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Pinos-Velez VP, Araujo GS, Echeverria-Paredes P, Abril M, Acosta S, Cipriani-Ávila I, Moulatlet GM, Capparelli MV. Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity of Daphnia magna Exposed to Ash Leachate from the Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 113:37. [PMID: 39225823 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ecuador's wetlands and aquatic ecosystems are chronically exposed to ash contamination due to the frequent volcanoes' eruptions in the country. Still, the short and long-term effects of ash contamination on the aquatic biota are not well understood. We used ashes released by the Cotopaxi volcano in 2016 to investigate their acute and chronic effects in Daphna magna. We calculated the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) after 2 and 21 days of exposure, the non-observed effect concentration (NOEC), and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) on offspring production. We also analyzed the metal concentration present in the ashes. The EC50 values at 2 and 21 days were found at 80% and 5% ash leachate concentrations, respectively. After 21 days of exposure, high mortality and low neonatal production were observed in all leachate concentrations (NOEC was at 15%, and LOEC was at 20% leachate concentration). Our results suggest that the ashes from the Cotopaxi volcano can cause acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic life and should be classified as hazardous waste, depending on the dose. There is an urgent need for further studies that assess toxicity caused by the intense volcanic activity in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Pinos-Velez
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, IRCMA, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.
| | - G S Araujo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- NEPEA, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, S/N, São Vicente, 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - P Echeverria-Paredes
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, IRCMA, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - M Abril
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, IRCMA, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - S Acosta
- Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - I Cipriani-Ávila
- Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - G M Moulatlet
- The Arizona Institute for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M V Capparelli
- Estación el Carmen, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Carmen-Puerto Real Km 9.5, Ciudad del Carmen, 24157, Campeche, Mexico
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Alkherb WAH, Farag SM, Alotaibi AM, Aloui Z, Alshammari NAH, El-Sayed AA, Almutairi FM, El-Shourbagy NM. Synthesis and larvicidal efficacy of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives conjugated with selenium nanoparticles against Culex pipiens L. and Musca domestica L. larvae. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114040. [PMID: 38917668 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The synthesized pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives conjugated with selenium nanoparticles were prepared via a reaction of pyrazolone 1 with aryl-aldehyde and malononitrile or 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanenitrile in the presence ammonium acetate or pipridine using an ultrasonic bath as a modified method in the organic synthesis for such materials. The structure of the synthesized compounds was elucidated through various techniques. All the synthesized pyrazolopyrimidines were used in the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). These nanoparticles were confirmed using UV-spectra, Dynamic Light scattering and (TEM) techniques. The larvicidal efficiency;of the synthesized;compounds; was investigated against some strains such as Culex pipiens;and Musca domestica larvae. Bioassay test showed pyrazolopyrimide derivatives to exhibit an acceptable larvicidal;bio-efficacy. The derivative (3) exhibited;the highest;efficiency for more than; lab strains of both species. Moreover, C. pipiens larvae were more sensitive towards the examined compounds than M. domestica. The field;strain displayed lower affinity for the 2 folds compounds. Some biochemical changes were tracked through analysis of insect main metabolites (protein, lipid and carbohydrate), in addition to measuring the changes in seven enzymes after treatment. Generally, there was a reduction in the protein, lipids and carbohydrates after treatment with all tested compounds. Moreover, a decrement was noticed for acetylcholine esterase and glutathione;S-transferase; enzymes. There was an increment in the acid;phosphatase; and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, there was elevation in Phenoloxidase level but it noticed the declination in both Cytochrome P450 and Ascorbate peroxidase activity after treatment both flies with derivatives of selenium-nanoparticles in both lab and field strain. Generally, the experiments carried out indicate that antioxidant and detoxification enzymes may play a significant role in mechanism of action of our novel nanocompounds. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds and conjugated with SeNPs showed enhanced compatibility with human normal fibroblast cell line (BJ1) with no toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa A H Alkherb
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, P.O Box: 6666, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shaimaa M Farag
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Alya M Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zouhaier Aloui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nawaa Ali H Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar 73222, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A El-Sayed
- Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industrial Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Fahad M Almutairi
- Physical Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
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Lysak DH, Bermel W, Moxley-Paquette V, Michal C, Ghosh-Biswas R, Soong R, Nashman B, Lacerda A, Simpson AJ. Cutting without a Knife: A Slice-Selective 2D 1H- 13C HSQC NMR Sequence for the Analysis of Inhomogeneous Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14392-14401. [PMID: 37713676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technique with applications ranging from small molecule structure elucidation to metabolomics studies of living organisms. Typically, solution-state NMR requires a homogeneous liquid, and the whole sample is analyzed as a single entity. While adequate for homogeneous samples, such an approach is limited if the composition varies as would be the case in samples that are naturally heterogeneous or layered. In complex samples such as living organisms, magnetic susceptibility distortions lead to broad 1H line shapes, and thus, the additional spectral dispersion afforded by 2D heteronuclear experiments is often required for metabolite discrimination. Here, a novel, slice-selective 2D, 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) sequence was developed that exclusively employs shaped pulses such that only spins in the desired volume are perturbed. In turn, this permits multiple volumes in the tube to be studied during a single relaxation delay, increasing sensitivity and throughput. The approach is first demonstrated on standards and then used to isolate specific sample/sensor elements from a microcoil array and finally study slices within a living earthworm, allowing metabolite changes to be discerned with feeding. Overall, slice-selective NMR is demonstrated to have significant potential for the study of layered and other inhomogeneous samples of varying complexity. In particular, its ability to select subelements is an important step toward developing microcoil receive-only arrays to study environmental toxicity in tiny eggs, cells, and neonates, whereas localization in larger living species could help better correlate toxin-induced biochemical responses to the physical localities or organs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Carl Michal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rajshree Ghosh-Biswas
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ben Nashman
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8,Canada
| | - Andressa Lacerda
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8,Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Kukavica B, Davidović-Plavšić B, Savić A, Dmitrović D, Šukalo G, Đurić-Savić S, Vučić G. Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity of Cadmium and Zinc on Artemia franciscana. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2636-2649. [PMID: 35831694 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite not being redox-active metals, Cd and Zn can disrupt cellular redox homeostasis by acting pro-oxidatively. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of exposure to Zn (14 and 72 mg/L) and Cd (7.7 and 77 mg/L) for 24 and 48 h on oxidative and antioxidative parameters and the activity of glutathione-S-transferase in Artemia franciscana tissue. In addition, the neurotoxicity of the metals was examined by determining the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In A. franciscana tissue, Cd (0.0026 ± 0.0001 mg/L) was detected only after 48 h of exposure to 77 mg/L Cd. After 24 h, the 14- and 72-mg/L Zn treatments resulted in significant increases in the Zn concentration (0.54 ± 0.026 mg/L (p < 0.01) and 0.68 ± 0.035 (p < 0.0001), respectively) in A. franciscana tissue compared with the control level, and significant increases were also detected after 48 h (0.59 ± 0.02 (p < 0.0001) and 0.79 ± 0.015 (p < 0.0001), respectively). The malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the metal-treated samples was increased after 24 h of exposure, whereas after 48 h, an increase in the MDA concentration was detected only with 7.7. mg/L Cd. A significant increase in the H2O2 concentration after 24 h was measured only after treatment with 72 mg/L Zn. The treatment with 7.7 mg/L Cd for 24 h induced a significant increase in the AChE activity, whereas 48 h of treatment with 77 mg/L Cd and 14 mg/L Zn significantly inhibited AChE. The results indicate that lipid peroxidation resulting from metal toxicity may constitute the basis of neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Kukavica
- Departmant of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Biljana Davidović-Plavšić
- Departmant of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ana Savić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Dejan Dmitrović
- Departmant of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Goran Šukalo
- Departmant of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Goran Vučić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Bownik A, Adamczuk M, Skowrońska BP. Effects of cyanobacterial metabolites: Aeruginosin 98A, microginin-FR1, anabaenopeptin-A, cylindrospermopsin in binary and quadruple mixtures on the survival and oxidative stress biomarkers of Daphnia magna. Toxicon 2023; 229:107137. [PMID: 37121403 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to determine the effects of aeruginosin 98 A (ARE-A), microginin-FR1 (MG-FR1), anabaenopeptin-A (ANA-A) cylindrospermopsin (CYL) and their binary and quadruple mixtures on the survival and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in Daphnia magna: total glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The biochemical indicators were measured with ELISA kits and the interactive effects were determined by isobole and polygonal analysis with Compusyn® computer software. The study revealed that oligopeptides did not decrease daphnid survival, only CYL inhibited this parameter, with synergistic effects when it was used as a component. The single metabolites at the two highest concentrations and all the binary and quadruple mixtures at all concentrations diminished GSH level, however both in the binary and in the quadruple mixtures most of the interactions between the metabolites were antagonistic. Nearly additive effects were found only in AER-A + CYL and MG-FR1+CYL. On the other hand, CAT activity was slightly increased in daphnids exposed to the binary mixtures with antagonistic interactions, however nearly addivive effects were found in animals exposed to the mixture of AER-A + ANA-A and synergistic in the quadruple mixture. SOD was elevated in daphnids exposed to single AER-A and MG-FR1, however it was diminished in the animals exposed to ANA-A and CYL. Binary mixtures in which CYL was present as a component decreased the level of this enzyme with nearly additive interactions in ANA-A + CYL. The quadruple mixture increased SOD level, with antagonistic interactions. Both single cyanobacterial metabolites, their binary and quadruple mixtures induced lipid peroxidation measured by MDA level and most of interactions in the binary mixtures were synergistic. The study suggested that antioxidative system of Daphnia magna responded to the tested metabolites and the real exposure to mixtures of these products may lead to various interactive effects with varied total toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Adamczuk
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Pawlik Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
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Pérez-Pereira A, Carvalho AR, Carrola JS, Tiritan ME, Ribeiro C. Integrated Approach for Synthetic Cathinone Drug Prioritization and Risk Assessment: In Silico Approach and Sub-Chronic Studies in Daphnia magna and Tetrahymena thermophila. Molecules 2023; 28:2899. [PMID: 37049662 PMCID: PMC10096003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones (SC) are drugs of abuse that have been reported in wastewaters and rivers raising concern about potential hazards to non-target organisms. In this work, 44 SC were selected for in silico studies, and a group of five emerging SC was prioritized for further in vivo ecotoxicity studies: buphedrone (BPD), 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC), butylone (BTL), 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). In vivo short-term exposures were performed with the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila (28 h growth inhibition assay) and the microcrustacean Daphnia magna by checking different indicators of toxicity across life stage (8 days sublethal assay at 10.00 µg L-1). The in silico approaches predicted a higher toxic potential of MDPV and lower toxicity of BTL to the model organisms (green algae, protozoan, daphnia, and fish), regarding the selected SC for the in vivo experiments. The in vivo assays showed protozoan growth inhibition with MDPV > BPD > 3,4-DMMC, whereas no effects were observed for BTL and stimulation of growth was observed for 3-MMC. For daphnia, the responses were dependent on the substance and life stage. Briefly, all five SC interfered with the morphophysiological parameters of juveniles and/or adults. Changes in swimming behavior were observed for BPD and 3,4-DMMC, and reproductive parameters were affected by MDPV. Oxidative stress and changes in enzymatic activities were noted except for 3-MMC. Overall, the in silico data agreed with the in vivo protozoan experiments except for 3-MMC, whereas daphnia in vivo experiments showed that at sublethal concentrations, all selected SC interfered with different endpoints. This study shows the importance to assess SC ecotoxicity as it can distress aquatic species and interfere with food web ecology and ecosystem balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Pérez-Pereira
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, IUCS-CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), CITAB, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Carvalho
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, IUCS-CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - João Soares Carrola
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), CITAB, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, IUCS-CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, IUCS-CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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Monclús L, McCann Smith E, Ciesielski TM, Wagner M, Jaspers VL. Microplastic Ingestion Induces Size-Specific Effects in Japanese Quail. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15902-15911. [PMID: 36302260 PMCID: PMC9671045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution can pose a threat to birds. Yet, little is known about the sublethal effects of ingested microplastics (MP), and the effects of MP < 1 mm in birds remain unknown. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the toxicity of environmentally relevant polypropylene and polyethylene particles collected in the Norwegian coast in growing Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Birds were orally exposed to 600 mg MP over 5 weeks, covering small (<125 μm) and large (3 mm) MP, both separately and in a mixture. We evaluated multiple sublethal endpoints in quail, including oxidative stress, cytokine levels, blood-biochemical parameters, and reproductive hormones in blood, as well as body mass. Exposure to small MP significantly induced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. Exposure to large MP increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (liver parameter) and decreased 17β-estradiol levels in females. Body mass was not directly affected by MP ingestion; however, quail exposed to small MP and a mixture of large and small MP had a different growth rate compared to control quail. Our study used similar levels of MP as ingested by wild birds and demonstrated size-dependent effects of MP that can result in sublethal effects in avifauna.
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Melo de Almeida E, Tisserand F, Faria M, Chèvre N. Efficiency of Several Cytochrome P450 Biomarkers in Highlighting the Exposure of Daphnia magna to an Organophosphate Pesticide. TOXICS 2022; 10:482. [PMID: 36006161 PMCID: PMC9416226 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (CYP450) represent a major enzyme family operating mostly in the first step of xenobiotic detoxification in aquatic organisms. The ability to measure these CYP450 enzymes' activities provides a crucial tool to understand organisms' response to chemical stressors. However, research on CYP450 activity measurement is still limited and has had variable success. In the present study, we optimize, compile, and compare existing scientific information and techniques for a series of CYP450 biomarkers (EROD, MROD, ECOD, APND, and ERND) used on Daphnia magna. Additionally, we explored these CYP450 biomarkers' activities through the first 5 days of life of daphnids, providing a link between their age and sensitivity to chemicals. In the experiment, daphnids were exposed to an organophosphate pesticide (diazinon) from birth to measure the molecular response of the detoxification process. Our results suggest EROD as the most applicable biomarker for organisms such as D. magna, with a higher organophosphate detoxification rate in daphnids that are 2 and 5 days old. Additionally, a larger body size allowed a more accurate EROD measurement; hence, we emphasize the use of 5-day-old daphnids when analyzing their detoxification response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Melo de Almeida
- IDYST, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Tisserand
- IDYST, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Micaela Faria
- IDYST, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Chèvre
- IDYST, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gorokhova E, El-Shehawy R. Antioxidant Responses in Copepods Are Driven Primarily by Food Intake, Not by Toxin-Producing Cyanobacteria in the Diet. Front Physiol 2022; 12:805646. [PMID: 35058807 PMCID: PMC8764287 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.805646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between oxidative processes and physiological responses has received much attention in ecotoxicity assessment. In the Baltic Sea, bloom-forming cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena is a significant producer of various bioactive compounds, and both positive and adverse effects on grazers feeding in cyanobacteria blooms are reported. To elucidate the effect mechanisms and species sensitivity to the cyanobacteria-dominating diet, we exposed two Baltic copepods, Acartia bifilosa and Eurytemora affinis, to a diet consisting of toxin-producing cyanobacteria N. spumigena and a high-quality food Rhodomonas salina at 0–300 μg C L−1; the control food was R. salina provided as a monodiet at the same food levels. The subcellular responses to food type and availability were assayed using a suite of biomarkers – antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)] and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In parallel, we measured feeding activity using gut content (GC) assayed by real-time PCR analysis that quantified amounts of the prey DNA in copepod stomachs. As growth and reproduction endpoints, individual RNA content (a proxy for protein synthesis capacity), egg production rate (EPR), and egg viability (EV%) were used. In both toxic and nontoxic foods, copepod GC, RNA content, and EPR increased with food availability. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased with food availability regardless of the diet type. Moreover, CAT (both copepods), SOD, and GST (A. bifilosa) were upregulated in the copepods receiving cyanobacteria; the response was detectable when adjusted for the feeding and/or growth responses. By contrast, the diet effects were not significant when food concentration was used as a co-variable. A bimodal response in AChE was observed in A. bifilosa feeding on cyanobacteria, with up to 52% increase at the lower levels (5–25 μg C L−1) and 32% inhibition at the highest food concentrations. These findings contribute to the refinement of biomarker use for assessing environmental stress and mechanistic understanding of cyanobacteria effects in grazers. They also suggest that antioxidant and AChE responses to feeding activity and diet should be accounted for when using biomarker profiles in field-collected animals in the Baltic Sea and, perhaps other systems, where toxic cyanobacteria are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rehab El-Shehawy
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Borase HP, Muley AB, Patil SV, Singhal RS. Enzymatic response of Moina macrocopa to different sized zinc oxide particles: An aquatic metal toxicology study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110609. [PMID: 33340502 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide particles (ZnOPs) of both nanometer and sub-micron sizes are important components of high demand consumer products such as sunscreen, paint, textile, food packaging, and agriculture. Their ultimate discharge in the aquatic ecosystem is nearly unavoidable. For sustainable use of ZnOPs, there is an urgent need to assess its ecotoxicity using ecological indicator organisms. Moina macrocopa, an important component of the aquatic ecosystem is one such less explored indicator organism. In the present investigation, ZnOPs of two different sizes (250 ± 20 and 500 ± 50 nm) were selected for risk assessment as most of the previous reports were based on the use of 10-100 nm ZnOPs. ZnOPs of 500 nm were more lethal than that of 250 nm size, with respective LC50 of 0.0092 ± 0.0012 and 0.0337 ± 0.0133 mg/L against M. macrocopa after 48 h of exposure. We further used a sublethal concentration of 500 nm (0.00336 mg/L) and 250 nm (0.00092 mg/L) ZnOPs followed by measurement of enzymatic biomarkers of toxicity (acetylcholinesterase, digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes). A size-dependent variation in enzymatic response to 250 and 500 nm ZnOPs was seen. Exposure to ZnOPs inhibited acetylcholinesterase and digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase), and elevated antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione S-transferase) levels. The exposure also decreased the superoxide dismutase activity and increased that of β-galactosidase. Microscopic investigation revealed the accumulation of ZnOPs in the digestive tract of M. macrocopa that possibly disrupts enzyme activities. The present study will contribute to establishing regulatory policy on the maximum permissible limit of ZnOPs in different water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant P Borase
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India; C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, 394350, Gujarat, India.
| | - Abhijeet B Muley
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish V Patil
- School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, 425001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
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11
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How Does Mytilus galloprovincialis Respond When Exposed to the Gametophyte Phase of the Invasive Red Macroalga Asparagopsis armata Exudate? WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asparagopsis armata is classified as an invasive species in Europe. Through the exudation of secondary metabolites, this macroalga holds a chemical defence against consumers, with potential toxic effects to native rocky shore communities. This study aims to evaluate the potential impact of A. armata (gametophyte) exudate in a native species, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, in terms of biochemical and organismal effects. The 96 h-LC50 was 3.667% and based on it, exudate concentrations (0.25; 0.5; 1; 2%) were determined to further sublethal experiments. These sublethal concentrations caused no oxidative damage in the digestive gland since lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation were not affected. Nevertheless, there was a significant rise in the electron transport system activity and total glutathione content in muscle, suggesting an increased non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and consequent energy consumption to cope with potential pro-oxidant compounds. This might have contributed to the observed decline in cellular energy allocation of the exposed mussels. At the organismal level, clearance capacity declined along the concentration gradient. Moreover, the number of functional byssuses decreased with increasing concentrations and a significant reduction in their attachment strength was observed. These findings suggest that the presence of A. armata may compromise M. galloprovincialis integrity in the invaded coastal areas.
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12
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Hussain A, Audira G, Malhotra N, Uapipatanakul B, Chen JR, Lai YH, Huang JC, Chen KHC, Lai HT, Hsiao CD. Multiple Screening of Pesticides Toxicity in Zebrafish and Daphnia Based on Locomotor Activity Alterations. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091224. [PMID: 32842481 PMCID: PMC7564125 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used to eradicate insects, weed species, and fungi in agriculture. The half-lives of some pesticides are relatively long and may have the dire potential to induce adverse effects when released into the soil, terrestrial and aquatic systems. To assess the potential adverse effects of pesticide pollution in the aquatic environment, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Daphnia magna are two excellent animal models because of their transparent bodies, relatively short development processes, and well-established genetic information. Moreover, they are also suitable for performing high-throughput toxicity assays. In this study, we used both zebrafish larvae and water flea daphnia neonates as a model system to explore and compare the potential toxicity by monitoring locomotor activity. Tested animals were exposed to 12 various types of pesticides (three fungicides and 9 insecticides) for 24 h and their corresponding locomotor activities, in terms of distance traveled, burst movement, and rotation were quantified. By adapting principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis, we were able to minimize data complexity and compare pesticide toxicity based on locomotor activity for zebrafish and daphnia. Results showed distinct locomotor activity alteration patterns between zebrafish and daphnia towards pesticide exposure. The majority of pesticides tested in this study induced locomotor hypo-activity in daphnia neonates but triggered locomotor hyper-activity in zebrafish larvae. According to our PCA and clustering results, the toxicity for 12 pesticides was grouped into two major groups based on all locomotor activity endpoints collected from both zebrafish and daphnia. In conclusion, all pesticides resulted in swimming alterations in both animal models by either producing hypo-activity, hyperactivity, or other changes in swimming patterns. In addition, zebrafish and daphnia displayed distinct sensitivity and response against different pesticides, and the combinational analysis approach by using a phenomic approach to combine data collected from zebrafish and daphnia provided better resolution for toxicological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq Hussain
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan; (A.H.); (G.A.)
| | - Gilbert Audira
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan; (A.H.); (G.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
| | - Nemi Malhotra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan;
| | - Boontida Uapipatanakul
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi 12110, Thailand;
| | - Jung-Ren Chen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan;
| | - Kelvin H.-C. Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (K.H.-C.C.); (H.-T.L.); (C.-D.H.)
| | - Hong-Thih Lai
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, 300 University Rd., Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.H.-C.C.); (H.-T.L.); (C.-D.H.)
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan; (A.H.); (G.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
- Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.H.-C.C.); (H.-T.L.); (C.-D.H.)
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13
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Zhou Z, Wang B, Zeng S, Gong Z, Jing F, Zhang J. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from marine copepods Acartia tonsa: cDNA cloning and mRNA expression in response to 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 224:105480. [PMID: 32417752 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa, is relatively sensitive to marine pollution. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) multifunctional enzyme, as a biomarker, play an important role in detoxification metabolism of exogenous substances. In the present study, GST-theta and GST-mu class homology genes (designated as AtGSTT1 and AtGSTM2) were identified and characterized from A. tonsa. The coding sequence of AtGSTT1 comprised 726 bp and encoded a putative protein of 241 amino acid residues. AtGSTM2 contained an open reading frame of 678 bp that encoded a putative 227 amino acid polypeptide. Both proteins contained a conserved GST-N domain and a GST-C domain. Structural analysis revealed the characteristic N-terminal G-site. Three-dimensional structure analysis showed that AtGSTT1 and AtGSTM2 have two typical domains of GST family: The βαβαββα topology structure at the N- terminus and the superhelical structure at the C- terminus. Subsequently, the expression levels of the two GST genes were detected in A. tonsa using real-time quantitative PCR after exposure to 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene (C2-NAPH) at different concentrations (0.574, 5.736 and 57.358 μg/L) for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. AtGSTT1 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in a time-dependent manner and the highest mRNA expression occurred at 5.736 μg/L C2-NAPH exposure for 96 h. AtGSTM2 mRNA expression peaked at 72 h in 0.574 μg/L and 5.736 μg/L dose groups. The expression level of AtGSTM2 showed an increasing trend in a time-dependent manner at 57.358 μg/L of C2-NAPH. These results suggested that GST genes may play an important role in protecting A. tonsa from C2-NAPH pollution, and provide a theoretical basis for further study on the molecular mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) pollution on zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Shanmei Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Fei Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
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14
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Naeemi AS, Elmi F, Vaezi G, Ghorbankhah M. Copper oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress mediated apoptosis in carp (Cyprinus carpio) larva. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Borase HP, Muley AB, Patil SV, Singhal RS. Nano-eco toxicity study of gold nanoparticles on aquatic organism Moina macrocopa: As new versatile ecotoxicity testing model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 68:4-12. [PMID: 30849701 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the field of nanoecotoxicology, very few reports have focused on biochemical changes in non-target organisms after nanoexposure. A less explored aquatic non-target crustacean, Moina macrocopa, was used in the present study to analyze toxicity effects of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), an emerging nanomaterial. AuNPs was fabricated using tannic acid and were 29 ± 2 nm in size. The 48 h LC50 value of AuNPs was 14 ± 0.14 mg/L against M. macrocopa. The sub-lethal exposure of M. macrocopa juveniles to AuNPs (1.47 and 2.95 mg/L) decreased the activities of acetyl cholinesterase and digestive enzymes (trypsin and amylase). A concentration dependant increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase suggested the generation of oxidative stress in M. macrocopa after AuNPs exposure. Changes in enzyme activity can be utilized as biomarker(s) for early detection of nanoparticle contamination in aquatic habitat. AuNPs accumulation in gut of M. macrocopa increased the metal bio burden (11 mg/L) and exhibited inhibitory action on digestive enzymes. Complete depuration of AuNPs was not observed after transferring nano-exposed M. macrocopa to normal medium without AuNPs. AuNPs tended to adhere on external body parts such as setae, carapace of M. macrocopa which interfered with swimming activity and also changed the behavioral pattern. AuNPs underwent agglomeration in the medium used for maintenance of M. macrocopa. As nanomaterials are emerging pollutants in aquatic systems, the present work highlights the hazardous effect of AuNPs and development of enzymatic biomarkers to curtail it at community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant P Borase
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Abhijeet B Muley
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish V Patil
- School of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, 425001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
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16
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Borase HP, Patil SV, Singhal RS. Moina macrocopa as a non-target aquatic organism for assessment of ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles: Effect of size. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:713-723. [PMID: 30557728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The release of nanomaterials in water reservoirs is hazardous. Very few reports are available on the interaction of different sized nanoparticles with aquatic organisms and aquatic environment. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) having an average particle size of 20.80 ± 2.31 and 40.04 ± 4.72 nm were synthesized using polyvinylpyrrolidone and l-tyrosine. Ecotoxicological effects of AgNPs were evaluated on less explored crustacean species, Moina macrocopa. The 48 h lethal values (48 h LC50) of 20 and 40 nm AgNPs were 0.11 ± 0.02 and 0.12 ± 0.03 mg/L, respectively. Further, a size dependent inhibition of AgNPs on acetyl cholinesterase and digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase, β-galactosidase) was observed, while that of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase) and alkaline phosphatase were enhanced as compared to control group. These results strengthen the potential of enzymes as biomarker in environmental risk assessment of AgNPs. AgNPs accumulated in the gut of M. macrocopa which could not be completely eliminated, thereby resulting in an increased metal body burden. The accumulation of AgNPs of 20 nm was lower than that of 40 nm indicating the influence of size of nanoparticles on uptake and toxicity. AgNPs agglomerated in moderately hard water medium (MHWM) and this agglomeration influenced the exposure the organism thereto. The size of AgNPs influenced the toxicity to M. macrocopa through interplay between uptake, accumulation, aggregation, and excretion in the organism and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant P Borase
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Satish V Patil
- School of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
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17
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Silva ARR, Santos CSA, Ferreira NGC, Morgado R, Cardoso DN, Cruz A, Mendo S, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Multigenerational effects of carbendazim in Daphnia magna: From a subcellular to a population level. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:412-422. [PMID: 30508263 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities such as the use of pesticides may affect aquatic biota populations, due to potential agricultural runoffs or disposals. Carbendazim is one example of a widely used fungicide with a high potential to end up in aquatic ecosystems through runoff. Deleterious effects observed at the individual level are possibly explained by changes in homeostasis at the cellular level, and both factors can then be used to predict effects at the population level. In the present study, an isoclonal population of Daphnia magna (clone K6) was exposed to a concentration that mimics relevant levels of carbendazim in the environment over 12 generations. The effects of carbendazim were assessed in some generations using the following endpoints: biochemical biomarkers (cholinesterase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase), lipid peroxidation and energy-related parameters (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins along with available energy and energy consumption), parental longevity, and population growth (r). Long-term exposure to carbendazim had no effect on the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) of adult D. magna, but longevity was decreased at the F12 generation compared to that of control. Differences between the exposed and nonexposed populations were found for cholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation. However, for catalase and energy-related parameters, no differences were observed between these 2 populations. Natural variability was seen throughout the test period, under control conditions, within the 12 generations. Overall, carbendazim induced some effects at the subcellular level that translated into changes in longevity but these later vanished in terms of population effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:412-422. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita R Silva
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia S A Santos
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nuno G C Ferreira
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Morgado
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Cruz
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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18
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Bownik A, Ślaska B, Szabelak A. Protective effects of compatible solute ectoine against ethanol-induced toxic alterations in Daphnia magna. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:779-791. [PMID: 29948158 PMCID: PMC6132719 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ectoine (ECT) is a compatible solute synthesized mostly by halophilic microorganisms subjected to various stressful factors. Its protective properties in bacteria and some populations of isolated cells subjected to different stressors are reported; however, little is known on its effects against a commonly used compound, ethanol (ETH). The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of ETH alone (at 20 and 60 g/L) and in the combination with various concentrations of ECT (5, 10, and 25 mg/L) at various times of exposure on behavioural, physiological, and biochemical parameters of a model invertebrate Daphnia magna. In the present study, we determined the following parameters: immobilisation, heart rate, thoracic limb movement, catalase (CAT) activity, and nitric oxide species (NOx) level. Our study revealed that both concentrations of ETH alone induced immobilisation and decrease of swimming velocity, heart rate, and thoracic limb activity; however, catalase activity and NOx levels were increased. On the other hand, the animals exposed to the combinations of ETH + ECT showed a reduced immobilisation and alleviated inhibition of heart rate and thoracic limb activity, lower increase of CAT activity, and NOx level when compared to the crustaceans subjected to ETH alone. The most distinct alleviation of toxic effects was noted in the combinations in which the highest concentration of ECT were used. The results suggest that ETH may induce oxidative stress in daphnids and attenuating effects of ECT probably result from its antioxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Brygida Ślaska
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szabelak
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
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19
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Parolini M, De Felice B, Ferrario C, Salgueiro-González N, Castiglioni S, Finizio A, Tremolada P. Benzoylecgonine exposure induced oxidative stress and altered swimming behavior and reproduction in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:236-244. [PMID: 28928019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several monitoring studies have shown that benzoylecgonine (BE) is the main illicit drug residue commonly measured in the aquatic system worldwide. Few studies have investigated the potential toxicity of this molecule towards invertebrate and vertebrate aquatic non-target organisms focusing on effects at low levels of the biological organization, but no one has assessed the consequences at higher ones. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the toxicity of a 48-h exposure to two concentrations of BE, similar to those found in aquatic ecosystems (0.5 μg/L and 1.0 μg/L), on the cladoceran Daphnia magna at different levels of the ecological hierarchy. We relied on a multi-level approach focusing on the effects at biochemical/biomolecular (biomarkers), individual (swimming activity) and population (reproduction) levels. We measured the amount of reactive oxygen species and of the activity of antioxidant (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and detoxifying (GST) enzymes to assess if BE exposure can alter the oxidative status of D. magna specimens, while the lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was measured as a marker of oxidative damage. Moreover, we also measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity because it is strictly related to behavioral changes in aquatic organisms. Changes in swimming behavior were investigated by a video tracking analysis, while the consequences on reproduction were assessed by a chronic toxicity test. Our results showed that BE concentrations similar to those found in aquatic ecosystems induced oxidative stress and inhibited AChE activity, affecting swimming behavior and the reproduction of Daphnia magna individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Finizio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tremolada
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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20
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Pérez E, Hoang TC. Chronic toxicity of binary-metal mixtures of cadmium and zinc to Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2739-2749. [PMID: 28430390 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterized the chronic effect of binary-metal mixtures of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) on Daphnia magna. The titration design was chosen to characterize the 21-d chronic effects of the binary-metal mixtures on survival, growth, reproduction, and metal accumulation in D. magna. Using this design, increasing concentrations of Zn (10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 μg/L) were titrated against a constant concentration of 1.5 μg/L Cd. The results demonstrated that Cd was highly toxic to D. magna. In a mixture with Cd and Zn, sublethal concentrations of 10 and 20 μg/L Zn were insufficient to protect D. magna from chronic Cd toxicity, whereas mixtures containing 40, 80, and 120 μg/L Zn provided strong protective effects to D. magna at all endpoints and resulted in less-than-additive effects. At higher Zn concentrations, such as 160 and 200 μg/L, Zn appeared to contribute to the toxicity. The less-than-additive effects observed in the Cd-Zn mixture can be explained by the decrease in body Cd concentration when the Zn concentration was increased in the exposure media. Embryos analyzed for morphological alterations in the Cd-Zn mixtures demonstrated severe developmental defects. The effect of Cd on undeveloped embryos while both Zn and Cd are present in the organisms raises a question of whether the competitive binding mechanism of Zn and Cd is still happening at the cellular level in the organisms. The results of the present study are useful for development of the biotic ligand model and environmental quality guidelines for metal mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2739-2749. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tham C Hoang
- Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Toxicity assessment of cadmium chloride on planktonic copepods Centropages ponticus using biochemical markers. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:83-88. [PMID: 28959629 PMCID: PMC5615093 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotoxicological effects of cadmium chloride were tested in planktonic copepods Centropages ponticus. Cadmium chloride toxicity influenced enzymatic activity and proteins synthesis in treated groups. Synthesis of proteins, together with changes in antioxidant enzymes activity, could be used as biomarkers for further studies of copepods species.
Pollution of the aquatic environment by heavy metals has become a worldwide problem. Most heavy metals exhibit toxic waste on aquatic organisms. Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal which affects aquatic organisms acutely and chronically. Planktonic calanoid copepods are the secondary dominant producers of pelagic ecosystems and play a considerable role in the transfer of energy and organic matter from primary producers to higher trophic levels. We investigated the effect of cadmium chloride on biochemical responses of the planktonic calanoid copepods Centropages ponticus which is a key species in the Mediterranean Sea. The response of copepods to cadmium chloride was examined under laboratory-controlled conditions during a 72-h exposure. Catalase (CAT), Glutathion Reductase (GR), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were analyzed for cadmium chloride treatments (0, 0.2 and 0.4 μg/L) after 24, 48 and 72 h. Additionally, the thiobarbituric reactive species assay was used to evaluate lipid peroxidation (LPO) level of the copepod. In this study, it is observed that contents of protein increased gradually with an increase in concentrations of metals and exposure time. Our findings showed that cadmium chloride directly influenced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the treated copepods hinting that the copepods had suffered from oxidative damage. During exposure, the Cd treatments significantly influenced the biochemical markers (CAT, GR, GPx, GST and AChE). Thus, Centropages ponticus could be used as a suitable bioindicator of exposure to Cd using biochemicals markers.
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Jeong TY, Yuk MS, Jeon J, Kim SD. Multigenerational effect of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on the individual fitness and population growth of Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1553-1560. [PMID: 27396314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the multigenerational effect of PFOS to individual fitness (e.g., body weight, acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase) and population growth (e.g., offspring number and time to first brood) of Daphnia magna during continuous and discontinuous exposures. The intrinsic rate of population growth was also calculated. In the continuous exposure, population growth-related adverse effects were detected during all test periods, and the adverse effect tended to be weaker in later generations. On the other hand, individual fitness-related adverse effects were observed from F1 not in F0 and deteriorated as the generation number increased. These results imply that individual fitness worsens although the population growth is restored in later generations. Upon discontinuous exposure, a few but significant adverse effects were observed during the non-exposure period and highest effects were detected during the re-exposure period. This encourages the study of different exposure scenarios, which may result in unexpected and higher PFOS toxicity. Consequently, this study confirms adverse effects of PFOS to Daphnia magna in multigenerational period and supports reasons for studies linking individual fitness changes to population dynamics and covering diverse exposure scenarios to evaluate the risk of PFOS in a water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yong Jeong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Su Yuk
- Ewha-Solvay Research and Innovation Center, 150 Bukahyun-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si 641-773, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Don Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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Espín S, Martínez-López E, Jiménez P, María-Mojica P, García-Fernández AJ. Interspecific differences in the antioxidant capacity of two Laridae species exposed to metals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:115-124. [PMID: 26866449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to assess the concentration of metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn) in blood, and elucidate their potential effects on oxidative stress biomarkers in red blood cells of Audouin's gull (Ichthyaetus audouinii) and Slender-billed gull (Chroicocephalus genei) chicks in Southeastern Spain. For this purpose, total glutathione (GSH) content, antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione peroxidase, GPx; superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT and glutathione-S-transferase, GST), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) were analyzed. In general, metal exposure in both species can be considered low, except for Hg in Audouin's gull. Our findings show higher antioxidant levels in Audouin's gull than in Slender-billed gull; probably due to a combination of different basal antioxidant capacity between species, and to an up-regulation of the antioxidant system in Audouin's gull as a response to the higher Hg, Cu and Zn concentrations. This could reduce the production of TBARS keeping them at lower levels than those found in Slender-billed gull. In spite of this, the significantly higher Hg levels found in Audouin's gull (13.6µg/dl wet weight) in comparison to Slender-billed gull (2.7µg/dl), likely related to their different diet and the former consuming discarded fish, were able to produce lipid peroxidation in this species. The positive effect of Hg on SOD activity in Slender-billed gull, and of Pb on GSH levels in Audouin's gull, could reflect the necessity of the organism to upregulate these antioxidants to balance the increased oxidative stress caused by metals. The degree of metal exposure seems to be essential in the response of the antioxidant system, which may suffer up or down-regulations depending on metal concentrations. This study supports the interactive effects of metals on oxidative stress biomarkers, the complexity of the antioxidant system and the close cooperation between antioxidants, which requires the study of several metals and biomarkers to evaluate oxidative stress and damage in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espín
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Jiménez
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro María-Mojica
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; "Santa Faz" Wildlife Recovery Centre, Conselleria de Agricultura, Medio Ambiente, Cambio Climático y Desarrollo Rural, Generalitat Valenciana, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Liu HC, Yuan BQ, Li SN. Developing antibodies from cholinesterase derived from prokaryotic expression and testing their feasibility for detecting immunogen content in Daphnia magna. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:110-26. [PMID: 26834012 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To yield cholinesterase (ChE) from prokaryotic expression, the ChE gene that belongs to Daphnia magna was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using forward primer 5'-CCCYGGNGCSAT GATGTG-3' and reverse primer 5'-GYAAGTTRGCCCAATATCT-3'. To express the gene, one sequence of the amplified DNA, which was able to encode a putative protein containing two conserved carboxylesterase domains, was connected to the prokaryotic expression vector PET-29a(+). The recombinant vector was transformed into Escherichia coil BL21 (DE3). Protein expression was induced by isopropy-D-thiogalactoside. The expressed ChE was used as an immunogen to immunize BALB/c mice. The obtained antibodies were tested for their specificity towards crude enzymes from species such as Alona milleri, Macrobrachium nipponense, Bombyx mori, Chironomus kiiensis, Apis mellifera, Eisenia foetida, Brachydanio rerio, and Xenopus laevis. Results indicated that the antibodies had specificity suitable for detecting ChE in Daphnia magna. A type of indirect and non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IN-ELISA) was used to test the immunoreactive content of ChE (ChE-IR) in Daphina magna. The detection limit of the IN-ELISA was found to be 14.5 ng/ml at an antiserum dilution of 1:22 000. Results from tests on Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of triazophos indicated a maximal induction of 57.2% in terms of ChE-IR on the second day after the animals were exposed to a concentration of 2.10 μg/L triazophos. Testing on animals acclimatized to a temperature of 16 °C indicated that ChE-IR was induced by 16.9% compared with the ChE-IR content detected at 21 °C, and the rate of induction was 25.6% at 10 °C. The IN-ELISA was also used to test the stability of ChE-IR in collected samples. Repeated freezing and thawing had no influence on the outcome of the test. All these results suggest that the polyclonal antibodies developed against the recombinant ChE are as efficient as those developed against the native ChE in detecting ChE content in Daphnia magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-cui Liu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Bing-qiang Yuan
- Institute of Technology Innovation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Shao-nan Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Bielen A, Bošnjak I, Sepčić K, Jaklič M, Cvitanić M, Lušić J, Lajtner J, Simčič T, Hudina S. Differences in tolerance to anthropogenic stress between invasive and native bivalves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:449-459. [PMID: 26599145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance towards environmental stress has been frequently considered as one of the key determinants of invasion success. However, empirical evidence supporting the assumption that invasive species can better endure unfavorable conditions compared with native species is limited and has yielded opposing results. In this study, we examined the tolerance to different stress conditions (thermal stress and trace metal zinc pollution stress) in two phylogenetically related and functionally similar freshwater bivalve species, the native Anodonta anatina and the invasive Sinanodonta woodiana. We assessed potential differences in response to stress conditions using several cellular response assays: efficiency of the multixenobiotic resistance mechanism, respiration estimate (INT reduction capacity), and enzymatic biomarkers. Our results demonstrated that the invasive species overall coped much better with unfavorable conditions. The higher tolerance of S. woodiana was evident from (i) significantly decreased Rhodamine B accumulation indicating more efficient multixenobiotic resistance mechanism; (ii) significantly higher INT reduction capacity and (iii) less pronounced alterations in the activity of stress-related enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, catalase) and of a neurotoxicity biomarker (cholinesterase) in the majority of treatment conditions in both stress trials. Higher tolerance to thermal extremes may provide physiological benefit for further invasion success of S. woodiana in European freshwaters, especially in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bielen
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Bošnjak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb,Croatia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Jaklič
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Cvitanić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Lušić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Chemical Oceanography and Sedimentology of the Sea, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jasna Lajtner
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Simčič
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Hudina
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Puppel K, Kapusta A, Kuczyńska B. The etiology of oxidative stress in the various species of animals, a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2179-2184. [PMID: 25418967 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the consequence of an imbalance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants leading to cell damage and tissue injury. The exhaustion of antioxidant systems is one of the reasons for the occurrence of oxidative stress, which results in avalanche production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. High oxidative stress is common in organs and tissues with high metabolic and energy demands, including skeletal and heart muscle, liver and blood cells. Stress arises in animals in response to unavoidable or adverse environmental conditions. In the external environment, which affects the body of the cow, there are four main groups of stressors: physical, chemical, biological and psychological. Physical stressors include fluctuations in ambient temperature as well as mechanical injuries. High ambient temperature is one of the factors affecting the productivity of cows. Biological stressors are conditioned by errors and irregularities in habits. Both of these phenomena have an adverse impact on both the resistance of animals and fertility and are the etiological agent of oxidative stress. Various mechanisms may be responsible for metal-induced oxidative stress: direct or indirect generation of ROS, depletion of glutathione and inhibition of antioxidant enzymes are well known for all redox-active and redox-inactive metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Puppel
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kapusta
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kuczyńska
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
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Mesarič T, Gambardella C, Milivojević T, Faimali M, Drobne D, Falugi C, Makovec D, Jemec A, Sepčić K. High surface adsorption properties of carbon-based nanomaterials are responsible for mortality, swimming inhibition, and biochemical responses in Artemia salina larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 163:121-9. [PMID: 25889088 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of three different carbon-based nanomaterials on brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae. The larvae were exposed to different concentrations of carbon black, graphene oxide, and multiwall carbon nanotubes for 48 h, and observed using phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. Acute (mortality) and behavioural (swimming speed alteration) responses and cholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase enzyme activities were evaluated. These nanomaterials were ingested and concentrated in the gut, and attached onto the body surface of the A. salina larvae. This attachment was responsible for concentration-dependent inhibition of larval swimming, and partly for alterations in the enzyme activities, that differed according to the type of tested nanomaterials. No lethal effects were observed up to 0.5mg/mL carbon black and 0.1mg/mL multiwall carbon nanotubes, while graphene oxide showed a threshold whereby it had no effects at 0.6 mg/mL, and more than 90% mortality at 0.7 mg/mL. Risk quotients calculated on the basis of predicted environmental concentrations indicate that carbon black and multiwall carbon nanotubes currently do not pose a serious risk to the marine environment, however if uncontrolled release of nanomaterials continues, this scenario can rapidly change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mesarič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | - Tamara Milivojević
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Genova, Italy.
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CO Nanocentre), Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Technologies for the Future (CO NAMASTE), Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Carla Falugi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Darko Makovec
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anita Jemec
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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28
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Hu X, Shi W, Yu N, Jiang X, Wang S, Giesy JP, Zhang X, Wei S, Yu H. Bioassay-directed identification of organic toxicants in water and sediment of Tai Lake, China. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 73:231-241. [PMID: 25682050 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The government of China has invested large amounts of money and manpower into revision of water quality standards (WQS). Priority organic pollutants have been screened for WQS establishment using the potential hazard index method, however, some unsuspected chemicals that could cause adverse effects might have been ignored. A large number of chemicals exist in environment and there might be interactions between or among chemicals especially those with the same mode of action. Therefore, a toxicity-directed analysis, based on acute toxicity to Daphnia magna, was conducted for organic extracts of water and sediment from Tai Lake (Ch: Taihu) to determine toxicants responsible for adverse effects. Extracts of five of twelve samples of water and all extracts of sediment were acutely toxic. Based on toxic units, water from location L1 in July and sediments from locations L1 and L4 during several months would be expected to result in some toxicity. Twenty one (21) organophosphorus pesticides, 25 organophosphorus pesticides and 10 pyrethroids were detected in samples, extracts of which caused toxicity to D. magna. Chlorpyrifos and cyfluthrin were identified as predominant pollutants in organic extracts of sediments, accounting for up to 71% and 57% of bioassay-derived toxicity equivalents (BEQs), respectively. Chlorpyrifos was identified as the major contributor to toxicity of organic extracts of surface water, accounting for 71% to 83 % of BEQs. The putative causative agents were confirmed by use of three lines of evidence, including statistical correlation, addition of key pollutants or synergists. Greater attention should be paid to chlorpyrifos and cyfluthrin, neither of which is currently on the list of priority pollutants in China. Bioassay-directed analysis should be added for screening for the presence of priority organic pollutants in environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; Shandong Academy of Environmental Science, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection of Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biology and Chemistry and State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Bownik A, Stępniewska Z. Protective effects of ectoine on behavioral, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna subjected to hydrogen peroxide. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 170:38-49. [PMID: 25704915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ectoine (ECT) is an osmoprotectant produced by halophilic microorganisms inducing protective effects against various stressful factors. However, little is known about its influence on aquatic invertebrates subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-a commonly used oxidative disinfectant. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the effects of H2O2 alone (at 5 and 10 mg/L) and in the combination with various concentrations of ECT (5, 10 and 25 mg/L) on behavioral, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna. The following endpoints were determined: mortality, heart rate, thoracic limb movement, total glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio, catalase (CAT) activity and nitric oxide (NOx) level. The study showed that daphnids exposed to the combination of H2O2+ECT showed decreased mortality, attenuated inhibition of heart rate and thoracic limb activity, less decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, lower stimulation of CAT activity and NOx level when compared to the crustaceans exposed to H2O2 alone. The most pronounced alleviation of toxic effects was observed in the combination of 5 mg/L H2O2+25 mg/L ECT. The results suggest that protective effects of ECT in D. magna subjected to H2O2 may be related to antioxidative properties of the osmoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynów 1 "I", 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zofia Stępniewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Enironmental Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynów 1 "I", 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
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30
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Cassese A, Guindani M, Antczak P, Falciani F, Vannucci M. A Bayesian model for the identification of differentially expressed genes in Daphnia magna exposed to munition pollutants. Biometrics 2015; 71:803-11. [PMID: 25771699 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for the identification of differentially expressed genes in Daphnia magna organisms exposed to chemical compounds, specifically munition pollutants in water. The model we propose constitutes one of the very first attempts at a rigorous modeling of the biological effects of water purification. We have data acquired from a purification system that comprises four consecutive purification stages, which we refer to as "ponds," of progressively more contaminated water. We model the expected expression of a gene in a pond as the sum of the mean of the same gene in the previous pond plus a gene-pond specific difference. We incorporate a variable selection mechanism for the identification of the differential expressions, with a prior distribution on the probability of a change that accounts for the available information on the concentration of chemical compounds present in the water. We carry out posterior inference via MCMC stochastic search techniques. In the application, we reduce the complexity of the data by grouping genes according to their functional characteristics, based on the KEGG pathway database. This also increases the biological interpretability of the results. Our model successfully identifies a number of pathways that show differential expression between consecutive purification stages. We also find that changes in the transcriptional response are more strongly associated to the presence of certain compounds, with the remaining contributing to a lesser extent. We discuss the sensitivity of these results to the model parameters that measure the influence of the prior information on the posterior inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cassese
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, U.S.A.,Department of Biostatistics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Michele Guindani
- Department of Biostatistics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Philipp Antczak
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Francesco Falciani
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Marina Vannucci
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, U.S.A
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31
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Toumi H, Boumaiza M, Millet M, Radetski CM, Camara BI, Felten V, Ferard JF. Investigation of differences in sensitivity between 3 strains of Daphnia magna (crustacean Cladocera) exposed to malathion (organophosphorous pesticide). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:34-44. [PMID: 25421626 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.965617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic ecotoxic effects of organophosphorous insecticide malathion (Fyfanon 50 EC 500 g L(-1)) were investigated on three strains of Daphnia magna. The nominal effective concentrations immobilizing 50% (EC50) of Daphnia after 24 and 48 h were 0.53 and 0.36 μg L(-1), 0.70 and 0.44 μg L(-1), and 0.75 and 0.46 μg L(-1) for the strains 1, 2, and 3 respectively. There was an increase in malathion ecotoxicity with time of exposure as confirmed by chronic studies. In fact, after 21 days of exposure, significant effects on survival (lowest observed effect concentration or LOECs) were recorded at malathion concentrations of 22, 220 and 230 ng L(-1) for strains 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Other endpoints were also examined, including reproduction (with different parameters), body length and embryo toxicity. ICs10 and ICs20 were calculated for these different parameters. ICs10 ranged from 4.7 to more than 220 ng L(-1) for the three tested strains. The most sensitive parameter was the number of neonates per adult (ICs10 = 4.7 and 10.8 ng L(-1) for strains 1 and 2 respectively) or the number of broods (IC10 = 10 ng L(-1) for strain 3). Moreover, an increase in embryo development abnormalities was observed at the two highest tested malathion concentrations. Abnormalities comprised undeveloped second antennae, curved or unextended shell spines, and curved post-abdomen spines in live neonates. Results suggest that malathion could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it interferes with development. It also induces a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities for the three strains. Both strains 2 and 3 seemed more sensitive (LOECs = 60 ng L(-1)) than strain 1 (LOEC = 120 ng L(-1)). Our results suggest that the AChE activity response can also be used as a biomarker of inter-strain (or inter-clonal) susceptibility (i.e. strain (or clone)-specific response).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Toumi
- a Laboratoire de Bio-surveillance de l'Environnement (LBE), Unité d'Hydrobiologie littorale et limnique, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte , Université de Carthage , Bizerte , Tunisie
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Van Praet N, De Jonge M, Stoks R, Bervoets L. Additive effects of predator cues and dimethoate on different levels of biological organisation in the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:236-243. [PMID: 25063887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of a pesticide and predation risk on sublethal endpoints in the midge Chironomus riparius were investigated using a combination of predator-release kairomones from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and alarm substances from conspecifics together with the pesticide dimethoate. Midge larvae were exposed for 30 days to three sublethal dimethoate concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 0.25 mg L(-1)) in the presence or absence of predator cues. Sublethal endpoints were analysed at different levels of biological organisation. Available energy reserves, enzyme biomarkers, feeding rate and life history endpoints were investigated. Three endpoints were significantly affected by the two highest dimethoate concentrations, i.e. AChE activity, age at emergence and emergence success, with a significant decrease in response after exposure to 0.25, 0.1 and 0.01 mg L(-1) dimethoate, respectively. Four sublethal endpoints were significantly affected by predator stress: Total protein content, GST activity and biomass decreased only in the presence of the predation risk, while AChE activity further decreased significantly in the presence of predation cues and effects on AChE of combined exposure were additive. From this study we can conclude that sublethal life history characteristics should be included in ecotoxicity testing as well as natural environmental stressors such as predator stress, which might act additively with pollutants on fitness related endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nander Van Praet
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Jonge
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Malik A, Jagirdar H, Rabbani N, Khan MS, Ahmed A, Al-Senaidy AM, Ismael MA. Optimization of storage and stability of camel liver glutathione S-transferase. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:650-66. [PMID: 25036813 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.940973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes and play an important role in cellular detoxification. Besides this, GSTs act as cytosolic carrier proteins that bind hydrophobic compounds such as heme, bilirubin, steroids, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. GST has great importance in biotechnology, as it is a target for vaccine and drug development and biosensors development for xenobiotics. Moreover, the GST tag has been extensively used for protein expression and purification. Until now, biophysical properties of camel liver GST have not been characterized. In the present study we have purified camel (Camelus dromedarius) liver GST to homogeneity in a single step by affinity chromatography with 23.4-fold purification and 60.6% yield. Our results showed that maximal activity of GST was at pH 6.5 and it was stable in the pH range of 5 to 10. The optimum temperature was 55°C and the Tm was 57°C. The chemical chaperone glycerol (3.3 M) was able to protect GST activity and aggregation against thermal denaturation by stabilizing the protein structure at 50 and 57°C, respectively. However, L-arginine (125 mM) did not protect GST against thermal stress. Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that glycerol protected the secondary structure of GST while L-arginine induced conformational changes under thermal stress. In conclusion, our studies on the GST stability suggest that glycerol works as a stabilizer and L-arginine acts as a destabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- a Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Eriksson Wiklund AK, Adolfsson-Erici M, Liewenborg B, Gorokhova E. Sucralose induces biochemical responses in Daphnia magna. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92771. [PMID: 24699280 PMCID: PMC3974716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense artificial sweetener sucralose has no bioconcentration properties, and no adverse acute toxic effects have been observed in standard ecotoxicity tests, suggesting negligible environmental risk. However, significant feeding and behavioural alterations have been reported in non-standard tests using aquatic crustaceans, indicating possible sublethal effects. We hypothesized that these effects are related to alterations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and oxidative status in the exposed animals and investigated changes in AChE and oxidative biomarkers (oxygen radical absorbing capacity, ORAC, and lipid peroxidation, TBARS) in the crustacean Daphnia magna exposed to sucralose (0.0001-5 mg L(-1)). The sucralose concentration was a significant positive predictor for ORAC, TBARS and AChE in the daphnids. Moreover, the AChE response was linked to both oxidative biomarkers, with positive and negative relationships for TBARS and ORAC, respectively. These joint responses support our hypothesis and suggest that exposure to sucralose may induce neurological and oxidative mechanisms with potentially important consequences for animal behaviour and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Birgitta Liewenborg
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Freitas EC, Printes LB, Fernandes MN, Rocha O. Measurements of cholinesterase activity in the tropical freshwater cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa and its standardization as a biomarker. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 101:70-76. [PMID: 24507129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The activity of cholinesterases (ChE) has been recognized as a useful tool for assessing the toxicity in the environmental assessment programs. Nevertheless, the prior optimization of the experimental conditions for the appropriate measuring of the ChE activity enables us to get reliable results. Thus, the main objective of this study was to adapt and optimize a microplate assay for measuring the activity of ChE in the tropical cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa. The best readings for the reaction rates were obtained with buffers of pH 8.0 and molarity of 0.02M. The measurements of the reaction rates for the different substrate concentrations showed that the maximum reaction rate (32mODmin(-1)) was achieved by the final concentration of 2mM of substrate. In relation to the enzyme concentration, reaction rates were directly proportional to the protein concentration, which confirmed the linear kinetics for a maximum reaction rate. On the basis of the results of the assays for the effect of the number of individuals and homogenate dilution on the reaction rate of substrate hydrolysis and ChE activity, we recommend using of 30 individuals (3 days-old) in 250μL of buffer, 20 individuals (7 days-old) in 250μL of buffer and 15 individuals (both 14 and 21 days-old) in 300μL of buffer. The limits of quantitation obtained were 1.419mODmin(-1) (≤72h-old), 1.670mODmin(-1) (7 days-old), 0.943mODmin(-1) (14 days-old) and 0.797mODmin(-1) (21 days-old). In conclusion, it was possible to measure the ChE activity in P. ramosa with the methodology adapted, thus contributing to the implementation of a biochemical biomarker in freshwater toxicity assessments in tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Cristina Freitas
- Post-Graduate Program of Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Liane Biehl Printes
- Special Bureau for the Environment, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Van Praet N, De Jonge M, Blust R, Stoks R, Bervoets L. Behavioural, physiological and biochemical markers in damselfly larvae (Ischnura elegans) to assess effects of accumulated metal mixtures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:208-215. [PMID: 24140691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently it is not known at which organismal level effects of metal mixtures in nature can best be detected, which is relevant to develop accurate monitoring schemes and quality standards. The present study investigated relationships between accumulated metals with different levels of biological organisation in the aquatic larval stage of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Larvae were collected in seven Flemish ponds differing in metal load. In each field-collected larva we quantified concentrations of accumulated metals and a set of biochemical markers (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), physiological endpoints (energy storage), and behavioural responses (locomotory activity and the feeding rate). Accumulated metal levels and the measured endpoints significantly differed among ponds, however, a large variation in metal load index was observed within individuals of the same population. Only GST and energy availability could be partly predicted by the observed variation in metal load index on individual damselfly level. However, no single endpoint could be used to detect the observed variation in metal load index among populations. In conclusion, the sublethal endpoints cannot be used as reliable biomarkers to monitor the toxicity of accumulated metal mixtures in natural populations of I. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nander Van Praet
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Maarten De Jonge
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Espín S, Martínez-López E, Jiménez P, María-Mojica P, García-Fernández AJ. Effects of heavy metals on biomarkers for oxidative stress in Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 129:59-68. [PMID: 24529004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metals are involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may result in metal-related oxidative stress that can lead to oxidative damage to lipids, DNA and proteins. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms of metal toxicity in wild birds, and the concentrations that cause effects on oxidative stress biomarkers. The aim of this study is to assess the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) with regards to oxidative stress in blood samples of 66 Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) from two areas of the Autonomous Community of Valencia (East of Spain). The two study areas (Alcoy n=36 and Cinctorres n=30) were selected as random locations of interest that had not yet been studied, and are feeding stations where supplementary food, mainly of pork origin, is provided for vultures. Given that the two study areas are not considered polluted sites, we expected to find low metal concentrations. However, there are no known threshold concentrations at which metals can affect antioxidant systems, and low metal levels may have an effect on antioxidant biomolecules. In this study, since sampling was done at the beginning of the hunting season, the low Pb levels found in most Griffon vultures from Alcoy and Cinctorres (median=12.37 and 16.26μg/dl, respectively) are suggestive of background levels usually found in vultures that feed on pork carcasses all year round. The ingestion of game meat with bullet fragments in carcasses or with Pb shots embedded in the flesh could be the cause of the high blood Pb concentrations found in three vultures from Cinctorres (83, 290 and 362μg/dl). Griffon vultures feeding in Cinctorres had enhanced CAT and GST activities and tGSH concentrations, which may be interpreted as protective response against the higher TBARS levels. This study provides threshold concentrations at which metals affect antioxidant system derived from 66 samples of Griffon vulture. Blood Cd concentrations greater than 0.05μg/dl produced an induction of 33% in GPx and of 44% in CAT activity in erythrocytes of vultures from Alcoy. Hg concentrations in blood higher than 3μg/dl produced an induction of 10% in SOD activity. Concentrations of Pb above 15µg/dl in blood produced an inhibition of 12.5% in GPx and 11.3% in CAT activity, and a TBARS induction of 10.7% in erythrocytes of Griffon vultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espín
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Jiménez
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro María-Mojica
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; "Santa Faz" Wildlife Recovery Centre, Comunidad Valenciana, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Matos RC, Bessa M, Oliveira H, Gonçalves F, de Lourdes Pereira M, Nunes B. Mechanisms of kidney toxicity for chromium- and arsenic-based preservatives: potential involvement of a pro-oxidative pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:929-936. [PMID: 24025636 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been extensively used for the preservation of wood. Among metallic conservatives, mixtures of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) were thoroughly used. However, the release and consequent mobilization of such compounds by biota, may culminate in the exertion of toxic chemical effects. The present study intended to show the toxicological effects caused by arsenic (7.2 mg/kg body weight), chromium (10.2 mg/kg Cr body weight) and the commercial mixture CCA (7.2 mg/kg As body weight and 10.2 mg/kg Cr body weight) in mice, namely the oxidative stress response (catalase - CAT, glutathione peroxidase - GPx, and glutathione-S-transferases - GSTs), in kidney tissues. The determination of the tested parameters was performed after exposure; organisms were exposed, and then sacrificed at two distinct periods, namely 14 and 96 h after the administration of toxicants. Exposure to chromium and arsenic induced significant modifications in the redox state of the test organisms, evidenced by significant alterations in GSTs and GPx activities. No alterations were found concerning the activity of catalase. These findings showed that the chemical mixture used as household product may exert significant toxicological outcomes in exposed animals, such as rodents, conditioning their redox homeostasis and antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cerejeira Matos
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Yang YX, Niu LZ, Li SN. Purification and studies on characteristics of cholinesterases from Daphnia magna. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:325-35. [PMID: 23549850 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to their significant value in both economy and ecology, Daphnia had long been employed to investigate in vivo response of cholinesterase (ChE) in anticholinesterase exposures, whereas the type constitution and property of the enzyme remained unclear. A type of ChE was purified from Daphnia magna using a three-step procedure, i.e., Triton X-100 extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sepharose™-Fast-Flow chromatography. According to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), molecular mass of the purified ChE was estimated to be 84 kDa. Based on substrate studies, the purified enzyme preferred butyrylthiocholine iodide (BTCh) [with maximum velocity (Vmax)/Michaelis constant (Km)=8.428 L/(min·mg protein)] to acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCh) [with Vmax/Km=5.346 L/(min·mg protein)] as its substrate. Activity of the purified enzyme was suppressed by high concentrations of either ATCh or BTCh. Inhibitor studies showed that the purified enzyme was more sensitive towards inhibition by tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) than by 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl) pentan-3-one dibromide (BW284C51). Result of the study suggested that the purified ChE was more like a type of pseudocholinesterase, and it also suggested that Daphnia magna contained multiple types of ChE in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-xia Yang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Netto CG, Toma HE, Andrade LH. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles as versatile carriers and supporting materials for enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Williams ES, Berninger JP, Brooks BW. Application of chemical toxicity distributions to ecotoxicology data requirements under REACH. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:1943-54. [PMID: 21590796 DOI: 10.1002/etc.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The European Union's REACH regulation has further highlighted the lack of ecotoxicological data for substances in the marketplace. The mandates under REACH (registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals) to produce data and minimize testing on vertebrates present an impetus for advanced hazard assessment techniques using read-across. Research in our group has recently focused on probabilistic ecotoxicological hazard assessment approaches using chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs). Using available data for chemicals with similar modes of action or within a chemical class may allow for selection of a screening point value (SPV) for development of environmental safety values, based on a probabilistic distribution of toxicity values for a specific endpoint in an ecological receptor. Ecotoxicity data for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and surfactants in Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas were gathered from several data sources, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ECOTOX and Pesticides Ecotoxicity databases, the peer-reviewed literature, and the Human and Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) project. Chemical toxicity distributions were subsequently developed, and the first and fifth centiles were used as SPVs for the development of screening-predicted no-effect concentrations (sPNECs). The first and fifth centiles of these distributions were divided by an assessment factor of 1,000, as recommended by REACH guidance. Use of screening values created using these techniques could support the processes of data dossier development and environmental exposure assessment, allowing for rigorous prioritization in testing and monitoring to fill data gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spencer Williams
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA.
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Xuereb B, Chaumot A, Mons R, Garric J, Geffard O. Acetylcholinesterase activity in Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea Amphipoda) Intrinsic variability, reference levels, and a reliable tool for field surveys. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 93:225-233. [PMID: 19487036 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The appropriate use of an enzyme activity as a biomarker requires good knowledge of its basal level and its natural variability related to intrinsic biotic and environmental abiotic factors. In view of using whole-body acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Gammarus fossarum as a reliable biomarker of exposure to anti-cholinesterase agents in aquatic ecosystems, (i) the effects of the main biotic (sex, reproductive status, and weight) and abiotic (water temperature) factors on the basal activity level of this enzyme were measured in the laboratory and (ii) the spatio-temporal variability of basal enzyme activity was followed in wild populations over a 1-year period. The results show no direct effect of sex. However, significant differences in AChE activity were observed between females depending on gonadal and embryonic development. A strong negative correlation between the AChE activity levels and organism body weight was observed. Indeed, AChE activity decreases drastically during the early life stages and tends to stabilise in larger individuals. These reports led us to select a standard organism (male; weight range, 15-20mg) to minimise inter-individual variability. No effect of temperature on basal AChE activity was observed in the laboratory for the tested range (6-24 degrees C). Similarly, no spatio-temporal change relative to season or the physico-chemical characteristics of the water (such as conductivity and temperature) was recorded during the field survey. On the basis of field-collected data, we defined the standard organism having a reference activity level with minimal and maximal threshold values. Finally, the value of AChE activity normalisation by protein contents is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Xuereb
- Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, Cemagref, UR BELY, F-69336 Lyon, France
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Jo HJ, Jung J. Quantification of differentially expressed genes in Daphnia magna exposed to rubber wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:261-266. [PMID: 18662825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were investigated in Daphnia magna exposed to rubber wastewater using an annealing control primer (ACP)-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Among three identified DEGs, two genes (DEG1 and DEG2) were up-regulated, and DEG1 expression was well-correlated to a logarithm of rubber wastewater concentration (r2=0.971, p<0.0001). In addition, DEG1 expression in D. magna exposed to rubber wastewater was strongly correlated with that of D. magna exposed to Zn (r2=0.9513, p<0.05), suggesting that the induction of DEG1 was caused by Zn, which is the dominant toxicant in rubber wastewater. In addition, DEG1 expression was more sensitive to toxicants than immobility, which is the conventional endpoint in toxicity tests using D. magna. The lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) determined using immobility tests were 2.5% for rubber wastewater and 1.6mgl(-1) for Zn. In contrast, a significant increase in DEG1 expression was observed at exposure concentrations of as low as 0.6% rubber wastewater and 0.2mgl(-1) Zn. These results indicate that DEG1 is a sensitive and quantitative biomarker of water and wastewater containing Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Je Jo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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