1
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Patel K, Smith NJ. Primary cilia, A-kinase anchoring proteins and constitutive activity at the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR161: A tale about a tail. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2182-2196. [PMID: 36772847 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile antennae-like structures responsible for sensing environmental changes in most mammalian cells. Ciliary signalling is largely mediated by the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway, which acts as a master regulator of ciliary protein transit and is essential for normal embryonic development. One particularly important player in primary cilia is the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR161. In this review, we introduce GPR161 in the context of Shh signalling and describe the unique features on its C-terminus such as PKA phosphorylation sites and an A-kinase anchoring protein motif, which may influence the function of the receptor, cAMP compartmentalisation and/or trafficking within primary cilia. We discuss the recent putative pairing of GPR161 and spexin-1, highlighting the additional steps needed before GPR161 could be considered 'deorphanised'. Finally, we speculate that the marked constitutive activity and unconventional regulation of GPR161 may indicate that the receptor may not require an endogenous ligand. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Patel
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Wolfram M, Greif A, Baidukova O, Voll H, Tauber S, Lindacher J, Hegemann P, Kreimer G. Insights into degradation and targeting of the photoreceptor channelrhodopsin-1. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38935876 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas, the directly light-gated, plasma membrane-localized cation channels channelrhodopsins ChR1 and ChR2 are the primary photoreceptors for phototaxis. Their targeting and abundance is essential for optimal movement responses. However, our knowledge how Chlamydomonas achieves this is still at its infancy. Here we show that ChR1 internalization occurs via light-stimulated endocytosis. Prior or during endocytosis ChR1 is modified and forms high molecular mass complexes. These are the solely detectable ChR1 forms in extracellular vesicles and their abundance therein dynamically changes upon illumination. The ChR1-containing extracellular vesicles are secreted via the plasma membrane and/or the ciliary base. In line with this, ciliogenesis mutants exhibit increased ChR1 degradation rates. Further, we establish involvement of the cysteine protease CEP1, a member of the papain-type C1A subfamily. ΔCEP1-knockout strains lack light-induced ChR1 degradation, whereas ChR2 degradation was unaffected. Low light stimulates CEP1 expression, which is regulated via phototropin, a SPA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase and cyclic AMP. Further, mutant and inhibitor analyses revealed involvement of the small GTPase ARL11 and SUMOylation in ChR1 targeting to the eyespot and cilia. Our study thus defines the degradation pathway of this central photoreceptor of Chlamydomonas and identifies novel elements involved in its homoeostasis and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wolfram
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Arne Greif
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Olga Baidukova
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hildegard Voll
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Tauber
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Jana Lindacher
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Kreimer
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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3
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Li Z, Zhao H, Li S, Jiao Z. Midbody remnant regulates the formation of primary cilia and their roles in tumor growth. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2024; 53:261-268. [PMID: 38413234 PMCID: PMC11057987 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the formation of the primary cilium is associated with a specific cellular organelle known as the midbody remnant (MBR), which is a point-like organelle formed by shedding of the midbody at the end of mitosis. MBRs move along the cell surface close to the center body and regulate it to form primary cilia at the top of the centriole. Primary cilia can act as an organelle to inhibit tumorigenesis, and it is lost in a variety of tumors. Studies have shown that the accumulation of MBRs in tumor cells affects ciliogenesis; in addition, both MBRs and primary cilia are degraded in tumor cells through the autophagy pathway, and MBRs can also transfer tumor signaling pathway factors to primary cilia affecting tumorigenesis. In this article, the basic structure and the formation process of MBR and primary cilia are reviewed and the mechanism of MBRs regulating ciliogenesis is elaborated. The significance of MBR-mediated ciliogenesis in tumorigenesis and its potential as a target for cancer treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Huiming Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Subing Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zuoyi Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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4
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Moran AL, Louzao-Martinez L, Norris DP, Peters DJM, Blacque OE. Transport and barrier mechanisms that regulate ciliary compartmentalization and ciliopathies. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:83-100. [PMID: 37872350 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia act as cell surface antennae, coordinating cellular responses to sensory inputs and signalling molecules that regulate developmental and homeostatic pathways. Cilia are therefore critical to physiological processes, and defects in ciliary components are associated with a large group of inherited pleiotropic disorders - known collectively as ciliopathies - that have a broad spectrum of phenotypes and affect many or most tissues, including the kidney. A central feature of the cilium is its compartmentalized structure, which imparts its unique molecular composition and signalling environment despite its membrane and cytosol being contiguous with those of the cell. Such compartmentalization is achieved via active transport pathways that bring protein cargoes to and from the cilium, as well as gating pathways at the ciliary base that establish diffusion barriers to protein exchange into and out of the organelle. Many ciliopathy-linked proteins, including those involved in kidney development and homeostasis, are components of the compartmentalizing machinery. New insights into the major compartmentalizing pathways at the cilium, namely, ciliary gating, intraflagellar transport, lipidated protein flagellar transport and ciliary extracellular vesicle release pathways, have improved our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin ciliary disease and associated renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailis L Moran
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Louzao-Martinez
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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5
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Wu JY, Cho SJ, Descant K, Li PH, Shapson-Coe A, Januszewski M, Berger DR, Meyer C, Casingal C, Huda A, Liu J, Ghashghaei T, Brenman M, Jiang M, Scarborough J, Pope A, Jain V, Stein JL, Guo J, Yasuda R, Lichtman JW, Anton ES. Mapping of neuronal and glial primary cilia contactome and connectome in the human cerebral cortex. Neuron 2024; 112:41-55.e3. [PMID: 37898123 PMCID: PMC10841524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia act as antenna receivers of environmental signals and enable effective neuronal or glial responses. Disruption of their function is associated with circuit disorders. To understand the signals these cilia receive, we comprehensively mapped cilia's contacts within the human cortical connectome using serial-section EM reconstruction of a 1 mm3 cortical volume, spanning the entire cortical thickness. We mapped the "contactome" of cilia emerging from neurons and astrocytes in every cortical layer. Depending on the layer and cell type, cilia make distinct patterns of contact. Primary cilia display cell-type- and layer-specific variations in size, shape, and microtubule axoneme core, which may affect their signaling competencies. Neuronal cilia are intrinsic components of a subset of cortical synapses and thus a part of the connectome. This diversity in the structure, contactome, and connectome of primary cilia endows each neuron or glial cell with a unique barcode of access to the surrounding neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao Wu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Su-Ji Cho
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine Descant
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter H Li
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Alexander Shapson-Coe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Daniel R Berger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cailyn Meyer
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cristine Casingal
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ariba Huda
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tina Ghashghaei
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mikayla Brenman
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle Jiang
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph Scarborough
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Art Pope
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Viren Jain
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiami Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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6
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Minamino N, Fujii H, Murata H, Hachinoda S, Kondo Y, Hotta K, Ueda T. Analysis of Plant-Specific ANTH Domain-Containing Protein in Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1331-1342. [PMID: 37804254 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a fundamental mechanism for protein and lipid transport in eukaryotic cells and exhibits marked diversity among eukaryotic lineages with distinctive body plans and lifestyles. Diversification of the membrane trafficking system is associated with the expansion and secondary loss of key machinery components, including RAB GTPases, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and adaptor proteins, during plant evolution. The number of AP180 N-terminal homology (ANTH) proteins, an adaptor family that regulates vesicle formation and cargo sorting during clathrin-mediated endocytosis, increases during plant evolution. In the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, 18 genes for ANTH proteins have been identified, a higher number than that in yeast and animals, suggesting a distinctive diversification of ANTH proteins. Conversely, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha possesses a simpler repertoire; only two genes encoding canonical ANTH proteins have been identified in its genome. Intriguingly, a non-canonical ANTH protein is encoded in the genome of M. polymorpha, which also harbors a putative kinase domain. Similar proteins have been detected in sporadic lineages of plants, suggesting their ancient origin and multiple secondary losses during evolution. We named this unique ANTH group phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein-K (PICALM-K) and characterized it in M. polymorpha using genetic, cell biology-based and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches. Our results indicate a flagella-related function of MpPICALM-K in spermatozoids, which is distinct from that of canonical ANTH proteins. Therefore, ANTH proteins have undergone significant functional diversification during evolution, and PICALM-K represents a plant-unique ANTH protein that is delivered by neofunctionalization through exon shuffling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Minamino
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Haruki Fujii
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502 Japan
| | - Haruhiko Murata
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502 Japan
| | - Sho Hachinoda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hotta
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
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7
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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8
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Guan YT, Zhang C, Zhang HY, Wei WL, Yue W, Zhao W, Zhang DH. Primary cilia: Structure, dynamics, and roles in cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1788-1807. [PMID: 37565630 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the initiation of tumor arises from tumorigenic transformation signaling in cancer cells, cancer cell survival, invasion, and metastasis also require a dynamic and reciprocal association with extracellular signaling from tumor microenvironment (TME). Primary cilia are the antenna-like structure that mediate signaling sensation and transduction in different tissues and cells. Recent studies have started to uncover that the heterogeneous ciliation in cancer cells and cells from the TME in tumor growth impels asymmetric paracellular signaling in the TME, indicating the essential functions of primary cilia in homeostasis maintenance of both cancer cells and the TME. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the structure and assembly of primary cilia, and the role of primary cilia in tumor and TME formation, as well as the therapeutic potentials that target ciliary dynamics and signaling from the cells in different tumors and the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Guan
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yong Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Lu Wei
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Department of Posthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
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9
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Mill P, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Primary cilia as dynamic and diverse signalling hubs in development and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:421-441. [PMID: 37072495 PMCID: PMC7615029 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia, antenna-like sensory organelles protruding from the surface of most vertebrate cell types, are essential for regulating signalling pathways during development and adult homeostasis. Mutations in genes affecting cilia cause an overlapping spectrum of >30 human diseases and syndromes, the ciliopathies. Given the immense structural and functional diversity of the mammalian cilia repertoire, there is a growing disconnect between patient genotype and associated phenotypes, with variable severity and expressivity characteristic of the ciliopathies as a group. Recent technological developments are rapidly advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms that control biogenesis and function of primary cilia across a range of cell types and are starting to tackle this diversity. Here, we examine the structural and functional diversity of primary cilia, their dynamic regulation in different cellular and developmental contexts and their disruption in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Polino AJ, Sviben S, Melena I, Piston DW, Hughes JW. Scanning electron microscopy of human islet cilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302624120. [PMID: 37205712 PMCID: PMC10235940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302624120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human islet primary cilia are vital glucose-regulating organelles whose structure remains uncharacterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a useful technique for studying the surface morphology of membrane projections like cilia, but conventional sample preparation does not reveal the submembrane axonemal structure, which holds key implications for ciliary function. To overcome this challenge, we combined SEM with membrane-extraction techniques to examine primary cilia in native human islets. Our data show well-preserved cilia subdomains which demonstrate both expected and unexpected ultrastructural motifs. Morphometric features were quantified when possible, including axonemal length and diameter, microtubule conformations, and chirality. We further describe a ciliary ring, a structure that may be a specialization in human islets. Key findings are correlated with fluorescence microscopy and interpreted in the context of cilia function as a cellular sensor and communications locus in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Polino
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Isabella Melena
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - David W. Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
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11
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Polino AJ, Sviben S, Melena I, Piston DW, Hughes J. Scanning electron microscopy of human islet cilia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528685. [PMID: 36824775 PMCID: PMC9949088 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Human islet primary cilia are vital glucose-regulating organelles whose structure remains uncharacterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a useful technique for studying the surface morphology of membrane projections like primary cilia, but conventional sample preparation does not reveal the sub-membrane axonemal structure which holds key implications for cilia function. To overcome this challenge, we combined SEM with membrane-extraction techniques to examine cilia in native human islets. Our data show well-preserved cilia subdomains which demonstrate both expected and unexpected ultrastructural motifs. Morphometric features were quantified when possible, including axonemal length and diameter, microtubule conformations and chirality. We further describe a novel ciliary ring, a structure that may be a specialization in human islets. Key findings are correlated with fluorescence microscopy and interpreted in the context of cilia function as a cellular sensor and communications locus in pancreatic islets.
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12
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LRP2 contributes to planar cell polarity-dependent coordination of motile cilia function. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:535-551. [PMID: 36764939 PMCID: PMC10172251 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia are protruding organelles on specialized epithelia that beat in a synchronous fashion to propel extracellular fluids. Coordination and orientation of cilia beating on individual cells and across tissues is a complex process dependent on planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Asymmetric sorting of PCP pathway components, essential to establish planar polarity, involves trafficking along the endocytic path, but the underlying regulatory processes remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as regulator of PCP component trafficking in ependyma, a multi-ciliated cell type that is involved in facilitating flow of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricular system. Lack of receptor expression in gene-targeted mice results in a failure to sort PCP core proteins to the anterior or posterior cell side and, consequently, in the inability to coordinate cilia arrangement and to aligned beating (loss of rotational and translational polarity). LRP2 deficiency coincides with a failure to sort NHERF1, a cytoplasmic LRP2 adaptor to the anterior cell side. As NHERF1 is essential to translocate PCP core protein Vangl2 to the plasma membrane, these data suggest a molecular mechanism whereby LRP2 interacts with PCP components through NHERF1 to control their asymmetric sorting along the endocytic path. Taken together, our findings identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as a novel regulator of endosomal trafficking of PCP proteins, ensuring their asymmetric partition and establishment of translational and rotational planar cell polarity in the ependyma.
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13
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Aslanyan MG, Doornbos C, Diwan GD, Anvarian Z, Beyer T, Junger K, van Beersum SEC, Russell RB, Ueffing M, Ludwig A, Boldt K, Pedersen LB, Roepman R. A targeted multi-proteomics approach generates a blueprint of the ciliary ubiquitinome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1113656. [PMID: 36776558 PMCID: PMC9908615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1113656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of the primary cilium as a signaling-competent organelle requires a high degree of fine tuning, which is at least in part achieved by a variety of post-translational modifications. One such modification is ubiquitination. The small and highly conserved ubiquitin protein possesses a unique versatility in regulating protein function via its ability to build mono and polyubiquitin chains onto target proteins. We aimed to take an unbiased approach to generate a comprehensive blueprint of the ciliary ubiquitinome by deploying a multi-proteomics approach using both ciliary-targeted ubiquitin affinity proteomics, as well as ubiquitin-binding domain-based proximity labelling in two different mammalian cell lines. This resulted in the identification of several key proteins involved in signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane and protein trafficking. Interestingly, using two different approaches in IMCD3 and RPE1 cells, respectively, we uncovered several novel mechanisms that regulate cilia function. In our IMCD3 proximity labeling cell line model, we found a highly enriched group of ESCRT-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins, suggesting an important and novel role for this pathway in the regulation of ciliary homeostasis and function. In contrast, in RPE1 cells we found that several structural components of caveolae (CAV1, CAVIN1, and EHD2) were highly enriched in our cilia affinity proteomics screen. Consistently, the presence of caveolae at the ciliary pocket and ubiquitination of CAV1 specifically, were found likely to play a role in the regulation of ciliary length in these cells. Cilia length measurements demonstrated increased ciliary length in RPE1 cells stably expressing a ubiquitination impaired CAV1 mutant protein. Furthermore, live cell imaging in the same cells revealed decreased CAV1 protein turnover at the cilium as the possible cause for this phenotype. In conclusion, we have generated a comprehensive list of cilia-specific proteins that are subject to regulation via ubiquitination which can serve to further our understanding of cilia biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam G. Aslanyan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cenna Doornbos
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gaurav D. Diwan
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeinab Anvarian
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Beyer
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Junger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sylvia E. C. van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robert B. Russell
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lotte B. Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Ronald Roepman,
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14
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Sailer SA, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides in Cilia Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:121-142. [PMID: 36988879 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that can be found on virtually every cell. They appear as hair-like structures emanating from the cellular surface either as single or as bundles of cilia. There, they sense external stimuli and translate them into intracellular signals. Motile cilia beat for the generation of locomotion of unicellular organisms or fluid flow in certain body cavities of vertebrate organisms. Defects in cilia are detrimental and account for the development of ciliopathies, one of the fastest-growing family of afflictions. In the past decade, membrane lipids, such as cholesterol and phosphoinositides, have emerged as essential elements in both the signal transduction via cilia and the building of cilia itself. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the impact of cholesterol and phosphoinositides on cilium biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen-Alexander Sailer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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Lu Q, Westlake CJ. Multi-color live-cell fluorescence imaging of primary ciliary membrane assembly and dynamics. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:235-250. [PMID: 37164540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The ciliary membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane but has distinct lipid and protein composition, which is key to defining the function of the primary cilium. Ciliary membranes dynamically assemble and disassemble in association with the cell cycle and directly transmit signals and molecules through budding membranes. Various imaging approaches have greatly advanced the understanding of the ciliary membrane function. In particular, fluorescence live-cell imaging has revealed important insights into the dynamics of ciliary membrane assembly by monitoring the changes of fluorescent-tagged ciliary proteins. Protein dynamics can be tracked simultaneously using multi-color live cell imaging by coupling ciliary-associated factors with different colored fluorescent tags. Ciliary membrane and membrane associated-proteins such as Smoothened, 5-HTr6, SSTR3, Rab8a, and Arl13b have been used to track ciliary membranes and centriole proteins like Centrin1/2, CEP164, and CEP83 are often used to mark the ciliary basal body. Here, we describe a method for studying ciliogenesis membrane dynamics using spinning disk confocal live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States.
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States.
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16
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Ono K, Gotoh H, Nomura T, Morita T, Baba O, Matsumoto M, Saitoh S, Ohno N. Ultrastructural characteristics of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the early postnatal mouse optic nerve observed by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278118. [PMID: 36454994 PMCID: PMC9714907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) arise from restricted regions of the central nervous system (CNS) and differentiate into myelin-forming cells after migration, but their ultrastructural characteristics have not been fully elucidated. This study examined the three-dimensional ultrastructure of OPCs in comparison with other glial cells in the early postnatal optic nerve by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. We examined 70 putative OPCs (pOPC) that were distinct from other glial cells according to established morphological criteria. The pOPCs were unipolar in shape with relatively few processes, and their Golgi apparatus were localized in the perinuclear region with a single cisterna. Astrocytes abundant in the optic nerve were distinct from pOPCs and had a greater number of processes and more complicated Golgi apparatus morphology. All pOPCs and astrocytes contained a pair of centrioles (basal bodies). Among them, 45% of pOPCs extended a short cilium, and 20% of pOPCs had centrioles accompanied by vesicles, whereas all astrocytes with basal bodies had cilia with invaginated ciliary pockets. These results suggest that the fine structures of pOPCs during the developing and immature stages may account for their distinct behavior. Additionally, the vesicular transport of the centrioles, along with a short cilium length, suggests active ciliogenesis in pOPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ono
- Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hitoshi Gotoh
- Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Morita
- Oral & Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Oral Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Otto Baba
- Oral & Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Oral Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Developmental & Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sei Saitoh
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy II and Cell Biology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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17
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Chen Y, Lu C, Shang X, Wu K, Chen K. Primary cilia: The central role in the electromagnetic field induced bone healing. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1062119. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1062119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia have emerged as the cellular “antenna” that can receive and transduce extracellular chemical/physical signals, thus playing an important role in regulating cellular activities. Although the electromagnetic field (EMF) is an effective treatment for bone fractures since 1978, however, the detailed mechanisms leading to such positive effects are still unclear. Primary cilia may play a central role in receiving EMF signals, translating physical signals into biochemical information, and initiating various signalingsignaling pathways to transduce signals into the nucleus. In this review, we elucidated the process of bone healing, the structure, and function of primary cilia, as well as the application and mechanism of EMF in treating fracture healing. To comprehensively understand the process of bone healing, we used bioinformatics to analyze the molecular change and associated the results with other studies. Moreover, this review summarizedsummarized some limitations in EMFs-related research and provides an outlook for ongoing studies. In conclusion, this review illustrated the primary cilia and related molecular mechanisms in the EMF-induced bone healing process, and it may shed light on future research.
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18
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Ift88, but not Kif3a, is required for establishment of the periciliary membrane compartment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 584:19-25. [PMID: 34753064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a sensory organelle at the cell surface with integral functions in cell signaling. It contains a microtubular axoneme that is rooted in the basal body (BB) and serves as a scaffold for the movement of intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles by Kinesin-2 along the cilium. Ift88, a member of the anterograde moving IFT-B1 complex, as well as the Kinesin-2 subunit Kif3a are required for cilia formation. To facilitate signaling, the cilium restricts the access of molecules to its membrane ("ciliary gate"). This is thought to be mediated by cytoskeletal barriers ("subciliary domains") originating from the BB subdistal/distal appendages, the periciliary membrane compartment (PCMC) as well as the transition fibers and zone (TF/TZ). The PCMC is a poorly characterized membrane domain surrounding the ciliary base with exclusion of certain apical membrane proteins. Here we describe that Ift88, but not Kinesin-2, is required for the establishment of the PCMC in MDCK cells. Likewise, in C. elegans mutants of the Ift88 ortholog osm-5 fail to establish the PCMC, while Kinesin-2 deficient osm-3 mutants form PCMCs normally. Furthermore, disruption of IFT-B1 into two subcomplexes, while disrupting ciliogenesis, does not interfere with PCMC formation. Our findings suggest that cilia are not a prerequisite for the formation of the PCMC, and that separate machineries with partially overlapping functions are required for the establishment of each.
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19
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Rivera-Molina FE, Xi Z, Reales E, Wang B, Toomre D. Exocyst complex mediates recycling of internal cilia. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5580-5589.e5. [PMID: 34678163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are slender, cellular antennae that sense extracellular stimuli, and their absence or dysfunction plays a role in numerous human diseases. Prior work has indicated a role of the exocyst tethering complex in cilia biogenesis and maintenance,1-6 with the underlying paradigm that the exocyst targets vesicles to the ciliary base to deliver ciliary cargoes.7-9 However, the role of the exocyst vis-à-vis to primary cilia in living cells and during stimulation is unknown. Herein, using advanced imaging and quantitative analysis reveals that serum stimulation increases the exocyst's localization to cilia by three-fold. This serum-stimulated localization is highly dynamic, and FRAP experiments show that exocysts at the cilia are highly mobile (60%-80%). Super resolution imaging reveals that the xocyst extends past the cilia base to the entire ciliary pocket. To visualize cilia exocytosis, we conducted live cell imaging with pH-sensitive cilia reporters in combination with extracellular pH switching. Strikingly, we observed that an exocyst-positive internal cilia fuses with the cell surface. These live cell results support a novel and dynamic role of the exocyst complex in the delivery of internalized cilia to the cell surface. Moreover, they suggest a novel pathway may be used to recycle primary cilia to the cell surface that engages the exocyst in response to stimuli. This new remarkable plasticity in cilia presence on the surface in response to extracellular stimuli suggest new means to potentially modulate cilia signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix E Rivera-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Zhiqun Xi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Reales
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Seville, Spain
| | - Bryan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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20
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Antony D, Brunner HG, Schmidts M. Ciliary Dyneins and Dynein Related Ciliopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081885. [PMID: 34440654 PMCID: PMC8391580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ubiquitously present, the relevance of cilia for vertebrate development and health has long been underrated. However, the aberration or dysfunction of ciliary structures or components results in a large heterogeneous group of disorders in mammals, termed ciliopathies. The majority of human ciliopathy cases are caused by malfunction of the ciliary dynein motor activity, powering retrograde intraflagellar transport (enabled by the cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex) or axonemal movement (axonemal dynein complexes). Despite a partially shared evolutionary developmental path and shared ciliary localization, the cytoplasmic dynein-2 and axonemal dynein functions are markedly different: while cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex dysfunction results in an ultra-rare syndromal skeleto-renal phenotype with a high lethality, axonemal dynein dysfunction is associated with a motile cilia dysfunction disorder, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or Kartagener syndrome, causing recurrent airway infection, degenerative lung disease, laterality defects, and infertility. In this review, we provide an overview of ciliary dynein complex compositions, their functions, clinical disease hallmarks of ciliary dynein disorders, presumed underlying pathomechanisms, and novel developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinu Antony
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-44391; Fax: +49-761-44710
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21
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Park HS, Papanastasi E, Blanchard G, Chiticariu E, Bachmann D, Plomann M, Morice-Picard F, Vabres P, Smahi A, Huber M, Pich C, Hohl D. ARP-T1-associated Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome is an inherited basal cell cancer with ciliary defects characteristic of ciliopathies. Commun Biol 2021; 4:544. [PMID: 33972689 PMCID: PMC8110579 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-Related Protein-Testis1 (ARP-T1)/ACTRT1 gene mutations cause the Bazex-Dupré-Christol Syndrome (BDCS) characterized by follicular atrophoderma, hypotrichosis, and basal cell cancer. Here, we report an ARP-T1 interactome (PXD016557) that includes proteins involved in ciliogenesis, endosomal recycling, and septin ring formation. In agreement, ARP-T1 localizes to the midbody during cytokinesis and the basal body of primary cilia in interphase. Tissue samples from ARP-T1-associated BDCS patients have reduced ciliary length. The severity of the shortened cilia significantly correlates with the ARP-T1 levels, which was further validated by ACTRT1 knockdown in culture cells. Thus, we propose that ARP-T1 participates in the regulation of cilia length and that ARP-T1-associated BDCS is a case of skin cancer with ciliopathy characteristics. Park et al. characterise the interactome, localisation and function of Actin-Related Protein-Testis1 protein (ARP-T1), encoded by the ACTRT1 gene, associated with inherited basal cell cancer. They find that ARP-T1 is localised to the primary cilia basal body in epidermal cells, interacts with the cilia machinery, and is needed for proper ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sook Park
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV-FBM UNIL, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eirini Papanastasi
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV-FBM UNIL, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Blanchard
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV-FBM UNIL, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Chiticariu
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV-FBM UNIL, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bachmann
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV-FBM UNIL, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Markus Plomann
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Pierre Vabres
- Department of Dermatology, CHU, Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon, France
| | - Asma Smahi
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,IMAGINE Institute INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Marcel Huber
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV-FBM UNIL, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Pich
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV-FBM UNIL, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV-FBM UNIL, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Hermyt M, Metscher B, Rupik W. Ultrastructural studies of developing egg tooth in grass snake Natrix natrix (Squamata, Serpentes) embryos, supported by X-ray microtomography analysis. ZOOLOGY 2021; 146:125913. [PMID: 33765551 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The egg tooth development is similar to the development of all the other vertebrate teeth except earliest developmental stages because the egg tooth develops directly from the oral epithelium instead of the dental lamina similarly to null generation teeth. The developing egg tooth of Natrix natrix changes its curvature differently than the egg tooth of the other investigated unidentates due to the presence of the rostral groove. The developing grass snake egg tooth comprises dental pulp and the enamel organ. The fully differentiated enamel organ consists of outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, and ameloblasts in its inner layer. The enamel organ directly in contact with the oral cavity is covered with periderm instead of outer enamel epithelium. Stellate reticulum cells in the grass snake egg tooth share intercellular spaces with the basal part of ameloblasts and are responsible for their nutrition. Ameloblasts during egg tooth differentiation pass through the following stages: presecretory, secretory, and mature. The ameloblasts from the grass snake egg tooth show the same cellular changes as reported during mammalian amelogenesis but are devoid of Tomes' processes. Odontoblasts of the developing grass snake egg tooth pass through the following classes: pre-odontoblasts, secretory odontoblasts, and ageing odontoblasts. They have highly differentiated secretory apparatus and in the course of their activity accumulate lipofuscin. Grass snake odontoblasts possess processes which are poor in organelles. In developing egg tooth cilia have been identified in odontoblasts, ameloblasts and cells of the stellate reticulum. Dental pulp cells remodel collagen matrix during growth of the grass snake egg tooth. They degenerate in a way previously not described in other teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Hermyt
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, 9 Bankowa Str., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Brian Metscher
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Austria
| | - Weronika Rupik
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, 9 Bankowa Str., 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
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23
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Barnes CL, Malhotra H, Calvert PD. Compartmentalization of Photoreceptor Sensory Cilia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636737. [PMID: 33614665 PMCID: PMC7889997 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional compartmentalization of cells is a universal strategy for segregating processes that require specific components, undergo regulation by modulating concentrations of those components, or that would be detrimental to other processes. Primary cilia are hair-like organelles that project from the apical plasma membranes of epithelial cells where they serve as exclusive compartments for sensing physical and chemical signals in the environment. As such, molecules involved in signal transduction are enriched within cilia and regulating their ciliary concentrations allows adaptation to the environmental stimuli. The highly efficient organization of primary cilia has been co-opted by major sensory neurons, olfactory cells and the photoreceptor neurons that underlie vision. The mechanisms underlying compartmentalization of cilia are an area of intense current research. Recent findings have revealed similarities and differences in molecular mechanisms of ciliary protein enrichment and its regulation among primary cilia and sensory cilia. Here we discuss the physiological demands on photoreceptors that have driven their evolution into neurons that rely on a highly specialized cilium for signaling changes in light intensity. We explore what is known and what is not known about how that specialization appears to have driven unique mechanisms for photoreceptor protein and membrane compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter D. Calvert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Center for Vision Research, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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24
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Green Etxabe A, Pini JM, Short S, Cunha L, Kille P, Watson GJ. Identifying conserved polychaete molecular markers of metal exposure: Comparative analyses using the Alitta virens (Annelida, Lophotrochozoa) transcriptome. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108913. [PMID: 33164845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polychaetes are vital for evaluating the effects of toxic metals in marine systems, and sensitive molecular biomarkers should be integral to monitoring efforts. However, the few polychaete markers that exist are inconsistent, even within the same species, failing to identify gene expression changes in metal-exposed animals incurring clear metabolic costs. Comparing previously characterised polychaete metal-responsive genes with those of another carefully selected species could identify biomarkers applicable across polychaetes. The ragworm Alitta virens (Sars, 1835) is particularly suited for such comparisons due to its dominance of fully saline coastal areas, widespread distribution, large biomass, and its phylogenetic position relative to other polychaete 'omic' resources. A transcriptome atlas for A. virens was generated and an RNASeq-qPCR screening approach was used to characterise the response to chronic exposures of environmentally relevant concentrations of copper and zinc in controlled mesocosms. Genes presenting dramatic expression changes in A. virens were compared with known metal-responsive genes in other polychaetes to identify new possible biomarkers and assess those currently used. This revealed some current markers should probably be abandoned (e.g. Atox1), while others, such as GST-Omega, should be used with caution, as different polychaete species appear to upregulate distinct GST-Omega orthologues. In addition, the comparisons give some indication of genes that are induced by metal exposure across phylogenetically divergent polychaetes, including a suite of haemoglobin subunits and linker chains that could play conserved roles in metal-stress response. Although such newly identified markers need further characterisation, they offer alternatives to current markers that are plainly insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Green Etxabe
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Jennifer M Pini
- CP-Texinfine (France), 60 Rue Duguesclin, 69006 Lyon, France
| | - Stephen Short
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Luis Cunha
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales CF37 4BD, UK
| | - Peter Kille
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Gordon J Watson
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK
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25
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Kowalczyk I, Lee C, Schuster E, Hoeren J, Trivigno V, Riedel L, Görne J, Wallingford JB, Hammes A, Feistel K. Neural tube closure requires the endocytic receptor Lrp2 and its functional interaction with intracellular scaffolds. Development 2021; 148:dev195008. [PMID: 33500317 PMCID: PMC7860117 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the endocytic receptor LRP2 in humans are associated with severe neural tube closure defects (NTDs) such as anencephaly and spina bifida. Here, we have combined analysis of neural tube closure in mouse and in the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis to elucidate the etiology of Lrp2-related NTDs. Lrp2 loss of function impaired neuroepithelial morphogenesis, culminating in NTDs that impeded anterior neural plate folding and neural tube closure in both model organisms. Loss of Lrp2 severely affected apical constriction as well as proper localization of the core planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vangl2, demonstrating a highly conserved role of the receptor in these processes, which are essential for neural tube formation. In addition, we identified a novel functional interaction of Lrp2 with the intracellular adaptor proteins Shroom3 and Gipc1 in the developing forebrain. Our data suggest that, during neurulation, motifs within the intracellular domain of Lrp2 function as a hub that orchestrates endocytic membrane removal for efficient apical constriction, as well as PCP component trafficking in a temporospatial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kowalczyk
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Elisabeth Schuster
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Josefine Hoeren
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Valentina Trivigno
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Levin Riedel
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Görne
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Annette Hammes
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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Labat-de-Hoz L, Rubio-Ramos A, Casares-Arias J, Bernabé-Rubio M, Correas I, Alonso MA. A Model for Primary Cilium Biogenesis by Polarized Epithelial Cells: Role of the Midbody Remnant and Associated Specialized Membranes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:622918. [PMID: 33585461 PMCID: PMC7873843 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.622918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, microtubule-based protrusions surrounded by a ciliary membrane equipped with selected receptors that orchestrate important signaling pathways that control cell growth, differentiation, development and homeostasis. Depending on the cell type, primary cilium assembly takes place intracellularly or at the cell surface. The intracellular route has been the focus of research on primary cilium biogenesis, whereas the route that occurs at the cell surface, which we call the "alternative" route, has been much less thoroughly characterized. In this review, based on recent experimental evidence, we present a model of primary ciliogenesis by the alternative route in which the remnant of the midbody generated upon cytokinesis acquires compact membranes, that are involved in compartmentalization of biological membranes. The midbody remnant delivers part of those membranes to the centrosome in order to assemble the ciliary membrane, thereby licensing primary cilium formation. The midbody remnant's involvement in primary cilium formation, the regulation of its inheritance by the ESCRT machinery, and the assembly of the ciliary membrane from the membranes originally associated with the remnant are discussed in the context of the literature concerning the ciliary membrane, the emerging roles of the midbody remnant, the regulation of cytokinesis, and the role of membrane compartmentalization. We also present a model of cilium emergence during evolution, and summarize the directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Labat-de-Hoz
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armando Rubio-Ramos
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are bipolar neurons, unusual because they turn over continuously and have a multiciliated dendrite. The extensive changes in gene expression accompanying OSN differentiation in mice are largely known, especially the transcriptional regulators responsible for altering gene expression, revealing much about how differentiation proceeds. Basal progenitor cells of the olfactory epithelium transition into nascent OSNs marked by Cxcr4 expression and the initial extension of basal and apical neurites. Nascent OSNs become immature OSNs within 24-48 h. Immature OSN differentiation requires about a week and at least 2 stages. Early-stage immature OSNs initiate expression of genes encoding key transcriptional regulators and structural proteins necessary for further neuritogenesis. Late-stage immature OSNs begin expressing genes encoding proteins important for energy production and neuronal homeostasis that carry over into mature OSNs. The transition to maturity depends on massive expression of one allele of one odorant receptor gene, and this results in expression of the last 8% of genes expressed by mature OSNs. Many of these genes encode proteins necessary for mature function of axons and synapses or for completing the elaboration of non-motile cilia, which began extending from the newly formed dendritic knobs of immature OSNs. The cilia from adjoining OSNs form a meshwork in the olfactory mucus and are the site of olfactory transduction. Immature OSNs also have a primary cilium, but its role is unknown, unlike the critical role in proliferation and differentiation played by the primary cilium of the olfactory epithelium's horizontal basal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S McClintock
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Correspondence to be sent to: Timothy S. McClintock, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA. e-mail:
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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28
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Bodó K, Baranzini N, Girardello R, Kokhanyuk B, Németh P, Hayashi Y, Grimaldi A, Engelmann P. Nanomaterials and Annelid Immunity: A Comparative Survey to Reveal the Common Stress and Defense Responses of Two Sentinel Species to Nanomaterials in the Environment. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100307. [PMID: 32977601 PMCID: PMC7598252 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanotechnology is a dynamically developing field producing large amounts of nanocompounds that are applied in industry, daily life, and health care. During production, use, and waste these materials could end up in water or soil. Large scale contaminations of our environment are a threat to public health. Pollution can have harmful effects on the immune system, as revealed by numerous studies in humans and other vertebrates. The relative simplicity of invertebrate immune functions offers potentially sensitive and accessible means of monitoring the effects and complex interactions of nanoparticles which ultimately affect host resistance. Among terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates, earthworms and leeches are the “keystone” species to evaluate the health of our ecosystems. In this review we compare the conserved stress and immune responses of these invertebrate model organisms toward nanoparticles. The obtained knowledge provides exciting insights into the conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms of nanomaterial-related toxicity in invertebrates and vertebrates. Understanding the unique characteristics of engineered nanoproducts and their interactions with biological systems in our environment is essential to the safe realization of these materials in novel biomedical applications. Abstract Earthworms and leeches are sentinel animals that represent the annelid phylum within terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, respectively. One early stress signal in these organisms is related to innate immunity, but how nanomaterials affect it is poorly characterized. In this survey, we compare the latest literature on earthworm and leeches with examples of their molecular/cellular responses to inorganic (silver nanoparticles) and organic (carbon nanotubes) nanomaterials. A special focus is placed on the role of annelid immunocytes in the evolutionarily conserved antioxidant and immune mechanisms and protein corona formation and probable endocytosis pathways involved in nanomaterial uptake. Our summary helps to realize why these environmental sentinels are beneficial to study the potential detrimental effects of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Nicoló Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Bohdana Kokhanyuk
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Yuya Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.E.); Tel.: +39-0332-421-325 (A.G.); +36-72-536-288 (P.E.); Fax: +39-0332-421-326 (A.G.); +36-72-536-289 (P.E.)
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.E.); Tel.: +39-0332-421-325 (A.G.); +36-72-536-288 (P.E.); Fax: +39-0332-421-326 (A.G.); +36-72-536-289 (P.E.)
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29
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Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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30
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Oguchi ME, Okuyama K, Homma Y, Fukuda M. A comprehensive analysis of Rab GTPases reveals a role for Rab34 in serum starvation-induced primary ciliogenesis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12674-12685. [PMID: 32669361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensors of chemical and mechanical signals in the extracellular environment. The formation of primary cilia (i.e. ciliogenesis) requires dynamic membrane trafficking events, and several Rab small GTPases, key regulators of membrane trafficking, have recently been reported to participate in ciliogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms of Rab-mediated membrane trafficking during ciliogenesis remain largely unknown. In the present study, we used a collection of siRNAs against 62 human Rabs to perform a comprehensive knockdown screening for Rabs that regulate serum starvation-induced ciliogenesis in human telomerase reverse transcriptase retinal pigment epithelium 1 (hTERT-RPE1) cells and succeeded in identifying Rab34 as an essential Rab. Knockout (KO) of Rab34, but not of Rabs previously reported to regulate ciliogenesis (e.g. Rab8 and Rab10) in hTERT-RPE1 cells, drastically impaired serum starvation-induced ciliogenesis. Rab34 was also required for serum starvation-induced ciliogenesis in NIH/3T3 cells and MCF10A cells but not for ciliogenesis in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-II cysts. We then attempted to identify a specific region(s) of Rab34 that is essential for ciliogenesis by performing deletion and mutation analyses of Rab34. Unexpectedly, instead of a specific sequence in the switch II region, which is generally important for recognizing effector proteins (e.g. Rab interacting lysosomal protein [RILP]), a unique long N-terminal region of Rab34 before the conserved GTPase domain was found to be essential. These findings suggest that Rab34 is an atypical Rab that regulates serum starvation-induced ciliogenesis through its unique N-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai E Oguchi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koki Okuyama
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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31
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Miyamoto T, Hosoba K, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Akutsu SN, Ochiai H, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Matsuura S. Insufficiency of ciliary cholesterol in hereditary Zellweger syndrome. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103499. [PMID: 32368833 PMCID: PMC7298307 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna‐like organelles on the surface of most mammalian cells that receive sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. Cellular cholesterol functions as a direct activator of a seven‐transmembrane oncoprotein called Smoothened (Smo) and thereby induces Smo accumulation on the ciliary membrane where it transduces the Shh signal. However, how cholesterol is supplied to the ciliary membrane remains unclear. Here, we report that peroxisomes are essential for the transport of cholesterol into the ciliary membrane. Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a peroxisome‐deficient hereditary disorder with several ciliopathy‐related features and cells from these patients showed a reduced cholesterol level in the ciliary membrane. Reverse genetics approaches revealed that the GTP exchange factor Rabin8, the Rab GTPase Rab10, and the microtubule minus‐end‐directed kinesin KIFC3 form a peroxisome‐associated complex to control the movement of peroxisomes along microtubules, enabling communication between peroxisomes and ciliary pocket membranes. Our findings suggest that insufficient ciliary cholesterol levels may underlie ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Life and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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32
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Establishing and regulating the composition of cilia for signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:389-405. [PMID: 30948801 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a hair-like surface-exposed organelle of the eukaryotic cell that decodes a variety of signals - such as odorants, light and Hedgehog morphogens - by altering the local concentrations and activities of signalling proteins. Signalling within the cilium is conveyed through a diverse array of second messengers, including conventional signalling molecules (such as cAMP) and some unusual intermediates (such as sterols). Diffusion barriers at the ciliary base establish the unique composition of this signalling compartment, and cilia adapt their proteome to signalling demands through regulated protein trafficking. Much progress has been made on the molecular understanding of regulated ciliary trafficking, which encompasses not only exchanges between the cilium and the rest of the cell but also the shedding of signalling factors into extracellular vesicles.
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33
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Yang H, Huang K. Dissecting the Vesicular Trafficking Function of IFT Subunits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:352. [PMID: 32010685 PMCID: PMC6974671 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) was initially identified as a transport machine with multiple protein subunits, and it is essential for the assembly, disassembly, and maintenance of cilium/flagellum, which serves as the nexus of extracellular-to-intracellular signal integration. To date, in addition to its well-established and indispensable roles in ciliated cells, most IFT subunits have presented more general functions of vesicular trafficking in the non-ciliated cells. Thus, this review aims to summarize the recent progress on the vesicular trafficking functions of the IFT subunits and to highlight the issues that may arise in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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34
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Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that caveolins are localized at the base of primary cilia, which are microtubule-based sensory organelles present on the cell surface, and that Caveolin-1 (CAV1) plays important roles in regulating ciliary membrane composition and function. Here we describe methods to analyze the localization and function of CAV1 in primary cilia of cultured mammalian cells. These include methods for culturing and transfecting mammalian cells with a CAV1-encoding plasmid or small interfering RNA (siRNA), analysis of mammalian cells by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) with antibodies against ciliary markers and CAV1, as well as methods for analyzing ciliary CAV1 function in siRNA-treated cells by IFM and cell-based signaling assays.
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35
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Jung E, Choi TI, Lee JE, Kim CH, Kim J. ESCRT subunit CHMP4B localizes to primary cilia and is required for the structural integrity of the ciliary membrane. FASEB J 2019; 34:1331-1344. [PMID: 31914703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901778r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteins specialized in the detection, generation, or stabilization of membrane curvature play important roles in establishing various morphologies of cells and cellular organelles. Primary cilia are cellular organelles that protrude from the cell surface using a microtubule-based cytoskeleton called the axoneme as a structural support. It is unclear whether the integrity of the high curvature of the ciliary membrane depends on membrane curvature-related proteins. Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 4B (CHMP4B), a subunit of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), can stabilize membrane curvature. Here we show that CHMP4B is involved in the assembly and maintenance of primary cilia. CHMP4B was localized to primary cilia in mammalian cells. Knockdown of CHMP4B interfered with cilium assembly and also caused fragmentation of preexisting cilia. By contrast, cilium formation was unaffected by the interruption of the ESCRT-dependent endocytic degradation pathway. Morpholino (MO)-mediated CHMP4B depletion in zebrafish embryos induced characteristic phenotypes of ciliary defects such as curved body axis, hydrocephalus, otolith malformation, and kidney cyst. Our study reveals a new role for the multifunctional protein CHMP4B as a key factor in maintaining the structural integrity of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Jung
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Ik Choi
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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36
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Zhou Y, Saito M, Fukuma T, Takahashi Y. [Unlabeled imaging of primary cilia by scanning ion conductance microscopy]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 154:192-196. [PMID: 31597898 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.154.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile cilia consisting of a centriole-derived basal body and a microtubule-based axoneme. In recent years, the structure and function of primary cilia have been attracting attention due to the relation with the onset of ciliary disease. Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a probe microscopy used to measure the topography and functions of living cells at nanoscale. Furthermore, the labelling procedure is not necessary for SICM measurement compare to fluorescence imaging. We compared the structures of primary cilia of human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (RPE-1 cells) and Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line (MDCK cells) at nanoscale by using SICM. In addition, high resolution SICM images have also succeeded in visualizing ciliary pockets that difficult to be fluorescently labeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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37
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Flaherty J, Feng Z, Peng Z, Young YN, Resnick A. Primary cilia have a length-dependent persistence length. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:445-460. [PMID: 31501964 PMCID: PMC7105448 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fluctuating position of an optically trapped cilium tip under untreated and Taxol-treated conditions was used to characterize mechanical properties of the cilium axoneme and its basal body by combining experimental, analytical,
and computational tools. We provide, for the first time, evidence that the persistence length of a ciliary axoneme is length-dependent; longer cilia are stiffer than shorter cilia. We demonstrate that this apparent length dependence can be understood by a combination of modeling axonemal microtubules as anisotropic elastic shells and including actomyosin-driven stochastic basal body motion.
Our results also demonstrate the possibility of using observable ciliary dynamics to probe interior cytoskeletal dynamics. It is hoped that our improved characterization of cilia will result in deeper understanding of the biological function of cellular flow sensing by this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Flaherty
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S Morgan St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Y-N Young
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Andrew Resnick
- Department of Physics, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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38
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Galli C, Colangelo M, Pedrazzi G, Guizzardi S. The Response of Osteoblasts and Bone to Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Fields: Insights from the Literature. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:127-147. [PMID: 30997574 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been proposed as a tool to ameliorate bone formation and healing. Despite their promising results, however, they have failed to enter routine clinical protocols to treat bone conditions where higher bone mass has to be achieved. This is no doubt also due to a fundamental lack of knowledge and understanding on their effects and the optimal settings for attaining the desired therapeutic effects. This review analysed the available in vitro and in vivo studies that assessed the effects of sinusoidal EMFs (SEMFs) on bone and bone cells, comparing the results and investigating possible mechanisms of action by which SEMFs interact with tissues and cells. The effects of SEMFs on bone have not been as thoroughly investigated as pulsed EMFs; however, abundant evidence shows that SEMFs affect the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells, acting on multiple cellular mechanisms. SEMFs have also proven to increase bone mass in rodents under normal conditions and in osteoporotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - M Colangelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Histology and Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Pedrazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - S Guizzardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Histology and Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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39
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. A Ciliary View of the Immunological Synapse. Cells 2019; 8:E789. [PMID: 31362462 PMCID: PMC6721628 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium has gone from being a vestigial organelle to a crucial signaling hub of growing interest given the association between a group of human disorders, collectively known as ciliopathies, and defects in its structure or function. In recent years many ciliogenesis proteins have been observed at extraciliary sites in cells and likely perform cilium-independent functions ranging from regulation of the cytoskeleton to vesicular trafficking. Perhaps the most striking example is the non-ciliated T lymphocyte, in which components of the ciliary machinery are repurposed for the assembly and function of the immunological synapse even in the absence of a primary cilium. Furthermore, the specialization traits described at the immunological synapse are similar to those seen in the primary cilium. Here, we review common regulators and features shared by the immunological synapse and the primary cilium that document the remarkable homology between these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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40
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Monitoring β-Arrestin 2 Targeting to the Centrosome, Basal Body, and Primary Cilium by Fluorescence Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1957:271-289. [PMID: 30919360 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9158-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based organelles that behave like a cellular antenna controlling key signaling pathways during development and tissue homeostasis. The ciliary membrane is highly enriched for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and PC are a crucial signaling compartment for this large receptor family. Downstream effectors of GPCR signaling are also present in cilia, and evidence obtained by our labs and others demonstrated that β-arrestin (βarr) family members are differentially recruited to PC and have investigated the role of GPCR activation in this process. In this chapter, we provide methods based on fluorescence microscopy on fixed or live cells suitable for investigating targeting and recruitment of βarrs at PC.
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41
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DiTirro D, Philbrook A, Rubino K, Sengupta P. The Caenorhabditis elegans Tubby homolog dynamically modulates olfactory cilia membrane morphogenesis and phospholipid composition. eLife 2019; 8:48789. [PMID: 31259686 PMCID: PMC6624019 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in sensory signaling is partly mediated via regulated trafficking of signaling molecules to and from primary cilia. Tubby-related proteins regulate ciliary protein transport; however, their roles in remodeling cilia properties are not fully understood. We find that the C. elegans TUB-1 Tubby homolog regulates membrane morphogenesis and signaling protein transport in specialized sensory cilia. In particular, TUB-1 is essential for sensory signaling-dependent reshaping of olfactory cilia morphology. We show that compromised sensory signaling alters cilia membrane phosphoinositide composition via TUB-1-dependent trafficking of a PIP5 kinase. TUB-1 regulates localization of this lipid kinase at the cilia base in part via localization of the AP-2 adaptor complex subunit DPY-23. Our results describe new functions for Tubby proteins in the dynamic regulation of cilia membrane lipid composition, morphology, and signaling protein content, and suggest that this conserved family of proteins plays a critical role in mediating cilia structural and functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle DiTirro
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Alison Philbrook
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Kendrick Rubino
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
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42
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Galli C, Pedrazzi G, Guizzardi S. The cellular effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on osteoblasts: A review. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:211-233. [PMID: 30908726 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have long been known to interact with living organisms and their cells and to bear the potential for therapeutic use. Among the most extensively investigated applications, the use of Pulsed EMFs (PEMFs) has proven effective to ameliorate bone healing in several studies, although the evidence is still inconclusive. This is due in part to our still-poor understanding of the mechanisms by which PEMFs act on cells and affect their functions and to an ongoing lack of consensus on the most effective parameters for specific clinical applications. The present review has compared in vitro studies on PEMFs on different osteoblast models, which elucidate potential mechanisms of action for PEMFs, up to the most recent insights into the role of primary cilia, and highlight the critical issues underlying at least some of the inconsistent results in the available literature. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;9999:XX-XX. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pedrazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Guizzardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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43
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Caveolin-1α regulates primary cilium length by controlling RhoA GTPase activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1116. [PMID: 30718762 PMCID: PMC6362014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a single non-motile protrusion of the plasma membrane of most types of mammalian cell. The structure, length and function of the primary cilium must be tightly controlled because their dysfunction is associated with disease. Caveolin 1 (Cav1), which is best known as a component of membrane invaginations called caveolae, is also present in non-caveolar membrane domains whose function is beginning to be understood. We show that silencing of α and β Cav1 isoforms in different cell lines increases ciliary length regardless of the route of primary ciliogenesis. The sole expression of Cav1α, which is distributed at the apical membrane, restores normal cilium size in Cav1 KO MDCK cells. Cells KO for only Cav1α, which also show long cilia, have a disrupted actin cytoskeleton and reduced RhoA GTPase activity at the apical membrane, and a greater accumulation of Rab11 vesicles at the centrosome. Subsequent experiments showed that DIA1 and ROCK help regulate ciliary length. Since MDCK cells lack apical caveolae, our results imply that non-caveolar apical Cav1α is an important regulator of ciliary length, exerting its effect via RhoA and its effectors, ROCK and DIA1.
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44
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Abstract
The centriole is an ancient microtubule-based organelle with a conserved nine-fold symmetry. Centrioles form the core of centrosomes, which organize the interphase microtubule cytoskeleton of most animal cells and form the poles of the mitotic spindle. Centrioles can also be modified to form basal bodies, which template the formation of cilia and play central roles in cellular signaling, fluid movement, and locomotion. In this review, we discuss developments in our understanding of the biogenesis of centrioles and cilia and the regulatory controls that govern their structure and number. We also discuss how defects in these processes contribute to a spectrum of human diseases and how new technologies have expanded our understanding of centriole and cilium biology, revealing exciting avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Breslow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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45
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Hearn T. ALMS1 and Alström syndrome: a recessive form of metabolic, neurosensory and cardiac deficits. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:1-17. [PMID: 30421101 PMCID: PMC6327082 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alström syndrome (AS) is characterised by metabolic deficits, retinal dystrophy, sensorineural hearing loss, dilated cardiomyopathy and multi-organ fibrosis. Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1, is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Interest in ALMS1 is heightened by the recent discovery of its involvement in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest, a process with potential relevance to regenerative medicine. ALMS1 encodes a ~ 0.5 megadalton protein that localises to the base of centrioles. Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). However, mechanistic details are lacking, and recent studies have implicated ALMS1 in several processes including endosomal trafficking, actin organisation, maintenance of centrosome cohesion and transcription. In line with a more complex picture, multiple isoforms of the protein likely exist and non-centrosomal sites of localisation have been reported. This review outlines the evidence for both ciliary and extra-ciliary functions of ALMS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hearn
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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46
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Membrane association and remodeling by intraflagellar transport protein IFT172. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4684. [PMID: 30409972 PMCID: PMC6224603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cilium is an organelle used for motility and cellular signaling. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a process to move ciliary building blocks and signaling components into the cilium. How IFT controls the movement of ciliary components is currently poorly understood. IFT172 is the largest IFT subunit essential for ciliogenesis. Due to its large size, the characterization of IFT172 has been challenging. Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we show that IFT172 is a membrane-interacting protein with the ability to remodel large membranes into small vesicles. Purified IFT172 has an architecture of two globular domains with a long rod-like protrusion, resembling the domain organization of coatomer proteins such as COPI-II or clathrin. IFT172 adopts two different conformations that can be manipulated by lipids or detergents: 1) an extended elongated conformation and 2) a globular closed architecture. Interestingly, the association of IFT172 with membranes is mutually exclusive with IFT57, implicating multiple functions for IFT172 within IFT. Cilia formation requires Intraflagellar transport (IFT) to move ciliary building blocks and signaling components into the cilium. Here authors use in vitro reconstitution and electron microscopy on IFT172 and reveal its ability to remodel large membrane surfaces into small vesicles.
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47
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Álvarez-Satta M, Matheu A. Primary cilium and glioblastoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918801169. [PMID: 30302130 PMCID: PMC6170955 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918801169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common, malignant and lethal primary brain tumour in adults. The primary cilium is a highly conserved and dynamic organelle that protrudes from the apical surface of virtually every type of mammalian cell. There is increasing evidence that abnormal cilia are involved in cancer progression, since primary cilia regulate cell cycle and signalling transduction. In this review, we summarize the role of primary cilium specifically with regard to GBM, where there is evidence postulating it as a critical mediator of GBM tumorigenesis and progression. This opens the way to the application of cilia-targeted therapies (‘ciliotherapy’) as a new approach in the fight against this devastating tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Satta
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n, CP 20014 San Sebastian, Spain CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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48
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Bornens M. Cell polarity: having and making sense of direction-on the evolutionary significance of the primary cilium/centrosome organ in Metazoa. Open Biol 2018; 8:180052. [PMID: 30068565 PMCID: PMC6119866 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans is evolutionarily conserved. I assume that permanent polarity in unicellular eukaryotes is required for cell motion and sensory reception, integration of these two activities being an evolutionarily constrained function. Metazoans are unique in making cohesive multicellular organisms through complete cell divisions. They evolved a primary cilium/centrosome (PC/C) organ, ensuring similar functions to the basal body/flagellum of unicellular eukaryotes, but in different cells, or in the same cell at different moments. The possibility that this innovation contributed to the evolution of individuality, in being instrumental in the early specification of the germ line during development, is further discussed. Then, using the example of highly regenerative organisms like planarians, which have lost PC/C organ in dividing cells, I discuss the possibility that part of the remodelling necessary to reach a new higher-level unit of selection in multi-cellular organisms has been triggered by conflicts among individual cell polarities to reach an organismic polarity. Finally, I briefly consider organisms with a sensorimotor organ like the brain that requires exceedingly elongated polarized cells for its activity. I conclude that beyond critical consequences for embryo development, the conservation of cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans had far-reaching implications for the evolution of individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS - UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
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49
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Cilium structure, assembly, and disassembly regulated by the cytoskeleton. Biochem J 2018; 475:2329-2353. [PMID: 30064990 PMCID: PMC6068341 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cilium, once considered a vestigial structure, is a conserved, microtubule-based organelle critical for transducing extracellular chemical and mechanical signals that control cell polarity, differentiation, and proliferation. The cilium undergoes cycles of assembly and disassembly that are controlled by complex inter-relationships with the cytoskeleton. Microtubules form the core of the cilium, the axoneme, and are regulated by post-translational modifications, associated proteins, and microtubule dynamics. Although actin and septin cytoskeletons are not major components of the axoneme, they also regulate cilium organization and assembly state. Here, we discuss recent advances on how these different cytoskeletal systems affect cilium function, structure, and organization.
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50
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Morthorst SK, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling by kinesin motor proteins. FEBS J 2018; 285:4535-4564. [PMID: 29894023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that regulate a substantial number of cellular signalling pathways in vertebrates, both during embryonic development as well as in adulthood, and mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins are causative of an expanding group of pleiotropic diseases known as ciliopathies. Cilia consist of a microtubule-based axoneme core, which is subtended by a basal body and covered by a bilayer lipid membrane of unique protein and lipid composition. Cilia are dynamic organelles, and the ability of cells to regulate ciliary protein and lipid content in response to specific cellular and environmental cues is crucial for balancing ciliary signalling output. Here we discuss mechanisms involved in regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling, with main focus on kinesin-2 and kinesin-3 family members.
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