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Muangrerk C, Uchuwittayakul A, Srisapoome P. Identification, Expression and Antimicrobial Functional Analysis of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Response to Streptococcus iniae and Flavobacterium covae in Asian Seabass ( Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:475. [PMID: 38338118 PMCID: PMC10854937 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) was shown to play a key role in inflammatory responses in fish. This study involved the cloning of the gene that encodes IL-8 in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) as well as analyses of its expression and function in this fish. The expression levels of LcIL-8 indicated that it was broadly expressed in most analyzed tissues, with the most predominant expression in the whole blood 6 to 24 h after infection with S. iniae at concentrations of 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/fish (p < 0.05). After fish were immersed in F. covae, the LcIL-8 transcript was upregulated in the gills, liver and intestine, and the highest expression level was observed in the gills. However, LcIL-8 was downregulated in all the tested tissues at 48 and 96 h after infection with the two pathogenic strains, indicating that Lc-IL8 has a short half-life during the early immune responses to pathogens. Moreover, the MIC of the rLcIL-8 protein against S. iniae was 10.42 ± 3.61 µg/mL. Furthermore, functional analyses clearly demonstrated that 10 and 100 µg of the rLcIL-8 protein efficiently enhanced the phagocytic activity of Asian seabass phagocytes in vitro (p < 0.05). Additionally, in vivo injection of S. iniae following the rLcIL-8 protein indicated that 50 and 100 µg of rLc-IL-8 were highly effective in protecting fish from this pathogen (p < 0.001). The obtained results demonstrate that rLcIL-8 possesses a biological function in the defense against bacterial infections in Asian seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanee Muangrerk
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (C.M.); (A.U.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anurak Uchuwittayakul
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (C.M.); (A.U.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (C.M.); (A.U.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Zhang D, Zhou G, Thongda W, Li C, Ye Z, Zhao H, Beck BH, Mohammed H, Peatman E. Early divergent responses to virulent and attenuated vaccine isolates of Flavobacterium covae sp. nov. In channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109248. [PMID: 38030028 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris disease continues to inflict substantial losses among freshwater cultured species since its first description one hundred years ago. The experimental and anecdotal evidence suggests an expanded range and rising virulence of columnaris worldwide due to the warming global climate. The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are particularly vulnerable to columnaris. A recently developed live attenuated vaccine (17-23) for Flavobacterium columnare (now Flavobacterium covae sp. nov.) demonstrated superior protection for vaccinated catfish against genetically diverse columnaris isolates. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and patterns of immune evasion and host manipulation linked to virulence by comparing gene expression changes in the host after the challenge with a virulent (BGSF-27) or live attenuated F. covae sp. nov. vaccine (17-23). Thirty-day-old fry were accordingly challenged with either virulent or vaccine isolates. Gill tissues were collected at 0 h (control), 1 h, and 2 h post-infection, which are two critical time points in early host-pathogen interactions. Transcriptome profiling of the gill tissues revealed a larger number (518) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in vaccine-exposed fish than those exposed to the virulent pathogen (321). Pathway analyses suggested potent suppression of early host immune responses by the virulent isolate through a higher expression of nuclear receptor corepressors (NCoR) responsible for antagonizing macrophage and T-cell signaling. Conversely, in vaccinated fry, we observed induction of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), responsible for clearing NCoR, and commensurate up-regulation of transcription factor AP-1 subunits, c-Fos, and c-Jun. As in mammalian systems, AP-1 expression was connected with a broad immune activation in vaccinated fry, including induction of CC chemokines, proteinases, iNOS, and IL-12b. Relatedly, divergent expression patterns of Src tyrosine kinase Lck, CD44, and CD28 indicated a delay or suppression of T-cell adhesion and activation in fry exposed to the virulent isolate. Broader implications of these findings will be discussed. The transcriptomic differences between virulent and attenuated bacteria may offer insights into how the host responds to the vaccination or infection and provide valuable knowledge to understand the early immune mechanisms of columnaris disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Bilology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA; College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
| | - Gengfu Zhou
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Bilology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chao Li
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Zhi Ye
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Haitham Mohammed
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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3
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Hernández L, Camacho H, Nuñez-Robainas A, Palenzuela DO, Morales A, Basabe L, Herrera F, Rodrigo O, Rodriguez-Gabilondo A, Velázquez J, Piloto S, Estrada MP, Martínez R. Growth hormone secretagogue peptide-6 enhances oreochromicins transcription and antimicrobial activity in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:508-515. [PMID: 34592474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 (GHRP-6) (His-(D-Trp)-Ala-Trp-(D-Phe)-Lys-NH2) is an agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. GHRP-6 mimics the effect of ghrelin. The present study focuses on the immunomodulatory effects of GHRP-6 in tilapia with and without the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. GHRP-6 up-regulated the transcription levels of three piscidin-like antimicrobial peptides (Oreochromicins I, II, and III) and granzyme in a tissue-dependent manner. Antimicrobial activity stimulation in serum (lysozyme and anti-protease activity) was also confirmed. Besides, GHRP-6 enhanced the in vitro antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa in tilapia gills mucus and serum samples and decreased the bacterial load in vivo after infection with this Gram-negative bacterium. Our results evidenced, for the first time, a direct link between a growth hormone secretagogue ghrelin mimetic in fish and the enhancement of antimicrobial peptides transcription, which suggests that this secretagogue is capable to lead the activation of microbicidal activity in tilapia. Thus, these results open new possibilities for GHRP-6 application in aquaculture to stimulate the teleost immune system as an alternative treatment against opportunistic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Hernández
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Hanlet Camacho
- Pharmacogenomics Project, Systems Biology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Adriana Nuñez-Robainas
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Daniel O Palenzuela
- Pharmacogenomics Project, Systems Biology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Liliana Basabe
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Fidel Herrera
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Osmany Rodrigo
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Adrian Rodriguez-Gabilondo
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Janet Velázquez
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, CIGB, Havana, Cuba
| | - Soraya Piloto
- Microbiology Laboratory, Quality Control Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario P Estrada
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Rebeca Martínez
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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Saib S, Delavenne X. Inflammation Induces Changes in the Functional Expression of P-gp, BCRP, and MRP2: An Overview of Different Models and Consequences for Drug Disposition. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101544. [PMID: 34683838 PMCID: PMC8539483 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play a key role in drug pharmacokinetics. These membrane transporters expressed within physiological barriers can be a source of pharmacokinetic variability. Changes in ABC transporter expression and functionality may consequently affect the disposition of substrate drugs, resulting in different drug exposure. Inflammation, present in several acute and chronic diseases, has been identified as a source of modulation in drug transporter expression leading to variability in drug response. Its regulation may be particularly dangerous for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. In this context, numerous in vitro and in vivo models have shown up- or downregulation in the expression and functionality of ABC transporters under inflammatory conditions. Nevertheless, the existence of contradictory data and the lack of standardization for the models used have led to a less conclusive interpretation of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Saib
- INSERM U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et de l’Hémostase, 42270 Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France;
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-477-42-1443
| | - Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et de l’Hémostase, 42270 Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France;
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologie Gaz du Sang, CHU de Saint-Etienne, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France
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5
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Rodríguez A, Velázquez J, González L, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Dixon B, Miyares FH, Morales A, González O, Estrada MP, Carpio Y. PACAP modulates the transcription of TLR-1/TLR-5/MyD88 pathway genes and boosts antimicrobial defenses in Clarias gariepinus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:150-159. [PMID: 34146673 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that belongs to the secretin/glucagon/GHRH/VIP superfamily. Some of these molecules have antimicrobial activity and they are capable of stimulating the immune system. The present work studied the antibacterial and immunostimulatory activity of PACAP-38 from African catfish Clarias gariepinus against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vivo test. PACAP-38 improved antimicrobial activity of skin mucus molecules against P. aeruginosa. The peptide modulates the gene expression profile of TLR-1, TLR-5, MyD88, IL-1β, TNF-ɑ, IL-8, pardaxin, hepcidin and G/C-type lysozymes in skin, spleen and head kidney. The influenced exerted depended on the time after infection and tissue analyzed. This study provides the first evidence of a link between PACAP and antimicrobial peptides hepcidin and pardaxin. Our results suggest further use of PACAP as antimicrobial agent that could potentially be used to control disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alianet Rodríguez
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Janet Velázquez
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis González
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Fidel Herrera Miyares
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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Zhong Y, Duan Z, Su M, Lin Y, Zhang J. Inflammatory responses associated with hyposaline stress in gill epithelial cells of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:142-151. [PMID: 33940172 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular processes of immune responses in mucosal tissues such as fish gills under environmental stress are poorly understood. In the present study, pro-inflammatory response under hyposaline stress and its regulation by cortisol/corticosteroid receptors (CRs) in gill epithelial cells of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus were analyzed. The fish were transferred to freshwater for 6 days (144 h) of acclimation. Following freshwater exposure, the cortisol concentration increased transiently before returning to the control level over time. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6) was stimulated by cortisol through CR signals at early stages of acclimation, but hyposaline stress inhibited their levels by the end of the experimental period. The transcriptional profile of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was quite different from these pro-inflammatory cytokines, and its value fluctuated within a narrow range during the experimental period. Full-length cDNAs of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor 1 (GR1) (different kinds of CRs) were cloned from the gills. Our results showed that MR and GR displayed mutually antagonistic effects during hyposaline stress. MR responded quickly at early stages, and its expression decreased with the drop of cortisol concentration. By contrast, GR expression was maintained at high levels after the acclimation of freshwater exposure. The tight coordination of GR and MR helps to shape the effects of stress on the immune system, which in turn, regulates the stress response. Our results confirm the interaction between endocrine and cytokine messengers and a clear difference in the sensitivity of GR and MR during the hyposaline challenge in gill epithelial cells of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyu Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maoliang Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanquan Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Dafeng South Ocean Marine Technology Company, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junbin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Carrizo V, Valenzuela CA, Zuloaga R, Aros C, Altamirano C, Valdés JA, Molina A. Effect of cortisol on the immune-like response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) myotubes challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110240. [PMID: 33962313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonids are a species of high commercial value in Chilean aquaculture, where muscle is the final product of the industry. Fish can be affected by stress during intensive cultures, increasing susceptibility to infections. Recently, we reported that muscle is an important focus of immune reactions. However, studies have shown the immunosuppressive effect of stress only in lymphoid organs, and few studies have been conducted on muscle and immunity. Hence, we determine the effects of cortisol on the immune-like response of fish myotubes challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis by three trials. First, rainbow trout primary culture of muscle was cultured and treated with cortisol (100 ng/mL) for 3 and 4 h. Second, myotubes were challenged with P. salmonis (MOI 50) for 4, 6 and 8 h. And third, muscle cell cultures were pretreated with cortisol and then challenged with P. salmonis. The mRNA levels of glucocorticoid pathway and innate immunity were evaluated by qPCR. Cortisol increased the klf15 levels and downregulated the innate immune-related tlr5m gene and antimicrobial peptides. P. salmonis challenge upregulated several immune-related genes. Finally, cortisol pretreatment followed by P. salmonis challenge differentially modulated stress- and immune-related genes. These data suggest that fish muscle cells possess an intrinsic immune response and are differentially regulated by cortisol, which could lead to bacterial outbreaks in muscle under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Carrizo
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Cristián A Valenzuela
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Camila Aros
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2362803, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2362803, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile.
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8
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Saco A, Rey-Campos M, Novoa B, Figueras A. Transcriptomic Response of Mussel Gills After a Vibrio splendidus Infection Demonstrates Their Role in the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:615580. [PMID: 33391288 PMCID: PMC7772429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are filter feeder bivalves that are constantly in contact with a wide range of microorganisms, some of which are potentially pathogenic. How mussels recognize and respond to pathogens has not been fully elucidated to date; therefore, we investigated the immune mechanisms that these animals employ in response to a bacterial bath infection from the surrounding water, mimicking the response that mussels mount under natural conditions. After the bath infection, mussels were able to remove the bacteria from their bodies and from the water tank. Accordingly, antibacterial activity was detected in gill extracts, demonstrating that this tissue plays a central role in removing and clearing potential pathogens. A transcriptomic study performed after a bath infection with Vibrio splendidus identified a total of 1,156 differentially expressed genes. The expression levels of genes contributing to a number of biological processes, such as immune response activation pathways and their regulation with cytokines, cell recognition, adhesion and apoptosis, were significantly modulated after infection, suggesting that the gills play important roles in pathogen recognition, as well as being activators and regulators of the mussel innate immune response. In addition to RNA-seq analysis, long non-coding RNAs and their neighboring genes were also analyzed and exhibited modulation after the bacterial challenge. The response of gills against bath infection was compared with the findings of a previous transcriptomic study on hemocytes responding to systemic infection, demonstrating the different and specific functions of gills. The results of this study indicate that recognition processes occur in the gill, thereby activating the effector agents of the immune response to overcome bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro Saco
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Magalí Rey-Campos
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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Król E, Noguera P, Shaw S, Costelloe E, Gajardo K, Valdenegro V, Bickerdike R, Douglas A, Martin SAM. Integration of Transcriptome, Gross Morphology and Histopathology in the Gill of Sea Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar): Lessons From Multi-Site Sampling. Front Genet 2020; 11:610. [PMID: 32636874 PMCID: PMC7316992 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gill of teleost fish is a multifunctional organ involved in many physiological processes such as gas exchange, osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base balance and excretion of nitrogenous waste. Due to its extensive interface with the environment, the gill plays a key role as a primary mucosal defense tissue against pathogens, as manifested by the presence of the gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT). In recent years, the prevalence of multifactorial gill pathologies has increased significantly, causing substantial losses in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. The transition from healthy to unhealthy gill phenotypes and the progression of multifactorial gill pathologies, such as proliferative gill disease (PGD), proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) and complex gill disorder (CGD), are commonly characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and inflammation. Routine monitoring for PGD relies on visual inspection and non-invasive scoring of the gill tissue (gross morphology), coupled with histopathological examination of gill sections. To explore the underlying molecular events that are associated with the progression of PGD, we sampled Atlantic salmon from three different marine production sites in Scotland and examined the gill tissue at three different levels of organization: gross morphology with the use of PGD scores (macroscopic examination), whole transcriptome (gene expression by RNA-seq) and histopathology (microscopic examination). Our results strongly suggested that the changes in PGD scores of the gill tissue were not associated with the changes in gene expression or histopathology. In contrast, integration of the gill RNA-seq data with the gill histopathology enabled us to identify common gene expression patterns associated with multifactorial gill disease, independently from the origin of samples. We demonstrated that the gene expression patterns associated with multifactorial gill disease were dominated by two processes: a range of immune responses driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and the events associated with tissue damage and repair, driven by caspases and angiogenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Król
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Noguera
- Fish Health and Welfare, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Shaw
- Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin Costelloe
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Alex Douglas
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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10
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Jiang WD, Zhang L, Feng L, Wu P, Liu Y, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ. Inconsistently impairment of immune function and structural integrity of head kidney and spleen by vitamin A deficiency in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:243-256. [PMID: 32058097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate effects of vitamin A (VA) on fish immune function and structural integrity in the head kidney and spleen of fish, total of 540 on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were divided into six groups, feeding graded levels of VA (0, 600, 1200, 1800, 2800 and 3800 IU/kg diet) for 70 days. Results showed that dietary VA deficiency depressed antibacterial ability and aggravated inflammatory response partially linked to nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathways in the head kidney and spleen of fish. Meanwhile, VA deficiency caused oxidative damage, apoptosis and disruption of tight junctions (TJs), which were partially attributed to the down-regulation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling mediated antioxidant ability, the up-regulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling mediated apoptosis and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signaling mediated disruption of tight junctions (TJs). Taken together, current study firstly demonstrated that VA deficiency decreased the immune function and damaged the structural integrity of the head kidney and spleen in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China.
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Mincarelli L, Tiano L, Craft J, Marcheggiani F, Vischetti C. Evaluation of gene expression of different molecular biomarkers of stress response as an effect of copper exposure on the earthworm EIsenia Andrei. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:938-948. [PMID: 31402411 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports the results of a laboratory test on the bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of sub-lethal soil concentration of copper, a widely used fungicide in organic farming, on DNA damage, a critical marker increasingly used in ecotoxicology in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. In the same experimental setting we evaluated gene expression of classical biomarker of stress induced by xenobiotic. [Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) and Metallothionein (MET)], as well as genes coding for enzymes involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species [Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)]. Additionally, expression of genes involved in the immune response were investigated: a Toll-like receptor (TLR), a receptor with cytolytic activity named Cytolytic Factor (CCF) and two antimicrobial peptides, fetidin (FET) and lysenin (LYS). Results showed significant time-dependent bioaccumulation of Cu and DNA damage at concentrations remarkably lower than those found in most agricultural soils worldwide. MET was increased as was FET and TLR. The present work gives new insights into the mechanisms of sub-lethal toxicity of copper as an environmental pollutant and in the identification of novel sub-lethal biomarkers of cellular response to the stressor such as immune response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - John Craft
- Biological & Biomedical Science Department, School of Health and Life Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Costantino Vischetti
- Environmental, Food and Agricultural Sciences Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Soto-Dávila M, Hossain A, Chakraborty S, Rise ML, Santander J. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Early Infection and Immune Response of Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua L.) Primary Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1237. [PMID: 31231379 PMCID: PMC6559310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to other teleosts, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has an expanded repertoire of MHC-I and TLR components, but lacks the MHC-II, the invariant chain/CD74, and CD4+ T cell response, essential for production of antibodies and prevention of bacterial infectious diseases. The mechanisms by which G. morhua fight bacterial infections are not well understood. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a recurrent pathogen in cultured and wild fish, and has been reported in Atlantic cod. Macrophages are some of the first responders to bacterial infection and the link between innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we evaluated the viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell morphology, and gene expression of cod primary macrophages in response to A. salmonicida infection. We found that A. salmonicida infects cod primary macrophages without killing the cod cells. Likewise, infected Atlantic cod macrophages up-regulated key genes involved in the inflammatory response (e.g., IL-1β and IL-8) and bacterial recognition (e.g., BPI/LBP). Nevertheless, our results showed a down-regulation of genes related to antimicrobial peptide and ROS production, suggesting that A. salmonicida utilizes its virulence mechanisms to control and prevent macrophage anti-bacterial activity. Our results also indicate that Atlantic cod has a basal ROS production in non-infected cells, and this was not increased after contact with A. salmonicida. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that A. salmonicida was able to infect the macrophages in a high number, and release outer membrane vesicles (OMV) during intracellular infection. These results suggest that Atlantic cod macrophage innate immunity is able to detect A. salmonicida and trigger an anti-inflammatory response, however A. salmonicida controls the cell immune response to prevent bacterial clearance, during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto-Dávila
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Khansari AR, Balasch JC, Vallejos-Vidal E, Teles M, Fierro-Castro C, Tort L, Reyes-López FE. Comparative study of stress and immune-related transcript outcomes triggered by Vibrio anguillarum bacterin and air exposure stress in liver and spleen of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), zebrafish (Danio rerio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:436-448. [PMID: 30502466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The stress and immune-related effects of short-term (1, 6 and 24 h) air exposure stress (1 min), bath vaccination with Vibrio anguillarum bacterin, and both stressors combined were evaluated in liver and spleen of Sparus aurata, Danio rerio and Onchorhynchus mykiss. Expression profiles of immune (interleukin 1 beta: il1β; tumor necrosis factor alpha: tnfα; interleukin 10: il10; tumor growth factor beta: tgfβ1; immunoglobulin M: igm; lysozyme: lys; complement protein c3: c3) and stress-related genes (glucocorticoid receptor: gr; heat shock protein 70: hsp70; and enolase) were analysed by RT-qPCR. Cortisol level was assessed by radioimmunoassay. The gene expression patterns in liver and spleen were found to be differentially regulated in a time- and organ-dependent manner among species. In seabream, a higher il1β-driven inflammatory response was recorded. In zebrafish, air exposure stress but not bath vaccination alone modulated most of the changes in liver and spleen immune transcripts. Stressed and vaccinated trout showed an intermediate pattern of gene expression, with a lower upregulation of immune-related genes in liver and the absence of changes in the expression of hsp70 and enolase in spleen (as it was observed in seabream but not in zebrafish). Following air exposure, cortisol levels increased in plasma 1 h post-stress (hps) and then decreased at 6 hps in O. mykiss and D. rerio. By contrast, in S.aurata the cortisol level remained higher at 6 hps suggesting a greater degree of responsiveness to this stressor. When fish were exposed to combined air exposure plus bath vaccination cortisol levels were also augmented at 1 and 6 hps in O. mykiss and S.aurata and restored to basal level at 24 hps, whereas in D. rerio the response was higher in response to the combination of both stressors. In addition, V. anguillarum bacterin vaccination triggered cortisol secretion only in D. rerio, suggesting a greater responsiveness of D. rerio hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis. Overall, comparing the tissue transcription responsiveness, liver was found to be more implicated in the response to handling stress compared to spleen. These results also indicate that a species-specific response accounts for the deviations of stress and immune onset in the liver and spleen in these fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khansari
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Camino Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Khansari AR, Balasch JC, Vallejos-Vidal E, Parra D, Reyes-López FE, Tort L. Comparative Immune- and Stress-Related Transcript Response Induced by Air Exposure and Vibrio anguillarum Bacterin in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Mucosal Surfaces. Front Immunol 2018; 9:856. [PMID: 29770134 PMCID: PMC5940744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish have to face various environmental challenges that may compromise the efficacy of the immune response in mucosal surfaces. Since the effect of acute stress on mucosal barriers in fish has still not been fully elucidated, we aimed to compare the short-term mucosal stress and immune transcriptomic responses in a freshwater (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) and a marine fish (gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata) to bacterial immersion (Vibrio anguillarum bacterin vaccine) and air exposure stress in skin, gills, and intestine. Air exposure and combined (vaccine + air) stressors exposure were found to be inducers of the cortisol secretion in plasma and skin mucus on both species in a time-dependent manner, while V. anguillarum bacterin exposure induced cortisol release in trout skin mucus only. This was coincident with a marked differential increase in transcriptomic patterns of stress- and immune-related gene expression profiles. Particularly in seabream skin, the expression of cytokines was markedly enhanced, whereas in gills the response was mainly suppressed. In rainbow trout gut, both air exposure and vaccine stimulated the transcriptomic response, whereas in seabream, stress and immune responses were mainly induced by air exposure. Therefore, our comparative survey on the transcriptomic mucosal responses demonstrates that skin and gut were generally more reactive in both species. However, the upregulation of immune transcripts was more pronounced in gills and gut of vaccinated trout, whereas seabream appeared to be more stress-prone and less responsive to V. anguillarum bacterin in gills and gut. When fish were subjected to both treatments no definite pattern was observed. Overall, the results indicate that (1) the immune response was not homogeneous among mucosae (2), it was greatly influenced by the specific traits of each stressor in each surface and (3) was highly species-specific, probably as a result of the adaptive life story of each species to the microbial load and environmental characteristics of their respective natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khansari
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluís Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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Li Z, Liu X, Cheng J, He Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Qi J, Yu H, Zhang Q. Transcriptome profiling provides gene resources for understanding gill immune responses in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) challenged with Edwardsiella tarda. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:593-603. [PMID: 29175442 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are commonly under threats from various pathogens. Edwardsiella tarda is one of the fish pathogens that seriously infect cultured and wild fish species. Bacteremia caused by E. tarda can be a fatal disease in humans. Fish gill is a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that directly contacted with sea water. Generating gill transcriptomic resources that challenged by E. tarda is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying gill immune responses. In this study, we performed transcriptome profiling of gene expression in Japanese flounder gills (Paralichthys olivaceus) challenged by E. tarda with different stress duration. An average of 40 million clean reads per library were obtained, of which approximately 83.2% were successfully mapped to the reference genome. 456 and 1037 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 8 h and 48 h post-injection, respectively. Gene annotation analysis and protein-protein interaction networks were conducted to obtain the key interaction relationships of immune-related DEGs during pathogens infection. 24 hub genes with multiple protein-protein interaction relationships or involved in multiple KEGG signaling pathways were discovered and validated by qRT-PCR. These hub genes mainly participated in Leukocyte transendothelial migration signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and Apoptosis signaling pathway. This study represents the first gill transcriptomic analysis based on protein-protein interaction networks in fish and provides valuable gene resources for understanding the fish gill immunity, which can pave the way to understand the molecular mechanisms of immune responses with E. tarda infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China
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Thulasitha WS, Umasuthan N, Wan Q, Nam BH, Kang TW, Lee J. A proto-type galectin-2 from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus): Molecular, genomic, and expression analysis, and recognition of microbial pathogens by recombinant protein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:70-81. [PMID: 28131766 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A β-galactoside binding lectin, designated as galectin-2, was identified and characterized from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus (OfGal-2). The cDNA of OfGal-2 comprised of 692 bp with a coding sequence of 396 bp, encoding a putative polypeptide of 131 amino acids. Gene structure analysis of OfGal-2 revealed a four exon-three intron organization. A single carbohydrate-binding domain containing all seven important residues for carbohydrate binding was located in the third exon, which formed a carbohydrate-binding pocket. Homology screening and sequence analysis demonstrated that OfGal-2 is an evolutionarily conserved proto-type galectin. OfGal-2 transcripts were detected in several healthy fish tissues, with the highest level observed in the intestine, followed by the liver. The expression of OfGal-2 was elevated upon the injection of various mitogenic stimulants and pathogens in a time-dependent manner. Upregulated expression in the liver after tissue injury suggested its role as a damage-associated molecular pattern. Recombinant OfGal-2 protein had hemagglutinating potential and possessed affinity towards lactose and galactose. Moreover, the recombinant protein agglutinated and bound potential pathogenic bacteria and a ciliate. The results of this study indicate that the galectin-2 from rock bream has a potential role in immunity, particularly in the recognition of invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shanthakumar Thulasitha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna 40000, Sri Lanka
| | - Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8570, Japan
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kang
- Insilicogen Inc., Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Reyes-Becerril M, Alamillo E, Sánchez-Torres L, Ascencio-Valle F, Perez-Urbiola JC, Angulo C. Leukocyte susceptibility and immune response against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Totoaba macdonaldi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:258-267. [PMID: 27486683 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a serious pathogen that affects aquaculture. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have focused on its immunological implications in Totoaba macdonaldi. Thus, the early immune response to V. parahaemolyticus in juveniles of totoaba was studied at 24 h post-infection with an in vivo study. In addition, changes in cellular innate immune parameters - phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity and viability (annexin V/propidium iodide) - were evaluated in vitro in head-kidney, spleen and thymus leukocytes at 6 and 24 h after bacterial stimulation by flow cytometry. Simultaneously, the expression levels of two immune-relevant genes (IL-1β and IL-8) were measured by using real time PCR. During in vivo study, mRNA transcripts of IL-1β were highly expressed in spleen, thymus and intestine and down-regulated in liver after 24 h post-infection. IL-8 gene expression was upregulated in spleen, intestine and liver compared to that of non-infected fish and down-regulated in thymus after 24 h post-infection. Generally, the results showed a significant decrease in cellular immune responses during the infection, principally in phagocytic ability and respiratory burst. The survival or viability of stimulated leukocytes was significantly reduced causing necrosis and apoptosis, indicating a robust killing response by V. parahaemolyticus. Finally the in vitro analysis showed that transcript levels of IL-1β and IL-8 were up-regulated during stimulation with V. parahaemolyticus in head-kidney, spleen and intestine and down-regulated in thymus at any time of the experiment. Although V. parahaemolyticus has been reported to be an important pathogen for many aquatic organisms, to our knowledge this might be the first report of early-immune response in juvenile totoaba and these immune parameters may be reliable indicators and can be useful in the health control of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico.
| | - Erika Alamillo
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Luvia Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Colonia Santo Tomás, México, D.F., C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Felipe Ascencio-Valle
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Juan C Perez-Urbiola
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico.
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18
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Park HJ, Jeong JM, Bae JS, Kim JW, An CM, Min BH, Kim SY, Myeong JI, Hwang HK, Park CI. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a new lily-type lectin in the rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:25-30. [PMID: 27345170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new lily-type lectin RbLTL was identified from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) and its expression analysed. In this study, a new lily-type lectin gene (RbLTL) was cloned from rock bream using expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. The full-length RbLTL cDNA was encoding a 117-amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of RbLTL contained all of the conserved features crucial for its fundamental structure, including B-lectin domain and three d-mannose binding sites. RbLTL mRNA was predominately expressed in the gills, with reduced expression noted in intestine tissue. Expression analysis of time series sampled fertilized eggs revealed that expression gradually increased 1, 3, 12, and 24 h: However, expression decreased at 36 h. RbLTL expression was differentially up-regulated in rock bream gills challenged with Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda and RSIV. Our results revealed that novel rock bream lily-type lectin may be an important molecule involved in pattern recognition and pathogen elimination in the innate immunity of rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jun Park
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jeong
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sol Bae
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul-Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hwa Min
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Yeon Kim
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-In Myeong
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Hwang
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 53064, Republic of Korea.
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Bae JS, Jung JM, An CM, Kim JW, Hwang SD, Kwon MG, Park MA, Kim MC, Park CI. Piscidin: Antimicrobial peptide of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:136-142. [PMID: 26876358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The piscidin family consists of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are mainly found in fish and are crucial effectors of fish innate immune responses. The piscidin family typically has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can modulate immune responses. In this study, we cloned rock bream piscidin (Rbpisc) and investigated its gene expression and biological activity (including antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities). The coding region of Rbpisc consisted of 213 base pairs (bp) encoding 70 amino acid residues. The tertiary structure predicted for Rbpisc includes an amphipathic helix-loop-helix structure. The Rbpisc gene was highly expressed in the gills of healthy fish. The gene expression of Rbpisc increased in the gills after pathogen infection, while the expression was down-regulated in other tissues. A synthetic peptide based on the AMP 12 domain amino acid sequence of Rbpisc appeared to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. However, the synthetic peptide exhibited weak haemolytic activity against fish erythrocytes. These results suggest that Rbpisc might play an important role in the innate immune responses of rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Bae
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jung
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Chan Kim
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Thulasitha WS, Umasuthan N, Whang I, Nam BH, Lee J. Antimicrobial response of galectin-1 from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus: Molecular, transcriptional, and biological characterization. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 50:66-78. [PMID: 26792759 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a proto type galectin, galectin-1, from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus (OfGal-1). Galectins are evolutionarily conserved carbohydrate binding lectins that show a wide range of functions related to development and immune physiology. They have been identified as pattern recognition receptors of innate immune system that recognize a broad range of microbes. OfGal-1 cDNA comprised of 993 bp with an open reading frame of 408 bp that encodes 135 amino acids. A single carbohydrate recognition domain was present in the OfGal-1 amino acid sequence. The sequence comparison by multiple and pairwise alignments and the phylogenetic tree emphasized the strong evolutionary conservation of Gal-1. The typical β-sandwich structure was identified from the predicted tertiary structure. The constitutive expression of mRNA transcripts was detected in a wide range of tissues examined, with the highest expression in the heart. Immune challenges with live bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae), rock bream irido virus, and mitogens (lipopolysaccharide and poly I:C) modulated the expression of OfGal-1 mRNAs in the gills, head kidney, and liver. The recombinant OfGal-1 (rOfGal-1) strongly agglutinatinated the human erythrocytes, and this hemagglutination was inhibited by lactose and D-galactose. A wide range of bacteria (S. iniae, S. parauberis, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio tapetis) and a ciliate (Miamiensis avidus) were also effectively recognized by rOfGal-1. Significant antiviral activity against rock bream irido virus was also demonstrated by rOfGal-1. Collectively, results from the present study indicate that OfGal-1 can recognize a wide range of microbes and is a vital pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system of rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shanthakumar Thulasitha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Zheng Q, Wu Y, Xu H, Wang H, Tang H, Xia X, Feng J. Immune responses to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Schizothorax prenanti fed with oxidized konjac glucomannan and its acidolysis products. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:260-267. [PMID: 26748343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKGM) and its acidolysis products (L-OKGM) on the immune parameters and the gene expression profile of some inflammatory-related cytokines from Schizothorax prenanti during the early stages of injection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were orally administered with seven different diets containing 0 g kg(-1) (control diet), 8.0, 16.0 and 32.0 g kg(-1) OKGM and L-OKGM diets for 60 days prior to injection. After 60 days, the control and the treated fish were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 ml PBS or 2 × 10(7) cfu/ml bacteria per fish and sampled at time 6 h post-injection. The results showed that the serum lysozyme activity and complement C3 level of fish fed 8.0 g kg(-1) L-OKGM was significantly increased after bacterial infection. Moreover, the injection with A. hydrophila generally up-regulated the expression of all measured genes when compared to their corresponding controls. When compared with the control group, the expression of TLR22, TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly increased in fish fed OKGM and L-OKGM diet after bacterial injection. Furthermore, the L-OKGM diet showed higher activity to trigger the immune response against bacteria, especially the low dosage L-OKGM diet. The results suggested that both of OKGM and L-OKGM are promising feed additive for S. prenanti in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoran Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China; Life Science and Technology Institute, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, 408100, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yinglong Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Haolan Tang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Xia
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China
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22
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Li L, Feng L, Jiang WD, Jiang J, Wu P, Zhao J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Liu Y. Dietary pantothenic acid depressed the gill immune and physical barrier function via NF-κB, TOR, Nrf2, p38MAPK and MLCK signaling pathways in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:500-510. [PMID: 26432048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of pantothenic acid (PA) on the immune and physical barrier function, and relative mRNA levels of signaling molecules in the gill of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The results indicated that compared with optimal PA supplementation, PA deficiency (1.31 mg/kg diet) decreased gill interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β1, inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), eIF4E-binding protein 2, Claudin b and ZO-1 mRNA levels; anti-superoxide anion activity, and activities and mRNA levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and NF-E2-related factor (P < 0.05). Additionally, PA deficiency and excess (75.08 mg/kg diet) decreased gill complement 3 and glutathione contents, lysozyme and acid phosphatase, anti-hydroxy radical, catalase and glutathione S-transferases activities, and liver-expression antimicrobial peptide 2, hepcidin, Claudin 3, Claudin c and Occludin mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Conversely, PA deficiency increased gill reactive oxygen species and protein carbonyl contents, and interferon γ2, interleukin 8, nuclear factor kappa B P65, Claudin 15a, Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1a and Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1b mRNA levels (P<0.05). Moreover, PA deficiency and excess increased gill malondialdehyde content, and tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, IκB kinase α, IκB kinase β, IκB kinase γ, target of rapamycin and ribosomal S6 protein kinase1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and myosin light-chain kinase mRNA levels (P<0.05). In conclusion, PA deficiency decreased immune and physical barrier function, and regulated relative mRNA levels of signaling molecules in fish gill. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of gill lysozyme activity, the optimal PA levels in grass carp (253.44-745.25 g) were estimated to be 36.97 mg/kg diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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23
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Alternative adaptive immunity strategies: coelacanth, cod and shark immunity. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:157-69. [PMID: 26423359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high throughput sequencing has permitted to investigate the genome and the transcriptome of novel non-model species with unprecedented depth. This technological advance provided a better understanding of the evolution of adaptive immune genes in gnathostomes, revealing several unexpected features in different fish species which are of particular interest. In the present paper, we review the current understanding of the adaptive immune system of the coelacanth, the elephant shark and the Atlantic cod. The study of coelacanth, the only living extant of the long thought to be extinct Sarcopterygian lineage, is fundamental to bring new insights on the evolution of the immune system in higher vertebrates. Surprisingly, coelacanths are the only known jawed vertebrates to lack IgM, whereas two IgD/W loci are present. Cartilaginous fish are of great interest due to their basal position in the vertebrate tree of life; the genome of the elephant shark revealed the lack of several important immune genes related to T cell functions, which suggest the existence of a primordial set of TH1-like cells. Finally, the Atlantic cod lacks a functional major histocompatibility II complex, but balances this evolutionary loss with the expansion of specific gene families, including MHC I, Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides. Overall, these data point out that several fish species present an unconventional adaptive immune system, but the loss of important immune genes is balanced by adaptive evolutionary strategies which still guarantee the establishment of an efficient immune response against the pathogens they have to fight during their life.
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24
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Katzenback BA. Antimicrobial Peptides as Mediators of Innate Immunity in Teleosts. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:607-39. [PMID: 26426065 PMCID: PMC4690011 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been identified throughout the metazoa suggesting their evolutionarily conserved nature and their presence in teleosts is no exception. AMPs are short (18–46 amino acids), usually cationic, amphipathic peptides. While AMPs are diverse in amino acid sequence, with no two AMPs being identical, they collectively appear to have conserved functions in the innate immunity of animals towards the pathogens they encounter in their environment. Fish AMPs are upregulated in response to pathogens and appear to have direct broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity towards both human and fish pathogens. However, an emerging role for AMPs as immunomodulatory molecules has become apparent—the ability of AMPs to activate the innate immune system sheds light onto the multifaceted capacity of these small peptides to combat pathogens through direct and indirect means. Herein, this review focuses on the role of teleost AMPs as modulators of the innate immune system and their regulation in response to pathogens or other exogenous molecules. The capacity to regulate AMP expression by exogenous factors may prove useful in modulating AMP expression in fish to prevent disease, particularly in aquaculture settings where crowded conditions and environmental stress pre-dispose these fish to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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25
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Li J, Li T, Jiang Y. Chemical aspects of the preservation and safety control of sea foods. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in biopreservation of food has prompted the quest for new natural antimicrobial compounds from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Li
- Research Institute of Food Science
- Bohai University
- Food Safety Key Lab of Liaoning Province
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage
- Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Life Science
- Dalian Nationalities University
- Dalian 116029
- China
- College of Food Science
| | - Yang Jiang
- Research Institute of Food Science
- Bohai University
- Food Safety Key Lab of Liaoning Province
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage
- Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products
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26
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Mosca F, Ciulli S, Volpatti D, Romano N, Volpe E, Bulfon C, Massimini M, Caccia E, Galeotti M, Tiscar PG. Defensive response of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) against Listonella anguillarum or Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida experimental infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Destoumieux-Garzón D, Duperthuy M, Vanhove AS, Schmitt P, Wai SN. Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides in Vibrios. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:540-63. [PMID: 27025756 PMCID: PMC4790380 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrios are associated with a broad diversity of hosts that produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as part of their defense against microbial infections. In particular, vibrios colonize epithelia, which function as protective barriers and express AMPs as a first line of chemical defense against pathogens. Recent studies have shown they can also colonize phagocytes, key components of the animal immune system. Phagocytes infiltrate infected tissues and use AMPs to kill the phagocytosed microorganisms intracellularly, or deliver their antimicrobial content extracellularly to circumvent tissue infection. We review here the mechanisms by which vibrios have evolved the capacity to evade or resist the potent antimicrobial defenses of the immune cells or tissues they colonize. Among their strategies to resist killing by AMPs, primarily vibrios use membrane remodeling mechanisms. In particular, some highly resistant strains substitute hexaacylated Lipid A with a diglycine residue to reduce their negative surface charge, thereby lowering their electrostatic interactions with cationic AMPs. As a response to envelope stress, which can be induced by membrane-active agents including AMPs, vibrios also release outer membrane vesicles to create a protective membranous shield that traps extracellular AMPs and prevents interaction of the peptides with their own membranes. Finally, once AMPs have breached the bacterial membrane barriers, vibrios use RND efflux pumps, similar to those of other species, to transport AMPs out of their cytoplasmic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Marylise Duperthuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Audrey Sophie Vanhove
- Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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28
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Expression of gene, protein and immunohistochemical localization of the estrogen receptor isoform ERα1 in male rainbow trout lymphoid organs; indication of the role of estrogens in the regulation of immune mechanisms. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 174:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Lazado CC, Caipang CMA. Mucosal immunity and probiotics in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:78-89. [PMID: 24795079 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Teleost mucosal immunity has become the subject of unprecedented research studies in recent years because of its diversity and defining characteristics. Its immune repertoire is governed by the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) which are divided into gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), skin-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT), and gill-associated lymphoid tissues (GIALT). The direct contact with its immediate environment makes the mucosal surfaces of fish susceptible to a wide variety of pathogens. The inherent immunocompetent cells and factors in the mucosal surfaces together with the commensal microbiota have pivotal role against pathogens. Immunomodulation is a popular prophylactic strategy in teleost and probiotics possess this beneficial feature. Most of the studies on the immunomodulatory properties of probiotics in fish mainly discussed their impacts on systemic immunity. In contrast, few of these studies discussed the immunomodulatory features of probiotics in mucosal surfaces and are concentrated on the influences in the gut. Significant attention should be devoted in understanding the relationship of mucosal immunity and probiotics as the present knowledge is limited and are mostly based on extrapolations of studies in humans and terrestrial vertebrates. In the course of the advancement of mucosal immunity and probiotics, new perspectives in probiotics research, e.g., probiogenomics have emerged. This review affirms the relevance of probiotics in the mucosal immunity of fish by revisiting and bridging the current knowledge on teleost mucosal immunity, mucosal microbiota and immunomodulation of mucosal surfaces by probiotics. Expanding the knowledge of immunomodulatory properties of probiotics especially on mucosal immunity is essential in advancing the use of probiotics as a sustainable and viable strategy for successful fish husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo C Lazado
- Aquaculture Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø 8049, Norway.
| | - Christopher Marlowe A Caipang
- Disease and Pathogen Transmission Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, Bergen 5817, Norway.
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30
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Rebl A, Korytář T, Köbis JM, Verleih M, Krasnov A, Jaros J, Kühn C, Köllner B, Goldammer T. Transcriptome profiling reveals insight into distinct immune responses to Aeromonas salmonicida in gill of two rainbow trout strains. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:333-348. [PMID: 24122123 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The fish gills represent a crucial organ for the communication with the aquatic environment. Transcriptional changes in gills of two hatchery rainbow trout strains in response to injection with the potent pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida were detected by global gene expression profiling using a 4×44K oligonucleotide microarray. Emphasis was placed on "day 3 postinfection" representing a decisive time point for the resolution of inflammation. The comparison of features and pathways differentially regulated in branchial tissues revealed that the local breeding strain BORN and imported American rainbow trout apply common and specific immune strategies. In gills of infected BORN trout, we observed a dynamic regulation of genes controlling NF-κB pathways and the induction of factors promoting the development of myeloid cells, whereas an increased expression of lysozyme and immunoglobulin genes was obvious in gills of infected import trout. In order to prove the relevance of the array-predicted candidates as well as well-known immune genes for gill immunity, a subsequent in vitro experiment was conducted. Altogether, we uncovered dynamic but moderate changes in the expression of a broad range of immune-relevant features implying the gill's involvement in pathogen defense strategies.
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Giannetto A, Fernandes JMO, Nagasawa K, Mauceri A, Maisano M, De Domenico E, Cappello T, Oliva S, Fasulo S. Influence of continuous light treatment on expression of stress biomarkers in Atlantic cod. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:30-34. [PMID: 24296437 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Continuous light treatment during early juvenile stages in Gadus morhua is a common farming management practice but the effects of these unnatural light conditions on fish stress have received scant attention. In the present study we investigated how continuous illumination affects transcription levels of key stress-related and antimicrobial peptide genes in juvenile Atlantic cod. Gene expression quantification by real-time PCR revealed higher levels of transcripts coding for antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase in liver of fish reared under continuous illumination, concomitantly with a 43% decrease in glutathione content. Transcription of antimicrobial peptides such as piscidins, hepcidin and cathelicidin was also affected by constant illumination. Overall, the significant changes in liver transcript levels of these biomarkers in response to continuous light may be an adaptation to light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Jorge M O Fernandes
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Kazue Nagasawa
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Angela Mauceri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Elena De Domenico
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Oliva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fasulo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Lazado CC, Caipang CMA. Probiotics-pathogen interactions elicit differential regulation of cutaneous immune responses in epidermal cells of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:113-119. [PMID: 24176817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known on the cutaneous immune responses during probiotics-pathogen interactions in fish. Thus, this study employed Atlantic cod primary epidermal (EP) cell cultures as a model to understand this interaction. The probiotics-pathogen interactions in the EP cell cultures were elucidated using Vibrio anguillarum 2133 (VA) as the pathogen and two host-derived bacteria (GP21 and GP12) as the probiotics. There was a regional size difference on the EP cells; i.e., EP cells from the dorsal region were significantly larger than the EP cells at the ventral side. VA significantly decreased viability of EP cells. In the presence of probiotics, this inhibition was mitigated. The probiotics reduced VA-induced cellular apoptosis and the probiotics-pathogen interactions influenced cellular myeloperoxidase activity during the latter stage of co-incubation. The probiotics-pathogen interactions triggered differential regulation of immune-related genes and the effects of the interaction were dependent on the region where the cells were isolated and the length of the co-incubation period. In most cases, the presence of probiotics alone showed no significant change on the mRNA level of immune genes in the EP cells but triggered immunostimulatory activity when incubated with VA. This study showed that the virulence of VA in EP cells could be modulated by host-derived probiotics and the immunomodulatory characteristics of the two candidate probionts advanced their immune-related probiotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo C Lazado
- Aquaculture Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø 8049, Norway
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Lazado C, Caipang C. Bacterial viability differentially influences the immunomodulatory capabilities of potential host-derived probiotics in the intestinal epithelial cells of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:990-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.C. Lazado
- Aquaculture Genomics Research Unit; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; Bodø Norway
| | - C.M.A. Caipang
- Aquaculture Genomics Research Unit; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; Bodø Norway
- Disease and Pathogen Transmission Research Group; Institute of Marine Research; Bergen Norway
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Fierro-Castro C, Barrioluengo L, López-Fierro P, Razquin BE, Villena AJ. Fish cell cultures as in vitro models of inflammatory responses elicited by immunostimulants. Expression of regulatory genes of the innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:979-987. [PMID: 23872473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the differential expression of various genes related to the regulation of the innate immune responses, including pro-inflammatory (IL-1β1, IL-8, TNF-α1, TNF-α2) and immune-suppressing (IL-10) cytokines, interferon-induced Mx-1 protein, enzymes regulating nitric oxide (inducible nitric oxide synthase, arginase-2) and eicosanoid (COX-2) production, and Toll-like pathogen pattern-recognition receptors TLR-3, TLR-5 and TLR-9, in two lympho-haematopoietic stromal cell lines derived from the spleen (trout splenic stroma, TSS) and the pronephros (trout pronephric stroma-2, TPS-2) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as well as in primary cultures of rainbow trout head kidney macrophages, after their exposure to the well-known immunostimulants LPS, levamisole and poly I:C. Although there were differences in the responses between the two stromal cell lines, using reverse transcription followed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) we demonstrated that exposure to the immunostimulants, particularly poly I:C and LPS, resulted in significant changes in the expression of the immunoregulatory genes in the two stromal cell lines in many cases their responses resembling in fold change magnitudes and in response profiles to those observed in the primary macrophage cultures. Exposure to poly I:C and, with lower fold change values, to LPS produced upregulation of the pro- (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine genes, as well as of the Mx-1 gene. Furthermore, the immunostimulation elicited the upregulation of COX-2, iNOS and arginase-2 genes in the cell lines. Likewise, the TSS and TPS-2 cell lines significantly upregulated the expression of TLR-3, TLR-5 and TLR-9 genes after exposure to the immunostimulants, thus explaining the ability of the stromal cells to recognise and respond to the immunostimulants. Such results give support to an important role of lympho-haematopoietic stromal cells in the development and control of pro-inflammatory responses in fish. The upregulation of genes of pro-inflammatory cytokines and of mediators of the innate immune responses correlates well with the previously demonstrated functional capacities, including phagocytosis, microbicidal activity and NO production, exhibited by the TSS and TPS-2 stromal cell lines when exposed to the same immunostimulants. On the other hand, the expression of immunosuppressing genes (IL-10, COX-2 and arginase-2) demonstrate that the lympho-haematopoietic stromal cells are also able to contribute to the control of inflammatory responses. This study reinforce the possibility of using histotypic cell cultures, as those formed by the TSS and TPS-2 cell lines, formed by heterogeneous cell populations that partially replicates the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, to develop cost-effective and repetitive in vitro systems for the screening of immunostimulant candidates for aquaculture, as they are able to replicate in vitro immune regulatory networks occurring in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fierro-Castro
- Departament of Molecular Biology (Cell Biology Unit), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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Su Y, Feng J, Sun X, Guo Z, Xu L, Jiang J. Characterization and transcriptional analysis of a new CC chemokine associated with innate immune response in cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893313030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Provan F, Jensen LB, Uleberg KE, Larssen E, Rajalahti T, Mullins J, Obach A. Proteomic analysis of epidermal mucus from sea lice-infected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:311-321. [PMID: 23305410 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Health diets that contain immunostimulants and other functional ingredients can strengthen the immune response in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and thereby reduce sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infection levels. Such diets can be used to supplement other treatments and will potentially reduce the need for delousing and medication. A sea lice infection trial was conducted on fish with an average weight of 215 g. One control diet and four experimental diets containing functional ingredients were produced. The diets were fed to salmon for 4 weeks before infection with sea lice copepodids. When lice had developed to chalimus III/IV, 88 fish per diet were examined for lice loads. Mucus samples from fish fed the different diets were taken before and after lice infection. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics was used to characterize the protein composition in the epidermal mucus of Atlantic salmon and to identify quantitative alterations in protein expression. Multivariate analysis of the generated data sets was performed to identify protein biomarkers. Putative biomarkers associated with functional feed intake and with sea lice infection have been identified and can form the basis for strategic validation experiments with selected functional feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Provan
- International Research Institute of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
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Balakrishnan A, Marathe SA, Joglekar M, Chakravortty D. Bactericidal/permeability increasing protein: a multifaceted protein with functions beyond LPS neutralization. Innate Immun 2012; 19:339-47. [PMID: 23160386 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912465098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI), a 55-60 kDa protein, first reported in 1975, has gone a long way as a protein with multifunctional roles. Its classical role in neutralizing endotoxin (LPS) raised high hopes among septic shock patients. Today, BPI is not just a LPS-neutralizing protein, but a protein with diverse functions. These functions can be as varied as inhibition of endothelial cell growth and inhibition of dendritic cell maturation, or as an anti-angiogenic, chemoattractant or opsonization agent. Though the literature available is extremely limited, it is fascinating to look into how BPI is gaining major importance as a signalling molecule. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent research focused on the multiple roles of BPI and its use as a therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, India
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Lanes C, Fernandes J, Kiron V, Babiak I. Profiling of key apoptotic, stress, and immune-related transcripts during embryonic and postembryonic development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Theriogenology 2012; 78:1583-1596.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sun F, Peatman E, Li C, Liu S, Jiang Y, Zhou Z, Liu Z. Transcriptomic signatures of attachment, NF-κB suppression and IFN stimulation in the catfish gill following columnaris bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:169-180. [PMID: 22669032 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnare) are common in wild and cultured freshwater fish worldwide. Disease occurrences, particularly those caused by virulent genomovar II isolates, in aquaculture species such as channel catfish can be devastating. In contrast to other important aquaculture pathogens, little is known about host immune responses to columnaris. Adhesion of F. columnare to gill tissue has been correlated in some previous studies to virulence and host susceptibility. Here, therefore, we conducted the first transcriptomic profiling of host responses to columnaris following an experimental challenge. We utilized Illumina-based RNA-seq expression profiling to examine transcript profiles at three timepoints (4h, 24h, and 48h) in catfish gill after bath immersion infection. Enrichment and pathway analyses of the differentially expressed genes revealed several central signatures following infection. These included the dramatic upregulation of a rhamnose-binding lectin, with putative roles in bacterial attachment and aggregation, suppression of NF-κB signalling via IκBs, BCL-3, TAX1BP1, and olfactomedin 4, and strong induction of IFN-inducible responses including iNOS2b, IFI44, and VHSV genes. Fifteen differentially expressed genes with varying expression profiles by RNA-seq, were validated by QPCR (correlation coefficients 0.85-0.94, p-value <0.001). Our results highlight several putative immune pathways and individual candidate genes deserving of further investigation in the context of development of therapeutic regimens and laying the foundation for selection of resistant catfish lines against columnaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyue Sun
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Prevalence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum bacterial cells in farmed rainbow trout: characterization of metallothionein A and interleukin1-β genes as markers overexpressed in spleen and kidney of diseased fish. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:127-35. [PMID: 22989515 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of the flavobacteria within farmed trout and to quantify their bacterial burden. A total of 61 fish were sampled from seven farms, and were distributed in two groups: (1) visibly diseased fish suffering from the rainbow trout fry syndrome or the bacterial cold water disease caused by the bacteria Flavobacterium psychrophilum and (2) normally appearing fish. F. psychrophilum cells were titered by qPCR, targeting a specific area of the 16S rRNA gene in skin, muscle, gills, liver, spleen and kidney from all fish. The pathogen was detected in these organs whatever the health status, with titers ranging from 10(4) to 6 × 10(7)bacteria/g of tissue in normally appearing fish, thus showing they were bacterial carriers. Two organs allowed differentiation between diseased and normally appearing fish: spleen and kidney, with titers ranging from 10(6) to 10(7)bacteria/g of tissue in normally appearing fish vs 10(11) to 10(12)bacteria/g of tissue in diseased fish. No relationship was found between immunoglobulin M-like titer in plasma and health status. Gene expression analysis in fish organs revealed two genes that were markers of the bacterial infection: mt-a and il-1β genes encoding the metallothionein A and the interleukin1-β, respectively. These genes were both over-expressed in gills, liver, spleen and kidney of diseased fish. Four genes encoding immunity markers were down-regulated in spleen (a key organ implicated in immunity) of diseased fish: tgf-β, cd8-α, mhc2-β and igt, suggesting a weakened immune system in diseased fish.
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Dynamic expression profiles of virus-responsive and putative antimicrobial peptide-encoding transcripts during Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryonic and early larval development. Gene 2012; 509:232-46. [PMID: 22925828 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life stage mortality is one of the problems faced by Atlantic cod aquaculture. However, our understanding of immunity in early life stage fish is still incomplete, and the information available is restricted to a few species. In the present work we investigated the expression of immune-relevant transcripts in Atlantic cod during early development. The transcripts subjected to QPCR analysis in the present study were previously identified as putative anti-viral or anti-bacterial genes in Atlantic cod using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries, QPCR, and/or microarrays. Of the 11 genes involved in this study, only atf3, cxc chemokine and gaduscidin-1 were not detected at the transcript level in all developmental stages investigated from unfertilized egg to early larval stage. Adam22, hamp, il8, irf1, irf7, lgp2, sacsin, and stat1 transcripts were detected in unfertilized egg and 7h post-fertilization (~2-cell stage) embryos, showing maternal contribution of these immune-relevant transcripts to the early embryonic transcriptome. The Atlantic cod genes included in this study presented diverse transcript expression profiles throughout embryonic and early larval development. For example, adam22 and sacsin transcripts rose abruptly during blastula/gastrula stage and were then expressed at relatively high levels through subsequent embryonic and early larval developmental stages. A peak in irf1 and irf7 transcript expression during early segmentation suggests that these interferon pathway genes play developmental stage-specific roles during cod embryogenesis. Stat1 had increasing transcript expression throughout blastula/gastrula, segmentation, and early larval developmental stages. Atf3, cxc chemokine, gaduscidin-1, and il8 transcripts rose approximately 2-3 fold during hatching, supporting the hypothesis that there is preparation at the immune-relevant transcript expression level to deal with environmental pathogens that may be encountered during early larval development. The specific roles that interferon pathway and other immune-relevant genes play in early life stage cod, and the potential impact of their dynamic transcript expression on immune competence of Atlantic cod embryos and larvae, remain unclear and warrant further study.
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Falco A, Frost P, Miest J, Pionnier N, Irnazarow I, Hoole D. Reduced inflammatory response to Aeromonas salmonicida infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed with β-glucan supplements. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1051-7. [PMID: 22406448 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the action of β-glucans as feed additives on the gene expression profile of some inflammatory-related cytokines from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during the early stages of a non-lethal bacterial infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. β-glucan (MacroGard(®)), was administered daily to carp (6 mg per kg body weight) in the form of supplemented commercial food pellets for 14 days prior to infection. Control and treated fish were then intraperitoneally injected with PBS or 4×10(8) bacteria per fish and were sampled at time 0 and 6h, 12h, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days post-injection. Head kidney and gut were collected and the gene expression patterns for tnfα1, tnfα2, il1β, il6 and il10 were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Results obtained showed that treatment with β-glucans generally down-regulated the expression of all measured genes when compared to their corresponding controls. After injection, highest changes in the gene expression levels were obtained at 6h; particularly, in head kidney there was higher up-regulation of tnfa1 and tnfa2 in infected fish fed β-glucans in comparison to control feed; however, in gut there was a significant down-regulation of tnfα1, tnfα2, il1β and il6 in infected fish fed β-glucans. Analysis of carp specific antibodies against A. salmonicida 30 days after injection revealed their levels were reduced in the infected β-glucan group. In conclusion, a diet supplemented with β-glucan (MacroGard(®)) reduced the gene expression levels of some inflammation-related cytokines in common carp. Such a response appears to be dependent of organ studied and therefore the immunostimulant may be preventing an acute and potential dangerous response in gut, whilst enhancing the inflammatory response in head kidney when exposed to A. salmonicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Falco
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Li YX, Hu YH, Sun JS, Sun L. CsCXCe1: A novel Cynoglossus semilaevis CXC chemokine that functions as a chemoattractant and an immunomodulator for peripheral blood leukocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:55-64. [PMID: 22210524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small cytokines that, based on their structural differences, are classified into four groups, one of which is called CXC chemokines. In this study, we identified a CXC chemokine, CsCXCe1, from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and analyzed its function. The deduced amino acid sequence of CsCXCe1 contains 115 residues and is phylogenetically distinct from known CXC chemokines. CsCXCe1 possesses the conserved RCXC motif in the form of RCWC but lacks the ELR sequence that is found in some CXC chemokines. Expression of CsCXCe1 as determined by quantitative real time RT-PCR occurred abundantly in immune organs and was upregulated by bacterial and viral infection in time dependent manners. Purified recombinant CsCXCe1 (rCsCXCe1) exhibited comparable chemotactic activities against tongue sole and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Microscopic analysis identified lymphocytes as the major cellular population in PBL that responds to rCsCXCe1. Mutational study showed that when the two cysteine residues in the RCWC motif of CsCXCe1 were substituted by serine, the chemoattractive activity of CsCXCe1 was completely lost. Further study showed that treatment of PBL with rCsCXCe1 (i) stimulated cellular proliferation and respiratory burst activity, (ii) upregulated the expression of a wide spectrum of immune relevant genes, and (iii) enhanced cellular resistance against bacterial infection. Taken together, these results indicate that CsCXCe1 is likely a new type of CXC chemokine that exerts chemotactic and immunostimulatory effects on PBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Pridgeon JW, Yeh HY, Shoemaker CA, Klesius PH. Global transcription analysis of vaccinated channel catfish following challenge with virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Audunsdottir SS, Magnadottir B, Gisladottir B, Jonsson ZO, Bragason BT. The acute phase response of cod (Gadus morhua L.): expression of immune response genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:360-367. [PMID: 22173271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An acute phase response (APR) was experimentally induced in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil. The change in the expression of immune related genes was monitored in the anterior kidney and the spleen over a period of 7 days. The genes examined were two types of pentraxins, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA-I), the complement component C3, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transferrin, cathelicidin, and hepcidin. All genes were constitutively expressed in both organs and their expression amplified by the turpentine injection. A pattern of response was observed both with respect to the organ preference and to the timing of a maximum response. The increased gene expression of the pentraxins, ApoA-I and C3 was restricted to the anterior kidney, the gene expression of IL-1β, cathelicidin, and transferrin increased in both organs, while hepcidin gene expression was only significantly increased in the spleen. The pentraxins and ApoA-I appear to be early mediators of APR in cod, possibly stimulating C3 and IL-1β response, while the antimicrobial peptides may play a minor role. The increase in transferrin gene expression in both organs, and apparent indifference to cortisol release associated with the turpentine injection, suggests that this could be a typical acute phase protein in cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur S Audunsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
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46
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Alejo A, Tafalla C. Chemokines in teleost fish species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1215-22. [PMID: 21414348 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines defined by the presence of four conserved cysteine residues which in mammals can be divided into four subfamilies depending on the arrangement of the first two conserved cysteines in their sequence: CXC (α), CC (β), C and CX(3)C classes. Evolutionarily, fish can be considered as an intermediate step between species which possess only innate immunity (invertebrates) and species with a fully developed acquired immune network such as mammals. Therefore, the functionality of their different immune cell types and molecules is sometimes also intermediate between innate and acquired responses. The first chemokine gene identified in a teleost was a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) chemokine designated as CK1 in 1998. Since then, many different chemokine genes have been identified in several fish species, but their role in homeostasis and immune response remains largely unknown. Extensive genomic duplication events and the fact that chemokines evolve more quickly than other immune genes, make it very difficult to establish true orthologues between fish and mammalian chemokines that would help us with the ascription of immune roles. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of chemokine biology in teleost fish, focusing mainly on which genes have been identified so far and highlighting the most important aspects of their expression regulation, due to the great lack of functional information available for them. As the number of chemokine genes begins to close down for some teleost species, there is an important need for functional assays that may elucidate the role of each of these molecules within the fish immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alí Alejo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8.1, Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Broekman DC, Zenz A, Gudmundsdottir BK, Lohner K, Maier VH, Gudmundsson GH. Functional characterization of codCath, the mature cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Peptides 2011; 32:2044-51. [PMID: 21945422 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are among the best characterized antimicrobial peptides and have been shown to have an important role in mammalian innate immunity. We recently isolated a novel mature cathelicidin peptide (codCath) from Atlantic cod and in the present study we functionally characterized codCath. The peptide demonstrated salt sensitivity with abrogation of activity at physiological salt concentrations. In low ionic strength medium we found activity against marine and non-marine Gram-negative bacteria with an average MIC of 10 μM, weak activity against a Gram-positive bacterium (MIC 80 μM), and pronounced antifungal activity (MIC 2.5 μM). The results suggest the kinetics and mode of action of codCath to be fast killing accompanied by pronounced cell lysis. Extracellular products (ECPs) of three marine bacteria caused breakdown of the peptide into smaller fragments and the cleaved peptide lost its antibacterial activity. Proteolysis of the peptide on the other hand was abolished by prior heat-treatment of the ECPs, suggesting a protease involvement. We observed no cytotoxicity of the peptide in fish cells up to a concentration of 40 μM and the selectivity of activity was confirmed with bacterial and mammalian membrane mimetics. We conclude that the potent broad-spectrum activity of codCath hints at a role of the peptide in cod immune defense.
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Li CH, Chen J, Shi YH, Lu XJ. Use of suppressive subtractive hybridization to identify differentially expressed genes in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) associated with Listonella anguillarum infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:500-506. [PMID: 21712095 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was employed to identify differentially expressed genes in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) associated with Listonella anguillarum infection. 800 random clones were selected from forward and reverse subtractive libraries and 787 were successfully sequenced. After assembling, 105 contigs and 414 singletons were finally obtained, some of which were immune-related genes. A real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of the expression patterns of 28 transcripts showed that the false-positive rate was approximately 7.1%. Furthermore, Wap65-2 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and used for antiserum preparation. Western blot analysis revealed that serum Wap65-2 of ayu significantly increased after bacterial infection, suggesting that it was a positive acute-phase protein (APP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang H Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, People's Republic of China
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Bridle A, Nosworthy E, Polinski M, Nowak B. Evidence of an antimicrobial-immunomodulatory role of Atlantic salmon cathelicidins during infection with Yersinia ruckeri. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23417. [PMID: 21858109 PMCID: PMC3153500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides that act as effector molecules of the innate immune system with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. These evolutionary conserved cationic host-defence peptides are integral components of the immune response of fish, which are generally believed to rely heavily on innate immune defences to invading pathogens. In this study we showed that Atlantic salmon cathelicidin 1 and 2 (asCATH1 and asCATH2) stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes increasing the transcription of the chemokine interleukin-8. Further, functional differences were identified between the two cathelicidins. In the presence of serum, asCATH1 displayed greatly diminished host haemolytic activity, while the constitutively expressed asCATH2 had no haemolytic activity with or without serum. These findings support our hypothesis that fish cathelicidins exert their primary antimicrobial action at the site of pathogen invasion such as epithelial surfaces. Further, we hypothesise that like their mammalian counterparts in the presence of serum they act as mediators of the innate and adaptive immune response via the release of cytokines thus indirectly protecting against a variety of pathogens. We highlight the importance of this immunomodulatory role from the involvement of asCATHs during an infection with the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. While we were able to demonstrate in vitro that asCATH1 and 2, possessed direct microbicidal activity against the fish pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum, and a common gram negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, little or no bactericidal activity was found against Y. ruckeri. The contribution of either asCATH in the immune response or as a potential virulence factor during yersiniosis is highlighted from the increased expression of asCATH1 and 2 mRNA during an in vivo challenge with Y. ruckeri . We propose that Atlantic salmon cathelicidins participate in the interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems via the release of cytokines enabling a more effective response to invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bridle
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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Booman M, Borza T, Feng CY, Hori TS, Higgins B, Culf A, Léger D, Chute IC, Belkaid A, Rise M, Gamperl AK, Hubert S, Kimball J, Ouellette RJ, Johnson SC, Bowman S, Rise ML. Development and experimental validation of a 20K Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) oligonucleotide microarray based on a collection of over 150,000 ESTs. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:733-50. [PMID: 21127932 PMCID: PMC3139889 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The collapse of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) wild populations strongly impacted the Atlantic cod fishery and led to the development of cod aquaculture. In order to improve aquaculture and broodstock quality, we need to gain knowledge of genes and pathways involved in Atlantic cod responses to pathogens and other stressors. The Atlantic Cod Genomics and Broodstock Development Project has generated over 150,000 expressed sequence tags from 42 cDNA libraries representing various tissues, developmental stages, and stimuli. We used this resource to develop an Atlantic cod oligonucleotide microarray containing 20,000 unique probes. Selection of sequences from the full range of cDNA libraries enables application of the microarray for a broad spectrum of Atlantic cod functional genomics studies. We included sequences that were highly abundant in suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries, which were enriched for transcripts responsive to pathogens or other stressors. These sequences represent genes that potentially play an important role in stress and/or immune responses, making the microarray particularly useful for studies of Atlantic cod gene expression responses to immune stimuli and other stressors. To demonstrate its value, we used the microarray to analyze the Atlantic cod spleen response to stimulation with formalin-killed, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, resulting in a gene expression profile that indicates a strong innate immune response. These results were further validated by quantitative PCR analysis and comparison to results from previous analysis of an SSH library. This study shows that the Atlantic cod 20K oligonucleotide microarray is a valuable new tool for Atlantic cod functional genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Booman
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Tudor Borza
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - Charles Y. Feng
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Tiago S. Hori
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Brent Higgins
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - Adrian Culf
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Daniel Léger
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Ian C. Chute
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Anissa Belkaid
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Marlies Rise
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Sophie Hubert
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - Jennifer Kimball
- NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3H 3Z1
| | - Rodney J. Ouellette
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Stewart C. Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC Canada V9T 6N7
| | - Sharen Bowman
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
- Canada Research Chair (Tier 2) in Marine Biotechnology, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
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