1
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Moragues T, Giannakakis G, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Borca CN, Huthwelker T, Bugaev A, de Mello AJ, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Droplet-Based Microfluidics Reveals Insights into Cross-Coupling Mechanisms over Single-Atom Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401056. [PMID: 38472115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs) hold promise as sustainable alternatives to metal complexes in organic transformations. However, their working structure and dynamics remain poorly understood, hindering advances in their design. Exploiting the unique features of droplet-based microfluidics, we present the first in-situ assessment of a palladium SAC based on exfoliated carbon nitride in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our results confirm a surface-catalyzed mechanism, revealing the distinct electronic structure of active Pd centers compared to homogeneous systems, and providing insights into the stabilizing role of ligands and bases. This study establishes a valuable framework for advancing mechanistic understanding of organic syntheses catalyzed by SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moragues
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Giannakakis
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- University of Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya 35, Tarragona, 43002, Spain
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Aram Bugaev
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J de Mello
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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2
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Peredkov S, Pereira N, Grötzsch D, Hendel S, Wallacher D, DeBeer S. PINK: a tender X-ray beamline for X-ray emission spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:622-634. [PMID: 38662410 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A high-flux beamline optimized for non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) in the tender X-ray energy range has been constructed at the BESSY II synchrotron source. The beamline utilizes a cryogenically cooled undulator that provides X-rays over the energy range 2.1 keV to 9.5 keV. This energy range provides access to XES [and in the future X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)] studies of transition metals ranging from Ti to Cu (Kα, Kβ lines) and Zr to Ag (Lα, Lβ), as well as light elements including P, S, Cl, K and Ca (Kα, Kβ). The beamline can be operated in two modes. In PINK mode, a multilayer monochromator (E/ΔE ≃ 30-80) provides a high photon flux (1014 photons s-1 at 6 keV and 300 mA ring current), allowing non-resonant XES measurements of dilute substances. This mode is currently available for general user operation. X-ray absorption near-edge structure and resonant XAS techniques will be available after the second stage of the PINK commissioning, when a high monochromatic mode (E/ΔE ≃ 10000-40000) will be facilitated by a double-crystal monochromator. At present, the beamline incorporates two von Hamos spectrometers, enabling time-resolved XES experiments with time scales down to 0.1 s and the possibility of two-color XES experiments. This paper describes the optical scheme of the PINK beamline and the endstation. The design of the two von Hamos dispersive spectrometers and sample environment are discussed here in detail. To illustrate, XES spectra of phosphorus complexes, KCl, TiO2 and Co3O4 measured using the PINK setup are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Peredkov
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nilson Pereira
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX), Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hendel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wallacher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Wang H, Su GM, Barnett BR, Drisdell WS, Long JR, Prendergast D. Understanding 2p core-level excitons of late transition metals by analysis of mixed-valence copper in a metal-organic framework. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11980-11987. [PMID: 38573245 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00662c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra of late transition metals such as Cu, Ag, and Au exhibit absorption onsets lower in energy for higher oxidation states, which is at odds with the measured spectra of earlier transition metals. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations for Cu2+/Cu+ reveal a larger 2p core-exciton binding energy for Cu2+, overshadowing shifts in single-particle excitation energies with respect to Cu+. We explore this phenomenon in a Cu+ metal-organic framework with ∼12% Cu2+ defects and find that corrections with self-consistent excited-state total energy differences provide accurate XAS peak alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gregory M Su
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brandon R Barnett
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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4
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Wibowo RE, Garcia-Diez R, Bystron T, van der Merwe M, Prokop M, Arce MD, Efimenko A, Steigert A, Bernauer M, Wilks RG, Bouzek K, Bär M. Elucidating the Complex Oxidation Behavior of Aqueous H 3PO 3 on Pt Electrodes via In Situ Tender X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy at the P K-Edge. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7386-7399. [PMID: 38459944 PMCID: PMC10958492 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In situ tender X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the P K-edge was utilized to investigate the oxidation mechanism of aqueous H3PO3 on Pt electrodes under various conditions relevant to high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) applications. XANES and electrochemical analysis were conducted under different tender X-ray irradiation doses, revealing that intense radiation induces the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 via H2O yielding H3PO4 and H2. A broadly applicable experimental procedure was successfully developed to suppress these undesirable radiation-induced effects, enabling a more accurate determination of the aqueous H3PO3 oxidation mechanism. In situ XANES studies of aqueous 5 mol dm-3 H3PO3 on electrodes with varying Pt availability and surface roughness reveal that Pt catalyzes the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 to H3PO4. This oxidation is enhanced upon applying a positive potential to the Pt electrode or raising the electrolyte temperature, the latter being corroborated by complementary ion-exchange chromatography measurements. Notably, all of these oxidation processes involve reactions with H2O, as further supported by XANES measurements of aqueous H3PO3 of different concentrations, showing a more pronounced oxidation in electrolytes with a higher H2O content. The significant role of water in the oxidation of H3PO3 to H3PO4 supports the reaction mechanisms proposed for various chemical processes observed in this work and provides valuable insights into potential strategies to mitigate Pt catalyst poisoning by H3PO3 during HT-PEMFC operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdus Enggar Wibowo
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raul Garcia-Diez
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Bystron
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne van der Merwe
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Prokop
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Mauricio D. Arce
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Departamento
Caracterización de Materiales, INN-CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Avenida Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Anna Efimenko
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Steigert
- Institute
of Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Milan Bernauer
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karel Bouzek
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Straße
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Wollweber T, Ayyer K. Nanoscale x-ray imaging with high spectral sensitivity using fluorescence intensity correlations. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:024307. [PMID: 38638700 PMCID: PMC11026111 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces spectral incoherent diffractive imaging (SIDI) as a novel method for achieving dark-field imaging of nanostructures with heterogeneous oxidation states. With SIDI, shifts in photoemission profiles can be spatially resolved, enabling the independent imaging of the underlying emitter distributions contributing to each spectral line. In the x-ray domain, this approach offers unique insights beyond the conventional combination of diffraction and x-ray emission spectroscopy. When applied at x-ray free-electron lasers, SIDI promises to be a versatile tool for investigating a broad range of systems, offering unprecedented opportunities for detailed characterization of heterogeneous nanostructures for catalysis and energy storage, including of their ultrafast dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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6
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Wong LWW, Shi X, Karnieli A, Lim J, Kumar S, Carbajo S, Kaminer I, Wong LJ. Free-electron crystals for enhanced X-ray radiation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:29. [PMID: 38267427 PMCID: PMC10808554 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Bremsstrahlung-the spontaneous emission of broadband radiation from free electrons that are deflected by atomic nuclei-contributes to the majority of X-rays emitted from X-ray tubes and used in applications ranging from medical imaging to semiconductor chip inspection. Here, we show that the bremsstrahlung intensity can be enhanced significantly-by more than three orders of magnitude-through shaping the electron wavefunction to periodically overlap with atoms in crystalline materials. Furthermore, we show how to shape the bremsstrahlung X-ray emission pattern into arbitrary angular emission profiles for purposes such as unidirectionality and multi-directionality. Importantly, we find that these enhancements and shaped emission profiles cannot be attributed solely to the spatial overlap between the electron probability distribution and the atomic centers, as predicted by the paraxial and non-recoil theory for free electron light emission. Our work highlights an unprecedented regime of free electron light emission where electron waveshaping provides multi-dimensional control over practical radiation processes like bremsstrahlung. Our results pave the way towards greater versatility in table-top X-ray sources and improved fundamental understanding of quantum electron-light interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Wei Wesley Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xihang Shi
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Aviv Karnieli
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy Lim
- Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Suraj Kumar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, UCLA, 420 Westwood, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, UCLA, 475 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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7
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Yin JF, Amidani L, Chen J, Li M, Xue B, Lai Y, Kvashnina K, Nyman M, Yin P. Spatiotemporal Studies of Soluble Inorganic Nanostructures with X-rays and Neutrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310953. [PMID: 37749062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This Review addresses the use of X-ray and neutron scattering as well as X-ray absorption to describe how inorganic nanostructured materials assemble, evolve, and function in solution. We first provide an overview of techniques and instrumentation (both large user facilities and benchtop). We review recent studies of soluble inorganic nanostructure assembly, covering the disciplines of materials synthesis, processes in nature, nuclear materials, and the widely applicable fundamental processes of hydrophobic interactions and ion pairing. Reviewed studies cover size regimes and length scales ranging from sub-Ångström (coordination chemistry and ion pairing) to several nanometers (molecular clusters, i.e. polyoxometalates, polyoxocations, and metal-organic polyhedra), to the mesoscale (supramolecular assembly processes). Reviewed studies predominantly exploit 1) SAXS/WAXS/SANS (small- and wide-angle X-ray or neutron scattering), 2) PDF (pair-distribution function analysis of X-ray total scattering), and 3) XANES and EXAFS (X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure, respectively). While the scattering techniques provide structural information, X-ray absorption yields the oxidation state in addition to the local coordination. Our goal for this Review is to provide information and inspiration for the inorganic/materials science communities that may benefit from elucidating the role of solution speciation in natural and synthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Fu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lucia Amidani
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jiadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mu Li
- Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Binghui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Panchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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8
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Novichkov D, Trigub A, Gerber E, Nevolin I, Romanchuk A, Matveev P, Kalmykov S. Laboratory-based X-ray spectrometer for actinide science. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:1114-1126. [PMID: 37738030 PMCID: PMC10624025 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523006926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies nowadays are advanced characterization methods for fundamental and applied actinide research. One of the advantages of these methods is to reveal slight changes in the structural and electronic properties of radionuclides. The experiments are generally carried out at synchrotrons. However, considerable progress has been made to construct laboratory-based X-ray spectrometers for X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies. Laboratory spectrometers are reliable, effective and accessible alternatives to synchrotrons, especially for actinide research, which allow dispensing with high costs of the radioactive sample transport and synchrotron time. Moreover, data from laboratory spectrometers, obtained within a reasonable time, are comparable with synchrotron results. Thereby, laboratory spectrometers can complement synchrotrons or can be used for preliminary experiments to find perspective samples for synchrotron experiments with better resolution. Here, the construction and implementation of an X-ray spectrometer (LomonosovXAS) in Johann-geometry at a radiochemistry laboratory is reported. Examples are given of the application of LomonosovXAS to actinide systems relevant to the chemistry of f-elements, the physical chemistry of nuclear power engineering and the long-term disposal of spent nuclear fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Novichkov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Trigub
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad Akademika Kurchatova 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Iurii Nevolin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Romanchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Matveev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Stepan Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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9
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Fransson T, Pettersson LGM. Calibrating TDDFT Calculations of the X-ray Emission Spectrum of Liquid Water: The Effects of Hartree-Fock Exchange. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7333-7342. [PMID: 37787584 PMCID: PMC10601479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of liquid water continue to be debated, with insight provided by, among others, X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), which shows a split in the high-energy 1b1 feature. This split is yet to be reproduced by theory, and it remains unclear if these difficulties are related to inaccuracies in dynamics simulations, spectrum calculations, or both. We investigate the performance of different methods for calculating XES of liquid water, focusing on the ability of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to reproduce reference spectra obtained by high-level coupled cluster and algebraic-diagrammatic construction scheme calculations. A metric for evaluating the agreement between theoretical spectra termed the integrated absolute difference (IAD), which considers the integral of shifted difference spectra, is introduced and used to investigate the performance of different exchange-correlation functionals. We find that computed spectra of symmetric and asymmetric model water structures are strongly and differently influenced by the amount of Hartree-Fock exchange, with best agreement to reference spectra for ∼40-50%. Lower percentages tend to yield high density of contributing states, resulting in too broad features. The method introduced here is useful also for other spectrum calculations, in particular where the performance for ensembles of structures are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fransson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova
University Center, Stockholm University, 109 61 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars G. M. Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova
University Center, Stockholm University, 109 61 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Wang J, Hsu CS, Wu TS, Chan TS, Suen NT, Lee JF, Chen HM. In situ X-ray spectroscopies beyond conventional X-ray absorption spectroscopy on deciphering dynamic configuration of electrocatalysts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6576. [PMID: 37852958 PMCID: PMC10584842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Realizing viable electrocatalytic processes for energy conversion/storage strongly relies on an atomic-level understanding of dynamic configurations on catalyst-electrolyte interface. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has become an indispensable tool to in situ investigate dynamic natures of electrocatalysts but still suffers from limited energy resolution, leading to significant electronic transitions poorly resolved. Herein, we highlight advanced X-ray spectroscopies beyond conventional XAS, with emphasis on their unprecedented capabilities of deciphering key configurations of electrocatalysts. The profound complementarities of X-ray spectroscopies from various aspects are established in a probing energy-dependent "in situ spectroscopy map" for comprehensively understanding the solid-liquid interface. This perspective establishes an indispensable in situ research model for future studies and offers exciting research prospects for scientists and spectroscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shuo Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Sing Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shan Chan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan.
| | - Nian-Tzu Suen
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225002, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jyh-Fu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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11
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Kotobi A, Singh K, Höche D, Bari S, Meißner RH, Bande A. Integrating Explainability into Graph Neural Network Models for the Prediction of X-ray Absorption Spectra. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22584-22598. [PMID: 37807700 PMCID: PMC10591337 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of sophisticated machine learning (ML) models, such as graph neural networks (GNNs), to predict complex molecular properties or all kinds of spectra has grown rapidly. However, ensuring the interpretability of these models' predictions remains a challenge. For example, a rigorous understanding of the predicted X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) generated by such ML models requires an in-depth investigation of the respective black-box ML model used. Here, this is done for different GNNs based on a comprehensive, custom-generated XAS data set for small organic molecules. We show that a thorough analysis of the different ML models with respect to the local and global environments considered in each ML model is essential for the selection of an appropriate ML model that allows a robust XAS prediction. Moreover, we employ feature attribution to determine the respective contributions of various atoms in the molecules to the peaks observed in the XAS spectrum. By comparing this peak assignment to the core and virtual orbitals from the quantum chemical calculations underlying our data set, we demonstrate that it is possible to relate the atomic contributions via these orbitals to the XAS spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kotobi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Institute of Surface
Science, Geesthacht, DE 21502, Germany
| | - Kanishka Singh
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, DE 10409, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin, DE 14195, Germany
| | - Daniel Höche
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Institute of Surface
Science, Geesthacht, DE 21502, Germany
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, DE 22607, Germany
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Groningen 9712, Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Meißner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Institute of Surface
Science, Geesthacht, DE 21502, Germany
- Hamburg
University of Technology, Institute of Polymers
and Composites, Hamburg, DE 21073, Germany
| | - Annika Bande
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, DE 10409, Germany
- Leibniz
University Hannover, Institute of Inorganic
Chemistry, Hannover, DE 30167, Germany
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12
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Zymaková A, Precek M, Picchiotti A, Błachucki W, Zymak I, Szlachetko J, Vankó G, Németh Z, Sá J, Wiste T, Andreasson J. X-ray spectroscopy station for sample characterization at ELI Beamlines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17258. [PMID: 37828024 PMCID: PMC10570313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopy is a demanded tool across multiple user communities. Here we report on a new station for X-ray emission spectroscopy at the Extreme Light Infrastructure Beamlines Facility. The instrument utilizes the von Hamos geometry and works with a number of different sample types, notably including liquid systems. We demonstrate a simple and reliable method for source position control using two cameras. This approach addresses energy calibration dependence on sample position, which is a characteristic source of measurement uncertainty for wavelength dispersive spectrometers in XES arrangement. We also present a straightforward procedure for energy calibration of liquid and powder samples to a thin film reference. The developed instrumentation enabled us to perform the first experimental determination of the Kα lines of liquidized K3Fe(CN)6 as well as powdered and liquidized FeNH4(SO4)2. Finally, we report on proof-of-principle use of a colliding jet liquid sample delivery system in an XES experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zymaková
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic.
| | - M Precek
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - A Picchiotti
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
- Hamburg University and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - W Błachucki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
| | - I Zymak
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - J Szlachetko
- National Synchrotron Radiation Centre SOLARIS, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392, Kraków, Poland
| | - G Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós 29-33, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Z Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós 29-33, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - J Sá
- Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, SE-751 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Wiste
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - J Andreasson
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
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13
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Kathyola T, Chang SY, Willneff EA, Willis CJ, Cibin G, Wilson P, Kroner AB, Shotton EJ, Dowding PJ, Schroeder SL. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology: Reaction Studies for the Manufacture of Sulfonate-Stabilized Calcium Carbonate Particles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:16198-16206. [PMID: 37841415 PMCID: PMC10571072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Process analytical technologies are widely used to inform process control by identifying relationships between reagents and products. Here, we present a novel process analytical technology system for operando XAS on multiphase multicomponent synthesis processes based on the combination of a conventional lab-scale agitated reactor with a liquid-jet cell. The preparation of sulfonate-stabilized CaCO3 particles from polyphasic Ca(OH)2 dispersions was monitored in real time by Ca K-edge XAS to identify changes in Ca speciation in the bulk solution/dispersion as a function of time and process conditions. Linear combination fitting of the spectra quantitatively resolved composition changes from the initial conversion of Ca(OH)2 to the Ca(R-SO3)2 surfactant to the ultimate formation of nCaCO3·mCa(R- SO3)2 particles. The system provides a novel tool with strong chemical specificity for probing multiphase synthesis processes at a molecular level, providing an avenue to establishing the relationships between critical quality attributes of a process and the quality and performance of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thokozile
A. Kathyola
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Sin-Yuen Chang
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | | | - Colin J. Willis
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Giannantonio Cibin
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Paul Wilson
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Anna B. Kroner
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Elizabeth J. Shotton
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Dowding
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Sven L.M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
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14
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Koppe J, Pell AJ. Structure Determination and Refinement of Paramagnetic Materials by Solid-State NMR. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2023; 3:419-433. [PMID: 37780542 PMCID: PMC10540298 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Paramagnetism in solid-state materials has long been considered an additional challenge for structural investigations by using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR). The strong interactions between unpaired electrons and the surrounding atomic nuclei, on the one hand, are complex to describe, and on the other hand can cause fast decaying signals and extremely broad resonances. However, significant progress has been made over the recent years in developing both theoretical models to understand and calculate the frequency shifts due to paramagnetism and also more sophisticated experimental protocols for obtaining high-resolution ssNMR spectra. While the field is continuously moving forward, to date, the combination of state-of-the-art numerical and experimental techniques enables us to obtain high-quality data for a variety of systems. This involves the determination of several ssNMR parameters that represent different contributions to the frequency shift in paramagnetic solids. These contributions encode structural information on the studied material on various length scales, ranging from crystal morphologies, to the mid- and long-range order, down to the local atomic bonding environment. In this perspective, the different ssNMR parameters characteristic for paramagnetic materials are discussed with a focus on their interpretation in terms of structure. This includes a summary of studies that have explored the information content of these ssNMR parameters, mostly to complement experimental data from other methods, e.g., X-ray diffraction. The presented overview aims to demonstrate how far ssNMR has hitherto been able to determine and refine the structures of materials and to discuss where it currently falls short of its full potential. We attempt to highlight how much further ssNMR can be pushed to determine and refine structure to deliver a comprehensive structural characterization of paramagnetic materials comparable to what is to date achieved by the combined effort of electron microscopy, diffraction, and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Koppe
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 −
CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Andrew J. Pell
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 −
CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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15
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Polyanichenko DS, Protsenko BO, Egil NV, Kartashov OO. Deep Reinforcement Learning Environment Approach Based on Nanocatalyst XAS Diagnostics Graphic Formalization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5321. [PMID: 37570025 PMCID: PMC10419857 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The most in-demand instrumental methods for new functional nanomaterial diagnostics employ synchrotron radiation, which is used to determine a material's electronic and local atomic structure. The high time and resource costs of researching at international synchrotron radiation centers and the problems involved in developing an optimal strategy and in planning the control of the experiments are acute. One possible approach to solving these problems involves the use of deep reinforcement learning agents. However, this approach requires the creation of a special environment that provides a reliable level of response to the agent's actions. As the physical experimental environment of nanocatalyst diagnostics is potentially a complex multiscale system, there are no unified comprehensive representations that formalize the structure and states as a single digital model. This study proposes an approach based on the decomposition of the experimental system into the original physically plausible nodes, with subsequent merging and optimization as a metagraphic representation with which to model the complex multiscale physicochemical environments. The advantage of this approach is the possibility to directly use the numerical model to predict the system states and to optimize the experimental conditions and parameters. Additionally, the obtained model can form the basic planning principles and allow for the optimization of the search for the optimal strategy with which to control the experiment when it is used as a training environment to provide different abstraction levels of system state reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Polyanichenko
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, 178/24 Sladkova, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (B.O.P.); (N.V.E.); (O.O.K.)
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16
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Liao YK, Lagostina V, Salvadori E, Hartmann M, Poeppl A, Chiesa M. Short-Range Electronic Interactions between Vanadium and Molybdenum in Bimetallic SAPO-5 Catalysts Revealed by Hyperfine Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:11103-11110. [PMID: 37342203 PMCID: PMC10278125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Engineering two cooperative sites into a catalyst implies the onset of synergistic effects related to the existence of short-range electronic interactions between two metal components. However, these interactions and the relative structure-property correlations are often difficult to obtain. Here we show that hyperfine spectroscopy has the potential to reveal the presence of V4+-O-Mo6+ linkages assessing the degree of spin density transfer from paramagnetic V4+ species to proximal oxo-bridged Mo6+ metal ions. The dimer species were prepared by adsorption of Mo(CO)6 in the pores of SAPO-5, followed by thermal decomposition and oxidation and subsequent grafting of anhydrous VCl4(g) followed by hydrolysis and dehydration. The metal species react with SAPO protons during the exchange process and generate new Lewis acid sites, which act as redox centers. X- and Q-band EPR and HYSCORE experiments have been employed to monitor the local environment of V4+ species obtaining direct evidence for spin delocalization over 27Al, 31P, 95Mo, and 97Mo nuclei, demonstrating the presence of bimetallic V-O-Mo well-defined structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Liao
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Felix
Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valeria Lagostina
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Erlangen
Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Poeppl
- Felix
Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
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17
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Sun Y, Brockhauser S, Hegedűs P, Plückthun C, Gelisio L, Ferreira de Lima DE. Application of self-supervised approaches to the classification of X-ray diffraction spectra during phase transitions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9370. [PMID: 37296300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques encode ample information on investigated samples. The ability of rapidly and accurately extracting these enhances the means to steer the experiment, as well as the understanding of the underlying processes governing the experiment. It improves the efficiency of the experiment, and maximizes the scientific outcome. To address this, we introduce and validate three frameworks based on self-supervised learning which are capable of classifying 1D spectral curves using data transformations preserving the scientific content and only a small amount of data labeled by domain experts. In particular, in this work we focus on the identification of phase transitions in samples investigated by x-ray powder diffraction. We demonstrate that the three frameworks, based either on relational reasoning, contrastive learning, or a combination of the two, are capable of accurately identifying phase transitions. Furthermore, we discuss in detail the selection of data augmentation techniques, crucial to ensure that scientifically meaningful information is retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Software Engineering Department, Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
| | - Sandor Brockhauser
- Software Engineering Department, Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Center for Materials Science Data, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Péter Hegedűs
- Software Engineering Department, Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
| | - Christian Plückthun
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gelisio
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
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18
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Detlefs B, Graziano S, Glatzel P. Fast Chemical Contrast by X-ray Fluorescence Intensity Ratio Detection. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37235752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a protocol for efficient detection of the chemical state of an element based on X-ray emission (fluorescence) spectroscopy using a Bragg optics spectrometer. The ratio of intensities at two appropriately chosen X-ray emission energies is a self-normalized quantity largely free of experimental artifacts and can thus be recorded with high accuracy. As the X-ray fluorescence lines are chemically sensitive, the intensity ratio identifies the chemical state. Differences between chemical states in spatially inhomogeneous or temporally evolving samples can be identified already with low numbers of photon events. This reduces the time required for data acquisition by 2 orders of magnitude as compared to recording a full spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Detlefs
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Serena Graziano
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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19
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Liu Y, Wang C. An efficient 3D reconstruction method based on WT-TV denoising for low-dose CT images. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:463-475. [PMID: 37038798 DOI: 10.3233/thc-236040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to reduce the impact of CT radiation, low-dose CT is often used, but low-dose CT will bring more noise, affecting image quality and subsequent 3D reconstruction results. OBJECTIVE The study presents a reconstruction method based on wavelet transform-total variation (WT-TV) for low-dose CT. METHODS First, the low-dose CT images were denoised using WT and TV denoising methods. The WT method could preserve the features, and the TV method could preserve the edges and structures. Second, the two sets of denoised images were fused so that the features, edges, and structures could be preserved at the same time. Finally, FBP reconstruction was performed to obtain the final 3D reconstruction result. RESULTS The results show that The WT-TV method can effectively denoise low-dose CT and improve the clarity and accuracy of 3D reconstruction models. CONCLUSION Compared with other reconstruction methods, the proposed reconstruction method successfully addressed the issue of low-dose CT noising by further denoising the CT images before reconstruction. The denoising effect of low-dose CT images and the 3D reconstruction model were compared via experiments.
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20
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Dong ZL, Wang Z, Yiu YM, Fu J, Lin BH, Chang LY, Sham TK. Synthesis and optical properties of phosphorus doped ZnO: X-ray absorption, X-ray emission, and X-ray excited optical luminescence studies. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Over the past decades, zinc oxide semiconductor and its derivatives have been extensively developed because of its optoelectronic properties. Since ZnO is an intrinsic n-type semiconductor, how to synthesize high-quality p-type ZnO semiconductors and investigate their optoelectronic properties and local chemical structures are important and necessary. In this article, two studies of synthesizing both undoped and phosphorus-doped ZnO nanostructures by hydrothermal method and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique are presented. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laboratory X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to track the surface morphology and the crystalline structure of both undoped and phosphorus doped ZnO nanostructures, respectively. X-ray absorption near edge structures (XANES), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) are also used to determine the local chemical information of both undoped and phosphorus-doped ZnO nano/microstructures such as local symmetry and optical properties. It is found that the phosphorus is successfully doped into the surface of ZnO and substituted the Zn. The phosphorus-doped ZnO products have better crystallinity and less oxygen vacancies on the surface. These two are correlated as one leads to the other. The XEOL results suggest that the average bandgap for undoped and phosphorus doped ZnO is the same, 3.24 eV. The second derivative of the absorption-emission spectra yields the fundamental bandgap for undoped ZnO and phosphorus-doped ZnO is 3.25 eV. The implication of this observation is discussed.
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21
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Zhao Y, Adiyeri Saseendran DP, Huang C, Triana CA, Marks WR, Chen H, Zhao H, Patzke GR. Oxygen Evolution/Reduction Reaction Catalysts: From In Situ Monitoring and Reaction Mechanisms to Rational Design. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6257-6358. [PMID: 36944098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are core steps of various energy conversion and storage systems. However, their sluggish reaction kinetics, i.e., the demanding multielectron transfer processes, still render OER/ORR catalysts less efficient for practical applications. Moreover, the complexity of the catalyst-electrolyte interface makes a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic OER/ORR mechanisms challenging. Fortunately, recent advances of in situ/operando characterization techniques have facilitated the kinetic monitoring of catalysts under reaction conditions. Here we provide selected highlights of recent in situ/operando mechanistic studies of OER/ORR catalysts with the main emphasis placed on heterogeneous systems (primarily discussing first-row transition metals which operate under basic conditions), followed by a brief outlook on molecular catalysts. Key sections in this review are focused on determination of the true active species, identification of the active sites, and monitoring of the reactive intermediates. For in-depth insights into the above factors, a short overview of the metrics for accurate characterizations of OER/ORR catalysts is provided. A combination of the obtained time-resolved reaction information and reliable activity data will then guide the rational design of new catalysts. Strategies such as optimizing the restructuring process as well as overcoming the adsorption-energy scaling relations will be discussed. Finally, pending current challenges and prospects toward the understanding and development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts and selected homogeneous catalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Chong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walker R Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Greta R Patzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Time-resolved transmission electron microscopy for nanoscale chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:256-272. [PMID: 37117417 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to image a structure ranging from millimetres to Ångströms has made it an indispensable component of the toolkit of modern chemists. TEM has enabled unprecedented understanding of the atomic structures of materials and how structure relates to properties and functions. Recent developments in TEM have advanced the technique beyond static material characterization to probing structural evolution on the nanoscale in real time. Accompanying advances in data collection have pushed the temporal resolution into the microsecond regime with the use of direct-electron detectors and down to the femtosecond regime with pump-probe microscopy. Consequently, studies have deftly applied TEM for understanding nanoscale dynamics, often in operando. In this Review, time-resolved in situ TEM techniques and their applications for probing chemical and physical processes are discussed, along with emerging directions in the TEM field.
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23
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Yang Y, Yang QN, Yang YB, Guo PF, Feng WX, Jia Y, Wang K, Wang WT, He ZH, Liu ZT. Enhancing Water Oxidation of Ru Single Atoms via Oxygen-Coordination Bonding with NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Qian-Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yi-Bin Yang
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Peng-Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Wan-Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Wei-Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zhen-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zhao-Tie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
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24
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Guo Z, Zhang Y, Xu W, Jin S, Gan X, Zhang H, Chen D, Jia Q. A von Hamos full-cylindrical spectrometer based on striped Si/Ge crystal for advanced x-ray spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:023102. [PMID: 36859069 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-energy resolution core-level spectroscopies, including a group of different techniques to obtain element-specific information of the electronic structure around an absorption site, have become powerful tools for studying the chemical state, local geometric structure, and the nature of chemical bonding. High-resolution x-ray absorption and x-ray emission spectroscopies are well-established experimental techniques but have always been limited by the number of emitted photons and the limited acceptance of solid angles, as well as requiring high energy stability and repeatability for the whole experimental setup. A full-cylindrical x-ray spectrometer based on flexible HAPG (highly annealed pyrolitic graphite) mosaic crystals is an effective solution for the above issues. However, large-area HAPG remains expensive and is often not easy to access. Here, we present an alternative approach by using segmented single crystals (Si and Ge) with different orientations instead of the HAPG as a dispersive element. The proposed method drastically improved the energy resolution up to 0.2-2 eV in the range of 2-10 keV. High-pressure x-ray emission and resonant x-ray emission spectra are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument. The new design is particularly suitable for high-resolution spectroscopy applications at fourth-generation synchrotron radiation sources or free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Guo
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - ShuoXue Jin
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Gan
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanjie Jia
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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25
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Monochromatic computed tomography using laboratory-scale setup. Sci Rep 2023; 13:363. [PMID: 36611113 PMCID: PMC9825405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate the viability of highly monochromatic full-field X-ray absorption near edge structure based tomography using a laboratory-scale Johann-type X-ray absorption spectrometer utilising a conventional X-ray tube source. In this proof-of-concept, by using a phantom embedded with elemental Se, Na[Formula: see text]SeO[Formula: see text], and Na[Formula: see text]SeO[Formula: see text], we show that the three-dimensional distributions of Se in different oxidation states can be mapped and distinguished from the phantom matrix and each other with absorption edge contrast tomography. The presented method allows for volumetric analyses of chemical speciation in mm-scale samples using low-brilliance X-ray sources, and represents a new analytic tool for materials engineering and research in many fields including biology and chemistry.
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26
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Study of electron band structure of Pr doped ZnAl2O4 by reducing background in modified-CDB-spectroscopy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Sahle CJ, Gerbon F, Henriquet C, Verbeni R, Detlefs B, Longo A, Mirone A, Lagier MC, Otte F, Spiekermann G, Petitgirard S. A compact von Hámos spectrometer for parallel X-ray Raman scattering and X-ray emission spectroscopy at ID20 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:251-257. [PMID: 36601944 PMCID: PMC9814058 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522011171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A compact spectrometer for medium-resolution resonant and non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy in von Hámos geometry is described. The main motivation for the design and construction of the spectrometer is to allow for acquisition of non-resonant X-ray emission spectra while measuring non-resonant X-ray Raman scattering spectra at beamline ID20 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Technical details are provided and the performance and possible use of the spectrometer are demonstrated by presenting results of several X-ray spectroscopic methods on various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch. J. Sahle
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F. Gerbon
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C. Henriquet
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - R. Verbeni
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - B. Detlefs
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A. Longo
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A. Mirone
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M.-C. Lagier
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F. Otte
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF – The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - G. Spiekermann
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - S. Petitgirard
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
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28
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Simonelli L, Marini C, Ribo L, Homs R, Avila J, Heinis D, Preda I, Klementiev K. The CLEAR X-ray emission spectrometer available at the CLAESS beamline of ALBA synchrotron. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:235-241. [PMID: 36601942 PMCID: PMC9814063 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522009821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The CLEAR X-ray emission spectrometer installed at the CLAESS beamline of the ALBA synchrotron is described. It is an energy-dispersive spectrometer based on Rowland circle geometry with 1 m-diameter circle. The energy dispersion is achieved by the combination of a diced analyzer crystal and a unidimensional detector. A single unconventional dynamically bent analyzer crystal (Si 111) permits a wide energy range to be covered, just by exploiting its different reflections (333, 444, 555, 777, 888): 6-22 keV, with a spectrometer efficiency that decreases above 11 keV because of the Si detector thickness (Mythen, 350 µm), while the relative scattering intensities for the Si 333, 444, 555, 777 and 888 reflections correspond to 36, 40, 21, 13 and 15, respectively. The provided energy resolution is typically below 1-2 eV and depends on the beam size, working Bragg angle and reflection exploited. In most cases the energy dispersion ranges from 10 to 20 eV and can be enlarged by working in the out-of-Rowland geometry up to 40 eV. The spectrometer works in full backscattering geometry with the beam passing through the two halves of the analyzer. The vacuum beam path and the particular geometry allow a typical average noise of only 0.5 counts per second per pixel. The spectrometer is mainly used for measuring emission lines and high-resolution absorption spectra, with a typical scanning time for highly concentrated systems of around half an hour, including several repeats. The intrinsic energy dispersion allows systematic collection of resonant X-ray emission maps by measuring high-resolution absorption spectra. Moreover, it allows spectra to be measured on a single-shot basis. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to probe electronic excitations are feasible, although the spectrometer is not optimized for this purpose due to the limited energy resolution and scattering geometry provided. In that case, to minimize the quasi-elastic line, the spectrometer is able to rotate along the beam path. Advantages and disadvantages with respect to other existing spectrometers are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Simonelli
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Marini
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Ribo
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. Homs
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Avila
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. Heinis
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I. Preda
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K. Klementiev
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- MAX IV Laboratory, Fotongatan 2, 225 94 Lund, Sweden
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29
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Kallio AJ, Weiß A, Bes R, Heikkilä MJ, Ritala M, Kemell M, Huotari S. Laboratory-scale X-ray absorption spectroscopy of 3d transition metals in inorganic thin films. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18593-18602. [PMID: 36444942 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present laboratory-scale X-ray absorption spectroscopy applied to the research of nanometer-scale thin films. We demonstrate the Cu K edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of CuI and CuO thin films grown with atomic layer deposition. Film thicknesses in the investigated samples ranged from 12 to 248 nm. Even from the thinnest films, XANES spectra can be obtained in 5-20 minutes and EXAFS in 1-4 days. In order to prove the capability of laboratory-based XAS for in situ measurements on thin films, we demonstrate an experiment on in situ oxidation of a 248 nm thick CuI film at a temperature of 240 °C. These methods have important implications for novel and enhanced possibilities for inorganic thin film research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Weiß
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 55, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rene Bes
- Department of Physics, P.O.Box 64, University of Helsinki, Finland. .,Helsinki Institute of Physics, P.O.Box 64, Finland
| | - Mikko J Heikkilä
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 55, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Ritala
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 55, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 55, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, P.O.Box 64, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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30
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Samal B, Voora VK. Modeling Nonresonant X-ray Emission of Second- and Third-Period Elements without Core-Hole Reference States and Empirical Parameters. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7272-7285. [PMID: 36350224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonresonant X-ray emission (XE) energies and oscillator strengths are obtained using the effective potential of the generalized Kohn-Sham semi-canonical projected random phase approximation (GKS-spRPA) method. XE energies are estimated as a difference between the valence and core ionization eigenvalues, while the oscillator strengths are obtained within a frozen orbital approximation. This straightforward approach provides accurate XE energies without any need for core-hole reference states, empirical shifting parameters, or tuning of density functionals. To account for relativistic corrections to the core orbitals, we have formulated a scalar relativistic (sr) GKS-spRPA approach based on the spin-free X2C one-electron Hamiltonian. The sr-GKS-spRPA method provides highly reliable XE energies using uncontracted basis-sets on atoms where the core-hole is created prior to emission. For the largest basis-sets used in our study, using completely uncontracted polarized core-valence Dunning basis-sets, the mean absolute errors (MAEs) are within 0.7 eV compared to experimental reference values for a test-set consisting of 27 valence-to-core XE energies of molecules with second- and third-period elements. Considering a balance of accuracy and computational effort, we recommend the use of s-uncontracted def2-TZVP for second-period and all-uncontracted def2-TZVP for third-period elements. For this recommended basis-set, the MAE is 0.2 eV. The analytically continued sr-GKS-spRPA approach, with an O(N4) computational cost, enables efficient computation of XE spectra of molecules such as S8 and C60 with several core-hole states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Samal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai400005, India
| | - Vamsee K Voora
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai400005, India
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31
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Genz NS, Kallio A, Oord R, Krumeich F, Pokle A, Prytz Ø, Olsbye U, Meirer F, Huotari S, Weckhuysen BM. Operando Laboratory-Based Multi-Edge X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy of Solid Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209334. [PMID: 36205032 PMCID: PMC9828672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and especially X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) offers new opportunities in catalyst characterization and presents not only an alternative, but also a complementary approach to precious beamtime at synchrotron facilities. We successfully designed a laboratory-based setup for performing operando, quasi-simultaneous XANES analysis at multiple K-edges, more specifically, operando XANES of mono-, bi-, and trimetallic CO2 hydrogenation catalysts containing Ni, Fe, and Cu. Detailed operando XANES studies of the multielement solid catalysts revealed metal-dependent differences in the reducibility and re-oxidation behavior and their influence on the catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation. The applicability of operando laboratory-based XANES at multiple K-edges paves the way for advanced multielement catalyst characterization complementing detailed studies at synchrotron facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S. Genz
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDepartment of ChemistryUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Antti‐Jussi Kallio
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiP. O. Box 6400014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDepartment of ChemistryUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Anuj Pokle
- Department of PhysicsCenter for Materials Science and NanotechnologyUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10480316OsloNorway
| | - Øystein Prytz
- Department of PhysicsCenter for Materials Science and NanotechnologyUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10480316OsloNorway
| | - Unni Olsbye
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10330315OsloNorway
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDepartment of ChemistryUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiP. O. Box 6400014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDepartment of ChemistryUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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32
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Sarma BB, Maurer F, Doronkin DE, Grunwaldt JD. Design of Single-Atom Catalysts and Tracking Their Fate Using Operando and Advanced X-ray Spectroscopic Tools. Chem Rev 2022; 123:379-444. [PMID: 36418229 PMCID: PMC9837826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of operando X-ray techniques for following the structure, fate, and active site of single-atom catalysts (SACs) is highlighted with emphasis on a synergetic approach of both topics. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and related X-ray techniques have become fascinating tools to characterize solids and they can be applied to almost all the transition metals deriving information about the symmetry, oxidation state, local coordination, and many more structural and electronic properties. SACs, a newly coined concept, recently gained much attention in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In this way, one can achieve a minimum use of the metal, theoretically highest efficiency, and the design of only one active site-so-called single site catalysts. While single sites are not easy to characterize especially under operating conditions, XAS as local probe together with complementary methods (infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy) is ideal in this research area to prove the structure of these sites and the dynamic changes during reaction. In this review, starting from their fundamentals, various techniques related to conventional XAS and X-ray photon in/out techniques applied to single sites are discussed with detailed mechanistic and in situ/operando studies. We systematically summarize the design strategies of SACs and outline their exploration with XAS supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and recent machine learning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany,
| | - Florian Maurer
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany,
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33
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The valance state of vanadium-key factor in the flexibility of potassium vanadates structure as cathode materials in Li-ion batteries. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18751. [PMID: 36335151 PMCID: PMC9637123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium hexavanadate (K2V6O16·nH2O) nanobelts have been synthesized by the LPE-IonEx method, which is dedicated to synthesis of transition metal oxide bronzes with controlled morphology and structure. The electrochemical performance of K2V6O16·nH2O as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries has been evaluated. The KVO nanobelts demonstrated a high discharge capacity of 260 mAh g−1, and long-term cyclic stability up to 100 cycles at 1 A g−1. The effect of the vanadium valence state and unusual construction of the nanobelts, composed of crystalline and amorphous domains arranged alternately were also discussed in this work. The ex-situ measurements of discharged electrode materials by XRD, MP-AES, XAS and XPS show that during the subsequent charge/discharge cycle the potassium in the K2V6O16·nH2O structure are replacing by lithium. The structural stability of the potassium hexavandate during cycling depends on the initial vanadium valence state on the sample surface and the presence of the “fringe free” domains in the K2V6O16·nH2O nanobelts.
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34
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Zhydachevskyy Y, Mykhaylyk V, Stasiv V, Bulyk LI, Hreb V, Lutsyuk I, Luchechko A, Hayama S, Vasylechko L, Suchocki A. Chemical Tuning, Pressure, and Temperature Behavior of Mn 4+ Photoluminescence in Ga 2O 3–Al 2O 3 Alloys. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18135-18146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, aleja Lotników 32/46, Warsaw02-668, Poland
| | | | - Vasyl Stasiv
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, aleja Lotników 32/46, Warsaw02-668, Poland
| | - Lev-Ivan Bulyk
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, aleja Lotników 32/46, Warsaw02-668, Poland
| | - Vasyl Hreb
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, South Bandera Street 12, Lviv79013, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Lutsyuk
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, South Bandera Street 12, Lviv79013, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Luchechko
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Tarnavskogo Street 107, Lviv79017, Ukraine
| | - Shusaku Hayama
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, DidcotOX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Leonid Vasylechko
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, South Bandera Street 12, Lviv79013, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Suchocki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, aleja Lotników 32/46, Warsaw02-668, Poland
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35
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Carter-Fenk K, Cunha LA, Arias-Martinez JE, Head-Gordon M. Electron-Affinity Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: Formalism and Applications to Core-Excited States. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9664-9672. [PMID: 36215404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The lack of particle-hole attraction and orbital relaxation within time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) lead to extreme errors in the prediction of K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS). We derive a linear-response formalism that uses optimized orbitals of the n - 1-electron system as the reference, building orbital relaxation and a proper hole into the initial density. Our approach is an exact generalization of the static-exchange approximation that ameliorates the particle-hole interaction error associated with the adiabatic approximation and reduces errors in TDDFT XAS by orders of magnitude. With a statistical performance of just 0.5 eV root-mean-square error and the same computational scaling as TDDFT under the core-valence separation approximation, we anticipate that this approach will be of great utility in XAS calculations of large systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Leonardo A Cunha
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Juan E Arias-Martinez
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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36
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Arias-Martinez JE, Cunha LA, Oosterbaan KJ, Lee J, Head-Gordon M. Accurate core excitation and ionization energies from a state-specific coupled-cluster singles and doubles approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20728-20741. [PMID: 36004629 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01998a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the use of orbital-optimized references in conjunction with single-reference coupled-cluster theory with single and double substitutions (CCSD) for the study of core excitations and ionizations of 18 small organic molecules, without the use of response theory or equation-of-motion (EOM) formalisms. Three schemes are employed to successfully address the convergence difficulties associated with the coupled-cluster equations, and the spin contamination resulting from the use of a spin symmetry-broken reference, in the case of excitations. In order to gauge the inherent potential of the methods studied, an effort is made to provide reasonable basis set limit estimates for the transition energies. Overall, we find that the two best-performing schemes studied here for ΔCCSD are capable of predicting excitation and ionization energies with errors comparable to experimental accuracies. The proposed ΔCCSD schemes reduces statistical errors against experimental excitation energies by more than a factor of two when compared to the frozen-core core-valence separated (FC-CVS) EOM-CCSD approach - a successful variant of EOM-CCSD tailored towards core excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Arias-Martinez
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Leonardo A Cunha
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Katherine J Oosterbaan
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Guan Q, Zhou LL, Dong YB. Metalated covalent organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to diverse applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6307-6416. [PMID: 35766373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00983d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of organic crystalline porous materials discovered in the early 21st century that have become an attractive class of emerging materials due to their high crystallinity, intrinsic porosity, structural regularity, diverse functionality, design flexibility, and outstanding stability. However, many chemical and physical properties strongly depend on the presence of metal ions in materials for advanced applications, but metal-free COFs do not have these properties and are therefore excluded from such applications. Metalated COFs formed by combining COFs with metal ions, while retaining the advantages of COFs, have additional intriguing properties and applications, and have attracted considerable attention over the past decade. This review presents all aspects of metalated COFs, from synthetic strategies to various applications, in the hope of promoting the continued development of this young field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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38
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Tetef S, Kashyap V, Holden WM, Velian A, Govind N, Seidler GT. Informed Chemical Classification of Organophosphorus Compounds via Unsupervised Machine Learning of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4862-4872. [PMID: 35839329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyze an ensemble of organophosphorus compounds to form an unbiased characterization of the information encoded in their X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and valence-to-core X-ray emission spectra (VtC-XES). Data-driven emergence of chemical classes via unsupervised machine learning, specifically cluster analysis in the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) embedding, finds spectral sensitivity to coordination, oxidation, aromaticity, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and ligand identity. Subsequently, we implement supervised machine learning via Gaussian process classifiers to identify confidence in predictions that match our initial qualitative assessments of clustering. The results further support the benefit of utilizing unsupervised machine learning as a precursor to supervised machine learning, which we term Unsupervised Validation of Classes (UVC), a result that goes beyond the present case of X-ray spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Tetef
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Vikram Kashyap
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - William M Holden
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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39
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Sudrajat H, Susanti A, Hartuti S. Efficient electron extraction by CoS 2loaded onto anatase TiO 2for improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:344005. [PMID: 35762787 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac792d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a benchmark photocatalyst has been attracting attention due to its photocatalytic activity combined with photochemical stability. In particular, TiO2with anatase polymorph holds promise for driving reduction reactions, such as proton reduction to evolve H2via photocatalysis. In this study, anatase TiO2is loaded with CoS2through the hydrothermal route to form a CoS2@TiO2photocatalyst system. X-ray absorption near edge structure confirms the +2-oxidation state of the Co cation, while extended x-ray absorption fine structure shows that each Co2+cation is primarily coordinated to six S-anions forming a CoS2-like species. A small fraction of the Co2+species is also coordinated to O2-anions forming CoxOyspecies and substitutionally resides at the Ti4+-sites. Further investigations with steady-state IR absorption induced by UV-light and time-resolved microwave conductivity suggest an efficient electron transfer from the conduction band of TiO2to the surface-loaded CoS2which acts as a metallic material with no bandgap. The CoS2shallowly traps electrons at the host surface and facilitates proton reduction. An appreciably enhanced H2evolution rate (8 times) is recognised upon the CoS2loading. The CoS2is here proposed to function as a proton reduction cocatalyst, which can potentially be an alternative to noble metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanggara Sudrajat
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ari Susanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Malang, Malang 65141, Indonesia
| | - Sri Hartuti
- Department of Environmental and Renewable Energy Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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40
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Wan G, Zhang G, Chen JZ, Toney MF, Miller JT, Tassone CJ. Reaction-Mediated Transformation of Working Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Johnny Zhu Chen
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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41
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Cutsail III GE, DeBeer S. Challenges and Opportunities for Applications of Advanced X-ray Spectroscopy in Catalysis Research. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George E. Cutsail III
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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42
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Jagau TC. Theory of electronic resonances: fundamental aspects and recent advances. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5205-5224. [PMID: 35395664 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07090h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Electronic resonances are states that are unstable towards loss of electrons. They play critical roles in high-energy environments across chemistry, physics, and biology but are also relevant to processes under ambient conditions that involve unbound electrons. This feature article focuses on complex-variable techniques such as complex scaling and complex absorbing potentials that afford a treatment of electronic resonances in terms of discrete square-integrable eigenstates of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians with complex energy. Fundamental aspects of these techniques as well as their integration into molecular electronic-structure theory are discussed and an overview of some recent developments is given: analytic gradient theory for electronic resonances, the application of rank-reduction techniques and quantum embedding to them, as well as approaches for evaluating partial decay widths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas-C Jagau
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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43
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Rodriguez JA, Rui N, Zhang F, Senanayake SD. In Situ Studies of Methane Activation Using Synchrotron-Based Techniques: Guiding the Conversion of C–H Bonds. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodriguez
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ning Rui
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sanjaya D. Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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44
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Position dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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De Santis M, Vallet V, Gomes ASP. Environment Effects on X-Ray Absorption Spectra With Quantum Embedded Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Approaches. Front Chem 2022; 10:823246. [PMID: 35295974 PMCID: PMC8919347 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.823246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we implement the real-time time-dependent block-orthogonalized Manby-Miller embedding (rt-BOMME) approach alongside our previously developed real-time frozen density embedding time-dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT-in-DFT FDE) code, and investigate these methods’ performance in reproducing X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) obtained with standard rt-TDDFT simulations, for model systems comprised of solvated fluoride and chloride ions ([X@(H2O)8−, X = F, Cl). We observe that for ground-state quantities such as core orbital energies, the BOMME approach shows significantly better agreement with supermolecular results than FDE for the strongly interacting fluoride system, while for chloride the two embedding approaches show more similar results. For the excited states, we see that while FDE (constrained not to have the environment densities relaxed in the ground state) is in good agreement with the reference calculations for the region around the K and L1 edges, and is capable of reproducing the splitting of the 1s1 (n + 1)p1 final states (n + 1 being the lowest virtual p orbital of the halides), it by and large fails to properly reproduce the 1s1 (n + 2)p1 states and misses the electronic states arising from excitation to orbitals with important contributions from the solvent. The BOMME results, on the other hand, provide a faithful qualitative representation of the spectra in all energy regions considered, though its intrinsic approximation of employing a lower-accuracy exchange-correlation functional for the environment induces non-negligible shifts in peak positions for the excitations from the halide to the environment. Our results thus confirm that QM/QM embedding approaches are viable alternatives to standard real-time simulations of X-ray absorption spectra of species in complex or confined environments.
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46
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Matz F, Jagau TC. Molecular Auger Decay Rates from Complex-Variable Coupled-Cluster Theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:114117. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0075646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emission of an Auger electron is the predominant relaxation mechanism of core-vacant states in molecules composed of light nuclei. In this non-radiative decay process, one valence electron fills the core vacancy while a second valence electron is emitted into the ionization continuum. Because of this coupling to the continuum, core-vacant states represent electronic resonances that can be tackled with standard quantum-chemical methods only if they are approximated as bound states, meaning that Auger decay is neglected. Here, we present an approach to compute Auger decay rates of core-vacant states from coupled-cluster and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster wave functions combined with complex scaling of the Hamiltonian or, alternatively, complex-scaled basis functions. Through energy decomposition analysis, we illustrate how complex-scaled methods are capable of describing the coupling to the ionization continuum without the need to model the wave function of the Auger electron explicitly. In addition, we introduce in this work several approaches for the determination of partial decay widths and Auger branching ratios from complex-scaled coupled-cluster wave functions. We demonstrate the capabilities of our new approach by computations on core-ionized states of neon, water, dinitrogen, and benzene. Coupled-cluster and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory in the singles and doubles approximation both deliver excellent results for total decay widths, whereas we find partial widths more straightforward to evaluate with the former method. We also observe that the requirements towards the basis set are less arduous for Auger decay than for other types of resonances so that extensions to larger molecules are readily possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Matz
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Departement Chemie, Belgium
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47
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Holburg J, Müller M, Mann K, Wild P, Eusterhues K, Thieme J. High-Resolution Table-Top NEXAFS Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3510-3516. [PMID: 35175027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A table-top near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy system consisting of a soft X-ray source and an integrated spectrometer with a significantly improved resolution is presented. The soft X-ray source is based on a long-term stable and nearly debris-free picosecond laser-induced plasma generated in a pulsed krypton gas jet target. Photon energies ranging from 250 to 1000 eV can be used for the absorption spectroscopy of thin samples. The newly designed spectrometer accomplishes a spectral resolution of E/ΔE = 1535 at 430 eV, being close to typical synchrotron setups. Moreover, a simultaneous multi-edge analysis is possible. The performance of the new system is demonstrated by investigating the fine structure of the K- and L-absorption edges of various elements (carbon, calcium, oxygen, iron, nickel, and copper) for different types of samples. An excellent agreement with synchrotron spectra is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Holburg
- Institut für Nanophotonik Göttingen e.V., Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Institut für Nanophotonik Göttingen e.V., Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mann
- Institut für Nanophotonik Göttingen e.V., Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip Wild
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Burgweg 11, D-07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Karin Eusterhues
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Burgweg 11, D-07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thieme
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source II, 743 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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48
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Jadhav P, Patil P, Bhagwat D, Gaikwad V, Mehta PP. Recent advances in orthogonal analytical techniques for microstructural understanding of inhalable particles: Present status and future perspective. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Catalysis is at the core of chemistry and has been essential to make all the goods surrounding us, including fuels, coatings, plastics and other functional materials. In the near future, catalysis will also be an essential tool in making the shift from a fossil-fuel-based to a more renewable and circular society. To make this reality, we have to better understand the fundamental concept of the active site in catalysis. Here, we discuss the physical meaning - and deduce the validity and, therefore, usefulness - of some common approaches in heterogeneous catalysis, such as linking catalyst activity to a 'turnover frequency' and explaining catalytic performance in terms of 'structure sensitivity' or 'structure insensitivity'. Catalytic concepts from the fields of enzymatic and homogeneous catalysis are compared, ultimately realizing that the struggle that one encounters in defining the active site in most solid catalysts is likely the one we must overcome to reach our end goal: tailoring the precise functioning of the active sites with respect to many different parameters to satisfy our ever-growing needs. This article ends with an outlook of what may become feasible within the not-too-distant future with modern experimental and theoretical tools at hand.
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50
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Seddon-Ferretti ME, Mottram LM, Stennett MC, Corkhill CL, Hyatt NC. HERMES - a GUI-based software tool for pre-processing of X-ray absorption spectroscopy data from laboratory Rowland circle spectrometers. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:276-279. [PMID: 34985445 PMCID: PMC8733975 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521012583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
HERMES, a graphical user interface software tool, is presented, for pre-processing X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data from laboratory Rowland circle spectrometers, to meet the data handling needs of a growing community of practice. HERMES enables laboratory XAS data to be displayed for quality assessment, merging of data sets, polynomial fitting of smoothly varying data, and correction of data to the true energy scale and for dead-time and leakage effects. The software is written in Java 15 programming language, and runs on major computer operating systems, with graphics implementation using the JFreeChart toolkit. HERMES is freely available and distributed under an open source licence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E. Seddon-Ferretti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy M. Mottram
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C. Stennett
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Corkhill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C. Hyatt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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