1
|
Zhu H, Chen S, Yang T, Hu X, Cai W, Wang X, He J, Luo Y. Comparative efficiency of different polyol-based deep eutectic solvents for chitin extraction from lobster shells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134425. [PMID: 39097065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared from choline chloride, lactic acid, and one of the four polyols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol) were compared and assessed for their effectiveness in extracting chitin from lobster shells. Our results revealed that as the number of hydroxyl groups in polyols increased, the hydrogen bond network within the DESs became denser. However, this led to a corresponding increase in viscosity, which impacted the efficiency of chitin extraction. Among all prepared DESs, choline chloride-lactic acid/glycerol (CCLaGly) exhibited superior extractive ability, resulting in the extraction of pure chitin from lobster shells. The purity, crystallinity, and molecular weight of the extracted chitin using CCLaGly DES were comparable to those of chemically-isolated chitin, with purity reaching 94.76 ± 0.33 %, crystallinity at 78.78 %, and a molecular weight of 655 kDa. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of the DES-extracted chitins were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. This study conducted a comparative analysis of polyol effects on chitin extraction from lobster shells, thereby opening a promising avenue for the utilization of various crustacean shells in sustainable biomaterial production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Zhu
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States
| | - Sunni Chen
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States
| | - Tiangang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Xing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wudan Cai
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States; College of Food Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Yangchao Luo
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Afifah N, Sarifudin A, Purwanto WW, Krisanti EA, Mulia K. Glucomannan isolation from porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) flour using natural deep eutectic solvents and ethanol: A comparative study. Food Chem 2024; 453:139610. [PMID: 38761726 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Ethanol is a common solvent to isolate glucomannan from porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) flour (NPF). This study investigated the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) in glucomannan isolation from NPF. NADESs formed by the hydrogen bond acceptors (choline chloride and betaine) and the hydrogen bond donors (glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, formic acid, and acetic acid) in varying molar ratios of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 were characterized to optimize glucomannan isolation. The results showed that higher molar ratios of NADES tended to yield porang glucomannan flour (PGF) with higher glucomannan content and viscosity. The gel of PGF exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. The FTIR spectra indicated that betaine-based NADES removed the acetyl groups from glucomannan chains. The PGF obtained from NADESs with a molar ratio of 1:4 was comparable to those obtained from ethanol with a glucomannan content of 87.34 %-93.28 % and a weight-average molecular weight of 9.12 × 105-1.20 × 106 g/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nok Afifah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia; Research Center for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Achmat Sarifudin
- Research Center for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | | | - Elsa Anisa Krisanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Kamarza Mulia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang M, Zhong Y, Lv R, Miao J, Duan S. Activities of proteases in deep eutectic solvents and removal of protein from chitin by subtilisin A in betaine/glycerol. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122165. [PMID: 38710577 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This research intended to remove residual protein from chitin with proteases in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The activities of some proteases in several DESs, including choline chloride/p-toluenesulfonic acid, betaine/glycerol (Bet/G), choline chloride/malic acid, choline chloride/lactic acid, and choline chloride/urea, which are capable of dissolving chitin, were tested, and only in Bet/G some proteases were found to be active, with subtilisin A, ficin, and bromelain showing higher activity than other proteases. However, the latter two proteases caused degradation of chitin molecules. Further investigation revealed that subtilisin A in Bet/G did not exhibit "pH memory", which is a universal characteristic displayed by enzymes dispersed in organic phases, and the catalytic characteristics of subtilisin A in Bet/G differed significantly from those in aqueous phase. The conditions for protein removal from chitin by subtilisin A in Bet/G were determined: Chitin dissolved in Bet/G with 0.5 % subtilisin A (442.0 U/mg, based on the mass of chitin) was hydrolyzed at 45 °C for 30 min. The residual protein content in chitin decreased from 5.75 % ± 0.10 % to 1.01 % ± 0.12 %, improving protein removal by 57.20 % compared with protein removal obtained by Bet/G alone. The crystallinity and deacetylation degrees of chitin remained unchanged after the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City 510642, China
| | - Yanhua Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City 510642, China
| | - Ranhui Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City 510642, China
| | - Jianyin Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City 510642, China
| | - Shan Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giraldo JD, García Y, Vera M, Garrido-Miranda KA, Andrade-Acuña D, Marrugo KP, Rivas BL, Schoebitz M. Alternative processes to produce chitin, chitosan, and their oligomers. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121924. [PMID: 38431399 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable recovery of chitin and its derivatives from shellfish waste will be achieved when the industrial production of these polymers is achieved with a high control of their molecular structure, low costs, and acceptable levels of pollution. Therefore, the conventional chemical method for obtaining these biopolymers needs to be replaced or optimized. The goal of the present review is to ascertain what alternative methods are viable for the industrial-scale production of chitin, chitosan, and their oligomers. Therefore, a detailed review of recent literature was undertaken, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The analysis of the existing data allows suggesting that combining conventional, biological, and alternative methods is the most efficient strategy to achieve sustainable production, preventing negative impacts and allowing for the recovery of high added-value compounds from shellfish waste. In conclusion, a new process for obtaining chitinous materials is suggested, with the potential of reducing the consumption of reagents, energy, and water by at least 1/10, 1/4, and 1/3 part with respect to the conventional process, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Giraldo
- Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Balneario Pelluco, Los Pinos s/n, Chile.
| | - Yadiris García
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Myleidi Vera
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karla A Garrido-Miranda
- Center of Waste Management and Bioenergy, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile; Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA), Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Daniela Andrade-Acuña
- Centro de Docencia Superior en Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n. Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Kelly P Marrugo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Bernabé L Rivas
- Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción 4080871, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Campus Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biofilms and Environmental Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Charii H, Boussetta A, Benali K, Essifi K, Mennani M, Benhamou AA, El Zakhem H, Sehaqui H, El Achaby M, Grimi N, Boutoial K, Ablouh EH, Moubarik A. Phosphorylated chitin from shrimp shell waste: A robust solution for cadmium remediation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131855. [PMID: 38679259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, chitin (CT) was isolated from shrimp shell waste (SSW) and was then phosphorylated using diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) as a phosphorylating agent in the presence of urea. The prepared samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and EDX-element mapping, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA/DTG), conductometric titration, Degree of Substitution (DS) and contact angle measurements. The results of characterization techniques reveal the successful extraction and phosphorylation of chitin. The charge content of the phosphorylated chitin (P-CT) was 1.510 mmol·kg-1, the degree of substitution of phosphorus groups grafted on the CT surface achieved the value of 0.33. The adsorption mechanisms appeared to involve electrostatic attachment, specific adsorption (CdO or hydroxyl binding), and ion exchange. Regarding the adsorption of Cd2+, the effect of the adsorbent mass, initial concentration of Cd2+, contact time, pH, and temperature were studied in batch experiments, and optimum values for each parameter were identified. The experimental results revealed that P-CT enhanced the Cd2+ removal capacity by 17.5 %. The kinetic analyses favored the pseudo-second-order model over the pseudo-first-order model for describing the adsorption process accurately. Langmuir model aptly represented the adsorption isotherms, suggesting unimolecular layer adsorption with a maximum capacity of 62.71 mg·g-1 under optimal conditions of 30 °C, 120 min, pH 8, and a P-CT dose of 3 g·L-1. Regeneration experiments evidenced that P-CT can be used for 6 cycles without significant removal capacity loss. Consequently, P-CT presents an efficient and cost-effective potential biosorbent for Cd2+ removal in wastewater treatment applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Charii
- Chemical Processes and Applied Materials Laboratory, Poly disciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 592 Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Abdelghani Boussetta
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Kamal Benali
- Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering Department (CBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Kamal Essifi
- Coordination and Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Mennani
- Chemical Processes and Applied Materials Laboratory, Poly disciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 592 Beni-Mellal, Morocco; Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Anass Ait Benhamou
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Henri El Zakhem
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Balamand, POBox 33, Amioun, El Koura, Lebanon
| | - Houssine Sehaqui
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Mounir El Achaby
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Nabil Grimi
- Sorbonne University, University of Technology of Compiegne, Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter Laboratory (UTC/ESCOM, EA 4297 TIMR), Royally Research Centre, CS 60 319, 60 203 Compiegne Cedex, France
| | - Khalid Boutoial
- Laboratory of the Engineering and Applied Technologies, Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University Higher School of Technology, Mghila University Campus, Pb 591, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - El-Houssaine Ablouh
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.
| | - Amine Moubarik
- Chemical Processes and Applied Materials Laboratory, Poly disciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 592 Beni-Mellal, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tsegay ZT, Agriopoulou S, Chaari M, Smaoui S, Varzakas T. Statistical Tools to Optimize the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Byproducts. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:182. [PMID: 38667799 PMCID: PMC11050780 DOI: 10.3390/md22040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Techniques for extracting important bioactive molecules from seafood byproducts, viz., bones, heads, skin, frames, fins, shells, guts, and viscera, are receiving emphasis due to the need for better valorization. Employing green extraction technologies for efficient and quality production of these bioactive molecules is also strictly required. Hence, understanding the extraction process parameters to effectively design an applicable optimization strategy could enable these improvements. In this review, statistical optimization strategies applied for the extraction process parameters of obtaining bioactive molecules from seafood byproducts are focused upon. The type of experimental designs and techniques applied to criticize and validate the effects of independent variables on the extraction output are addressed. Dominant parameters studied were the enzyme/substrate ratio, pH, time, temperature, and power of extraction instruments. The yield of bioactive compounds, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, enzymes, gelatine, collagen, chitin, vitamins, polyphenolic constituents, carotenoids, etc., were the most studied responses. Efficiency and/or economic and quality considerations and their selected optimization strategies that favor the production of potential bioactive molecules were also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenebe Tadesse Tsegay
- Department of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia;
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Moufida Chaari
- Laboratory of Microbial and Enzymatic Biotechnologies and Biomolecules, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial and Enzymatic Biotechnologies and Biomolecules, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rossi N, Grosso C, Delerue-Matos C. Shrimp Waste Upcycling: Unveiling the Potential of Polysaccharides, Proteins, Carotenoids, and Fatty Acids with Emphasis on Extraction Techniques and Bioactive Properties. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:153. [PMID: 38667770 PMCID: PMC11051396 DOI: 10.3390/md22040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Shrimp processing generates substantial waste, which is rich in valuable components such as polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization of shrimp waste, mainly shrimp shells, focusing on extraction methods, bioactivities, and potential applications of these bioactive compounds. Various extraction techniques, including chemical extraction, microbial fermentation, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and pressurized techniques are discussed, highlighting their efficacy in isolating polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids from shrimp waste. Additionally, the bioactivities associated with these compounds, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, among others, are elucidated, underscoring their potential in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. Furthermore, the review explores current and potential utilization avenues for these bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management and circular economy principles in maximizing the value of shrimp waste. Overall, this review paper aims to provide insights into the multifaceted aspects of shrimp waste valorization, offering valuable information for researchers, industries, and policymakers interested in sustainable resource utilization and waste-management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (N.R.); (C.D.-M.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang L, Zhan B, Yan L. Preparation of nanochitin using deep eutectic solvents. iScience 2024; 27:109312. [PMID: 38496292 PMCID: PMC10943438 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an abundant and renewable non-wood biopolymer. Nanochitin is formed by the assembly of chitin molecules, which has the advantages of large tensile strength, high specific surface area, and biodegradability, so it has been widely used. However, the traditional methods of preparing nanochitin have many drawbacks. As the new generation of green solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been successfully applied in the fields of chitin dissolution, extraction, and nanochitin preparation. In this review, the relevant knowledge of chitin, nanochitin, and DESs was first introduced. Then, the application status of DESs in the fields of chitin was summarized, with a focus on the preparation of nanochitin using DESs. In conclusion, this review provided a comprehensive analysis of the published literature and proposed insights and development trends in the field of preparation of nanochitin using DESs, aiming to provide guidance and assistance for future researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai road, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Boxiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai road, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai road, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ozel N, Elibol M. Chitin and chitosan from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) using deep eutectic solvents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130110. [PMID: 38346624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, chitin was isolated from a mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) using deep eutectic solvents, choline chloride: acetic acid (CCAA), choline chloride:lactic acid (CCLA) and choline chloride:glycerol (CCG). According to the results, three DES systems were also useful for the isolation of chitin from mushrooms. The deproteinization efficiency was 84.25 %. The degree of deacetylation of chitin isolated by microwave-assisted extraction using CCAA was 69 %. This result was promising to produce chitosan in a one-step, base-free process using deep eutectic solvents. FTIR, XRD, SEM and XPS were used to analyse the physicochemical properties of the chitin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ozel
- Ege University, Bioengineering Department, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Elibol
- Ege University, Bioengineering Department, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, Ma Z, Song L, Farag MA. Maximizing crustaceans (shrimp, crab, and lobster) by-products value for optimum valorization practices: A comparative review of their active ingredients, extraction, bioprocesses and applications. J Adv Res 2024; 57:59-76. [PMID: 37931655 PMCID: PMC10918363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The processing of the three major crustaceans (shrimp, lobster, and crab) is associated with inevitable by-products, high waste disposal costs, environmental and human health issues, loss of multiple biomaterials (chitin, protein hydrolysates, lipids, astaxanthin and minerals). Nowadays, these bioresources are underutilized owing to the lack of effective and standardized technologies to convert these materials into valued industrial forms. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to provide a holistic overview of the various bioactive ingredients and applications within major crustaceans by-products. This review aims to compare various extraction methods in crustaceans by-products, which will aid identify a more workable platform to minimize waste disposal and maximize its value for best valorization practices. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The fully integrated applications (agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, paper industries, etc.) of multiple biomaterials from crustaceans by-products are presented. The pros and cons of the various extraction methods, including chemical (acid and alkali), bioprocesses (enzymatic or fermentation), physical (microwave, ultrasound, hot water and carbonic acid process), solvent (ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, EDTA) and electrochemistry are detailed. The rapid development of corresponding biotechnological attempts present a simple, fast, effective, clean, and controllable bioprocess for the comprehensive utilization of crustacean waste that has yet to be applied at an industrial level. One feasible way for best valorization practices is to combine innovative extraction techniques with industrially applicable technologies to efficiently recover these valuable components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenmin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini st., Cairo P.B. 11562, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu L, Zhou R, Chen F, Wang Z, Fan Y. Facile preparation of re-dispersible/amphoteric nanochitin powder via choline chloride/propanedioic composite for stabilizing Pickering emulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128474. [PMID: 38029900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Choline chloride (ChCl)/propanedioic acid (PA) based hydrated composites are synthesized for producing nanochitins from crab shell in this work. The yield of nanochitin remains higher than 75 %, even if the water content reaches 80 %. ChCl is found necessary for the successful nano-fibrillation of chitin. However, PA contributes more to the yield improvement of nanochitin. ChCl mediated PA hydrolysis leads to the successful grafting of carboxyl groups in nanochitins, contributing to its amphoteric dispersed nature. After salt-induced separation and freeze-drying treatment, dried nanochitin powder can be prepared and found to disperse well either in acidic or alkaline suspension, exhibiting efficient drying/redispersion performance. The well amphoteric and drying/redispersion nature both benefit the facile preparation of nanochitin-based Pickering emulsions. For Pickering emulsion prepared under different pH, creaming only appears under acidic conditions (pH 3) for which the creaming index reaches 10.56 % after 30 days of storage. No obvious de-emulsification can be observed under pH 7 and 10. The efficient amphoteric and drying/redispersion nature together with the simplified preparation process of nanochitins are believed to facilitate the processing and practical applications of nanochitin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Rui Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Feier Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rajendran S, Muthusamy M. Exploring the purity of chitin from crustacean sources using deep eutectic solvents: A machine learning approach. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2024; 22:22808000241248887. [PMID: 38742818 DOI: 10.1177/22808000241248887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chitin a natural polymer is abundant in several sources such as shells of crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and fungi. Several possible attempts have been made to recover chitin because of its importance in biomedical applications in various forms such as hydrogel, nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanowires, etc. Among them, deep eutectic solvents have gained much consideration because of their eco-friendly and recyclable nature. However, several factors need to be addressed to obtain a pure form of chitin with a high yield. The development of an innovative system for the production of quality chitin is of prime importance and is still challenging. METHODS The present study intended to develop a novel and robust approach to investigate chitin purity from various crustacean shell wastes using deep eutectic solvents. This investigation will assist in envisaging the important influencing parameters to obtain a pure form of chitin via a machine learning approach. Different machine learning algorithms have been proposed to model chitin purity by considering the enormous experimental dataset retrieved from previously conducted experiments. Several input variables have been selected to assess chitin purity as the output variable. RESULTS The statistical criteria of the proposed model have been critically investigated and it was observed that the results indicate XGBoost has the maximum predictive accuracy of 0.95 compared with other selected models. The RMSE and MAE values were also minimal in the XGBoost model. In addition, it revealed better input variables to obtain pure chitin with minimal processing time. CONCLUSION This study validates that machine learning paves the way for complex problems with substantial datasets and can be an inexpensive and time-saving model for analyzing chitin purity from crustacean shells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasireka Rajendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang J, Mohd Said F, Jing Z. Hydrogels based on seafood chitin: From extraction to the development. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126482. [PMID: 37640188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is extensively applied in vast applications due to its excellent biological properties, such as biodegradable and non-toxic. About 50 % of waste generated during seafood processing is chitin. Conventionally, chitin is extracted via chemical method. However, it has many shortcomings. Many novel extraction methods have emerged, including enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, ultrasonic or microwave-assisted, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents. Chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their excellent properties. Nevertheless, they all have many limitations. Therefore, the preparation and application of chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels are still facing great challenges. This review focuses on the challenges and prospects for sustainable chitin extraction from seafood waste and the preparation and application of chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels. First section summarizes the mechanism and application of several methods of extracting chitin. The different extraction methods were evaluated from the aspects of yield, degree of acetylation, and protein and mineral residuals. The shortcomings of the extraction methods are also discussed. Next section summarizes the preparation and application of chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels. Overall, we hope this mini-review can provide a practical reference for selecting chitin extraction methods from seafood and applying chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Farhan Mohd Said
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Zhanxin Jing
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088 Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Egi Y, Kadokawa JI. Synthesis of Mixed Chitin Esters via Acylation of Chitin in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2023; 28:8132. [PMID: 38138620 PMCID: PMC10745496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient derivatization methods of chitin, such as acylation, has been identified to confer new properties and functions to chitin. In this study, we investigate the synthesis of mixed chitin esters via the acylation of chitin in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) comprising 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolum chloride and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine based on a previous study that reported the development of efficient acylation of chitin in the DES to obtain single chitin esters. A stearoyl group was selected as the first substituent, which was combined with several bulky acyl and long oleoyl groups as the second substituents. After dissolution of chitin in the DES (2 wt%), the acylation reactions were conducted using stearoyl and the desired acyl chlorides for 1 h + 24 h at 100 °C in the resulting solutions. The IR and 1H NMR spectra of the isolated products confirmed the structures of mixed chitin esters with two different substituents. The substituent ratios in the derivatives, which were estimated via the 1H NMR analysis, were changed according to the feed ratios of two acyl chlorides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gulzar S, Tagrida M, Prodpran T, Li L, Benjakul S. Packaging films based on biopolymers from seafood processing wastes: Preparation, properties, and their applications for shelf-life extension of seafoods-A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4451-4483. [PMID: 37680068 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers derived from seafood processing byproducts are used to prepare active and biodegradable films as the packaging of food products. These films possess bioactivities to enhance the shelf life of packed foods by proactively releasing antimicrobial/antioxidative agents into the foods and providing sufficient barrier properties. Seafood processing byproducts are an eminent source of valuable compounds, including biopolymers and bioactive compounds. These biopolymers, including collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and muscle proteins, could be used to prepare robust and sustainable food packaging with some antimicrobial agents or antioxidants, for example, plant extracts rich in polyphenols or essential oils. These active packaging are not only biodegradable but also prevent the deterioration of packed foods caused by spoilage microorganisms as well as chemical deterioration. Seafood discards have a promising benefit for the development of environmentally friendly food packaging systems via the appropriate preparation methods or techniques. Therefore, the green packaging from seafood leftover can be better exploited and replace the synthetic counterpart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Gulzar
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mohamed Tagrida
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thummanoon Prodpran
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Bio-based Materials and Packaging Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Li Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee Unibersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang G, Hu Z, Wang Y, Mo H, Liu S, Hou X, Wu X, Jiang H, Fang Y. Engineering chitin deacetylase AsCDA for improving the catalytic efficiency towards crystalline chitin. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121123. [PMID: 37479438 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) catalyzing the deacetylation of crystal chitin is a crucial step in the biosynthesis of chitosan, and also a scientific problem to be solved, which restricts the high-value utilization of chitin resources. This study aims to improve the catalytic efficiency of AsCDA from Acinetobacter schindleri MCDA01 by a semi-rational design using alanine scanning mutagenesis and saturation mutagenesis. The quadruple mutant M11 displayed a 2.31 and 1.73-fold improvement in kcat/Km and specific activity over AsCDA, which can remove 68 % of the acetyl groups from α-chitin. Furthermore, structural analysis suggested that additional hydrogen bonds, contributing the flexibility of amino acids and increasing the negative charge in M11 increased the catalytic efficiency. The microstructure changes of α-chitin pretreated by the mutant M11 were observed and evaluated using 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD and SEM, and the results showed that M11 more efficiently catalyzed the release of acetyl groups from α-chitin. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the molecular modification of CDAs and accelerate the process of industrial production of chitosan by CDAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hongjuan Mo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yaowei Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wysokowski M, Luu RK, Arevalo S, Khare E, Stachowiak W, Niemczak M, Jesionowski T, Buehler MJ. Untapped Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Synthesis of Bioinspired Inorganic-Organic Materials. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:7878-7903. [PMID: 37840775 PMCID: PMC10568971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in 2003, significant progress has been made in the field, specifically advancing aspects of their preparation and physicochemical characterization. Their low-cost and unique tailored properties are reasons for their growing importance as a sustainable medium for the resource-efficient processing and synthesis of advanced materials. In this paper, the significance of these designer solvents and their beneficial features, in particular with respect to biomimetic materials chemistry, is discussed. Finally, this article explores the unrealized potential and advantageous aspects of DESs, focusing on the development of biomineralization-inspired hybrid materials. It is anticipated that this article can stimulate new concepts and advances providing a reference for breaking down the multidisciplinary borders in the field of bioinspired materials chemistry, especially at the nexus of computation and experiment, and to develop a rigorous materials-by-design paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rachel K. Luu
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sofia Arevalo
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eesha Khare
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Witold Stachowiak
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Niemczak
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center
for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Roy VC, Islam MR, Sadia S, Yeasmin M, Park JS, Lee HJ, Chun BS. Trash to Treasure: An Up-to-Date Understanding of the Valorization of Seafood By-Products, Targeting the Major Bioactive Compounds. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:485. [PMID: 37755098 PMCID: PMC10532690 DOI: 10.3390/md21090485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishery production is exponentially growing, and its by-products negatively impact industries' economic and environmental status. The large amount of bioactive micro- and macromolecules in fishery by-products, including lipids, proteins, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, carotenoids, enzymes, collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, and fucoidan, need to be utilized through effective strategies and proper management. Due to the bioactive and healthy compounds in fishery discards, these components can be used as functional food ingredients. Fishery discards have inorganic or organic value to add to or implement in various sectors (such as the agriculture, medical, and pharmaceutical industries). However, the best use of these postharvest raw materials for human welfare remains unelucidated in the scientific community. This review article describes the most useful techniques and methods, such as obtaining proteins and peptides, fatty acids, enzymes, minerals, and carotenoids, as well as collagen, gelatin, and polysaccharides such as chitin-chitosan and fucoidan, to ensure the best use of fishery discards. Marine-derived bioactive compounds have biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These high-value compounds are used in various industrial sectors, such as the food and cosmetic industries, owing to their unique functional and characteristic structures. This study aimed to determine the gap between misused fishery discards and their effects on the environment and create awareness for the complete valorization of fishery discards, targeting a sustainable world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Chandra Roy
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rakibul Islam
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Sultana Sadia
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Momota Yeasmin
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Jin-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hee-Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byung-Soo Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
From the problem to the solution: Chitosan valorization cycle. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 309:120674. [PMID: 36906370 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The problem of fisheries waste has increased in recent years and has become a global problem influenced by various biological, technical, operational and socioeconomic factors. In this context, the use of these residues as raw materials is a proven approach not only to reduce the crisis of unprecedented magnitude facing the oceans, but also to improve the management of marine resources and increase the competitiveness of the fisheries sector. However, the implementation of valorization strategies at the industrial level is being excessively slow, despite this great potential. Chitosan, a biopolymer extracted from shellfish waste, is a clear example of this because although countless chitosan-based products have been described for a wide variety of applications, commercial products are still limited. To address this drawback, it is essential to consolidate a "bluer" chitosan valorization cycle towards sustainability and circular economy. In this perspective we wanted to focus on the cycle of valorization of chitin, which allows to transform a waste product (chitin) into a material suitable for the development of useful products to solve the source of its origin as a waste product and pollutant; chitosan-based membranes for wastewater remediation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Evaluating the status quo of deep eutectic solvent in food chemistry. Potentials and limitations. Food Chem 2023; 406:135079. [PMID: 36463595 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventional organic solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) are widely used for extraction, reaction, and separation of valuable compounds. Although these solvents are effective, they have disadvantages, including flammability, toxicity, and persistence in the environment. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are valued for their biodegradability/low impact on the environment, low cost, and ease of manufacture. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of applications of DES in food chemistry, specifically in regard of extraction of polyphenols (e.g., anthocyanin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, resveratrol), protein, carbohydrates (e.g., chitin, pectins), lipids and lipid-soluble compounds (e.g., free fatty acids, astaxanthin, β-carotene, terpenoids), biosensor development, and use in food safety (pyrethroids, Sudan I, bisphenol A, Pb2+, Cd2+, etc.) over the past five years. A comprehensive analysis and discussion of DES types, preparation, structures, and influencing factors is provided. Furthermore, the potential and disadvantages of using DESs to extract biomolecules were assessed. We concluded that DES is a viable alternative for extracting polyphenols, carbohydrates, and lipids as well as use in food safety monitoring and biosensor development. However, more work is needed to address shortcomings, and determine whether using compounds extracted with DES can be consumed safely.
Collapse
|
21
|
Alimi BA, Pathania S, Wilson J, Duffy B, Frias JMC. Extraction, quantification, characterization, and application in food packaging of chitin and chitosan from mushroom: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124195. [PMID: 36972819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of chitin in food systems is limited by its insolubility in some common solvents and poor degradability. Hence, it is deacetylated to obtain chitosan, an industrially important derivative with excellent biological properties. Fungal-sourced chitosan is gaining prominence and industrial attraction because of its superior functional and biological properties, and vegan appeal. Further, the absence of such compounds as tropomyosin, myosin light chain, and arginine kinase, which are known to trigger allergic reactions, gives it an edge over marine-sourced chitosan in food and pharmaceutical applications. Mushrooms are macro-fungi with a significant content of chitin, with many authors reporting the highest content to be in the mushroom stalks. This indicates a great potential for the valorisation of a hitherto waste product. Hence, this review was written to provide a global summary of literature reports on the extraction and yield of chitin and chitosan from different fruiting parts of some species of mushroom, different methods used to quantify extracted chitin, as well as physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan from some mushroom species are presented. Critical comparisons of reports on chitin and chitosan from mushrooms and other sources are made. This report concludes with an exposition of the potential application of mushroom-sourced chitosan for food packaging application. The reports from this review provide a very positive outlook regarding the use of mushrooms as a sustainable source of chitin and chitosan and the subsequent application of chitosan as a functional component in food packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivani Pathania
- Food Industry Development Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin-15, Ireland
| | - Jude Wilson
- MBio, Monaghan Mushrooms, Tyholland, Co. Monaghan, Ireland
| | - Brendan Duffy
- Centre for Research in Engineering and Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Feng H, Wang Z, Sajab MS, Abdul PM, Ding G. A novel chitinous nanoparticles prepared and characterized with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) using steam flash explosion treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123210. [PMID: 36639077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of the use of steam flash explosion (SFE) to prepare chitinous nanoparticles from black soldier fly (BSF). SFE treatment was performed at a steam pressure of 0.45 to 1.60 MPa with a holding time of 60 s. As the pressure increased, the particle size of the chitinous particles decreased. Under SFE at 1.60 MPa, chitinous nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 59 to 162 nm were produced. SEM, AFM, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR, TGA, and DSC were used to characterize the BSF chitin materials. It was demonstrated that SFE treatment deacetylated chitin to obtain chitosan with 91.24 % deacetylation. In addition, the polymer backbone was maintained, and the degree of polymerization of chitosan nanoparticles was reduced. The activity of the cationic groups of chitosan nanoparticles was improved, thereby enhancing the temperature sensitivity of the polymeric material. It can be concluded that the SFE one-step processing method is a simple and efficient way to prepare homogeneous biomaterial nanoparticles. This study has implications for the development of chitosan nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Zifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Gausu Tech Innovation Center of Animal, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Mohd Shaiful Sajab
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peer Mohamed Abdul
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gongtao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Gausu Tech Innovation Center of Animal, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang H, Zhang H, Liu L, Ma K, Huang J, Zhang J. Design and experimental study on closed-loop process of preparing chitosan from crab shells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023. [PMID: 36807387 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to design a green and comprehensive utilization process for preparing chitosan from crab shells. Glutamate acid was used as a decalcifying agent for crab shells, and the mixed solution of potassium hydroxide/isopropanol was used for deproteinization and deacetylation to prepare chitosan. Glutamic acid and isopropanol could be recovered for recycling. At the same time, calcium carbonate and protein in crab shells were converted into calcium hydrogen phosphate and compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively. The prepared chitosan was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and its deacetylation degree and viscosity average molecular weight were 88.7% ± 0.68% and 792.1 ± 10.82 kDa, respectively. The recoveries of glutamic acid and isopropanol were 95.56% ± 1.39% and 88.14% ± 1.13%, respectively. The prepared chitosan has large molecular weight and deacetylation degree, controllable production cost, comprehensive utilization of crab shell components, and greatly reduced waste emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Wang
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huien Zhang
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Liu
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kunqin Ma
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinqin Huang
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Menthol and Fatty Acid-Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as Media for Enzyme Activation. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aims to provide insights into the biological efficacy of a newly formed hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES). A DES based on menthol was successfully synthesized with fatty acids. The DESs’ properties as enzyme activators were examined against a neat counterpart. The menthol:decanoic acid (1:1) combination showed improved thermal stability, strong catalytic activity, and reusability for up to four subsequent cycles under ideal conditions (pH 7.0, 40 °C for 2 h). The hydrophobic DES replaced hexane in ester synthesis, where RNL@DES5 showed better fatty acid conversion compared to neat RNL. This study demonstrated promising applications of hydrophobic DESs in non-aqueous organic reactions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu J, Xu S, Goksen G, Yi C, Shao P. Chitosan films plasticized with choline-based deep eutectic solvents: UV shielding, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
|
26
|
Ali MS, Ho TC, Razack SA, Haq M, Roy VC, Park JS, Kang HW, Chun BS. Oligochitosan recovered from shrimp shells through subcritical water hydrolysis: Molecular size reduction and biological activities. J Supercrit Fluids 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
27
|
Dong Q, Qiu W, Li L, Tao N, Liang Wang A, Deng S, Jin Y. Extraction of Chitin from White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Shells Using Binary Ionic Liquid Mixtures. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
28
|
Chemical Compositions, Extraction Optimizations, and In Vitro Bioactivities of Flavonoids from Perilla Leaves ( Perillae folium) by Microwave-Assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010104. [PMID: 36670966 PMCID: PMC9855092 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have been gradually applied to green extraction of active ingredients. In this study, microwave-assisted NADESs were applied to the extraction of flavonoid compounds from perilla leaves. Through comparative experiments, NADES-3 (choline chloride and malic acid at a molar ratio of 1:1) was found to have the highest extraction efficiency of total flavonoids, including apigenin 7-O-caffeoylglucoside, scutellarein 7-O-diglucuronide, luteolin 7-O-diglucuronide, and scutellarein 7-O-glucuronide by HPLC-MS. The following optimal extraction parameters were obtained based on response surface design: water content in NADES of 23%, extraction power of 410 W, extraction time of 31 min, and solid-liquid ratio of 75 mg/mL, leading to the extraction yield of total flavonoids of 72.54 mg/g. Additionally, the strong antimicrobial and antiallergic activity, inhibition of nitrosation, and antioxidant activity of total flavonoids by using NADESs were confirmed. This new extraction method provides a reference for the further exploration of NADES systems and may be widely used for the green extraction of natural active ingredients.
Collapse
|
29
|
McReynolds C, Adrien A, Petitpas A, Rubatat L, Fernandes SCM. Double Valorization for a Discard-α-Chitin and Calcium Lactate Production from the Crab Polybius henslowii Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent Approach. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:717. [PMID: 36421995 PMCID: PMC9695577 DOI: 10.3390/md20110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polybius henslowii, an abundant yet unexploited species of swimming crab, was investigated as a potential source of α-chitin and calcium lactate using deep eutectic solvents (DES) as extracting solvents. Choline chloride-malonic acid (CCMA) and choline chloride-lactic acid (CCLA) were used to obtain high purity α-chitin from ball-milled P. henslowii exoskeleton in 2 h at 120 °C, with yields of 12.05 ± 2.54% and 12.8 ± 1.54%, respectively. The physical and chemical characteristics of the obtained chitins were assessed using CHN elemental analysis, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the CCLA solvent was reusable three times with little effect on the extract purity, and calcium lactate was produced at the end of the recycling cycles. The ensuing calcium lactate was also characterized in terms of chemical and physical properties. The obtained chitin is a promising raw material for downstream processing and the double valorization pathway with the obtention of calcium salts may increase the viability of a DES-based approach for the processing of mineralized substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin McReynolds
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, IPREM, CNRS, 64 600 Anglet, France
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Amandine Adrien
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, IPREM, CNRS, 64 600 Anglet, France
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Arnaud Petitpas
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, IPREM, CNRS, 64 600 Anglet, France
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Laurent Rubatat
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, IPREM, CNRS, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, IPREM, CNRS, 64 600 Anglet, France
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chitin, Chitosan, and Nanochitin: Extraction, Synthesis, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193989. [PMID: 36235937 PMCID: PMC9571330 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustacean shells are a sustainable source of chitin. Extracting chitin from crustacean shells is ongoing research, much of which is devoted to devising a sustainable process that yields high-quality chitin with minimal waste. Chemical and biological methods have been used extensively for this purpose; more recently, methods based on ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have been explored. Extracted chitin can be converted into chitosan or nanochitin. Once chitin is obtained and modified into the desired form, it can be used in a wide array of applications, including as a filler material, in adsorbents, and as a component in biomaterials, among others. Describing the extraction of chitin, synthesis of chitosan and nanochitin, and applications of these materials is the aim of this review. The first section of this review summarizes and compares common chitin extraction methods, highlighting the benefits and shortcomings of each, followed by descriptions of methods to convert chitin into chitosan and nanochitin. The second section of this review discusses some of the wide range of applications of chitin and its derivatives.
Collapse
|
31
|
High-performance triboelectric nanogenerator based on chitin for mechanical-energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
32
|
Bai L, Liu L, Esquivel M, Tardy BL, Huan S, Niu X, Liu S, Yang G, Fan Y, Rojas OJ. Nanochitin: Chemistry, Structure, Assembly, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11604-11674. [PMID: 35653785 PMCID: PMC9284562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a fascinating biopolymer found in living organisms, fulfills current demands of availability, sustainability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, functionality, and renewability. A feature of chitin is its ability to structure into hierarchical assemblies, spanning the nano- and macroscales, imparting toughness and resistance (chemical, biological, among others) to multicomponent materials as well as adding adaptability, tunability, and versatility. Retaining the inherent structural characteristics of chitin and its colloidal features in dispersed media has been central to its use, considering it as a building block for the construction of emerging materials. Top-down chitin designs have been reported and differentiate from the traditional molecular-level, bottom-up synthesis and assembly for material development. Such topics are the focus of this Review, which also covers the origins and biological characteristics of chitin and their influence on the morphological and physical-chemical properties. We discuss recent achievements in the isolation, deconstruction, and fractionation of chitin nanostructures of varying axial aspects (nanofibrils and nanorods) along with methods for their modification and assembly into functional materials. We highlight the role of nanochitin in its native architecture and as a component of materials subjected to multiscale interactions, leading to highly dynamic and functional structures. We introduce the most recent advances in the applications of nanochitin-derived materials and industrialization efforts, following green manufacturing principles. Finally, we offer a critical perspective about the adoption of nanochitin in the context of advanced, sustainable materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Liang Liu
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals,
College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Marianelly Esquivel
- Polymer
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Siqi Huan
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xun Niu
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Guihua Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of
Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals,
College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Green and eco-friendly approaches for the extraction of chitin and chitosan: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
34
|
Pellis A, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Chitosan: Sources, Processing and Modification Techniques. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070393. [PMID: 35877478 PMCID: PMC9322947 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine, is derived from chitin. Chitin is found in cell walls of crustaceans, fungi, insects and in some algae, microorganisms, and some invertebrate animals. Chitosan is emerging as a very important raw material for the synthesis of a wide range of products used for food, medical, pharmaceutical, health care, agriculture, industry, and environmental pollution protection. This review, in line with the focus of this special issue, provides the reader with (1) an overview on different sources of chitin, (2) advances in techniques used to extract chitin and converting it into chitosan, (3) the importance of the inherent characteristics of the chitosan from different sources that makes them suitable for specific applications and, finally, (4) briefly summarizes ways of tailoring chitosan for specific applications. The review also presents the influence of the degree of acetylation (DA) and degree of deacetylation (DDA), molecular weight (Mw) on the physicochemical and biological properties of chitosan, acid-base behavior, biodegradability, solubility, reactivity, among many other properties that determine processability and suitability for specific applications. This is intended to help guide researchers select the right chitosan raw material for their specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pellis
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy;
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gibson Stephen Nyanhongo
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg P.O. Box 17011, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Efficient extraction of chitin from crustacean waste via a novel ternary natural deep eutectic solvents. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
36
|
Guo M, Wei X, Chen S, Xiao J, Huang D. Enhancing nonspecific enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin to oligosaccharides pretreated by acid and green solvents under simultaneous microwave-radiation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:631-641. [PMID: 35413325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is hard to degrade untreated highly crystalline chitin. In this study, two solvents pretreatment chitin (acid swollen chitin (AC), super fine chitin (FC)) and microwave-heating method were used to enhance nonspecific enzymatic hydrolysis (lysozyme and pepsin), which obviously improved the enzymolysis rates by at least 1.31 times. Characterizations of chitin substrates (Mv, SEM, XRD) showed that calcium solvent pretreatment (obtained FC) was milder but effective than phosphoric acid pretreatment (obtained AC). The highest yield of chitin oligosaccharides (37.58 mg/g) were obtained after hydrolyzing AC under five-hour simultaneous microwave radiation by pepsin, among them, the content of N-acetylglucosamine was 13.76 mg/g. While, more chitin oligosaccharides with DP (degree of polymerization) 3-4 and lower DA (degree of acetylation) were obtained when using lysozyme than pepsin. Significantly, the conversion rate of chitin to oligosaccharides went best only when microwave and enzymes acting together (simultaneous strategy), which were at least 35.59% higher than separately pretreatment enzymes and substrates by microwave. The damages of microwave radiation on lysozyme and chitin substrates were revealed, and the operating principle of the whole enzyme reaction system heated by microwave was preliminatively explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xunfan Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sicong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jinhua Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dawei Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Adsorption Characteristics of Chitosan-Modified Bamboo Biochar in Cd(II) Contaminated Water. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6303252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to fabricate a low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent using bamboo biochar (BB), a kind of charcoal composed of high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and variety of functional groups, and chitosan as substrates for remediation of Cd(II) in Cd(II) contaminated water and characterized the functional group characteristics, surface morphology, and Cd(II) adsorption effect using the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Results showed that chitosan-modified bamboo biochar (CBB) provided more active adsorption sites (such as –NH2, –COOH, –OH, and C=O) on the surface to enhance the Cd(II) removal efficiency in Cd(II) contaminated wastewater. Meanwhile, the optimal pH, contact time, and dose of CBB on the Cd(II) removal efficiency are 7, 120 min, and 600 mg, respectively. In addition, the adsorption isotherm results revealed that the possible adsorption mechanisms might include surface adsorption, electrostatic adsorption, and ion exchanges. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) values predicted from the Langmuir model were 37.74 and 93.46 mg/g for BB and CBB, respectively, also indicating a potential application of CBB in practical wastewater. Desorption and regeneration of CBB were attained simultaneously and the results showed that even after five cycles of adsorption-elution, the adsorption and desorption of CBB exhibited a slight decline and still reached at 71.70% and 65.92%. Results from this study would provide a reference to functionalized CBB for Cd(II) adsorption in contaminated water.
Collapse
|
38
|
Khajavian M, Vatanpour V, Castro-Muñoz R, Boczkaj G. Chitin and derivative chitosan-based structures - Preparation strategies aided by deep eutectic solvents: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118702. [PMID: 34742428 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high molecular weight of chitin, as a biopolymer, challenges its extraction due to its insolubility in the solvents. Also, chitosan, as the N-deacetylated form of chitin, can be employed as a primary material for different industries. The low mechanical stability and poor plasticity of chitosan films, as a result of incompatible interaction between chitosan and the used solvent, have limited its industrialization. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as novel solvents, can solve the extraction difficulties of chitin, and the low mechanical stability and weak plasticity of chitosan films. Also, DESs can be considered for the different chitosan and chitin productions, including chitin nanocrystal and nanofiber, N,N,N-trimethyl-chitosan, chitosan-based imprinted structures, and DES-chitosan-based beads and monoliths. This review aims to focus on the preparation and characterization (chemistry and morphology) of DES-chitin-based and DES-chitosan-based structures to understand the influence of the incorporation of DESs into the chitin and chitosan structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khajavian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca, Avenida Eduardo Monroy, Cárdenas 2000 San Antonio Buenavista, 50110 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; EcoTech Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Morgan K, Conway C, Faherty S, Quigley C. A Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-Mediated Strategies for the Extraction of Chitin from Marine Crustacean Shells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247603. [PMID: 34946682 PMCID: PMC8703739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, is utilised in a wide range of applications including wastewater treatment, drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, and stem cell technology among others. This review compares the most prevalent strategies for the extraction of chitin from crustacean sources including chemical methods that involve the use of harsh solvents and emerging methods using deep eutectic solvents (DES). In recent years, a significant amount of research has been carried out to identify and develop environmentally friendly processes which might facilitate the replacement of problematic chemicals utilised in conventional chemical extraction strategies with DES. This article provides an overview of different experimental parameters used in the DES-mediated extraction of chitin while also comparing the purity and yields of associated extracts with conventional methods. As part of this review, we compare the relative proportions of chitin and extraneous materials in different marine crustaceans. We show the importance of the species of crustacean shell in relation to chitin purity and discuss the significance of varying process parameters associated with different extraction strategies. The review also describes some recent applications associated with chitin. Following on from this review, we suggest recommendations for further investigation into chitin extraction, especially for experimental research pertaining to the enhancement of the "environmentally friendly" nature of the process. It is hoped that this article will provide researchers with a platform to better understand the benefits and limitations of DES-mediated extractions thereby further promoting knowledge in this area.
Collapse
|
40
|
A review on source-specific chemistry, functionality, and applications of chitin and chitosan. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
41
|
Errico S, Spagnoletta A, Verardi A, Moliterni S, Dimatteo S, Sangiorgio P. Tenebrio molitor as a source of interesting natural compounds, their recovery processes, biological effects, and safety aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:148-197. [PMID: 34773434 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is urgent to produce in larger quantities and more sustainably to reduce the gap between food supply and demand. In a circular bioeconomy vision, insects receive great attention as a sustainable alternative to satisfy food and nutritional needs. Among all insects, Tenebrio molitor (TM) is the first insect approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a novel food in specific conditions and uses, testifying its growing relevance and potential. This review holistically presents the possible role of TM in the sustainable and circular solution to the growing needs for food and nutrients. We analyze all high value-added products obtained from TM (powders and extracts, oils and fatty acids, proteins and peptides, and chitin and chitosan), their recovery processes (evaluating the best ones in technical and environmental terms), their nutritional and economical values, and their biological effects. Safety aspects are also mentioned. TM potential is undoubted, but some aspects still need to be discussed, including the health effects of substances and microorganisms in its body, the optimal production conditions (that affect product quality and safety), and TM capacity to convert by-products into new products. Environmental, economic, social, and market feasibility studies are also required to analyze the new value chains. Finally, to unlock the enormous potential of edible insects as a source of nutritious and sustainable food, it will be necessary to overcome the cultural, psychological, and regulatory barriers still present in Western countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Errico
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Alessandra Verardi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Stefania Moliterni
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Salvatore Dimatteo
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Paola Sangiorgio
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rodrigues L, Radojčić Redovniković I, Duarte ARC, Matias AA, Paiva A. Low-Phytotoxic Deep Eutectic Systems as Alternative Extraction Media for the Recovery of Chitin from Brown Crab Shells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28729-28741. [PMID: 34746567 PMCID: PMC8567356 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The versatility of chitin and its derivatives has allowed their utilization in a wide range of applications, from wastewater treatment to pharmaceutical or biomedical industries. However, even though the extraction method used industrially is extremely efficient, it involves the use of strong acids and bases and results in the disposal of large quantities of toxic effluents. Deep eutectic systems (DESs) have emerged as a promising new class of alternative solvents, including for chitin recovery. Yet, the assessment of their toxicity has often been neglected. Therefore, in this work, the phytotoxicity of choline chloride (ChCl)/organic acid-based DESs toward wheat seeds was evaluated by measuring different growth parameters and stress biomarkers. DESs were then explored for the efficient recovery of chitin contained in brown crab shell residues at varying conditions of temperature and processing time as well as with and without water addition. The obtained chitin was then characterized through different analytical techniques and compared to a standard as well as to chitin obtained by a conventional acid/alkaline hydrolysis. Results have shown that by applying a ChCl/lactic acid-based DES (which was the system that showed the least phytotoxic effects on wheat; EC50 ≥ 1.6 mg/mL) at 130 °C, it was possible to obtain pure chitin (up to 98%) with characteristics similar to those presented by commercial chitin or chitin recovered by conventional hydrolysis in a shorter time (more than 8-fold faster), thus suggesting that ChCl/organic acid-based DESs can truly represent a low-phytotoxic alternative extraction media for the recovery of chitin from the crab shell biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana
A. Rodrigues
- Food
and Health Division, Instituto de Biologia
Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- NOVA
School of Science and Technology, Universidade
NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ivana Radojčić Redovniković
- Laboratory
for Cell Technology, Application and Biotransformations, Faculty of
Food Technology and Biotechnology, University
of Zagreb, Pierottijeva
6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Rita C. Duarte
- NOVA
School of Science and Technology, Universidade
NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana A. Matias
- Food
and Health Division, Instituto de Biologia
Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- NOVA
School of Science and Technology, Universidade
NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Physicochemical properties and film formation of the chitin hydrocolloid fabricated by a novel green process. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
44
|
A review on the potential uses of deep eutectic solvents in chitin and chitosan related processes. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117942. [PMID: 33838819 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) as well as closely related deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been the most promising discoveries in the "Green Chemistry" world in recent years as types of solvents. Deep eutectic solvents are received as potential alternatives to the conventional organic solvents with other advantages such as renewability, reusability, biodegradability, nontoxicity, large-scale availability, having very low vapour pressure, low flammability and easy in preparation. Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymers in the nature that can be extracted from many aquatic and terrestrial organisms also some of the microorganisms. Chitin and its derivatives have applications in many fields such as medical, food-beverages, agriculture and cosmetics. This review reports the major contributions of DESs in chitin and chitosan related studies and summarizes recent advances in some applications such as extraction media, bio-film fabrication, nanomaterial preparation, chitosan methylation, chitin dissolution, composite material preparation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Vicente FA, Huš M, Likozar B, Novak U. Chitin Deacetylation Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: Ab Initio-Supported Process Optimization. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:3874-3886. [PMID: 33842102 PMCID: PMC8025712 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the most abundant marine biopolymer, being recovered during the shell biorefining of crustacean shell waste. In its native form, chitin displays a poor reactivity and solubility in most solvents due to its extensive hydrogen bonding. This can be overcome by deacetylation. However, this process requires a high concentration of acids or bases at high temperatures, forming large amounts of toxic waste. Herein, we report on the first deacetylation with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an environmentally friendly alternative, requiring only mild reaction conditions. Biocompatible DESs are efficient in disturbing the native hydrogen-bonding network of chitin, readily dissolving it. First, quantum chemical calculations have been performed to evaluate the feasibility of different DESs to perform chitin deacetylation by studying their mechanism. Comparing these with the calculated barriers for garden-variety alkaline/acidic hydrolysis, which are known to proceed, prospective DESs were identified with barriers around 25 kcal·mol-1 or lower. Based on density functional theory results, an experimental screening of 10 distinct DESs for chitin deacetylation followed. The most promising DESs were identified as K2CO3:glycerol (K2CO3:G), choline chloride:acetic acid ([Ch]Cl:AA), and choline chloride:malic acid ([Ch]Cl:MA) and were subjected to further optimization with respect to the water content, process duration, and temperature. Ultimately, [Ch]Cl:MA showed the best results, yielding a degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 40% after 24 h of reaction at 120 °C, which falls slightly behind the threshold value (50%) for chitin to be considered chitosan. Further quantum chemical calculations were performed to elucidate the mechanism. Upon the removal of 40% N-acetyl groups from the chitin structure, its reactivity was considerably improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa A. Vicente
- Department
of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Huš
- Department
of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Association
For Technical Culture of Slovenia (ZOTKS), Zaloška 65, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department
of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Novak
- Department
of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Begum S, Yuhana NY, Md Saleh N, Kamarudin NHN, Sulong AB. Review of chitosan composite as a heavy metal adsorbent: Material preparation and properties. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117613. [PMID: 33673980 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of wastewater is typically discharged into water bodies and has extremely harmful effects to aquatic environments. The removal of heavy metals from water bodies is necessary for the safe consumption of water and human activities. The demand for seafood has considerably increased, and millions of tons of crustacean waste are discarded every year. These waste products are rich in a natural biopolymer known as chitin. The deacetylated form of chitin, chitosan, has attracted attention as an adsorbent. It is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that can be modified and converted to various derivatives. This review paper focuses on relevant literature on strategies for chemically modifying the biopolymer and its use in the removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater. The different aspects of chitosan-based derivatives and their preparation and application are elucidated. A list of chitosan-based composites, along with their adsorptivity and experimental conditions, are compiled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabbah Begum
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noorashikin Md Saleh
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hidayatul Nazirah Kamarudin
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim H, Kang S, Li K, Jung D, Park K, Lee J. Preparation and characterization of various chitin-glucan complexes derived from white button mushroom using a deep eutectic solvent-based ecofriendly method. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:122-129. [PMID: 33333095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have gained great interests as ecofriendly and safe solvents in diverse areas. Herein, various chitin-glucan complexes (CGCs) were prepared from white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) using DESs. Ultrasonication of mushroom in five DESs yielded two types of CGCs from each DES, one from the DES-insoluble residue (DES_P) and another from the DES-soluble extract (DES_S). The ten resulting CGCs with varying chitin-to-β-glucan ratios were compared with alkali-insoluble matter (AIM), chemically prepared using NaOH. BU_S and BU_P, prepared using BU comprising betaine and urea, were obtained in the highest yields with reasonably low protein and mineral contents. Despite different acetylation degrees (77.3% and 57.3%, respectively), BU_S and BU_P both degraded at 318 °C and showed remarkably low crystallinity (32.0% and 37.0% for BU_S and BU_P, respectively) compared to AIM, commercial chitin, and the reported CGCs. The surface of BU_S and BU_P was very porous and rough compared with AIM as a result of reduced H-bonds and lowered crystallinity. The DES-based method can potentially enable the preparation of advanced biomaterials from mushrooms under mild and ecofriendly conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hireem Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Jung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunbae Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Farooq MQ, Abbasi NM, Anderson JL. Deep eutectic solvents in separations: Methods of preparation, polarity, and applications in extractions and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1633:461613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
49
|
Yan Y, Sarkar B, Zhou L, Zhang L, Li Q, Yang J, Bolan N. Phosphorus-rich biochar produced through bean-worm skin waste pyrolysis enhances the adsorption of aqueous lead. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115177. [PMID: 32673974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In China, more than 10,000 tons of bean-worm, which is rich in protein (68.5%) and essential amino acids (52.8%), is consumed annually. Thus, a large amount of bean-worm skin waste is generated, and is often indiscriminately disposed of, potentially causing environment problems. In this study, bean-worm skin (BWS) waste was pyrolyzed at 500 °C to produce biochar (BWS-BC), and the surface properties of BWS and BWS-BC were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Pb(II) adsorption properties of BWS and the corresponding biochar as a function of solution pH, contact time, and equilibrium concentration of Pb(II) were examined using adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics studies. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacities based on the Langmuir isotherm model were calculated as 45 and 62 mg g-1 for BWS and BWS-BC, respectively, which were comparable to the values obtained for biochars derived from other agro-wastes. The adsorption feasibility, favorability and spontaneity of Pb(II), as derived from the thermodynamic parameters, indicated that chemisorption and precipitation (e.g., hydroxypyromorphite) were the main adsorption mechanism in case of BWS and BWS-BC, respectively. Thus, conversion of BWS to biochar for Pb(II) adsorption can be considered as a feasible, promising and high value-added approach for BWS recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China; Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Health, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, 223001, China
| | - Qiao Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soil (Soil CRC), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Borić M, Vicente FA, Jurković DL, Novak U, Likozar B. Chitin isolation from crustacean waste using a hybrid demineralization/DBD plasma process. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|