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Pan X, Tao AM, Lu S, Ma M, Hannan SB, Slaugh R, Drewes Williams S, O'Grady L, Kanca O, Person R, Carter MT, Platzer K, Schnabel F, Abou Jamra R, Roberts AE, Newburger JW, Revah-Politi A, Granadillo JL, Stegmann APA, Sinnema M, Accogli A, Salpietro V, Capra V, Ghaloul-Gonzalez L, Brueckner M, Simon MEH, Sweetser DA, Glinton KE, Kirk SE, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S, Chung WK, Bellen HJ. De novo variants in FRYL are associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic features. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:742-760. [PMID: 38479391 PMCID: PMC11023917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
FRY-like transcription coactivator (FRYL) belongs to a Furry protein family that is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. The functions of FRYL in mammals are largely unknown, and variants in FRYL have not previously been associated with a Mendelian disease. Here, we report fourteen individuals with heterozygous variants in FRYL who present with developmental delay, intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, and other congenital anomalies in multiple systems. The variants are confirmed de novo in all individuals except one. Human genetic data suggest that FRYL is intolerant to loss of function (LoF). We find that the fly FRYL ortholog, furry (fry), is expressed in multiple tissues, including the central nervous system where it is present in neurons but not in glia. Homozygous fry LoF mutation is lethal at various developmental stages, and loss of fry in mutant clones causes defects in wings and compound eyes. We next modeled four out of the five missense variants found in affected individuals using fry knockin alleles. One variant behaves as a severe LoF variant, whereas two others behave as partial LoF variants. One variant does not cause any observable defect in flies, and the corresponding human variant is not confirmed to be de novo, suggesting that this is a variant of uncertain significance. In summary, our findings support that fry is required for proper development in flies and that the LoF variants in FRYL cause a dominant disorder with developmental and neurological symptoms due to haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alice M Tao
- Vagelos School of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mengqi Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shabab B Hannan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel Slaugh
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Drewes Williams
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren O'Grady
- Division of Medical Genetics & Metabolism, Massachusetts General for Children, Boston, MA, USA; MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Melissa T Carter
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Schnabel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anya Revah-Politi
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Precision Genomics Laboratory, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge L Granadillo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Margje Sinnema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Valeria Capra
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Genomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lina Ghaloul-Gonzalez
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marleen E H Simon
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David A Sweetser
- Division of Medical Genetics & Metabolism, Massachusetts General for Children, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin E Glinton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan E Kirk
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan & Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Mitchell JW, Midillioglu I, Schauer E, Wang B, Han C, Wildonger J. Coordination of Pickpocket ion channel delivery and dendrite growth in Drosophila sensory neurons. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011025. [PMID: 37943859 PMCID: PMC10662761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons enable an organism to perceive external stimuli, which is essential for survival. The sensory capacity of a neuron depends on the elaboration of its dendritic arbor and the localization of sensory ion channels to the dendritic membrane. However, it is not well understood when and how ion channels localize to growing sensory dendrites and whether their delivery is coordinated with growth of the dendritic arbor. We investigated the localization of the DEG/ENaC/ASIC ion channel Pickpocket (Ppk) in the peripheral sensory neurons of developing fruit flies. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering approaches to tag endogenous Ppk1 and visualize it live, including monitoring Ppk1 membrane localization via a novel secreted split-GFP approach. Fluorescently tagged endogenous Ppk1 localizes to dendrites, as previously reported, and, unexpectedly, to axons and axon terminals. In dendrites, Ppk1 is present throughout actively growing dendrite branches and is stably integrated into the neuronal cell membrane during the expansive growth of the arbor. Although Ppk channels are dispensable for dendrite growth, we found that an over-active channel mutant severely reduces dendrite growth, likely by acting at an internal membrane and not the dendritic membrane. Our data reveal that the molecular motor dynein and recycling endosome GTPase Rab11 are needed for the proper trafficking of Ppk1 to dendrites. Based on our data, we propose that Ppk channel transport is coordinated with dendrite morphogenesis, which ensures proper ion channel density and distribution in sensory dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine W. Mitchell
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ipek Midillioglu
- Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ethan Schauer
- Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bei Wang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Zhang Y, Zeng J, Xu B. Phenotypic analysis with trans-recombination-based genetic mosaic models. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105265. [PMID: 37734556 PMCID: PMC10587715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosaicism refers to the presence of genetically distinct cell populations in an individual derived from a single zygote, which occurs during the process of development, aging, and genetic diseases. To date, a variety of genetically engineered mosaic analysis models have been established and widely used in studying gene function at exceptional cellular and spatiotemporal resolution, leading to many ground-breaking discoveries. Mosaic analysis with a repressible cellular marker and mosaic analysis with double markers are genetic mosaic analysis models based on trans-recombination. These models can generate sibling cells of distinct genotypes in the same animal and simultaneously label them with different colors. As a result, they offer a powerful approach for lineage tracing and studying the behavior of individual mutant cells in a wildtype environment, which is particularly useful for determining whether gene function is cell autonomous or nonautonomous. Here, we present a comprehensive review on the establishment and applications of mosaic analysis with a repressible cellular marker and mosaic analysis with double marker systems. Leveraging the capabilities of these mosaic models for phenotypic analysis will facilitate new discoveries on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhao Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Furusawa K, Ishii K, Tsuji M, Tokumitsu N, Hasegawa E, Emoto K. Presynaptic Ube3a E3 ligase promotes synapse elimination through down-regulation of BMP signaling. Science 2023; 381:1197-1205. [PMID: 37708280 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase Ube3a causes the developmental disorder Angelman syndrome, whereas increased Ube3a dosage is associated with autism spectrum disorders. Despite the enriched localization of Ube3a in the axon terminals including presynapses, little is known about the presynaptic function of Ube3a and mechanisms underlying its presynaptic localization. We show that developmental synapse elimination requires presynaptic Ube3a activity in Drosophila neurons. We further identified the domain of Ube3a that is required for its interaction with the kinesin motor. Angelman syndrome-associated missense mutations in the interaction domain attenuate presynaptic targeting of Ube3a and prevent synapse elimination. Conversely, increased Ube3a activity in presynapses leads to precocious synapse elimination and impairs synaptic transmission. Our findings reveal the physiological role of Ube3a and suggest potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with Ube3a dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Furusawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masato Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nagomi Tokumitsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eri Hasegawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Tzeng CP, Shen K. Wnt signaling and contact-mediated repulsion shape sensory dendritic fields. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557812. [PMID: 37781584 PMCID: PMC10540810 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The complete and non-redundant coverage of sensory tissues by neighboring neurons enables effective detection of stimuli in the environment. How the neurites of adjacent neurons establish their boundaries to achieve this completeness in coverage remains incompletely understood. Here, we use distinct fluorescent reporters to study two neighboring sensory neurons with complex dendritic arbors, FLP and PVD, in C. elegans . We quantify the sizes of their dendritic fields, and identify CWN-2/Wnt and LIN-17/Frizzled as a ligand and receptor that regulate the relative dendritic field sizes of these two neurons. Loss of either cwn-2 or lin-17 results in complementary changes in the size of the dendritic fields of both neurons; the FLP arbor expands, while that of PVD shrinks. Using an endogenous knock-in mNeonGreen-CWN-2/Wnt, we find that CWN-2/Wnt is localized along the path of growing FLP dendrites. Dynamic imaging shows a significant braking of FLP dendrite growth upon CWN-2/Wnt contact. We find that LIN-17/Frizzled functions cell-autonomously in FLP to limit dendritic field size and propose that PVD fills the space left by FLP through contact-induced retraction. Our results reveal that interactions of dendrites with adjacent dendrites and with environmental cues both shape the boundaries of neighboring dendritic fields. Highlights ▫ Secreted Wnt CWN-2 and cell-autonomous activity of neuronal LIN-17/Frizzled receptors restrict FLP dendritic field sizes▫ Endogenously tagged CWN-2/Wnt is punctate and visible in the same plane of growing FLP dendrites▫ Growth of developing FLP dendrites is inhibited upon contact with extracellular CWN-2/Wnt and with PVD dendrites.
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6
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Hudson J, Paul S, Veraksa A, Ghabrial A, Harvey KF, Poon C. NDR kinase tricornered genetically interacts with Ccm3 and metabolic enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster tracheal development. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:6991444. [PMID: 36653023 PMCID: PMC9997570 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Germinal Center Kinase III (GckIII) pathway is a Hippo-like kinase module defined by sequential activation of Ste20 kinases Thousand and One (Tao) and GckIII, followed by nuclear dbf2-related (NDR) kinase Tricornered (Trc). We previously uncovered a role for the GckIII pathway in Drosophila melanogaster tracheal (respiratory) tube morphology. The trachea form a network of branched epithelial tubes essential for oxygen transport, and are structurally analogous to branched tubular organs in vertebrates, such as the vascular system. In the absence of GckIII pathway function, aberrant dilations form in tracheal tubes characterized by mislocalized junctional and apical proteins, suggesting that the pathway is important in maintaining tube integrity in development. Here, we observed a genetic interaction between trc and Cerebral cavernous malformations 3 (Ccm3), the Drosophila ortholog of a human vascular disease gene, supporting our hypothesis that the GckIII pathway functions downstream of Ccm3 in trachea, and potentially in the vertebrate cerebral vasculature. However, how GckIII pathway signaling is regulated and the mechanisms that underpin its function in tracheal development are unknown. We undertook biochemical and genetic approaches to identify proteins that interact with Trc, the most downstream GckIII pathway kinase. We found that known GckIII and NDR scaffold proteins are likely to control GckIII pathway signaling in tracheal development, consistent with their conserved roles in Hippo-like modules. Furthermore, we show genetic interactions between trc and multiple enzymes in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting a potential function of the GckIII pathway in integrating cellular energy requirements with maintenance of tube integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hudson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sayantanee Paul
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Amin Ghabrial
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Carole Poon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Roşianu F, Mihaylov SR, Eder N, Martiniuc A, Claxton S, Flynn HR, Jalal S, Domart MC, Collinson L, Skehel M, Snijders AP, Krause M, Tooze SA, Ultanir SK. Loss of NDR1/2 kinases impairs endomembrane trafficking and autophagy leading to neurodegeneration. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/2/e202201712. [PMID: 36446521 PMCID: PMC9711861 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for neuronal development and its deregulation contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. NDR1 and NDR2 are highly conserved kinases, implicated in neuronal development, mitochondrial health and autophagy, but how they affect mammalian brain development in vivo is not known. Using single and double Ndr1/2 knockout mouse models, we show that only dual loss of Ndr1/2 in neurons causes neurodegeneration. This phenotype was present when NDR kinases were deleted both during embryonic development, as well as in adult mice. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic comparisons between Ndr1/2 knockout and control brains revealed novel kinase substrates and indicated that endocytosis is significantly affected in the absence of NDR1/2. We validated the endocytic protein Raph1/Lpd1, as a novel NDR1/2 substrate, and showed that both NDR1/2 and Raph1 are critical for endocytosis and membrane recycling. In NDR1/2 knockout brains, we observed prominent accumulation of transferrin receptor, p62 and ubiquitinated proteins, indicative of a major impairment of protein homeostasis. Furthermore, the levels of LC3-positive autophagosomes were reduced in knockout neurons, implying that reduced autophagy efficiency mediates p62 accumulation and neurotoxicity. Mechanistically, pronounced mislocalisation of the transmembrane autophagy protein ATG9A at the neuronal periphery, impaired axonal ATG9A trafficking and increased ATG9A surface levels further confirm defects in membrane trafficking, and could underlie the impairment in autophagy. We provide novel insight into the roles of NDR1/2 kinases in maintaining neuronal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Roşianu
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Simeon R Mihaylov
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Noreen Eder
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Antonie Martiniuc
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Claxton
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Helen R Flynn
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Shamsinar Jalal
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Domart
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Mark Skehel
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Hendi A, Niu LG, Snow AW, Ikegami R, Wang ZW, Mizumoto K. Channel-independent function of UNC-9/Innexin in spatial arrangement of GABAergic synapses in C. elegans. eLife 2022; 11:80555. [PMID: 36378164 PMCID: PMC9665852 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise synaptic connection of neurons with their targets is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. A plethora of signaling pathways act in concert to mediate the precise spatial arrangement of synaptic connections. Here we show a novel role for a gap junction protein in controlling tiled synaptic arrangement in the GABAergic motor neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans, in which their axons and synapses overlap minimally with their neighboring neurons within the same class. We found that while EGL-20/Wnt controls axonal tiling, their presynaptic tiling is mediated by a gap junction protein UNC-9/Innexin, that is localized at the presynaptic tiling border between neighboring dorsal D-type GABAergic motor neurons. Strikingly, the gap junction channel activity of UNC-9 is dispensable for its function in controlling tiled presynaptic patterning. While gap junctions are crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system as channels, our finding uncovered the novel channel-independent role of UNC-9 in synapse patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Hendi
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia
| | - Long-Gang Niu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Andrew William Snow
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia
| | | | - Zhao-Wen Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Kota Mizumoto
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia
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9
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Zhao T, Guan L, Ma X, Chen B, Ding M, Zou W. The cell cortex-localized protein CHDP-1 is required for dendritic development and transport in C. elegans neurons. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010381. [PMID: 36126047 PMCID: PMC9524629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical actin, a thin layer of actin network underneath the plasma membranes, plays critical roles in numerous processes, such as cell morphogenesis and migration. Neurons often grow highly branched dendrite morphologies, which is crucial for neural circuit assembly. It is still poorly understood how cortical actin assembly is controlled in dendrites and whether it is critical for dendrite development, maintenance and function. In the present study, we find that knock-out of C. elegans chdp-1, which encodes a cell cortex-localized protein, causes dendrite formation defects in the larval stages and spontaneous dendrite degeneration in adults. Actin assembly in the dendritic growth cones is significantly reduced in the chdp-1 mutants. PVD neurons sense muscle contraction and act as proprioceptors. Loss of chdp-1 abolishes proprioception, which can be rescued by expressing CHDP-1 in the PVD neurons. In the high-ordered branches, loss of chdp-1 also severely affects the microtubule cytoskeleton assembly, intracellular organelle transport and neuropeptide secretion. Interestingly, knock-out of sax-1, which encodes an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, suppresses the defects mentioned above in chdp-1 mutants. Thus, our findings suggest that CHDP-1 and SAX-1 function in an opposing manner in the multi-dendritic neurons to modulate cortical actin assembly, which is critical for dendrite development, maintenance and function. Neurons often grow highly-branched cell protrusions called “dendrites” to receive signals from the environment or other neurons. Inside these cells, two types of cytoskeletons, known as the actin cytoskeleton and microtubule cytoskeleton, play essential roles during dendritic branching, growth and function. However, it is not fully understood how the dynamics of the neuronal cytoskeletons are controlled. Using the nematode C. elegans (a tiny roundworm found in the soil) as a research model, we found that CHDP-1, a protein localized on the cell cortex, plays a vital role in the formation of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton in the dendrites. Mutations in chdp-1 cause defective dendrite branching and transport of intracellular organelles. chdp-1 mutants cannot secrete neuropeptides from the PVD dendrites to module the muscle contraction. Surprisingly, mutating a gene called sax-1, which encodes a protein kinase, restores dendrite formation and organelle transport. Our findings reveal novel regulatory mechanisms for dendritic cytoskeleton assembly and intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baohui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (MD); (WZ)
| | - Wei Zou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MD); (WZ)
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10
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Shree S, Sutradhar S, Trottier O, Tu Y, Liang X, Howard J. Dynamic instability of dendrite tips generates the highly branched morphologies of sensory neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0080. [PMID: 35767611 PMCID: PMC9242452 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The highly ramified arbors of neuronal dendrites provide the substrate for the high connectivity and computational power of the brain. Altered dendritic morphology is associated with neuronal diseases. Many molecules have been shown to play crucial roles in shaping and maintaining dendrite morphology. However, the underlying principles by which molecular interactions generate branched morphologies are not understood. To elucidate these principles, we visualized the growth of dendrites throughout larval development of Drosophila sensory neurons and found that the tips of dendrites undergo dynamic instability, transitioning rapidly and stochastically between growing, shrinking, and paused states. By incorporating these measured dynamics into an agent-based computational model, we showed that the complex and highly variable dendritic morphologies of these cells are a consequence of the stochastic dynamics of their dendrite tips. These principles may generalize to branching of other neuronal cell types, as well as to branching at the subcellular and tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Shree
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Sutradhar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Olivier Trottier
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yuhai Tu
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Xin Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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11
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Uçar MC, Kamenev D, Sunadome K, Fachet D, Lallemend F, Adameyko I, Hadjab S, Hannezo E. Theory of branching morphogenesis by local interactions and global guidance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6830. [PMID: 34819507 PMCID: PMC8613190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis governs the formation of many organs such as lung, kidney, and the neurovascular system. Many studies have explored system-specific molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms, as well as self-organizing rules underlying branching morphogenesis. However, in addition to local cues, branched tissue growth can also be influenced by global guidance. Here, we develop a theoretical framework for a stochastic self-organized branching process in the presence of external cues. Combining analytical theory with numerical simulations, we predict differential signatures of global vs. local regulatory mechanisms on the branching pattern, such as angle distributions, domain size, and space-filling efficiency. We find that branch alignment follows a generic scaling law determined by the strength of global guidance, while local interactions influence the tissue density but not its overall territory. Finally, using zebrafish innervation as a model system, we test these key features of the model experimentally. Our work thus provides quantitative predictions to disentangle the role of different types of cues in shaping branched structures across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Can Uçar
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Dmitrii Kamenev
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kazunori Sunadome
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominik Fachet
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francois Lallemend
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming-Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saida Hadjab
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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12
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Kilo L, Stürner T, Tavosanis G, Ziegler AB. Drosophila Dendritic Arborisation Neurons: Fantastic Actin Dynamics and Where to Find Them. Cells 2021; 10:2777. [PMID: 34685757 PMCID: PMC8534399 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites receive, integrate, and process numerous inputs and therefore serve as the neuron's "antennae". Dendrites display extreme morphological diversity across different neuronal classes to match the neuron's specific functional requirements. Understanding how this structural diversity is specified is therefore important for shedding light on information processing in the healthy and diseased nervous system. Popular models for in vivo studies of dendrite differentiation are the four classes of dendritic arborization (c1da-c4da) neurons of Drosophila larvae with their class-specific dendritic morphologies. Using da neurons, a combination of live-cell imaging and computational approaches have delivered information on the distinct phases and the time course of dendrite development from embryonic stages to the fully developed dendritic tree. With these data, we can start approaching the basic logic behind differential dendrite development. A major role in the definition of neuron-type specific morphologies is played by dynamic actin-rich processes and the regulation of their properties. This review presents the differences in the growth programs leading to morphologically different dendritic trees, with a focus on the key role of actin modulatory proteins. In addition, we summarize requirements and technological progress towards the visualization and manipulation of such actin regulators in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kilo
- Dendrite Differentiation, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (L.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Tomke Stürner
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Gaia Tavosanis
- Dendrite Differentiation, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (L.K.); (G.T.)
- LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna B. Ziegler
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Madencioglu DA, Çalışkan G, Yuanxiang P, Rehberg K, Demiray YE, Kul E, Engler A, Hayani H, Bergado-Acosta JR, Kummer A, Müller I, Song I, Dityatev A, Kähne T, Kreutz MR, Stork O. Transgenic modeling of Ndr2 gene amplification reveals disturbance of hippocampus circuitry and function. iScience 2021; 24:102868. [PMID: 34381982 PMCID: PMC8340122 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Duplications and deletions of short chromosomal fragments are increasingly recognized as the cause for rare neurodevelopmental conditions and disorders. The NDR2 gene encodes a protein kinase important for neuronal development and is part of a microduplication region on chromosome 12 that is associated with intellectual disabilities, autism, and epilepsy. We developed a conditional transgenic mouse with increased Ndr2 expression in postmigratory forebrain neurons to study the consequences of an increased gene dosage of this Hippo pathway kinase on brain circuitry and cognitive functions. Our analysis reveals reduced terminal fields and synaptic transmission of hippocampal mossy fibers, altered hippocampal network activity, and deficits in mossy fiber-dependent behaviors. Reduced doublecortin expression and protein interactome analysis indicate that transgenic Ndr2 disturbs the maturation of granule cells in the dentate gyrus. Together, our data suggest that increased expression of Ndr2 may critically contribute to the development of intellectual disabilities upon gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz A. Madencioglu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gürsel Çalışkan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39102Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pingan Yuanxiang
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39112Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kati Rehberg
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yunus E. Demiray
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emre Kul
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Engler
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hussam Hayani
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jorge R. Bergado-Acosta
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39102Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kummer
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Iris Müller
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39102Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39102Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39102Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R. Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39112Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, 20251Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39102Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39102Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Liu N, Wang J, Yun Y, Wang J, Xu C, Wu S, Xu L, Li B, Kolodkin-Gal I, Dawood DH, Zhao Y, Ma Z, Chen Y. The NDR kinase-MOB complex FgCot1-Mob2 regulates polarity and lipid metabolism in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5505-5524. [PMID: 34347361 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) protein-kinase family are essential for cell differentiation and polarized morphogenesis. However, their functions in plant pathogenic fungi are not well understood. Here, we characterized the NDR kinase FgCot1 and its activator FgMob2 in Fusarium graminearum, a major pathogen causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat. FgCot1 and FgMob2 formed a NDR kinase-MOB protein complex. Localization assays using FgCot1-GFP or FgMob2-RFP constructs showed diverse subcellular localizations, including cytoplasm, septum, nucleus and hyphal tip. ΔFgcot1 and ΔFgmob2 exhibited serious defects in hyphal growth, polarity, fungal development and cell wall integrity as well as reduced virulence in planta. In contrast, lipid droplet accumulation was significantly increased in these two mutants. Phosphorylation of FgCot1 at two highly conserved residues (S462 and T630) as well as five new sites synergistically contributed its role in various cellular processes. In addition, non-synonymous mutations in two MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) proteins, FgSte11 and FgGpmk1, partially rescued the growth defect of ΔFgmob2, indicating a functional link between the FgCot1-Mob2 complex and the FgGpmk1 signalling pathway in regulating filamentous fungal growth. These results indicated that the FgCot1-Mob2 complex is critical for polarity, fungal development, cell wall organization, lipid metabolism and virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chaoyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Luona Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Baohua Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dawood H Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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15
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Naidoo M, Levine F, Gillot T, Orunmuyi AT, Olapade-Olaopa EO, Ali T, Krampis K, Pan C, Dorsaint P, Sboner A, Ogunwobi OO. MicroRNA-1205 Regulation of FRYL in Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:647485. [PMID: 34386489 PMCID: PMC8354587 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.647485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High mortality rates of prostate cancer (PCa) are associated with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) due to the maintenance of androgen receptor (AR) signaling despite androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs). The 8q24 chromosomal locus is a region of very high PCa susceptibility that carries genetic variants associated with high risk of PCa incidence. This region also carries frequent amplifications of the PVT1 gene, a non-protein coding gene that encodes a cluster of microRNAs including, microRNA-1205 (miR-1205), which are largely understudied. Herein, we demonstrate that miR-1205 is underexpressed in PCa cells and tissues and suppresses CRPC tumors in vivo. To characterize the molecular pathway, we identified and validated fry-like (FRYL) as a direct molecular target of miR-1205 and observed its overexpression in PCa cells and tissues. FRYL is predicted to regulate dendritic branching, which led to the investigation of FRYL in neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC). Resistance toward ADT leads to the progression of treatment related NEPC often characterized by PCa neuroendocrine differentiation (NED), however, this mechanism is poorly understood. Underexpression of miR-1205 is observed when NED is induced in vitro and inhibition of miR-1205 leads to increased expression of NED markers. However, while FRYL is overexpressed during NED, FRYL knockdown did not reduce NED, therefore revealing that miR-1205 induces NED independently of FRYL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Naidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fayola Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tamara Gillot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Akintunde T Orunmuyi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Thahmina Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Konstantinos Krampis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Princesca Dorsaint
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Olorunseun O Ogunwobi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Spierer AN, Mossman JA, Smith SP, Crawford L, Ramachandran S, Rand DM. Natural variation in the regulation of neurodevelopmental genes modifies flight performance in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1008887. [PMID: 33735180 PMCID: PMC7971549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The winged insects of the order Diptera are colloquially named for their most recognizable phenotype: flight. These insects rely on flight for a number of important life history traits, such as dispersal, foraging, and courtship. Despite the importance of flight, relatively little is known about the genetic architecture of flight performance. Accordingly, we sought to uncover the genetic modifiers of flight using a measure of flies’ reaction and response to an abrupt drop in a vertical flight column. We conducted a genome wide association study (GWAS) using 197 of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) lines, and identified a combination of additive and marginal variants, epistatic interactions, whole genes, and enrichment across interaction networks. Egfr, a highly pleiotropic developmental gene, was among the most significant additive variants identified. We functionally validated 13 of the additive candidate genes’ (Adgf-A/Adgf-A2/CG32181, bru1, CadN, flapper (CG11073), CG15236, flippy (CG9766), CREG, Dscam4, form3, fry, Lasp/CG9692, Pde6, Snoo), and introduce a novel approach to whole gene significance screens: PEGASUS_flies. Additionally, we identified ppk23, an Acid Sensing Ion Channel (ASIC) homolog, as an important hub for epistatic interactions. We propose a model that suggests genetic modifiers of wing and muscle morphology, nervous system development and function, BMP signaling, sexually dimorphic neural wiring, and gene regulation are all important for the observed differences flight performance in a natural population. Additionally, these results represent a snapshot of the genetic modifiers affecting drop-response flight performance in Drosophila, with implications for other insects. Insect flight is a widely recognizable phenotype of many winged insects, hence the name: flies. While fruit flies, or Drosophila melanogaster, are a genetically tractable model, flight performance is a highly integrative phenotype, and therefore challenging to identify comprehensively which genetic modifiers contribute to its genetic architecture. Accordingly, we screened 197 Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel lines for their ability to react and respond to an abrupt drop. Using several computational approaches, we identified additive, marginal, and epistatic variants, as well as whole genes and altered sub-networks of gene-gene and protein-protein interaction networks that contribute to variation in flight performance. More generally, we demonstrate the benefits of employing multiple methodologies to elucidate the genetic architecture of complex traits. Many variants and genes mapped to regions of the genome that affect neurodevelopment, wing and muscle development, and regulation of gene expression. We also introduce PEGASUS_flies, a Drosophila-adapted version of the PEGASUS platform first used in human studies, to infer gene-level significance of association based on the gene’s distribution of individual variant P-values. Our results contribute to the debate over the relative importance of individual, additive factors and epistatic, or higher order, interactions, in the mapping of genotype to phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Spierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jim A Mossman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Samuel Pattillo Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Lorin Crawford
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Microsoft Research New England, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sohini Ramachandran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - David M Rand
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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17
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Martin AP, Aushev VN, Zalcman G, Camonis JH. The STK38-XPO1 axis, a new actor in physiology and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1943-1955. [PMID: 33145612 PMCID: PMC11072208 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signal transduction pathway is an essential regulator of organ size during developmental growth by controlling multiple cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell death, differentiation, and stemness. Dysfunctional Hippo signaling pathway leads to dramatic tissue overgrowth. Here, we will briefly introduce the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway before focusing on one of its members and the unexpected twists that followed our quest of its functions in its multifarious actions beside the Hippo pathway: the STK38 kinase. In this review, we will precisely discuss the newly identified role of STK38 on regulating the nuclear export machinery by phosphorylating and activating, the major nuclear export receptor XPO1. Finally, we will phrase STK38's role on regulating the subcellular distribution of crucial cellular regulators such as Beclin1 and YAP1 with its implication in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pj Martin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Vasily N Aushev
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- Thoracic Oncology Department, CIC1425/CLIP2 Paris-Nord, Hopital Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
- Inserm U830, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences Et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jacques H Camonis
- Inserm U830, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences Et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
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18
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Abstract
Neurons develop dendritic morphologies that bear cell type-specific features in dendritic field size and geometry, branch placement and density, and the types and distributions of synaptic contacts. Dendritic patterns influence the types and numbers of inputs a neuron receives, and the ways in which neural information is processed and transmitted in the circuitry. Even subtle alterations in dendritic structures can have profound consequences on neuronal function and are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this chapter, I review how growing dendrites acquire their exquisite patterns by drawing examples from diverse neuronal cell types in vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. Dendrite morphogenesis is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as transcriptional regulators, guidance and adhesion molecules, neighboring cells and synaptic partners. I discuss molecular mechanisms that regulate dendrite morphogenesis with a focus on five aspects of dendrite patterning: (1) Dendritic cytoskeleton and cellular machineries that build the arbor; (2) Gene regulatory mechanisms; (3) Afferent cues that regulate dendritic arbor growth; (4) Space-filling strategies that optimize dendritic coverage; and (5) Molecular cues that specify dendrite wiring. Cell type-specific implementation of these patterning mechanisms produces the diversity of dendrite morphologies that wire the nervous system.
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19
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Nourbakhsh K, Yadav S. Kinase Signaling in Dendritic Development and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:624648. [PMID: 33642997 PMCID: PMC7902504 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.624648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrites undergo extensive growth and remodeling during their lifetime. Specification of neurites into dendrites is followed by their arborization, maturation, and functional integration into synaptic networks. Each of these distinct developmental processes is spatially and temporally controlled in an exquisite fashion. Protein kinases through their highly specific substrate phosphorylation regulate dendritic growth and plasticity. Perturbation of kinase function results in aberrant dendritic growth and synaptic function. Not surprisingly, kinase dysfunction is strongly associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Herein, we review, (a) key kinase pathways that regulate dendrite structure, function and plasticity, (b) how aberrant kinase signaling contributes to dendritic dysfunction in neurological disorders and (c) emergent technologies that can be applied to dissect the role of protein kinases in dendritic structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smita Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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20
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Holt E, Stanton-Turcotte D, Iulianella A. Development of the Vertebrate Trunk Sensory System: Origins, Specification, Axon Guidance, and Central Connectivity. Neuroscience 2021; 458:229-243. [PMID: 33460728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Crucial to an animal's movement through their environment and to the maintenance of their homeostatic physiology is the integration of sensory information. This is achieved by axons communicating from organs, muscle spindles and skin that connect to the sensory ganglia composing the peripheral nervous system (PNS), enabling organisms to collect an ever-constant flow of sensations and relay it to the spinal cord. The sensory system carries a wide spectrum of sensory modalities - from sharp pain to cool refreshing touch - traveling from the periphery to the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This review covers the origins and development of the DRG and the cells that populate it, and focuses on how sensory connectivity to the spinal cord is achieved by the diverse developmental and molecular processes that control axon guidance in the trunk sensory system. We also describe convergences and differences in sensory neuron formation among different vertebrate species to gain insight into underlying developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Holt
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Danielle Stanton-Turcotte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada.
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21
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Furusawa K, Emoto K. Scrap and Build for Functional Neural Circuits: Spatiotemporal Regulation of Dendrite Degeneration and Regeneration in Neural Development and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:613320. [PMID: 33505249 PMCID: PMC7829185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.613320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrites are cellular structures essential for the integration of neuronal information. These elegant but complex structures are highly patterned across the nervous system but vary tremendously in their size and fine architecture, each designed to best serve specific computations within their networks. Recent in vivo imaging studies reveal that the development of mature dendrite arbors in many cases involves extensive remodeling achieved through a precisely orchestrated interplay of growth, degeneration, and regeneration of dendritic branches. Both degeneration and regeneration of dendritic branches involve precise spatiotemporal regulation for the proper wiring of functional networks. In particular, dendrite degeneration must be targeted in a compartmentalized manner to avoid neuronal death. Dysregulation of these developmental processes, in particular dendrite degeneration, is associated with certain types of pathology, injury, and aging. In this article, we review recent progress in our understanding of dendrite degeneration and regeneration, focusing on molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal control of dendrite remodeling in neural development. We further discuss how developmental dendrite degeneration and regeneration are molecularly and functionally related to dendrite remodeling in pathology, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Furusawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Furusawa K, Emoto K. Spatiotemporal regulation of developmental neurite pruning: Molecular and cellular insights from Drosophila models. Neurosci Res 2020; 167:54-63. [PMID: 33309868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neurite pruning is a process by which neurons selectively eliminate unnecessary processes of axons and/or dendrites without cell death, which shapes the mature wiring of nervous systems. In this sense, developmental neurite pruning requires spatiotemporally precise control of local degradation of cellular components including cytoskeletons and membranes. The Drosophila nervous system undergoes large-scale remodeling, including axon/dendrite pruning, during metamorphosis. In addition to this unique phenomenon in the nervous system, powerful genetic tools make the Drosophila nervous system a sophisticated model to investigate spatiotemporal regulation of neural remodeling. This article reviews recent advances to our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of developmental axon/dendrite pruning, mainly focusing on studies in Drosophila sensory neurons and mushroom body neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Furusawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Omamiuda-Ishikawa N, Sakai M, Emoto K. A pair of ascending neurons in the subesophageal zone mediates aversive sensory inputs-evoked backward locomotion in Drosophila larvae. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009120. [PMID: 33137117 PMCID: PMC7605633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals typically avoid unwanted situations with stereotyped escape behavior. For instance, Drosophila larvae often escape from aversive stimuli to the head, such as mechanical stimuli and blue light irradiation, by backward locomotion. Responses to these aversive stimuli are mediated by a variety of sensory neurons including mechanosensory class III da (C3da) sensory neurons and blue-light responsive class IV da (C4da) sensory neurons and Bolwig's organ (BO). How these distinct sensory pathways evoke backward locomotion at the circuit level is still incompletely understood. Here we show that a pair of cholinergic neurons in the subesophageal zone, designated AMBs, evoke robust backward locomotion upon optogenetic activation. Anatomical and functional analysis shows that AMBs act upstream of MDNs, the command-like neurons for backward locomotion. Further functional analysis indicates that AMBs preferentially convey aversive blue light information from C4da neurons to MDNs to elicit backward locomotion, whereas aversive information from BO converges on MDNs through AMB-independent pathways. We also found that, unlike in adult flies, MDNs are dispensable for the dead end-evoked backward locomotion in larvae. Our findings thus reveal the neural circuits by which two distinct blue light-sensing pathways converge on the command-like neurons to evoke robust backward locomotion, and suggest that distinct but partially redundant neural circuits including the command-like neurons might be utilized to drive backward locomotion in response to different sensory stimuli as well as in adults and larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moeka Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo
- * E-mail:
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24
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Duhart JC, Raftery LA. Mob Family Proteins: Regulatory Partners in Hippo and Hippo-Like Intracellular Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:161. [PMID: 32266255 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00161/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in yeast first delineated the function of Mob proteins in kinase pathways that regulate cell division and shape; in multicellular eukaryotes Mobs regulate tissue growth and morphogenesis. In animals, Mobs are adaptors in Hippo signaling, an intracellular signal-transduction pathway that restricts growth, impacting the development and homeostasis of animal organs. Central to Hippo signaling are the Nuclear Dbf2-Related (NDR) kinases, Warts and LATS1 and LATS2, in flies and mammals, respectively. A second Hippo-like signaling pathway has been uncovered in animals, which regulates cell and tissue morphogenesis. Central to this emergent pathway are the NDR kinases, Tricornered, STK38, and STK38L. In Hippo signaling, NDR kinase activation is controlled by three activating interactions with a conserved set of proteins. This review focuses on one co-activator family, the highly conserved, non-catalytic Mps1-binder-related (Mob) proteins. In this context, Mobs are allosteric activators of NDR kinases and adaptors that contribute to assembly of multiprotein NDR kinase activation complexes. In multicellular eukaryotes, the Mob family has expanded relative to model unicellular yeasts; accumulating evidence points to Mob functional diversification. A striking example comes from the most sequence-divergent class of Mobs, which are components of the highly conserved Striatin Interacting Phosphatase and Kinase (STRIPAK) complex, that antagonizes Hippo signaling. Mobs stand out for their potential to modulate the output from Hippo and Hippo-like kinases, through their roles both in activating NDR kinases and in antagonizing upstream Hippo or Hippo-like kinase activity. These opposing Mob functions suggest that they coordinate the relative activities of the Tricornered/STK38/STK38L and Warts/LATS kinases, and thus have potential to assemble nodes for pathway signaling output. We survey the different facets of Mob-dependent regulation of Hippo and Hippo-like signaling and highlight open questions that hinge on unresolved aspects of Mob functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Duhart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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25
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Duhart JC, Raftery LA. Mob Family Proteins: Regulatory Partners in Hippo and Hippo-Like Intracellular Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:161. [PMID: 32266255 PMCID: PMC7096357 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in yeast first delineated the function of Mob proteins in kinase pathways that regulate cell division and shape; in multicellular eukaryotes Mobs regulate tissue growth and morphogenesis. In animals, Mobs are adaptors in Hippo signaling, an intracellular signal-transduction pathway that restricts growth, impacting the development and homeostasis of animal organs. Central to Hippo signaling are the Nuclear Dbf2-Related (NDR) kinases, Warts and LATS1 and LATS2, in flies and mammals, respectively. A second Hippo-like signaling pathway has been uncovered in animals, which regulates cell and tissue morphogenesis. Central to this emergent pathway are the NDR kinases, Tricornered, STK38, and STK38L. In Hippo signaling, NDR kinase activation is controlled by three activating interactions with a conserved set of proteins. This review focuses on one co-activator family, the highly conserved, non-catalytic Mps1-binder-related (Mob) proteins. In this context, Mobs are allosteric activators of NDR kinases and adaptors that contribute to assembly of multiprotein NDR kinase activation complexes. In multicellular eukaryotes, the Mob family has expanded relative to model unicellular yeasts; accumulating evidence points to Mob functional diversification. A striking example comes from the most sequence-divergent class of Mobs, which are components of the highly conserved Striatin Interacting Phosphatase and Kinase (STRIPAK) complex, that antagonizes Hippo signaling. Mobs stand out for their potential to modulate the output from Hippo and Hippo-like kinases, through their roles both in activating NDR kinases and in antagonizing upstream Hippo or Hippo-like kinase activity. These opposing Mob functions suggest that they coordinate the relative activities of the Tricornered/STK38/STK38L and Warts/LATS kinases, and thus have potential to assemble nodes for pathway signaling output. We survey the different facets of Mob-dependent regulation of Hippo and Hippo-like signaling and highlight open questions that hinge on unresolved aspects of Mob functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurel A. Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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26
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Norkett R, Del Castillo U, Lu W, Gelfand VI. Ser/Thr kinase Trc controls neurite outgrowth in Drosophila by modulating microtubule-microtubule sliding. eLife 2020; 9:52009. [PMID: 32022690 PMCID: PMC7021487 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct neuronal development requires tailored neurite outgrowth. Neurite outgrowth is driven in part by microtubule-sliding - the transport of microtubules along each other. We have recently demonstrated that a 'mitotic' kinesin-6 (Pavarotti in Drosophila) effectively inhibits microtubule-sliding and neurite outgrowth. However, mechanisms regulating Pavarotti itself in interphase cells and specifically in neurite outgrowth are unknown. Here, we use a combination of live imaging and biochemical methods to show that the inhibition of microtubule-sliding by Pavarotti is controlled by phosphorylation. We identify the Ser/Thr NDR kinase Tricornered (Trc) as a Pavarotti-dependent regulator of microtubule sliding in neurons. Further, we show that Trc-mediated phosphorylation of Pavarotti promotes its interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. Loss of 14-3-3 prevents Pavarotti from associating with microtubules. Thus, we propose a pathway by which microtubule-sliding can be up- or downregulated in neurons to control neurite outgrowth, and establish parallels between microtubule-sliding in mitosis and post-mitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Norkett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Urko Del Castillo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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27
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O'Leary H, Vanderlinden L, Southard L, Castano A, Saba LM, Benke TA. Transcriptome analysis of rat dorsal hippocampal CA1 after an early life seizure induced by kainic acid. Epilepsy Res 2020; 161:106283. [PMID: 32062370 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seizures that occur during early development are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Causation and mechanisms are currently under investigation. Induction of an early life seizure by kainic acid (KA) in immature rats on post-natal day (P) 7 results in behavioral changes in the adult rat that reflect social and intellectual deficits without overt cellular damage. Our previous work also demonstrated increased expression of CA1 hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and reduced desensitization of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA-R) one week following a kainic acid induced seizure (KA-ELS). Here we used RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of mRNA from dorsal hippocampal CA1 to probe changes in mRNA levels one week following KA-ELS as a means to investigate the mechanisms for these functional changes. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) confirmed our previous results by predicting an up-regulation of the synaptic LTP pathway. Differential gene expression results revealed significant differences in 7 gene isoforms. Additional assessments included AMPA-R splice variants and adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2) editing sites as a means to determine the mechanism for reduced AMPA-R desensitization. Splice variant analysis demonstrated that KA-ELS result in a small, but significant decrease in the "flop" isoform of Gria3, and editing site analysis revealed significant changes in the editing of a kainate receptor subunit, Grik2, and a serotonin receptor, Htr2c. While these specific changes may not account for altered AMPA-R desensitization, the differences indicate that KA-ELS alters gene expression in the hippocampal CA1 one week after the insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather O'Leary
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 80045, United States.
| | - Lauren Vanderlinden
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, 80045, United States.
| | - Lara Southard
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, United States.
| | - Anna Castano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 80045, United States.
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 80045, United States.
| | - Tim A Benke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 80045, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 80045, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 80045, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 80045, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 80045, United States.
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28
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Irie K, Nagai T, Mizuno K. Furry protein suppresses nuclear localization of yes-associated protein (YAP) by activating NDR kinase and binding to YAP. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3017-3028. [PMID: 31996378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway suppresses cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. In the canonical Hippo pathway, large tumor suppressor kinases 1/2 (LATS1/2) phosphorylate the transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein (YAP) and thereby suppress its nuclear localization and co-transcriptional activity. Nuclear Dbf2-related kinases 1/2 (NDR1/2), which are closely related to LATS1/2, also phosphorylate and inactivate YAP by suppressing its nuclear localization. Furry (FRY) is a cytoplasmic protein that associates with NDR1/2 and activates them, but its role in the nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of YAP remains unknown. Here, we constructed FRY-knockout cell lines to examine the role of FRY in YAP's cytoplasmic localization. FRY depletion markedly increased YAP nuclear localization and decreased NDR1/2 kinase activity and YAP phosphorylation levels, but did not affect LATS1/2 kinase activity. This indicated that FRY suppresses YAP's nuclear localization by promoting its phosphorylation via NDR1/2 activation. NDR1/2 depletion also promoted YAP nuclear localization, but depletion of both FRY and NDR1/2 increased the number of cells with YAP nuclear localization more strongly than did depletion of NDR1/2 alone, suggesting that FRY suppresses YAP nuclear localization by a mechanism in addition to NDR1/2 activation. Co-precipitation assays revealed that Fry uses its N-terminal 1-2400-amino-acid-long region to bind to YAP. Expression of full-length FRY or its 1-2400 N-terminal fragment restored YAP cytoplasmic localization in FRY-knockout cells. Taken together, these results suggest that FRY plays a crucial role in YAP cytoplasmic retention by promoting YAP phosphorylation via NDR1/2 kinase activation and by binding to YAP, leading to its cytoplasmic sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Irie
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nagai
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan; Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tohoku University, Kawauchi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan.
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29
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Kuwako KI, Okano H. The LKB1-SIK Pathway Controls Dendrite Self-Avoidance in Purkinje Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2808-2818.e4. [PMID: 30208308 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Strictly controlled dendrite patterning underlies precise neural connection. Dendrite self-avoidance is a crucial system preventing self-crossing and clumping of dendrites. Although many cell-surface molecules that regulate self-avoidance have been identified, the signaling pathway that orchestrates it remains poorly understood, particularly in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that the LKB1-SIK kinase pathway plays a pivotal role in the self-avoidance of Purkinje cell (PC) dendrites by ensuring dendritic localization of Robo2, a regulator of self-avoidance. LKB1 is activated in developing PCs, and PC-specific deletion of LKB1 severely disrupts the self-avoidance of PC dendrites without affecting gross morphology. SIK1 and SIK2, downstream kinases of LKB1, mediate LKB1-dependent dendrite self-avoidance. Furthermore, loss of LKB1 leads to significantly decreased Robo2 levels in the dendrite but not in the cell body. Finally, restoration of dendritic Robo2 level via overexpression largely rescues the self-avoidance defect in LKB1-deficient PCs. These findings reveal an LKB1-pathway-mediated developmental program that establishes dendrite self-avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Kuwako
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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30
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Liu Y, Chen X, Gong Z, Zhang H, Fei F, Tang X, Wang J, Xu P, Zarbl H, Ren X. Fry Is Required for Mammary Gland Development During Pregnant Periods and Affects the Morphology and Growth of Breast Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1279. [PMID: 31824855 PMCID: PMC6881260 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fry gene, located on chromosome 13, is an evolutionarily conserved large protein from yeast to human. Our previous study genetically linked the Fry gene with differential susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis, but whether Fry affects mammary gland development and function, as well as the growth of breast cancer cells, is largely unknown. To define the consequences of Fry loss in the mammary glands, we have generated mice conditionally deficient of the Fry gene in the mammary glands using the Cre-loxP recombination system. We examined multiple phenotypes with male and female homozygous Fry conditional knockout mice (Mfry) and control mice (WT), including body weight, preliminary observations (health and neurological flexes), open field locomotion, sensory abilities, auditory threshold, and glucose metabolism. The loss of Fry in the mammary glands didn't cause a significant difference in these genotypes between Mfry and WT mice. However, our data showed that Fry was required during pregnancy, while it was functionally dispensable in virgin mammary gland development. Loss of Fry led to more lateral buds, and the lobuloalveoli were smaller and showed undistended morphology in mammary glands during late pregnancy. in vitro experiment, ectopic expression of FRY could alter the morphology and significantly suppress the growth and proliferation of the breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 (ER-/PR-/HER2-, Basal-like) and BT474 (ER+/PR+/HER2+, Luminal B). The following genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of these cells suggested that FRY interacted with protein kinases relevant signaling pathways and induced massive changes in gene expression, including the activation of the Hippo/Yap pathway. Together, our data suggest that the FRY is required for mammary glands developments during pregnant periods, and affects breast cancer cell growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xushen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Zhihong Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Fan Fei
- Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaojiang Tang
- Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Foshan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Peilin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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31
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Harish RK, Tendulkar S, Deivasigamani S, Ratnaparkhi A, Ratnaparkhi GS. Monensin Sensitive 1 Regulates Dendritic Arborization in Drosophila by Modulating Endocytic Flux. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:145. [PMID: 31428611 PMCID: PMC6687774 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Monensin Sensitive 1 (Mon1) is a component of the Mon1:Ccz1 complex that mediates Rab5 to Rab7 conversion in eukaryotic cells by serving as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab7 during vesicular trafficking. We find that Mon1 activity modulates the complexity of Class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons during larval development. Loss of Mon1 function leads to an increase in arborization and complexity, while increased expression, leads to reduced arborization. The ability of Mon1 to influence dendritic development is possibly a function of its interactions with Rab family GTPases that are central players in vesicular trafficking. Earlier, these GTPases, specifically Rab1, Rab5, Rab10, and Rab11 have been shown to regulate dendritic arborization. We have conducted genetic epistasis experiments, by modulating the activity of Rab5, Rab7, and Rab11 in da neurons, in Mon1 mutants, and demonstrate that the ability of Mon1 to regulate arborization is possibly due to its effect on the recycling pathway. Dendritic branching is critical for proper connectivity and physiological function of the neuron. An understanding of regulatory elements, such as Mon1, as demonstrated in our study, is essential to understand neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shweta Tendulkar
- Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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32
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Stürner T, Tatarnikova A, Mueller J, Schaffran B, Cuntz H, Zhang Y, Nemethova M, Bogdan S, Small V, Tavosanis G. Transient localization of the Arp2/3 complex initiates neuronal dendrite branching in vivo. Development 2019; 146:dev.171397. [PMID: 30910826 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The formation of neuronal dendrite branches is fundamental for the wiring and function of the nervous system. Indeed, dendrite branching enhances the coverage of the neuron's receptive field and modulates the initial processing of incoming stimuli. Complex dendrite patterns are achieved in vivo through a dynamic process of de novo branch formation, branch extension and retraction. The first step towards branch formation is the generation of a dynamic filopodium-like branchlet. The mechanisms underlying the initiation of dendrite branchlets are therefore crucial to the shaping of dendrites. Through in vivo time-lapse imaging of the subcellular localization of actin during the process of branching of Drosophila larva sensory neurons, combined with genetic analysis and electron tomography, we have identified the Actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex as the major actin nucleator involved in the initiation of dendrite branchlet formation, under the control of the activator WAVE and of the small GTPase Rac1. Transient recruitment of an Arp2/3 component marks the site of branchlet initiation in vivo These data position the activation of Arp2/3 as an early hub for the initiation of branchlet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomke Stürner
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V./German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anastasia Tatarnikova
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V./German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.,MPI for Neurobiology, 82152 Munich- Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Mueller
- Institute of Molecular biotechnology (IMBA), 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Schaffran
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V./German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermann Cuntz
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yun Zhang
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V./German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Nemethova
- Institute of Molecular biotechnology (IMBA), 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Zellphysiologie, Phillips-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Vic Small
- Institute of Molecular biotechnology (IMBA), 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Gaia Tavosanis
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V./German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
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33
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Abstract
How the nervous system is wired has been a central question of neuroscience since the inception of the field, and many of the foundational discoveries and conceptual advances have been made through the study of invertebrate experimental organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Although many guidance molecules and receptors have been identified, recent experiments have shed light on the many modes of action for these pathways. Here, we summarize the recent progress in determining how the physical and temporal constraints of the surrounding environment provide instructive regulations in nervous system wiring. We use Netrin and its receptors as an example to analyze the complexity of how they guide neurite outgrowth. In neurite repair, conserved injury detection and response-signaling pathways regulate gene expression and cytoskeletal dynamics. We also describe recent developments in the research on molecular mechanisms of neurite regeneration in worms and flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Richardson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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34
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Yoong LF, Pai YJ, Moore AW. Stages and transitions in dendrite arbor differentiation. Neurosci Res 2019; 138:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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Espiritu EB, Crunk AE, Bais A, Hochbaum D, Cervino AS, Phua YL, Butterworth MB, Goto T, Ho J, Hukriede NA, Cirio MC. The Lhx1-Ldb1 complex interacts with Furry to regulate microRNA expression during pronephric kidney development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16029. [PMID: 30375416 PMCID: PMC6207768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular events driving specification of the kidney have been well characterized. However, how the initial kidney field size is established, patterned, and proportioned is not well characterized. Lhx1 is a transcription factor expressed in pronephric progenitors and is required for specification of the kidney, but few Lhx1 interacting proteins or downstream targets have been identified. By tandem-affinity purification, we isolated FRY like transcriptional coactivator (Fryl), one of two paralogous genes, fryl and furry (fry), have been described in vertebrates. Both proteins were found to interact with the Ldb1-Lhx1 complex, but our studies focused on Lhx1/Fry functional roles, as they are expressed in overlapping domains. We found that Xenopus embryos depleted of fry exhibit loss of pronephric mesoderm, phenocopying the Lhx1-depleted animals. In addition, we demonstrated a synergism between Fry and Lhx1, identified candidate microRNAs regulated by the pair, and confirmed these microRNA clusters influence specification of the kidney. Therefore, our data shows that a constitutively-active Ldb1-Lhx1 complex interacts with a broadly expressed microRNA repressor, Fry, to establish the kidney field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenel B Espiritu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda E Crunk
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abha Bais
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Hochbaum
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ailen S Cervino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yu Leng Phua
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Toshiyasu Goto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Cecilia Cirio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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36
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Poon CLC, Liu W, Song Y, Gomez M, Kulaberoglu Y, Zhang X, Xu W, Veraksa A, Hergovich A, Ghabrial A, Harvey KF. A Hippo-like Signaling Pathway Controls Tracheal Morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Cell 2018; 47:564-575.e5. [PMID: 30458981 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hippo-like pathways are ancient signaling modules first identified in yeasts. The best-defined metazoan module forms the core of the Hippo pathway, which regulates organ size and cell fate. Hippo-like kinase modules consist of a Sterile 20-like kinase, an NDR kinase, and non-catalytic protein scaffolds. In the Hippo pathway, the upstream kinase Hippo can be activated by another kinase, Tao-1. Here, we delineate a related Hippo-like signaling module that Tao-1 regulates to control tracheal morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Tao-1 activates the Sterile 20-like kinase GckIII by phosphorylating its activation loop, a mode of regulation that is conserved in humans. Tao-1 and GckIII act upstream of the NDR kinase Tricornered to ensure proper tube formation in trachea. Our study reveals that Tao-1 activates two related kinase modules to control both growth and morphogenesis. The Hippo-like signaling pathway we have delineated has a potential role in the human vascular disease cerebral cavernous malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L C Poon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Weijie Liu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yanjun Song
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marta Gomez
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | | | - Amin Ghabrial
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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37
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Xiong S, Lorenzen K, Couzens AL, Templeton CM, Rajendran D, Mao DYL, Juang YC, Chiovitti D, Kurinov I, Guettler S, Gingras AC, Sicheri F. Structural Basis for Auto-Inhibition of the NDR1 Kinase Domain by an Atypically Long Activation Segment. Structure 2018; 26:1101-1115.e6. [PMID: 29983373 PMCID: PMC6087429 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The human NDR family kinases control diverse aspects of cell growth, and are regulated through phosphorylation and association with scaffolds such as MOB1. Here, we report the crystal structure of the human NDR1 kinase domain in its non-phosphorylated state, revealing a fully resolved atypically long activation segment that blocks substrate binding and stabilizes a non-productive position of helix αC. Consistent with an auto-inhibitory function, mutations within the activation segment of NDR1 dramatically enhance in vitro kinase activity. Interestingly, NDR1 catalytic activity is further potentiated by MOB1 binding, suggesting that regulation through modulation of the activation segment and by MOB1 binding are mechanistically distinct. Lastly, deleting the auto-inhibitory activation segment of NDR1 causes a marked increase in the association with upstream Hippo pathway components and the Furry scaffold. These findings provide a point of departure for future efforts to explore the cellular functions and the mechanism of NDR1.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/enzymology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/chemistry
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/genetics
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/chemistry
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serine-Threonine Kinase 3
- Signal Transduction
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Xiong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kristina Lorenzen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Amber L Couzens
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Catherine M Templeton
- Divisions of Structural Biology and Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Dushyandi Rajendran
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel Y L Mao
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Yu-Chi Juang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - David Chiovitti
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Igor Kurinov
- Cornell University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, NE-CAT, Advanced Photon Source, Bldg. 436E, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Sebastian Guettler
- Divisions of Structural Biology and Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London SW7 3RP, UK.
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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38
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Zou W, Dong X, Broederdorf TR, Shen A, Kramer DA, Shi R, Liang X, Miller DM, Xiang YK, Yasuda R, Chen B, Shen K. A Dendritic Guidance Receptor Complex Brings Together Distinct Actin Regulators to Drive Efficient F-Actin Assembly and Branching. Dev Cell 2018; 45:362-375.e3. [PMID: 29738713 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proper morphogenesis of dendrites plays a fundamental role in the establishment of neural circuits. The molecular mechanism by which dendrites grow highly complex branches is not well understood. Here, using the Caenorhabditis elegans PVD neuron, we demonstrate that high-order dendritic branching requires actin polymerization driven by coordinated interactions between two membrane proteins, DMA-1 and HPO-30, with their cytoplasmic interactors, the RacGEF TIAM-1 and the actin nucleation promotion factor WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). The dendrite branching receptor DMA-1 directly binds to the PDZ domain of TIAM-1, while the claudin-like protein HPO-30 directly interacts with the WRC. On dendrites, DMA-1 and HPO-30 form a receptor-associated signaling complex to bring TIAM-1 and the WRC to close proximity, leading to elevated assembly of F-actin needed to drive high-order dendrite branching. The synergistic activation of F-actin assembly by scaffolding distinct actin regulators might represent a general mechanism in promoting complex dendrite arborization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Xintong Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Timothy R Broederdorf
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ao Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rebecca Shi
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xing Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David M Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Kang Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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39
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Identification of raw as a regulator of glial development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198161. [PMID: 29813126 PMCID: PMC5973607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells perform numerous functions to support neuron development and function, including axon wrapping, formation of the blood brain barrier, and enhancement of synaptic transmission. We have identified a novel gene, raw, which functions in glia of the central and peripheral nervous systems in Drosophila. Reducing Raw levels in glia results in morphological defects in the brain and ventral nerve cord, as well as defects in neuron function, as revealed by decreased locomotion in crawling assays. Examination of the number of glia along peripheral nerves reveals a reduction in glial number upon raw knockdown. The reduced number of glia along peripheral nerves occurs as a result of decreased glial proliferation. As Raw has been shown to negatively regulate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in other developmental contexts, we examined the expression of a JNK reporter and the downstream JNK target, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (mmp1), and found that raw knockdown results in increased reporter activity and Mmp1 levels. These results are consistent with previous studies showing increased Mmp levels lead to nerve cord defects similar to those observed upon raw knockdown. In addition, knockdown of puckered, a negative feedback regulator of JNK signaling, also causes a decrease in glial number. Thus, our studies have resulted in the identification of a new regulator of gliogenesis, and demonstrate that increased JNK signaling negatively impacts glial development.
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40
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Aharoni-Kats L, Zelinger E, Chen S, Yarden O. Altering Neurospora crassa MOB2A exposes its functions in development and affects its interaction with the NDR kinase COT1. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:641-660. [PMID: 29600559 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Neurospora crassa Mps One Binder (MOB) proteins MOB2A and MOB2B physically interact with the Nuclear Dbf2 Related (NDR) kinase COT1 and have been shown to have overlapping functions in various aspects of asexual development. Here, we identified two N. crassa MOB2A residues, Tyr117 and Tyr119, which are potentially phosphorylated. Using phosphomimetic mob-2a mutants we have been able to establish that apart from their previously described roles, MOB2A/B are involved in additional developmental processes. Enhanced conidial germination, accompanied by conidial agglutination, in the phosphomimetic mutants indicated that MOB2A is a negative regulator of germination. Thick-section imaging of perithecia revealed slow maturation and a lack of asci alignment in the mutant strains demonstrating a role for MOB2A in sexual development. We demonstrate that even though MOB2A and MOB2B have some overlapping functions, MOB2B cannot compensate for the roles MOB2A has in conidiation and germination. Altering Tyr residues 117 and 119 impaired the physical interactions between MOB2A and COT1, most likely contributing to some of the observed effects. As cot-1 and the phosphomimetic mutants share an extragenic suppressor (gul-1), we concluded that at least some of the effects imposed by altering Tyr117 and Tyr119 are mediated by the NDR kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Aharoni-Kats
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Centre for Scientific Imaging, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
| | - She Chen
- Proteomics Centre, The National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
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41
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Byun YS, Kim EK, Araki K, Yamamura KI, Lee K, Yoon WK, Won YS, Kim HC, Choi KC, Nam KH. Fryl deficiency is associated with defective kidney development and function in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:408-417. [PMID: 29409347 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218758249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FRY like transcription coactivator ( Fryl) gene located on chromosome 5 is a paralog of FRY microtubule binding protein ( Fry) in vertebrates. It encodes a protein with unknown functions. Fryl gene is conserved in various species ranging from eukaryotes to human. Although there are several reports on functions of Fry gene, functions of Fryl gene remain unclear. A mouse line containing null mutation in Fryl gene by gene trapping was produced in this study for the first time. The survival and growth of Fryl-/- mice were observed. Fryl gene expression levels in mouse tissues were determined and histopathologic analyses were conducted. Most Fryl-/- mice died soon after birth. Rare Fryl-/- survivors showed growth retardation with significantly lower body weight compared to their littermate controls. Although they could breed, more than half of Fryl-/- survivors died of hydronephrosis before age 1. No abnormal histopathologic lesion was apparent in full-term embryo or adult tissues except the kidney. Abnormal lining cell layer detachments from walls of collecting and convoluted tubules in kidneys were apparent in Fryl-/- neonates and full-term embryos. Fryl gene was expressed in renal tubular tissues including the glomeruli and convoluted and collecting tubules. This indicates that defects in tubular systems are associated with Fryl functions and death of Fryl-/- neonates. Fryl protein is required for normal development and functional maintenance of kidney in mice. This is the first report of in vivo Fryl gene functions. Impact statement FRY like transcription coactivator ( Fryl) gene is conserved in various species ranging from eukaryotes to human. It expresses a protein with unknown function. We generated a Fryl gene mutant mouse line and found that most homozygous mice died soon after their birth. Rare Fryl-/- survivors showed growth retardation with significantly lower body weight compared to their littermate controls. Although they could breed, more than half of Fryl-/- survivors died of hydronephrosis before age 1. Full-term mutant embryos showed abnormal collecting and convoluted tubules in kidneys where Fryl gene was expressed. Collectively, these results indicate that Fryl protein is required for normal development and functional maintenance of kidney in mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on in vivo Fryl gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sub Byun
- 1 Laboratory Animal Resource Center, 204180 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Chungbuk 28116, Korea
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- 1 Laboratory Animal Resource Center, 204180 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Chungbuk 28116, Korea
| | - Kimi Araki
- 3 Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamura
- 3 Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kihoon Lee
- 1 Laboratory Animal Resource Center, 204180 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Chungbuk 28116, Korea
| | - Won-Kee Yoon
- 1 Laboratory Animal Resource Center, 204180 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Chungbuk 28116, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Won
- 1 Laboratory Animal Resource Center, 204180 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Chungbuk 28116, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chin Kim
- 1 Laboratory Animal Resource Center, 204180 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Chungbuk 28116, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Korea
| | - Ki-Hoan Nam
- 1 Laboratory Animal Resource Center, 204180 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Chungbuk 28116, Korea
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42
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Vitulo N, Vezzi A, Galla G, Citterio S, Marino G, Ruperti B, Zermiani M, Albertini E, Valle G, Barcaccia G. Characterization and Evolution of the Cell Cycle-Associated Mob Domain-Containing Proteins in Eukaryotes. Evol Bioinform Online 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117693430700300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The MOB family includes a group of cell cycle-associated proteins highly conserved throughout eukaryotes, whose founding members are implicated in mitotic exit and co-ordination of cell cycle progression with cell polarity and morphogenesis. Here we report the characterization and evolution of the MOB domain-containing proteins as inferred from the 43 eukaryotic genomes so far sequenced. We show that genes for Mob-like proteins are present in at least 41 of these genomes, confirming the universal distribution of this protein family and suggesting its prominent biological function. The phylogenetic analysis reveals five distinct MOB domain classes, showing a progressive expansion of this family from unicellular to multicellular organisms, reaching the highest number in mammals. Plant Mob genes appear to have evolved from a single ancestor, most likely after the loss of one or more genes during the early stage of Viridiplantae evolutionary history. Three of the Mob classes are widespread among most of the analyzed organisms. The possible biological and molecular function of Mob proteins and their role in conserved signaling pathways related to cell proliferation, cell death and cell polarity are also presented and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vitulo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova
| | - Alessandro Vezzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova
| | - Giulio Galla
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali, University of Padova - Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Sandra Citterio
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Marino
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetto Ruperti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Monica Zermiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale e Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova
| | - Gianni Barcaccia
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali, University of Padova - Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Olesnicky EC, Bono JM, Bell L, Schachtner LT, Lybecker MC. The RNA-binding protein caper is required for sensory neuron development in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:610-624. [PMID: 28543982 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is emerging as a fundamental mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Alternative splicing has been shown to be a widespread phenomenon that facilitates the diversification of gene products in a tissue-specific manner. Although defects in alternative splicing are rooted in many neurological disorders, only a small fraction of splicing factors have been investigated in detail. RESULTS We find that the splicing factor Caper is required for the development of multiple different mechanosensory neuron subtypes at multiple life stages in Drosophila melanogaster. Disruption of Caper function causes defects in dendrite morphogenesis of larval dendrite arborization neurons and neuronal positioning of embryonic proprioceptors, as well as the development and maintenance of adult mechanosensory bristles. Additionally, we find that Caper dysfunction results in aberrant locomotor behavior in adult flies. Transcriptome-wide analyses further support a role for Caper in alternative isoform regulation of genes that function in neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence for a fundamental and broad requirement for the highly conserved splicing factor Caper in the development and maintenance of the nervous system and provide a framework for future studies on the detailed mechanism of Caper-mediated RNA regulation. Developmental Dynamics 246:610-624, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia C Olesnicky
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Jeremy M Bono
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Laura Bell
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Logan T Schachtner
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Meghan C Lybecker
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
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Xiong S, Couzens AL, Kean MJ, Mao DY, Guettler S, Kurinov I, Gingras AC, Sicheri F. Regulation of Protein Interactions by Mps One Binder (MOB1) Phosphorylation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1111-1125. [PMID: 28373297 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m117.068130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MOB1 is a multifunctional protein best characterized for its integrative role in regulating Hippo and NDR pathway signaling in metazoans and the Mitotic Exit Network in yeast. Human MOB1 binds both the upstream kinases MST1 and MST2 and the downstream AGC group kinases LATS1, LATS2, NDR1, and NDR2. Binding of MOB1 to MST1 and MST2 is mediated by its phosphopeptide-binding infrastructure, the specificity of which matches the phosphorylation consensus of MST1 and MST2. On the other hand, binding of MOB1 to the LATS and NDR kinases is mediated by a distinct interaction surface on MOB1. By assembling both upstream and downstream kinases into a single complex, MOB1 facilitates the activation of the latter by the former through a trans-phosphorylation event. Binding of MOB1 to its upstream partners also renders MOB1 a substrate, which serves to differentially regulate its two protein interaction activities (at least in vitro). Our previous interaction proteomics analysis revealed that beyond associating with MST1 (and MST2), MOB1A and MOB1B can associate in a phosphorylation-dependent manner with at least two other signaling complexes, one containing the Rho guanine exchange factors (DOCK6-8) and the other containing the serine/threonine phosphatase PP6. Whether these complexes are recruited through the same mode of interaction as MST1 and MST2 remains unknown. Here, through a comprehensive set of biochemical, biophysical, mutational and structural studies, we quantitatively assess how phosphorylation of MOB1A regulates its interaction with both MST kinases and LATS/NDR family kinases in vitro Using interaction proteomics, we validate the significance of our in vitro studies and also discover that the phosphorylation-dependent recruitment of PP6 phosphatase and Rho guanine exchange factor protein complexes differ in key respects from that elucidated for MST1 and MST2. Together our studies confirm and extend previous work to delineate the intricate regulatory steps in key signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Xiong
- From the ‡Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5.,§Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Amber L Couzens
- From the ‡Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Michelle J Kean
- From the ‡Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Daniel Y Mao
- From the ‡Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Sebastian Guettler
- From the ‡Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5.,¶The Institute of Cancer Research, Divisions of Structural Biology and Cancer Biology, London, UK, SW7 3RP
| | - Igor Kurinov
- ‖NE-CAT APS, Building 436E, Argonne National Lab, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- From the ‡Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5; .,**Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Frank Sicheri
- From the ‡Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5; .,§Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.,**Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
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Poley JD, Braden LM, Messmer AM, Whyte SK, Koop BF, Fast MD. Cypermethrin exposure induces metabolic and stress-related gene expression in copepodid salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 20:74-84. [PMID: 27612154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cypermethrin has been administered for decades to control salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations in Atlantic salmon farming regions globally. However, resistance to cypermethrin and other available therapeutants has threatened the sustainability of this growing industry. To better understand the effects of cypermethrin on L. salmonis, a 38K oligonucleotide microarray and RT-qPCR analyses were applied to pools of copepodid larvae exposed to 1.0ppb cypermethrin or seawater controls for 24h. Phenotypic assessments and global gene expression profiles showed a significant disruption of homeostasis in copepodid L. salmonis exposed to cypermethrin. Multiple degradative enzymes were overexpressed in cypermethrin-treated lice including five trypsin-like serine proteases and three cytochrome p450s CYP3a24 (p=0.03, fold change (FC)=3.8; GenBank accession no. JP326960.1), CYP6w1 (p=0.008, FC=5.3; GenBank accession no. JP317875.1), and CYP6d4 (p=0.01; FC=7.9; GenBank accession no. JP334550.1). These enzymes represent preliminary markers for understanding the physiological response of L. salmonis to cypermethrin exposure. A general stress response was also observed in cypermethrin-treated lice which included differential expression of cell signaling genes involved in the induction of cell growth, solute transport, and metabolism. Lastly, a consensus-based analysis was completed with two previously published L. salmonis transcriptome studies revealing genes that respond to cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate (another delousing agent) and hyposalinity. This included concordant differential expression of heat shock beta-1, ammonium transporter Rh types B, and 72kDa type IV collagenase across different L. salmonis studies. This is currently the most comprehensive transcriptome assessment of chemical exposure on the first infectious stage of L. salmonis, providing novel markers for studying drug resistance and general stress in this important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Poley
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Laura M Braden
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Amber M Messmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Ben F Koop
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - Mark D Fast
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Nuñez I, Rodriguez Pino M, Wiley DJ, Das ME, Chen C, Goshima T, Kume K, Hirata D, Toda T, Verde F. Spatial control of translation repression and polarized growth by conserved NDR kinase Orb6 and RNA-binding protein Sts5. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27474797 PMCID: PMC5011436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins contribute to the formation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules by phase transition, but regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Conserved fission yeast NDR (Nuclear Dbf2-Related) kinase Orb6 governs cell morphogenesis in part by spatially controlling Cdc42 GTPase. Here we describe a novel, independent function for Orb6 kinase in negatively regulating the recruitment of RNA-binding protein Sts5 into RNPs to promote polarized cell growth. We find that Orb6 kinase inhibits Sts5 recruitment into granules, its association with processing (P) bodies, and degradation of Sts5-bound mRNAs by promoting Sts5 interaction with 14-3-3 protein Rad24. Many Sts5-bound mRNAs encode essential factors for polarized cell growth, and Orb6 kinase spatially and temporally controls the extent of Sts5 granule formation. Disruption of this control system affects cell morphology and alters the pattern of polarized cell growth, revealing a role for Orb6 kinase in the spatial control of translational repression that enables normal cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illyce Nuñez
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Marbelys Rodriguez Pino
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - David J Wiley
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Maitreyi E Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States
| | - Chuan Chen
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Tetsuya Goshima
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kume
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Dai Hirata
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Toda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fulvia Verde
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United States
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Abstract
The most striking structure in the nervous system is the complex yet stereotyped morphology of the neuronal dendritic tree. Dendritic morphologies and the connections they make govern information flow and integration in the brain. The fundamental mechanisms that regulate dendritic outgrowth and branching are subjects of extensive study. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the molecular and cellular mechanisms for routing dendrites in layers and columns, prevalent organizational structures in the brain. We highlight how dendritic patterning influences the formation of synaptic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Luo
- a Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Philip G McQueen
- b Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Bo Shi
- a Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda , MD , USA ;,c Biological Sciences Graduate Program, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Chi-Hon Lee
- a Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Chun-Yuan Ting
- a Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda , MD , USA
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48
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Hergovich A. The Roles of NDR Protein Kinases in Hippo Signalling. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7050021. [PMID: 27213455 PMCID: PMC4880841 DOI: 10.3390/genes7050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo tumour suppressor pathway has emerged as a critical regulator of tissue growth through controlling cellular processes such as cell proliferation, death, differentiation and stemness. Traditionally, the core cassette of the Hippo pathway includes the MST1/2 protein kinases, the LATS1/2 protein kinases, and the MOB1 scaffold signal transducer, which together regulate the transcriptional co-activator functions of the proto-oncoproteins YAP and TAZ through LATS1/2-mediated phosphorylation of YAP/TAZ. Recent research has identified additional kinases, such as NDR1/2 (also known as STK38/STK38L) and MAP4Ks, which should be considered as novel members of the Hippo core cassette. While these efforts helped to expand our understanding of Hippo core signalling, they also began to provide insights into the complexity and redundancy of the Hippo signalling network. Here, we focus on summarising our current knowledge of the regulation and functions of mammalian NDR kinases, discussing parallels between the NDR pathways in Drosophila and mammals. Initially, we provide a general overview of the cellular functions of NDR kinases in cell cycle progression, centrosome biology, apoptosis, autophagy, DNA damage signalling, immunology and neurobiology. Finally, we put particular emphasis on discussing NDR1/2 as YAP kinases downstream of MST1/2 and MOB1 signalling in Hippo signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hergovich
- Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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49
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Ori-McKenney KM, McKenney RJ, Huang HH, Li T, Meltzer S, Jan LY, Vale RD, Wiita AP, Jan YN. Phosphorylation of β-Tubulin by the Down Syndrome Kinase, Minibrain/DYRK1a, Regulates Microtubule Dynamics and Dendrite Morphogenesis. Neuron 2016; 90:551-63. [PMID: 27112495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic arborization patterns are consistent anatomical correlates of genetic disorders such as Down syndrome (DS) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). In a screen for abnormal dendrite development, we identified Minibrain (MNB)/DYRK1a, a kinase implicated in DS and ASDs, as a regulator of the microtubule cytoskeleton. We show that MNB is necessary to establish the length and cytoskeletal composition of terminal dendrites by controlling microtubule growth. Altering MNB levels disrupts dendrite morphology and perturbs neuronal electrophysiological activity, resulting in larval mechanosensation defects. Using in vivo and in vitro approaches, we uncover a molecular pathway whereby direct phosphorylation of β-tubulin by MNB inhibits tubulin polymerization, a function that is conserved for mammalian DYRK1a. Our results demonstrate that phosphoregulation of microtubule dynamics by MNB/DYRK1a is critical for dendritic patterning and neuronal function, revealing a previously unidentified mode of posttranslational microtubule regulation in neurons and uncovering a conserved pathway for a DS- and ASD-associated kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hector H Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tun Li
- Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shan Meltzer
- Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arun P Wiita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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50
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Novel DLK-independent neuronal regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans shares links with activity-dependent ectopic outgrowth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2852-60. [PMID: 27078101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600564113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, a neuron transitions from a state of rapid growth to a stable morphology, and neurons within the adult mammalian CNS lose their ability to effectively regenerate in response to injury. Here, we identify a novel form of neuronal regeneration, which is remarkably independent of DLK-1/DLK, KGB-1/JNK, and other MAPK signaling factors known to mediate regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mammals. This DLK-independent regeneration in C. elegans has direct genetic and molecular links to a well-studied form of endogenous activity-dependent ectopic axon outgrowth in the same neuron type. Both neuron outgrowth types are triggered by physical lesion of the sensory dendrite or mutations disrupting sensory activity, calcium signaling, or genes that restrict outgrowth during neuronal maturation, such as SAX-1/NDR kinase or UNC-43/CaMKII. These connections suggest that ectopic outgrowth represents a powerful platform for gene discovery in neuronal regeneration. Moreover, we note numerous similarities between C. elegans DLK-independent regeneration and lesion conditioning, a phenomenon producing robust regeneration in the mammalian CNS. Both regeneration types are triggered by lesion of a sensory neurite via reduction of neuronal activity and enhanced by disrupting L-type calcium channels or elevating cAMP. Taken as a whole, our study unites disparate forms of neuronal outgrowth to uncover fresh molecular insights into activity-dependent control of the adult nervous system's intrinsic regenerative capacity.
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