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Detection and Prevention of Virus Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1368:21-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8969-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Ramsey L, Manson M, Gilbert B, Lau CL. Intradermal rabies pre-exposure vaccination schedules in older travellers: comparison of immunogenicity post-primary course and post-booster. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5704962. [PMID: 31943042 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intradermal (ID) rabies vaccination for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has become increasingly popular; however, there is limited evidence about the effectiveness of different ID PrEP schedules in travellers aged > 50 years or their response to ID boosters. This study aimed to compare across different ID vaccine schedules and age groups the proportion of travellers who were seropositive after (i) primary course of ID PrEP and (ii) a booster. METHODS Travellers who received ID PrEP at a travel medicine clinic in South Australia from 2000 to 2016 were included. Three schedules were examined: 1IDx3 (1 × 0.1 ml on days 0, 7, 21-28), 2IDx2 (2 × 0.1 ml on days 0, 7) and 4IDx1 (4x0.1 ml on day 0). The 4IDx1 is a non-standard schedule that has been previously explored in research settings, but not endorsed by WHO for PrEP. Antibody titres of ≥0.5 IU/ml were considered seropositive. The proportion seropositive after a primary course or post-booster was estimated for each schedule and age category. Predictors of seronegative status after a primary course were examined using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Overall, 835 travellers (median age 37.5 years; 37.1% > 50 years) were included in the analyses of seropositivity after a primary course. Another group of 771 travellers (median age 45.9 years; 43.5% > 50 years) was included in the analyses of seropositivity post-booster. The proportion seropositive after primary course was 92.5% (95%CI: 90.5-94.1%) and highest with the 1IDx3 schedule (93.4%; 95%CI: 91.4-95.0%). After adjusting for age and timing of the serology, the odds of seronegative status were four times higher (OR 4.17; 95%CI: 1.43-12.18) with the 4IDx1 schedule compared to 1IDx3. Overall, 98.7% (95%CI: 97.6-99.3%) were seropositive post-booster. Of 46 travellers who received a booster ≥3 years after PrEP, all were seropositive post-booster. CONCLUSIONS In older travellers, the 1IDx3 schedule was the most effective, and a high proportion were seropositive post-booster even many years after a primary course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lani Ramsey
- Travel-Bug Vaccination Clinic, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
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Ahmed MS, Body MH, El-Neweshy MS, ALrawahi AH, Al-Abdawani M, Eltahir HA, ALmaewaly MG. Molecular characterization and diagnostic investigations of rabies encephalitis in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Oman: a retrospective study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2163-2168. [PMID: 32124182 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The accurate and early diagnosis of rabies is critical for undertaking public health measures in animals. The aim of the current study was to identify the molecular characterization of the circulating rabies virus (RABV) among camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Oman and to evaluate the efficacy of the histopathology and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as diagnostic tools of acute rabies encephalitis in camels in comparison with direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT). Of the forty-five brain samples from suspected camels submitted to the Animal Health Research Center in Oman (2009-2013), 22 cases were positive by dFAT and RT-PCR. Two positive samples were subjected for N gene nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis (accession numbers GU353156 and KC883998 for brain samples collected in 2009 and 2011, respectively). The specificity and sensitivity of histopathology were 100% and 81%, respectively, while in RT-PCR were 100% and 100%, respectively. The neuropathological changes were presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies) in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus beside prominent cerebral and cerebellar congestion and hemorrhage. Neuronal necrosis with satellitosis and neuronophagia were also noticed in the cerebrum of affected brains. Conclusively, there was one genetic group of RABV with 99% homology circulating in Omani camels. Also, it is concluded that histopathological examination is a safe and reliable diagnostic tool when only formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material is available, but the negative results should be reaffirmed by dFAT or RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Ahmed
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Body
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mahmoud S El-Neweshy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Behera, Alexandria, 22785, Egypt. .,Central Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Abdulmajeed H ALrawahi
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohsin Al-Abdawani
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hatim A Eltahir
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mahir G ALmaewaly
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Feline herpesvirus vectored-rabies vaccine in cats: A dual protection. Vaccine 2019; 37:2224-2231. [PMID: 30878247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In China, cats cause about 5% of human rabies cases. Rabies control in cats plays a role in achieving the ultimate goal of elimination of dog rabies-mediated human deaths. However, there is no cat-specific rabies vaccine in China yet. In this study, we constructed a recombinant rabies vaccine by using a felid herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) isolate, and deleted the gI/E in the FHV-1 and replaced the region with a glycoprotein (G) of rabies virus (RABV) strain BD06 through homologous recombination. The recombinant virus FHV-RVG was recovered and purified, and the expression of RABV glycoprotein was verified by indirect immunofluorescent assay. For potency in cats, each animal was inoculated intranasally with 1 ml FHV-RVG at 106.5 TCID50. Blood samples were collected at defined intervals for antibody titration. The animals were challenged by herpes and rabies after completion of vaccination on day 180 and day 194, respectively. Our results demonstrated all vaccinated cats generated antibodies against both FHV-1 and RABV, and reached an arbitrary protective titer > 0.5 IU/ml for rabies viral neutralizing antibody (VNA) by day 14 post inoculation (dpi) and titer peaked on 30 dpi with VNA at 24.5 ± 10.23 IU/ml. All vaccinated cats presented no clinical signs of FHV-1 infection and survived rabies challenge, while the control cats had severe rhinotracheitis and died from rabies after challenge. All this demonstrated that the FHV-based recombinant vaccine is effective in protection against both FHV-1 and RABV infections.
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Prabhu KN, Isloor S, Veeresh BH, Rathnamma D, Sharada R, Das LJ, Satyanarayana ML, Hegde NR, Rahman SA. Application and Comparative Evaluation of Fluorescent Antibody, Immunohistochemistry and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Tests for the Detection of Rabies Virus Antigen or Nucleic Acid in Brain Samples of Animals Suspected of Rabies in India. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E24. [PMID: 29495649 PMCID: PMC5876580 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and early diagnosis of animal rabies is critical for undertaking public health measures. Whereas the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique is the recommended test, the more convenient, direct rapid immunochemistry test (dRIT), as well as the more sensitive, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), have recently been employed for the laboratory diagnosis of rabies. We compared the three methods on brain samples from domestic (dog, cat, cattle, buffalo, horse, pig and goat) and wild (leopard, wolf and jackal) animals from various parts of India. Of the 257 samples tested, 167 were positive by all the three tests; in addition, 35 of the 36 decomposed samples were positive by RT-PCR. This is the first study in which such large number of animal samples have been subjected to the three tests simultaneously. The results confirm 100% corroboration between DFA and dRIT, buttress the applicability of dRIT in the simple and rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals, and reaffirm the suitability of RT-PCR for samples unfit for testing either by DFA or dRIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nithin Prabhu
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association-Crucell Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association-Crucell Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - B Hanchinal Veeresh
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - Doddamane Rathnamma
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - R Sharada
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - Lekshmi J Das
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - M L Satyanarayana
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - Nagendra R Hegde
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India.
| | - Sira Abdul Rahman
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association, Jayanagar, Bengaluru 560011, India.
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Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Panda S, Dhama K. Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017. [PMID: 28643547 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Susan Cherian
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- d ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
| | - Shibani Panda
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Zhang JM, Zhang ZS, Deng YQ, Wu SL, Wang W, Yan YS. Incidence of human rabies and characterization of rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs in Fujian Province, Southeast China, 2002-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:599. [PMID: 28854892 PMCID: PMC5577672 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a global fatal infectious viral disease that is characterized by a high mortality after onset of clinical symptoms. Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of rabies in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of human rabies and characterize the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs sampled from Fujian Province, Southeast China from 2002 to 2012. Methods Data pertaining to human rabies cases in Fujian Province during the period from 2002 through 2012 were collected, and the epidemiological profiles were described. The saliva and brain specimens were collected from dogs in Quanzhou, Longyan and Sanming cities of the province, and the rabies virus antigen was determined in the canine saliva specimens using an ELISA assay. Rabies virus RNA was extracted from canine brain specimens, and rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was amplified using a nested RT-PCR assay, followed by sequencing and genotyping. Results A total of 226 human rabies cases were reported in Fujian Province from 2002 to 2012, in which 197 cases were detected in three cities of Quanzhou, Longyan and Sanming. ELISA assay revealed positive rabies virus antigen in six of eight rabid dogs and 165 of 3492 seemingly healthy dogs. The full-length gene fragment of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was amplified from the brain specimens of seven rabid dogs and 12 seemingly healthy dogs. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 19 rabies virus nucleoprotein genes all belonged to genotype I, and were classified into three genetic groups. Sequencing analysis showed a 99.7% to 100% intra-group and an 86.4% to 89.3% inter-group homology. Conclusions This study is the first description pertaining to the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases and characterization of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs in Fujian Province, Southeast China. Our findings may provide valuable knowledge for the development of strategies targeting the prevention and control of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362002, China.,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362002, China.
| | - Yan-Qin Deng
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Shou-Li Wu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China.,Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, No. 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China. .,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China.
| | - Yan-Sheng Yan
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China.,Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
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Bassuino DM, Konradt G, Cruz RAS, Silva GS, Gomes DC, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D. Characterization of spinal cord lesions in cattle and horses with rabies: the importance of correct sampling. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:455-60. [PMID: 27240569 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716647992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-six cattle and 7 horses were diagnosed with rabies. Samples of brain and spinal cord were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, refrigerated fragments of brain and spinal cord were tested by direct fluorescent antibody test and intracerebral inoculation in mice. Statistical analyses and Fisher exact test were performed by commercial software. Histologic lesions were observed in the spinal cord in all of the cattle and horses. Inflammatory lesions in horses were moderate at the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral levels, and marked at the lumbar enlargement level. Gitter cells were present in large numbers in the lumbar enlargement region. IHC staining intensity ranged from moderate to strong. Inflammatory lesions in cattle were moderate in all spinal cord sections, and gitter cells were present in small numbers. IHC staining intensity was strong in all spinal cord sections. Only 2 horses exhibited lesions in the brain, which were located mainly in the obex and cerebellum; different from that observed in cattle, which had lesions in 25 cases. Fisher exact test showed that the odds of detecting lesions caused by rabies in horses are 3.5 times higher when spinal cord sections are analyzed, as compared to analysis of brain samples alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Bassuino
- Department of Pathology Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Bassuino, Konradt, Cruz, Pavarini and Driemeier)Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Silva)Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Gomes)
| | - Guilherme Konradt
- Department of Pathology Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Bassuino, Konradt, Cruz, Pavarini and Driemeier)Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Silva)Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Gomes)
| | - Raquel A S Cruz
- Department of Pathology Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Bassuino, Konradt, Cruz, Pavarini and Driemeier)Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Silva)Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Gomes)
| | - Gustavo S Silva
- Department of Pathology Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Bassuino, Konradt, Cruz, Pavarini and Driemeier)Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Silva)Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Gomes)
| | - Danilo C Gomes
- Department of Pathology Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Bassuino, Konradt, Cruz, Pavarini and Driemeier)Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Silva)Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Gomes)
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Department of Pathology Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Bassuino, Konradt, Cruz, Pavarini and Driemeier)Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Silva)Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Gomes)
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Pathology Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Bassuino, Konradt, Cruz, Pavarini and Driemeier)Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Silva)Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Gomes)
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Ayatollahi J, Sharifi MR, Shahcheraghi SH. Severe abdominal pain as the first manifestation of rabies. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e11671. [PMID: 25485053 PMCID: PMC4255215 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.11671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rabies is an acute fatal viral disease that is generally transmitted from animals to humans following wild and domestic animal bites. The rabies virus enters the body from the area where the individual is bitten, and then the virus moves towards the brain and involves the nerves. Case Presentation: During the years 2001-2011, there have been 73 reported rabies cases. About 50,000 reported human deaths are annually due to rabies. The actual number of human deaths due to rabies in Asia especially India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are more than these numbers, since there is no advanced surveillance system for disease control to determine the actual number of infected and fatal human cases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, more than 10 million people who are bitten by animals are annually treated by prophylactic treatment regimens for rabies, worldwide. Conclusions: This paper reports on a case of human rabies with the first disease manifestation (severe abdominal pain). The patient reported extensive biting on his left leg by a dog. He had a slight fever of 38.1°C. It has been recommended that a careful history should be taken from patients for diagnosis of rabies disease. A complete history should be taken from patients for diagnosis of disease, because rabies could be wrong with various diseases with atypical symptoms. because various diseases with atypical symptoms or long incubation periods can visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Ayatollahi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sharifi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9132531389, Fax:+98-3518224100, E-mail:
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Suin V, Nazé F, Francart A, Lamoral S, De Craeye S, Kalai M, Van Gucht S. A two-step lyssavirus real-time polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers with superior sensitivity to the fluorescent antigen test. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:256175. [PMID: 24822188 PMCID: PMC4009295 DOI: 10.1155/2014/256175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A generic two-step lyssavirus real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), based on a nested PCR strategy, was validated for the detection of different lyssavirus species. Primers with 17 to 30% of degenerate bases were used in both consecutive steps. The assay could accurately detect RABV, LBV, MOKV, DUVV, EBLV-1, EBLV-2, and ABLV. In silico sequence alignment showed a functional match with the remaining lyssavirus species. The diagnostic specificity was 100% and the sensitivity proved to be superior to that of the fluorescent antigen test. The limit of detection was ≤ 1 50% tissue culture infectious dose. The related vesicular stomatitis virus was not recognized, confirming the selectivity for lyssaviruses. The assay was applied to follow the evolution of rabies virus infection in the brain of mice from 0 to 10 days after intranasal inoculation. The obtained RNA curve corresponded well with the curves obtained by a one-step monospecific RABV-qRT-PCR, the fluorescent antigen test, and virus titration. Despite the presence of degenerate bases, the assay proved to be highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Suin
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Engeland Street 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Nazé
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Engeland Street 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Francart
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Engeland Street 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lamoral
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Engeland Street 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane De Craeye
- Toxoplasma Laboratory, Food-borne Pathogens, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Engeland Street 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Kalai
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Engeland Street 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Gucht
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Engeland Street 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Dalfardi B, Esnaashary MH, Yarmohammadi H. Rabies in medieval Persian literature - the Canon of Avicenna (980-1037 AD). Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 24533686 PMCID: PMC3933285 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibn Sina (980–1037 AD), known by his full name Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina and the Latin name ‘Avicenna’, was a Persian scholar who is primarily remembered for his contributions to the science of medicine. He authored Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine). Sections of his work are devoted to detailed descriptions of a number of infectious illnesses, particularly rabies. Avicenna described rabies in humans and animals and explained its clinical manifestations, route of transmission, and treatment methods. In this article, our goal is to discuss Avicenna’s 11th-century points of view on rabies and compare them with modern medical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hassan Yarmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Hambolu SE, Dzikwi AA, Kwaga JKP, Kazeem HM, Umoh JU, Hambolu DA. Rabies and dog bites cases in lagos state Nigeria: a prevalence and retrospective studies (2006-2011). Glob J Health Sci 2013; 6:107-14. [PMID: 24373270 PMCID: PMC4825396 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n1p107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rabies antigen in brain of dogs slaughtered for consumption and those that died in veterinary clinics as well as to obtain a 6-year retrospective data on dog bites/suspected dog rabies cases in Lagos State. Dog brain samples were collected from dog slaughter slabs and veterinary clinics (for dogs that died in clinics) across the Lagos state while data for retrospective studies (2006-2011) of dog bite/suspected rabies cases were collected from public (government owned) and private veterinary clinics across the state. Out of the 444 brain samples collected and tested for presence of rabies antigen using the direct fluorescent antibody technique (DFAT) only 7 (1.58%) were positive for the rabies antigen. A total of 196 dog bites/suspected rabies cases were encountered between January 2006 and December, 2011 in the veterinary clinics with adults been the major (55.61%) victims. Majority (96.43%) of the offending dogs were not quarantined at the time of bite and only one out of the quarantined dogs died and was confirmed positive for rabies antigen. The result of this study indicates that rabies antigen is present among dogs slaughtered in Lagos State and may pose a threat to public health. Though, available records showed that provocation of dogs was the major cause of dog bites and both children and adults fell victim of dog bites, there was a poor record keeping practice in the veterinary clinics across the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Emmanuel Hambolu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
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Serum MicroRNA Expression Profiling in Mice Infected with Rabies Virus. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013; 2:186-91. [PMID: 24159471 PMCID: PMC3767082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2011.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Serum or plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis for cancer and prenatal diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether rabies virus causes a change in serum miRNA expression. Methods ICR mice were intramuscularly inoculated with rabies virus and were sacrificed weekly to collect serum and brain tissue for 4 weeks postinoculation. Mice were assigned to four groups based on the results of indirect immunofluorescent assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the expression profiles of serum miRNAs were compared using a commercial mouse miRNA expression profiling assay. Results The expression levels of miRNAs changed significantly with the different stages of the disease. The expression level of 94 serum miRNAs in infected mice changed at least twofold. Seven microRNAs of them were significantly upregulated or downregulated in all infected mice regardless of disease status. The number of miRNAs with an expression level change decreased with the progression of the disease. In a hierarchical cluster analysis, infected mice clustered into a group separate from uninfected control mice. Conclusions Based on the relationship of miRNAs to gene expression regulation, miRNAs may be candidates for the study of viral pathogenesis and could have potential as biomarkers.
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Simani S, Fayaz A, Rahimi P, Eslami N, Howeizi N, Biglari P. Six fatal cases of classical rabies virus without biting incidents, Iran 1990-2010. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:251-4. [PMID: 22554714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is an endemic fatal zoonotic disease, commonly transmitted to humans through contact (bites and scratches) with infected animals. OBJECTIVES During the years 1990-2010, six patients with the clinical symptoms of rabies (fever, tinnitus, buzzing, delirium and hydrophobia), with no history of a bite, were diagnosed by physicians in Iran. To obtain laboratory confirmation of rabies infection, different clinical specimens from each patient were sent to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran. The first case was a 39-year-old male veterinary technician who entered his uncovered scratched hand into the mouth of a rabid bovine and became infected. Two years later, a herd of sheep being tended by a shepherd and his two sons were attacked by a rabid wolf. All three individuals were infected when they applied burnt thorny wool to the sheep's wounds as a bandage. Their hands were scratched and then infected through contact with the remaining saliva of the rabid wolf on the sheep's wounds. In 1994, two other human cases occurred through corneal transplantation from the same donor who had died with the clinical signs of food poisoning (according to his hospital record), which probably was a misdiagnosis of rabies infection. STUDY DESIGN This is a case series study that describes human rabies cases without biting incidents. According to the WHO recommendation, human rabies cases are notifiable, therefore, in Iran, a rabies surveillance system has been established to follow these cases. During the last decade, six patients with no 'history of a bite' were hospitalised with growing symptoms of rabies. The data were collected from each patient by the physicians and transferred to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran, and to the WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran as the only testing laboratory. Thus, they came to the attention of the surveillance system. Ante-mortem diagnosis was performed on saliva, cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples that were collected from the first patient by the physicians. Fresh brain specimens from all patients were kept in a mixture of 50% glycerol in phosphate-buffered saline and transported on ice to the WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies. RESULTS For the first patient, rabies virus was investigated in saliva using the rapid tissue cell inoculation test (RTCIT) and the mouse inoculation test (MIT). Anti-rabies antibodies in this patient's serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were examined using the mouse neutralisation test (MNT). Fresh brain specimens from all patients were examined using the fluorescence antibody test (FAT) as recommended by the WHO laboratory manual in rabies as the post-mortem diagnostic test for rabies. Rabies infection was confirmed in all of the deceased patients. Anti-rabies antibodies were identified only in one patient's serum specimen. Testing also showed that the rabies virus isolated was the classic rabies virus (serotype 1), which is widespread in Iran. CONCLUSIONS Prevention and control of this fatal disease require a sensitive surveillance system to follow 'suspected' animal and human rabies cases thoroughly through the improved reporting system, which contains the history of exposure, clinical examinations, symptoms and laboratory results. This study describes some notable human rabies infections and their transmission modes to prevent occupational accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Simani
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institute Pasteur, 12 Farvardin Ave., Enghelab Square, Tehran, Iran
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Kadam SS, Sherikar AA, Pingale VS. Comparative analysis of routine laboratory diagnostic tests for rabies. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2011; 22:142-5. [PMID: 23637517 PMCID: PMC3550737 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-011-0052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Present study was undertaken to compare various routine laboratory diagnostic tests for rabies detection. Seller's staining, mouse inoculation test (MIT), Dot-ELISA, Agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and counter immunoelectrophoresis test (CIET) were the main basic tests performed in the laboratory for the rabies diagnosis. Out of 200 brain specimens, Negri bodies were observed in 52 brain samples by Seller's staining. Rabies virus was isolated in 56 samples by intra-cerebral inoculation in newborn Swiss-albino mice. Dot-ELISA and AGPT could detect rabies antigen in 55 and 57 samples respectively. Comparative analysis revealed that the CIET is the most sensitive and rapid test among performed diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Kadam
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076 MS India
| | - A. A. Sherikar
- />Department of Microbiology, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 MS India
| | - V. S. Pingale
- />Laxman Devram Sonawane College, Bhiwandi-Murbad Road, Wadeghar, Kalyan (W), 421301 MS India
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Mills DJ, Lau CL, Fearnley EJ, Weinstein P. The immunogenicity of a modified intradermal pre-exposure rabies vaccination schedule--a case series of 420 travelers. J Travel Med 2011; 18:327-32. [PMID: 21896096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current Australian recommendations for rabies pre-exposure vaccination involve the use of cell-culture-based rabies vaccines, which are administered via intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) routes. ID vaccination is more affordable for travelers, but is only recommended if there is sufficient time to perform serology 2 to 3 weeks post-vaccination and confirm immunity prior to travel. We report the immunogenicity of a modified ID schedule that can be completed in less time than the standard ID schedule, and allow more travelers to be vaccinated prior to departure. METHODS Travelers were offered a modified schedule if they were unable to afford standard IM vaccinations, and did not have time to complete a standard ID course. The modified schedule consisted of two ID injections of 0.1 mL of human diploid cell rabies vaccine administered on days 0 and 7, and serology was performed to determine immune status at a time between day 21 and 28. RESULTS A total of 420 travelers aged between 10 and 65 years were vaccinated using the modified ID course. The overall seroconversion rate was 94.5%, with 397 travelers developing antibody levels of >0.5 IU/mL when tested at approximately 21 days post-vaccination. CONCLUSION The modified ID schedule used in this case series was highly effective, had similar immunogenicity to the standard ID schedule, and should be considered in travelers who are unable to complete standard IM or standard ID courses of rabies vaccines.
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Faizee N, Hailat NQ, Ababneh MMK, Hananeh WM, Muhaidat A. Pathological, Immunological and Molecular Diagnosis of Rabies in Clinically Suspected Animals of Different Species Using Four Detection Techniques in Jordan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:154-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Aguiar TDDF, Costa EC, Rolim BN, Romijn PC, Morais NBD, Teixeira MFDS. Risco de transmissão do vírus da raiva oriundo de sagui (Callithrix jacchus), domiciliado e semidomiciliado, para o homem na região metropolitana de Fortaleza, estado do Ceará. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:356-63. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011005000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Uma variante do vírus da raivafoi identificadaem associação a casos de raiva humanos, no Estado do Ceará, transmitidos por saguis (Callithrix jacchus), primatas frequentemente criados como animais de estimação. Essa variante não apresenta proximidade antigênica ou relação genética com as variantes do vírus encontradas em morcegos e mamíferos terrestres das Américas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco de transmissão do vírus da raiva oriundo de sagui (C. jacchus), criado como animal de estimação, para o homem na região metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará. MÉTODOS: Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado aos criadores de saguis, residentes nos municípios de Aquiraz e Maranguape, Ceará, enfocando o manejo e a interação desses primatas com humanos. Para avaliação da ocorrência de antígenos rábicos, através do teste de imunofluorescência direta (IFD), foram coletadas amostras de saliva dos saguis domiciliados e semidomiciliados. Com base nos resultados obtidos desses espécimes, foram analisadas amostras de sistema nervoso central (SNC). RESULTADOS: Na análise dos questionários, observou-se a proximidade dos criadores de saguis durante o manejo desses animais nos domicílios, bem como, seus conhecimentos limitados sobre a raiva, demonstrando haver risco quanto à transmissão do vírus. De 29 amostras de saliva de saguis reavaliadas, uma (3,4%) apresentou reação de IFD positiva. De 11 amostras de SNC, três (27,3%) apresentaram positividade. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados laboratoriais estão de acordo com os achados dos questionários, confirmando haver risco da transmissão do vírus da raiva devido à convivência de humanos com saguis (C. jacchus).
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Zanluca C, Aires LRDP, Mueller PP, Santos VVD, Carrieri ML, Pinto AR, Zanetti CR. Novel monoclonal antibodies that bind to wild and fixed rabies virus strains. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:66-73. [PMID: 21536074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against rabies virus, including IgG3κ, IgG2aκ, IgMκ, and an IgG2bκ isotype, were produced and characterized using neutralization, ELISA, immunodot-blot, and immunofluorescence assays. MAb 8D11, which recognized rabies virus glycoprotein, was found to neutralize rabies virus in vitro. When submitted to an immunofluorescence assay, seven MAbs showed different reactivity against 35 Brazilian rabies virus isolates. Three MAbs (LIA 02, 3E6, and 9C7) only failed to recognize one or two virus isolates, whereas MAb 6H8 was found to be reactive against all virus isolates tested. MAbs were also evaluated for their immunoreactivity against fixed rabies virus strains present in human and veterinary commercial vaccines. MAbs LIA 02, 6H8, and 9C7 reacted against all vaccine strains, while the remaining MAbs recognized at least 76% of vaccine strains tested. This research provides a set of MAbs with potential application for improving existing or developing new diagnostic tests and immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Zanluca
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Stein LT, Rech RR, Harrison L, Brown CC. Immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:630-3. [PMID: 20484176 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. Paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 1 bat (Myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (Lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (Vulpes vulpes). All cases had previously been diagnosed as rabies using histopathology and/or fluorescent antibody testing. The immunohistochemistry technique successfully detected lyssavirus antigen in all cases. In species for which 3 or more samples were available, distributional trends were seen in 4 main brain regions: brainstem, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebrum. The best site for rabies virus detection in dogs and cats was the hippocampus. For cattle, viral antigen was most prominent in the brainstem, followed by the cerebellum. In horses, the cervical spinal cord and adjacent brainstem were the optimal sites for detecting rabies virus antigen. In raccoons and skunks, positive labeling was widely dispersed, so selection might be less important for these wildlife reservoir species. Immunohistochemistry should prove useful in enhancing the accuracy of rabies diagnosis through informed selection of brain sampling sites when composite sampling is not feasible. This immunohistochemical technique could provide reliable virus detection in formalin-fixed tissues in any potentially infected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Stein
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602-7388, USA
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Pedroso PM, Colodel EM, Pescador CA, Arruda LP, Driemeier D. Aspectos clínicos e patológicos em bovinos afetados por raiva com especial referência ao mapeamento do antígeno rábico por imuno-histoquímica. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009001100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu achados clínicos e patológicos de 15 bovinos afetados por raiva. Em treze dos quinze casos, raiva foi confirmada por imunofluorescência direta. Bovinos entre 4 meses e 8 anos foram afetados. O curso clínico variou de três a sete dias. A forma paralítica foi a mais frequente e incluiu incoordenação, paresia e paralisia dos membros pélvicos, decúbito, movimentos de pedalagem e morte. Os principais achados histopatológicos foram meningoencefalite linfoplasmocitária associada com corpúsculos de Negri em 86,6% dos casos. Todos os casos foram positivos na imuno-histoquímica para raiva, cujas reações foram mais evidentes no tronco encefálico, incluindo bulbo, ponte e mesencéfalo, além de gânglio trigêmeo. A imuno-histoquímica demonstrou o vírus da raiva em axônios, dendritos e pericário de neurônios, como agregados de grânulos ou em formações arredondadas associadas com números variáveis de corpúsculos de inclusão virais nos neurônios. Houve também marcação nos neurônios de Purkinje e de seus processos na camada molecular, nos núcleos do tronco encefálico e camada profunda do córtex telencefálico. A imuno-histoquímica pode ser importante ferramenta diagnóstica no diagnóstico da raiva, especialmente em situações nas quais não é possível manter refrigeração adequada das amostras e em casos com meningoencefalite não-supurativa e ausência de corpúsculos de inclusão.
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Abstract
Heiman Wertheim and colleagues describe the diagnosis and management of two patients who developed rabies after butchering and consuming a dog or a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sun Park
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Guk Han
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
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Kapil S, Yeary T, Johnson B. Diagnostic investigation of emerging viruses of companion animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:755-74, vii. [PMID: 18501276 PMCID: PMC7114727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the authors are specifically concerned with the timely and accurate detection of emerging diseases of small animals that are viral in origin. Veterinarians are bound to encounter emerging viruses in their practice. The problem is unavoidable, because viruses are highly mutagenic. Even the immune response dictates the nature of virus that evolves in a host. If the clinical signs and diagnostic methods fail to correlate, the veterinarian should work with the diagnostic laboratory to solve the diagnostic puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kapil
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Farm and Ridge Road, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.
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Cai K, Wang H, Bao S, Shi J, Hou X, Gao X, Liu H, Yin J. Novel human 3-domain disulfide-stabilized antibody fragment against glycoprotein of rabies virus. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:548-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Vengatesan D, Raj GD, Raja A, Ramadass P, Gunaseelan L. Detection of rabies virus antigen or antibody using flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2006; 70:335-43. [PMID: 16739219 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is invariably a fatal encephalomyelitis that is considered to be a serious public health problem. Rabies diagnosis must be rapid and conclusive. Detection and quantification of antirabies antibodies is used for assessment of the effectiveness of rabies vaccines. Hence, computer-automated detection of fluorescence using flow cytometry was attempted to reduce the work time required to undertake the conventional rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). METHODS Pasteur virus (PV)-infected mouse neuroblastoma (MNA) cells were stained with rabies virus antinucleocapsid antibody, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugate, and the percentage of infected cells at 24, 48, and 72 h postinfection (PI) was determined using flow cytometry. Serum samples containing known antibody titres estimated by RFFIT in terms of IU/ml were used to neutralize 50 FFD50 dose of PV. The percentage of MNA cells infected by the un-neutralized virus was estimated by flow cytometry. Using the value of the percentage of cells infected in the presence of known negative serum as 100%, the infection inhibition caused by antibodies at each dilution of positive reference serum was calculated and a regression equation generated for the prediction of rabies virus antibody titres in test sera samples as equivalent units per ml (EU/ml). RESULTS There was a significant increase in the percentage of infected cells between 24 and 48 h PI from 26.45 to 75.28%. The percentage of cells having high side scatter was also highest at 72 h PI (11.11%). Antibody titres predicted by flow cytometry and those estimated by RFFIT as IU/ml showed a correlation coefficient of 0.74. CONCLUSIONS Thus, flow cytometry could be used to detect rabies virus antigen in infected cells and to predict serum antibody titres from a single dilution of serum tested with the potential advantages of automation, rapidity, and lack of subjectivity. It has the potential to replace the time-tested RFFIT in rabies serology in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayalan Vengatesan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India
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