer. More and more studies support the view that there is an association, above all, when the causal agents are bacteria or viruses. This review adds to this, summarizing evidence that the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans increases the risk of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Until recent years, Candida spp. had fundamentally been linked to cancerous processes as it is an opportunist pathogen that takes advantage of the immunosuppressed state of patients particularly due to chemotherapy. In contrast, the most recent findings demonstrate that C. albicans is capable of promoting cancer by several mechanisms, as described in the review: production of carcinogenic byproducts, triggering of inflammation, induction of Th17 response and molecular mimicry. We underline the need not only to control this type of infection during cancer treatment, especially given the major role of this yeast species in nosocomial infections, but also to find new therapeutic approaches to avoid the pro-tumor effect of this fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aize Pellon
- a Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology
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Robinson KM, Dunning Hotopp JC. Mobile elements and viral integrations prompt considerations for bacterial DNA integration as a novel carcinogen. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:137-44. [PMID: 24956175 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insertional mutagenesis has been repeatedly demonstrated in cancer genomes and has a role in oncogenesis. Mobile genetic elements can induce cancer development by random insertion into cancer related genes or by inducing translocations. L1s are typically implicated in cancers of an epithelial cell origin, while Alu elements have been implicated in leukemia as well as epithelial cell cancers. Likewise, viral infections have a significant role in cancer development predominantly through integration into the human genome and mutating or deregulating cancer related genes. Human papilloma virus is the best-known example of viral integrations contributing to carcinogenesis. However, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus also integrate into the human genome and disrupt cancer related genes. Thus far, the role of microbes in cancer has primarily been attributed to mutations induced through chronic inflammation or toxins, as is the case with Helicobacter pylori and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. We hypothesize that like mobile elements and viral DNA, bacterial and parasitic DNA may also integrate into the human somatic genome and be oncogenic. Until recently it was believed that bacterial DNA could not integrate into the human genome, but new evidence demonstrates that bacterial insertional mutagenesis may occur in cancer cells. Although this work does not show causation between bacterial insertions and cancer, it prompts more research in this area. Promising new sequencing technologies may reduce the risk of artifactual chimeric sequences, thus diminishing some of the challenges of identifying novel insertions in the somatic human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Robinson
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie C Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Downey RF, Sullivan FJ, Wang-Johanning F, Ambs S, Giles FJ, Glynn SA. Human endogenous retrovirus K and cancer: Innocent bystander or tumorigenic accomplice? Int J Cancer 2014; 137:1249-57. [PMID: 24890612 PMCID: PMC6264888 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Harbored as relics of ancient germline infections, human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) now constitute up to 8% of our genome. A proportion of this sequence has been co-opted for molecular and cellular processes, beneficial to human physiology, such as the fusogenic activity of the envelope protein, a vital component of placentogenesis. However, the discovery of high levels of HERV-K mRNA and protein and even virions in a wide array of cancers has revealed that HERV-K may be playing a more sinister role–a role as an etiological agent in cancer itself. Whether the presence of this retroviral material is simply an epiphenomenon, or an actual causative factor, is a hotly debated topic. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding HERV-K and cancer and attempt to outline the potential mechanisms by which HERV-K could be involved in the onset and promotion of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan F Downey
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Francis J Sullivan
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Francis J Giles
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,HRB Clinical Research Facilities Galway & Dublin, National University of Ireland Galway and Trinity College Dublin, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sharon A Glynn
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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French A, Buckler RL, Brindley DA. Commercialization of regenerative medicine: learning from spin-outs. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 16:164-70. [PMID: 23470045 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The meeting "Commercialization of Your Regenerative Medicine Research: Lessons from Spin Out Successes" was hosted by the Oxbridge Biotech Roundtable (OBR) (Oxford, UK) at the University of Oxford in February, 2013, and attracted a multi-stakeholder audience spanning academia and industry. The event featured case studies from Gregg Sando, CEO, Cell Medica (London, UK), John Sinden, CSO, Reneuron (Guilford, UK), and Paul Kemp, CEO and CSO, Intercytex (Manchester, UK). OBR is a student-led initiative with over 7000 members across eight different UK and US locations with a mission to foster a conversation about the healthcare and life sciences industry. Here we review the main themes of the meeting and the major questions facing the regenerative medicine industry and its rapidly emerging subsets of cellular and gene therapies. Notably, we discuss the compatibility of regenerative therapies to the existing healthcare infrastructure, biomanufacturing challenges (including scalability and comparability), and the amenability of regenerative therapies to existing reimbursement and investment models. Furthermore, we reiterate key words of advice from seasoned industry leaders intended to accelerate the translation path from lab bench to the marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna French
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Fratini M, Di Bonito P, La Rosa G. Oncogenic Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus in Water Environments: Is There a Potential for Waterborne Transmission? FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:1-12. [PMID: 24293168 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne exposure to human viruses through contact with sewage-contaminated water environments can result in infections associated with a wide range of illnesses. Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most commonly encountered manifestations of waterborne viral illness. Respiratory diseases, neurological diseases and paralysis can also occur. Whether viral infections resulting in health outcomes like cancer might also be transmitted by the waterborne route is unknown. Recently, viruses belonging to two oncogenic groups-Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Human Polyomaviruses (HPyVs)-have been detected in urban sewages worldwide. The latter have also been identified in other water environments. HPVs are epitheliotropic viruses responsible for several diseases of skin and mucosae, from common warts to squamous intraepithelial lesions that can either heal or progress to invasive carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus or oropharynx. Human PyVs infect different tissues and organs, causing infections that are usually subclinical in immunocompetent individuals but can be serious in immunocompromised hosts. These pathogens belong to a family of DNA tumour viruses. Merkel cell polyomavirus, a HPyV identified in recent years, has attracted much attention due to its link with a rare and aggressive form of human cancer. Merkel cell carcinoma, the incidence of which has tripled over the past two decades. JC polyomavirus and BK polyomavirus are also potentially oncogenic. The observed abundance and wide dissemination of HPVs and HPyVs in water environments strongly suggest the need to shed light on the fate of these viruses in water environments and to elucidate their potential for waterborne transmission. Such information is essential for the improvement of wastewater management programs in terms of both sewage treatment and water quality surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fratini
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - P Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Gisserot O, Romeo E, Boudin L, Tsitsi Nding Tsogou P, Abed S, Bladé JS, de Jauréguiberry JP. [Can we prevent or cure infection-related cancers?]. Rev Med Interne 2013; 35:259-63. [PMID: 24359725 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections are an important cause of cancer in the world, representing approximately 16% of the neoplasia. Ten infectious agents have been classified as carcinogens of group I. Four of these pathogens (Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B and C viruses, and some human papillomavirus) are responsible for 95% of cases of infection-related cancers. The carcinogenesis mechanisms are multiple, either direct via certain proteins from these microorganisms, or more often indirect through chronic inflammation. This allowed to consider prevention of certain cancers, for example with a prophylactic vaccine strategy. Advances were also made in the curative field. However, efforts remain to be done to discover new infectious causes of cancer and refine the understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, for a better targeting of anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Gisserot
- Service de médecine interne-oncologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, BP 600, 83800 Toulon cedex 9, France.
| | - E Romeo
- Service de médecine interne-oncologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, BP 600, 83800 Toulon cedex 9, France
| | - L Boudin
- Service de médecine interne-oncologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, BP 600, 83800 Toulon cedex 9, France
| | - P Tsitsi Nding Tsogou
- Service de médecine interne-oncologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, BP 600, 83800 Toulon cedex 9, France
| | - S Abed
- Service de médecine interne-oncologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, BP 600, 83800 Toulon cedex 9, France
| | - J-S Bladé
- Service de médecine interne-oncologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, BP 600, 83800 Toulon cedex 9, France
| | - J-P de Jauréguiberry
- Service de médecine interne-oncologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, BP 600, 83800 Toulon cedex 9, France
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Assinger A, Yaiw KC, Göttesdorfer I, Leib-Mösch C, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) induces human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) transcription. Retrovirology 2013; 10:132. [PMID: 24219971 PMCID: PMC3842806 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is highly prevalent in tumours of different origin. This virus is implied to have oncogenic and oncomodulatory functions, through its ability to control host gene expression. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) are also frequently active in tumours of different origin, and are supposed to contribute as cofactors to cancer development. Due to the high prevalence of HCMV in several different tumours, and its ability to control host cell gene expression, we sought to define whether HCMV may affect HERV transcription. FINDINGS Infection of 3 established cancer cell lines, 2 primary glioblastoma cells, endothelial cells from 3 donors and monocytes from 4 donors with HCMV (strains VR 1814 or TB40/F) induced reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in all cells tested, but the response varied between donors. Both, gammaretrovirus-related class I elements HERV-T, HERV-W, HERV-F and ERV-9, and betaretrovirus-related class II elements HML-2 - 4 and HML-7 - 8, as well as spuma-virus related class III elements of the HERV-L group were up-regulated in response to HCMV infection in GliNS1 cells. Up-regulation of HERV activity was more pronounced in cells harbouring active HCMV infection, but was also induced by UV-inactivated virus. The effect was only slightly affected by ganciclovir treatment and was not controlled by the IE72 or IE86 HCMV genes. CONCLUSIONS Within this brief report we show that HCMV infection induces HERV transcriptional activity in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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The interplay between pathogen-associated and danger-associated molecular patterns: an inflammatory code in cancer? Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:601-10. [PMID: 24100386 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a close link between inflammation and cancer, and at the core of inflammation there are both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger (or damage)-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Microorganisms harbor molecules structurally conserved within groups called PAMPs that are recognized by specific receptors present on immune cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs); these are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation through different PRRs leads to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A robust immune response also requires the presence of endogenous molecules that pose 'danger' to self-tissues and are produced by damaged or stressed cells; these are the DAMPs, which act also as inducers of inflammation. PAMPs and DAMPs are each recognized by a limited set of receptors that in number probably do not exceed 100. PAMPs and DAMPs interact with each other, and a single PRR can bind to a PAMP as well as a DAMP. Within this framework, we propose that PAMPs and DAMPs act in synchrony, modifying the activation threshold of one another. Thus, the range of PAMP-DAMP partnerships defines the course of inflammation, in a predictable manner, in an 'inflammatory code'. The definition of relevant PAMP-DAMP complexes is important for the understanding of inflammatory disorders in general, and of cancer in particular. Here, we review relevant findings that support the notion of a PAMP-DAMP-based inflammatory code, with emphasis on cancer immunology and immunotherapy.
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Sensitive detection of viral transcripts in human tumor transcriptomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003228. [PMID: 24098097 PMCID: PMC3789765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In excess of % of human cancer incidents have a viral cofactor. Epidemiological studies of idiopathic human cancers indicate that additional tumor viruses remain to be discovered. Recent advances in sequencing technology have enabled systematic screenings of human tumor transcriptomes for viral transcripts. However, technical problems such as low abundances of viral transcripts in large volumes of sequencing data, viral sequence divergence, and homology between viral and human factors significantly confound identification of tumor viruses. We have developed a novel computational approach for detecting viral transcripts in human cancers that takes the aforementioned confounding factors into account and is applicable to a wide variety of viruses and tumors. We apply the approach to conducting the first systematic search for viruses in neuroblastoma, the most common cancer in infancy. The diverse clinical progression of this disease as well as related epidemiological and virological findings are highly suggestive of a pathogenic cofactor. However, a viral etiology of neuroblastoma is currently contested. We mapped transcriptomes of neuroblastoma as well as positive and negative controls to the human and all known viral genomes in order to detect both known and unknown viruses. Analysis of controls, comparisons with related methods, and statistical estimates demonstrate the high sensitivity of our approach. Detailed investigation of putative viral transcripts within neuroblastoma samples did not provide evidence for the existence of any known human viruses. Likewise, de-novo assembly and analysis of chimeric transcripts did not result in expression signatures associated with novel human pathogens. While confounding factors such as sample dilution or viral clearance in progressed tumors may mask viral cofactors in the data, in principle, this is rendered less likely by the high sensitivity of our approach and the number of biological replicates analyzed. Therefore, our results suggest that frequent viral cofactors of metastatic neuroblastoma are unlikely. Many human cancers are caused by infections with tumor viruses and identification of these pathogens is considered a critical contribution to cancer prevention. Deep sequencing enables us to systematically investigate viral nucleotide signatures in order to either verify or exclude the existence of viruses in idiopathic human cancers. We have developed Virana, a novel computational approach for identifying tumor viruses in human cancers that is applicable to a wide variety of tumors and viruses. Virana firstly addresses several important biological confounding factors that may hinder successful detection of these pathogens. We applied our approach in the first systematic search for cancer-causing viruses in metastatic neuroblastoma, the most common form of cancer in infancy. Although the heterogeneous clinical progression of this disease as well as epidemiological and virological findings are suggestive of a pathogenic cofactor, the viral etiology of neuroblastoma is currently contested. We conducted an analysis of experimental controls, comparisons with related approaches, as well as statistical analyses in order to validate our method. In spite of the high sensitivity of our approach, analyses of neuroblastoma transcriptomes did not provide evidence for the existence of any known or unknown human viruses. Our results therefore suggest that frequent viral cofactors of metastatic neuroblastoma are unlikely.
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Mendes M, Pérez-Hernandez D, Vázquez J, Coelho AV, Cunha C. Proteomic changes in HEK-293 cells induced by hepatitis delta virus replication. J Proteomics 2013; 89:24-38. [PMID: 23770296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection greatly increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus chronically infected patients. HDV is highly dependent on host factors for accomplishment of the replication cycle. However, these factors are largely unknown and the mechanisms involved in the pathogenicity of the virus still remain elusive. Here, we made use of the HEK-293 cell line, which was engineered in order to mimic HDV replication. Five different proteomes were analyzed and compared using a MS-based quantitative proteomics approach by (18)O/(16)O stable isotope labeling. About 3000 proteins were quantified and 89 found to be differentially expressed as a consequence HDV RNA replication. The down-regulation of p53 , HSPE, and ELAV as well as the up-regulation of Transportin 1 , EIF3D, and Cofilin 1 were validated by Western blot. A systems biology approach was additionally used to analyze altered pathways and networks. The G2/M DNA damage checkpoint and pyruvate metabolism were among the most affected pathways, and Cancer was the most likely disease associated to HDV replication. Western blot analysis allowed identifying 14-3-3 σ interactor as down-regulated protein acting in the G2/M cell cycle control checkpoint. This evidence supports deregulation of G2/M checkpoint as a possible mechanism involved in the promotion of HDV associated hepatocellular carcinoma. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript provides a description of changes observed in the cellular proteome that arise as result of expression of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) antigen as well as virus genome replication. Using a systems biology approach cancer was found to be the most probable disease associated with HDV replication. Additionally, results show that HDV alters the regulation of G2/M cell cycle control checkpoint. Taken together, our data provide new insights into probable mechanisms associated with the increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma observed in HDV infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mendes
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Cegolon L, Salata C, Weiderpass E, Vineis P, Palù G, Mastrangelo G. Human endogenous retroviruses and cancer prevention: evidence and prospects. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:4. [PMID: 23282240 PMCID: PMC3557136 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a significant and growing problem worldwide. While this increase may, in part, be attributed to increasing longevity, improved case notifications and risk-enhancing lifestyle (such as smoking, diet and obesity), hygiene-related factors resulting in immuno-regulatory failure may also play a major role and call for a revision of vaccination strategies to protect against a range of cancers in addition to infections. Discussion Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are a significant component of a wider family of retroelements that constitutes part of the human genome. They were originated by the integration of exogenous retroviruses into the human genome millions of years ago. HERVs are estimated to comprise about 8% of human DNA and are ubiquitous in somatic and germinal tissues. Physiologic and pathologic processes are influenced by some biologically active HERV families. HERV antigens are only expressed at low levels by the host, but in circumstances of inappropriate control their genes may initiate or maintain pathological processes. Although the precise mechanism leading to abnormal HERVs gene expression has yet to be clearly elucidated, environmental factors seem to be involved by influencing the human immune system. HERV-K expression has been detected in different types of tumors. Among the various human endogenous retroviral families, the K series was the latest acquired by the human species. Probably because of its relatively recent origin, the HERV-K is the most complete and biologically active family. The abnormal expression of HERV-K seemingly triggers pathological processes leading to melanoma onset, but also contributes to the morphological and functional cellular modifications implicated in melanoma maintenance and progression. The HERV-K-MEL antigen is encoded by a pseudo-gene incorporated in the HERV-K env-gene. HERV-K-MEL is significantly expressed in the majority of dysplastic and normal naevi, as well as other tumors like sarcoma, lymphoma, bladder and breast cancer. An amino acid sequence similar to HERV-K-MEL, recognized to cause a significant protective effect against melanoma, is shared by the antigenic determinants expressed by some vaccines such as BCG, vaccinia virus and the yellow fever virus. HERV-K are also reactivated in the majority of human breast cancers. Monoclonal and single-chain antibodies against the HERV-K Env protein recently proved capable of blocking the proliferation of human breast cancer cells in vitro, inhibiting tumor growth in mice bearing xenograft tumors. Summary A recent epidemiological study provided provisional evidence of how melanoma risk could possibly be reduced if the yellow fever virus vaccine (YFV) were received at least 10 years before, possibly preventing tumor initiation rather than culling melanoma cells already compromised. Further research is recommended to confirm the temporal pattern of this protection and eliminate/attenuate the potential role of relevant confounders as socio-economic status and other vaccinations. It appears also appropriate to examine the potential protective effect of YFV against other malignancies expressing high levels of HERV-K antigens, namely breast cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma and bladder cancer. Tumor immune-therapy, as described for the monoclonal antibodies against breast cancer, is indeed considered more complex and less advantageous than immune-prevention. Cellular immunity possibly triggered by vaccines as for YFV might also be involved in anti-cancer response, in addition to humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cegolon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua University, Padua, Italy.
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