1
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Martin CG, Bent JS, Hill T, Topalidou I, Singhvi A. Epithelial UNC-23 limits mechanical stress to maintain glia-neuron architecture in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1668-1688.e7. [PMID: 38670103 PMCID: PMC11233253 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
For an organ to maintain correct architecture and function, its diverse cellular components must coordinate their size and shape. Although cell-intrinsic mechanisms driving homotypic cell-cell coordination are known, it is unclear how cell shape is regulated across heterotypic cells. We find that epithelial cells maintain the shape of neighboring sense-organ glia-neuron units in adult Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Hsp co-chaperone UNC-23/BAG2 prevents epithelial cell shape from deforming, and its loss causes head epithelia to stretch aberrantly during animal movement. In the sense-organ glia, amphid sheath (AMsh), this causes progressive fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-dependent disruption of the glial apical cytoskeleton. Resultant glial cell shape alteration causes concomitant shape change in glia-associated neuron endings. Epithelial UNC-23 maintenance of glia-neuron shape is specific both spatially, within a defined anatomical zone, and temporally, in a developmentally critical period. As all molecular components uncovered are broadly conserved across central and peripheral nervous systems, we posit that epithelia may similarly regulate glia-neuron architecture cross-species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia G Martin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James S Bent
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tyler Hill
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Irini Topalidou
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Cheng H, Chen D, Li X, Al-Sheikh U, Duan D, Fan Y, Zhu L, Zeng W, Hu Z, Tong X, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Zou W, Duan S, Kang L. Phasic/tonic glial GABA differentially transduce for olfactory adaptation and neuronal aging. Neuron 2024; 112:1473-1486.e6. [PMID: 38447577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Phasic (fast) and tonic (sustained) inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are fundamental for regulating day-to-day activities, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. However, the mechanisms and physiological functions of glial GABA transductions remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the AMsh glia in Caenorhabditis elegans exhibit both phasic and tonic GABAergic signaling, which distinctively regulate olfactory adaptation and neuronal aging. Through genetic screening, we find that GABA permeates through bestrophin-9/-13/-14 anion channels from AMsh glia, which primarily activate the metabolic GABAB receptor GBB-1 in the neighboring ASH sensory neurons. This tonic action of glial GABA regulates the age-associated changes of ASH neurons and olfactory responses via a conserved signaling pathway, inducing neuroprotection. In addition, the calcium-evoked, vesicular glial GABA release acts upon the ionotropic GABAA receptor LGC-38 in ASH neurons to regulate olfactory adaptation. These findings underscore the fundamental significance of glial GABA in maintaining healthy aging and neuronal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankui Cheng
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Du Chen
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Umar Al-Sheikh
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Duo Duan
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yuedan Fan
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Linhui Zhu
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Wanxin Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Xiajing Tong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Wenjuan Zou
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Lijun Kang
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain machine Integration, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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3
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Ray S, Gurung P, Manning RS, Kravchuk AA, Singhvi A. Neuron cilia restrain glial KCC-3 to a microdomain to regulate multisensory processing. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113844. [PMID: 38421867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glia interact with multiple neurons, but it is unclear whether their interactions with each neuron are different. Our interrogation at single-cell resolution reveals that a single glial cell exhibits specificity in its interactions with different contacting neurons. Briefly, C. elegans amphid sheath (AMsh) glia apical-like domains contact 12 neuron-endings. At these ad-neuronal membranes, AMsh glia localize the K/Cl transporter KCC-3 to a microdomain exclusively around the thermosensory AFD neuron to regulate its properties. Glial KCC-3 is transported to ad-neuronal regions, where distal cilia of non-AFD glia-associated chemosensory neurons constrain it to a microdomain at AFD-contacting glial membranes. Aberrant KCC-3 localization impacts both thermosensory (AFD) and chemosensory (non-AFD) neuron properties. Thus, neurons can interact non-synaptically through a shared glial cell by regulating microdomain localization of its cues. As AMsh and glia across species compartmentalize multiple cues like KCC-3, we posit that this may be a broadly conserved glial mechanism that modulates information processing across multimodal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Pralaksha Gurung
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Sean Manning
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexandra A Kravchuk
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Hill TJ, Sengupta P. Feedforward and feedback mechanisms cooperatively regulate rapid experience-dependent response adaptation in a single thermosensory neuron type. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570166. [PMID: 38168209 PMCID: PMC10760192 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Sensory adaptation allows neurons to adjust their sensitivity and responses based on recent experience. The mechanisms that mediate continuous adaptation to stimulus history over seconds to hours long timescales, and whether these mechanisms can operate within a single sensory neuron type, are unclear. The single pair of AFD thermosensory neurons in C. elegans exhibits experience-dependent plasticity in their temperature response thresholds on both minutes- and hours-long timescales upon a temperature upshift. While long-term response adaptation requires changes in gene expression in AFD, the mechanisms driving rapid response plasticity are unknown. Here, we show that rapid thermosensory response adaptation in AFD is mediated via cGMP and calcium-dependent feedforward and feedback mechanisms operating at the level of primary thermotransduction. We find that either of two thermosensor receptor guanylyl cyclases (rGCs) alone is sufficient to drive rapid adaptation, but that each rGC drives adaptation at different rates. rGC-driven adaptation is mediated in part via phosphorylation of their intracellular domains, and calcium-dependent feedback regulation of basal cGMP levels via a neuronal calcium sensor protein. In turn, cGMP levels feedforward via cGMP-dependent protein kinases to phosphorylate a specific subunit of the cGMP-gated thermotransduction channel to further regulate rapid adaptation. Our results identify multiple molecular pathways that act in AFD to ensure rapid adaptation to a temperature change, and indicate that the deployment of both transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms within a single sensory neuron type can contribute to continuous sensory adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Hill
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
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Varandas KC, Hodges BM, Lubeck L, Farinas A, Liang Y, Lu Y, Shaham S. Glia detect and mount a protective response to loss of dendrite substructure integrity in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.16.567404. [PMID: 38014226 PMCID: PMC10680744 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.567404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurons have elaborate structures that determine their connectivity and functions. Changes in neuronal structure accompany learning and memory formation and are hallmarks of neurological disease. Here we show that glia monitor dendrite structure and respond to dendrite perturbation. In C. elegans mutants with defective sensory-organ dendrite cilia, adjacent glia accumulate extracellular matrix-laden vesicles, secrete excess matrix around cilia, alter gene expression, and change their secreted protein repertoire. Inducible cilia disruption reveals that this response is acute. DGS-1, a 7-transmembrane domain neuronal protein, and FIG-1, a multifunctional thrombospondin-domain glial protein, are required for glial detection of cilia integrity, and exhibit mutually-dependent localization to and around cilia, respectively. While inhibiting glial secretion disrupts dendritic cilia properties, hyperactivating the glial response protects against dendrite damage. Our studies uncover a homeostatic protective dendrite-glia interaction and suggest that similar signaling occurs at other sensory structures and at synapses, which resemble sensory organs in architecture and molecules.
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Ray S, Gurung P, Manning RS, Kravchuk A, Singhvi A. Neuron cilia constrain glial regulators to microdomains around distal neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.18.533255. [PMID: 36993507 PMCID: PMC10055228 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Each glia interacts with multiple neurons, but the fundamental logic of whether it interacts with all equally remains unclear. We find that a single sense-organ glia modulates different contacting neurons distinctly. To do so, it partitions regulatory cues into molecular microdomains at specific neuron contact-sites, at its delimited apical membrane. For one glial cue, K/Cl transporter KCC-3, microdomain-localization occurs through a two-step, neuron-dependent process. First, KCC-3 shuttles to glial apical membranes. Second, some contacting neuron cilia repel it, rendering it microdomain-localized around one distal neuron-ending. KCC-3 localization tracks animal aging, and while apical localization is sufficient for contacting neuron function, microdomain-restriction is required for distal neuron properties. Finally, we find the glia regulates its microdomains largely independently. Together, this uncovers that glia modulate cross-modal sensor processing by compartmentalizing regulatory cues into microdomains. Glia across species contact multiple neurons and localize disease-relevant cues like KCC-3. Thus, analogous compartmentalization may broadly drive how glia regulate information processing across neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Pralaksha Gurung
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - R. Sean Manning
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Alexandra Kravchuk
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- University of Washington School of Medicine, WA 98195
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, WA 98195
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7
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Wang M, Zhang Z, Sun N, Yang B, Mo J, Wang D, Su M, Hu J, Wang M, Wang L. Gold Nanoparticles Reduce Food Sensation in Caenorhabditis elegans via the Voltage-Gated Channel EGL-19. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1659-1676. [PMID: 37020688 PMCID: PMC10069523 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s394666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The increasing use of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the medical field has raised concerns about the potential adverse effect of Au NPs exposure. However, it is difficult to assess the health risks of Au NPs exposure at the individual organ level using current measurement techniques. Methods The physical and chemical properties of Au NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and zeta sizer. The RNA-seq data of Au NPs-exposed worms were analyzed. The food intake was measured by liquid culture and Pharyngeal pumping rate. The function of the smell and taste neurons was evaluated by the chemotaxis and avoidance assay. The activation of ASE neurons was analyzed by calcium imaging. The gene expression of ins-22 and egl-19 was obtained from the C. elegans single cell RNA-seq databases. Results Our data analysis indicated that 62.8% of the significantly altered genes were functional in the nervous system. Notably, developmental stage analysis demonstrated that exposure to Au NPs interfered with animal development by regulating foraging behavior. Also, our chemotaxis results showed that exposure to Au NPs reduced the sensation of C. elegans to NaCl, which was consistent with the decrease in calcium transit of ASEL. Further studies confirmed that the reduced calcium transit was dependent on voltage-gated calcium channel EGL-19. The neuropeptide INS-22 was partially involved in Au NPs-induced NaCl sensation defect. Therefore, we proposed that Au NPs reduced the calcium transit in the ASEL neuron through egl-19-dependent calcium channels. It was partially regulated by the DAF-16 targeting neuropeptide INS-22. Discussion Our results demonstrate that Au NPs affect food sensation by reducing the calcium transit in ASEL neurons, which further leads to reduced pharynx pumping and feeding defects. The toxicology studies of Au NPs from worms have great potential to guide the usage of Au NPs in the medical field such as targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Sun
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Science, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baolin Yang
- Institute of Technical Biology & Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jihao Mo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Institute of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, 459001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqin Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- School of Medical Science, Huang He Science and Technology University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 459001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Correspondence: Lei Wang, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA, Tel +1 786-620-1400, Email
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Wang L, Graziano B, Encalada N, Fernandez-Abascal J, Kaplan DH, Bianchi L. Glial regulators of ions and solutes required for specific chemosensory functions in Caenorhabditis elegans. iScience 2022; 25:105684. [PMID: 36567707 PMCID: PMC9772852 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia and accessory cells regulate the microenvironment around neurons and primary sensory cells. However, the impact of specific glial regulators of ions and solutes on functionally diverse primary cells is poorly understood. Here, we systemically investigate the requirement of ion channels and transporters enriched in Caenorhabditis elegans Amsh glia for the function of chemosensory neurons. Although Amsh glia ablated worms show reduced function of ASH, AWC, AWA, and ASE neurons, we show that the loss of glial enriched ion channels and transporters impacts these neurons differently, with nociceptor ASH being the most affected. Furthermore, our analysis underscores the importance of K+, Cl-, and nucleoside homeostasis in the Amphid sensory organ and uncovers the contribution of glial genes implicated in neurological disorders. Our findings build a unique fingerprint of each glial enriched ion channel and transporter and may provide insights into the function of supporting cells of mammalian sensory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Rm 5133 Rosenstiel Building, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Bianca Graziano
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Rm 5133 Rosenstiel Building, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Nicole Encalada
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Rm 5133 Rosenstiel Building, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Jesus Fernandez-Abascal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Rm 5133 Rosenstiel Building, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Daryn H. Kaplan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Rm 5133 Rosenstiel Building, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Rm 5133 Rosenstiel Building, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL33136, USA
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9
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Aoki I, Shiota M, Tsukada Y, Nakano S, Mori I. cGMP dynamics that underlies thermosensation in temperature-sensing neuron regulates thermotaxis behavior in C. elegans. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278343. [PMID: 36472979 PMCID: PMC9725164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms including bacteria, plants and animals sense ambient temperature so that they can avoid noxious temperature or adapt to new environmental temperature. A nematode C. elegans can sense innocuous temperature, and navigate themselves towards memorize past cultivation temperature (Tc) of their preference. For this thermotaxis, AFD thermosensory neuron is pivotal, which stereotypically responds to warming by increasing intracellular Ca2+ level in a manner dependent on the remembered past Tc. We aimed to reveal how AFD encodes the information of temperature into neural activities. cGMP synthesis in AFD is crucial for thermosensation in AFD and thermotaxis behavior. Here we characterized the dynamic change of cGMP level in AFD by imaging animals expressing a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cGMP probe specifically in AFD and found that cGMP dynamically responded to both warming and cooling in a manner dependent on past Tc. Moreover, we characterized mutant animals that lack guanylyl cyclases (GCYs) or phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which synthesize and hydrolyze cGMP, respectively, and uncovered how GCYs and PDEs contribute to cGMP and Ca2+ dynamics in AFD and to thermotaxis behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Aoki
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Shiota
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsukada
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunji Nakano
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ikue Mori
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Raiders S, Klein M, Singhvi A. Multiplexing Thermotaxis Behavior Measurement in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4370. [PMID: 35530512 PMCID: PMC9018438 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermotaxis behaviors in C. elegans exhibit experience-dependent plasticity of thermal preference memory. This behavior can be assayed either at population level, on linear temperature gradients, or at the individual animal level, by radial isothermal or microfluidic tracking of orientation. These behaviors are low-throughput as well as variable, due to the inherent sensitivity to environmental perturbations. To facilitate reproducible studies, we describe an updated apparatus design that enables simultaneous runs of three thermal preference assays, instead of single-run assays described previously. By enabling parallel runs of control and experimental conditions, this set-up enables more throughput and rigorous assessment of behavioral variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, USA
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, USA
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, USA
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, USA
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11
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Glauser DA. Temperature sensing and context-dependent thermal behavior in nematodes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Rapti G. Open Frontiers in Neural Cell Type Investigations; Lessons From Caenorhabditis elegans and Beyond, Toward a Multimodal Integration. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:787753. [PMID: 35321480 PMCID: PMC8934944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.787753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous system cells, the building blocks of circuits, have been studied with ever-progressing resolution, yet neural circuits appear still resistant to schemes of reductionist classification. Due to their sheer numbers, complexity and diversity, their systematic study requires concrete classifications that can serve reduced dimensionality, reproducibility, and information integration. Conventional hierarchical schemes transformed through the history of neuroscience by prioritizing criteria of morphology, (electro)physiological activity, molecular content, and circuit function, influenced by prevailing methodologies of the time. Since the molecular biology revolution and the recent advents in transcriptomics, molecular profiling gains ground toward the classification of neurons and glial cell types. Yet, transcriptomics entails technical challenges and more importantly uncovers unforeseen spatiotemporal heterogeneity, in complex and simpler nervous systems. Cells change states dynamically in space and time, in response to stimuli or throughout their developmental trajectory. Mapping cell type and state heterogeneity uncovers uncharted terrains in neurons and especially in glial cell biology, that remains understudied in many aspects. Examining neurons and glial cells from the perspectives of molecular neuroscience, physiology, development and evolution highlights the advantage of multifaceted classification schemes. Among the amalgam of models contributing to neuroscience research, Caenorhabditis elegans combines nervous system anatomy, lineage, connectivity and molecular content, all mapped at single-cell resolution, and can provide valuable insights for the workflow and challenges of the multimodal integration of cell type features. This review reflects on concepts and practices of neuron and glial cells classification and how research, in C. elegans and beyond, guides nervous system experimentation through integrated multidimensional schemes. It highlights underlying principles, emerging themes, and open frontiers in the study of nervous system development, regulatory logic and evolution. It proposes unified platforms to allow integrated annotation of large-scale datasets, gene-function studies, published or unpublished findings and community feedback. Neuroscience is moving fast toward interdisciplinary, high-throughput approaches for combined mapping of the morphology, physiology, connectivity, molecular function, and the integration of information in multifaceted schemes. A closer look in mapped neural circuits and understudied terrains offers insights for the best implementation of these approaches.
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13
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Fernandez-Abascal J, Johnson CK, Graziano B, Wang L, Encalada N, Bianchi L. A glial ClC Cl - channel mediates nose touch responses in C. elegans. Neuron 2022; 110:470-485.e7. [PMID: 34861150 PMCID: PMC8813913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In touch receptors, glia and accessory cells play a key role in mechanosensation. However, the mechanisms underlying such regulation are poorly understood. We show, for the first time, that the chloride channel CLH-1 is needed in glia of C. elegans nose touch receptors for touch responses and for regulation of excitability. Using in vivo Ca2+ and Cl- imaging, behavioral assays, and combined genetic and pharmacological manipulations, we show that CLH-1 mediates Cl- flux needed for glial GABA inhibition of ASH sensory neuron function and for regulation of cyclic AMP levels in ASH neurons. Finally, we show that the rat ClC-2 channel rescues the clh-1 nose-touch-insensitive phenotype, underscoring conservation of function across species. Our work identifies a glial Cl- channel as a novel regulator of touch sensitivity. We propose that glial CLH-1 regulates the interplay between Ca2+ and cAMP signaling in ASH neurons to control the sensitivity of the worm's nose touch receptors.
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14
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Fernandez-Abascal J, Bianchi L. The ClC Cl - channel CLH-1 mediates HCO 3 - efflux from the amphid sheath glia in C. elegans. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000510. [PMID: 35047763 PMCID: PMC8758995 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular function is regulated by the concentration of intracellular and extracellular ions, including pH. Ion channels and transporters that mediate the flux/transport of protons and bicarbonate (HCO3 -) are the chief regulators of pH. In the nervous system, due to their high electrical activity, neurons tend to produce and excrete large amounts of acids. On the contrary, glial cells have been proposed to be key contributors of pH buffering. We published that the Cl-/HCO3 - permeable channel CLH-1 mediates intracellular pH buffering of C. elegans Amphid sheath (AMsh) glia at baseline. We show here that, under physiological conditions, clh-1 knock out worms show reduced HCO3 - extrusion from AMsh glia, suggesting that CLH-1 may help prevent cellular alkalinization. This function becomes even more apparent when animals are grown on plates enriched with HCO3 -. We speculate that CLH-1 might function as a regulator of extracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Fernandez-Abascal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Mimi, FL, USA
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Mimi, FL, USA
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15
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Razzauti A, Laurent P. Ectocytosis prevents accumulation of ciliary cargo in C. elegans sensory neurons. eLife 2021; 10:67670. [PMID: 34533135 PMCID: PMC8492061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are sensory organelles protruding from cell surfaces. Release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cilia was previously observed in mammals, Chlamydomonas, and in male Caenorhabditis elegans. Using the EV marker TSP-6 (an ortholog of mammalian CD9) and other ciliary receptors, we show that EVs are formed from ciliated sensory neurons in C. elegans hermaphrodites. Release of EVs is observed from two ciliary locations: the cilia tip and/or periciliary membrane compartment (PCMC). Outward budding of EVs from the cilia tip leads to their release into the environment. EVs' budding from the PCMC is concomitantly phagocytosed by the associated glial cells. To maintain cilia composition, a tight regulation of cargo import and removal is achieved by the action of intra-flagellar transport (IFT). Unbalanced IFT due to cargo overexpression or mutations in the IFT machinery leads to local accumulation of ciliary proteins. Disposal of excess ciliary proteins via EVs reduces their local accumulation and exports them to the environment and/or to the glia associated to these ciliated neurons. We suggest that EV budding from cilia subcompartments acts as a safeguard mechanism to remove deleterious excess of ciliary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Razzauti
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles(ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Laurent
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles(ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Ray S, Singhvi A. Charging Up the Periphery: Glial Ionic Regulation in Sensory Perception. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687732. [PMID: 34458255 PMCID: PMC8385785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) receives diverse sensory stimuli from the environment and transmits this information to the central nervous system (CNS) for subsequent processing. Thus, proper functions of cells in peripheral sense organs are a critical gate-keeper to generating appropriate animal sensory behaviors, and indeed their dysfunction tracks sensory deficits, sensorineural disorders, and aging. Like the CNS, the PNS comprises two major cell types, neurons (or sensory cells) and glia (or glia-like supporting neuroepithelial cells). One classic function of PNS glia is to modulate the ionic concentration around associated sensory cells. Here, we review current knowledge of how non-myelinating support cell glia of the PNS regulate the ionic milieu around sensory cell endings across species and systems. Molecular studies reviewed here suggest that, rather than being a passive homeostatic response, glial ionic regulation may in fact actively modulate sensory perception, implying that PNS glia may be active contributors to sensorineural information processing. This is reminiscent of emerging studies suggesting analogous roles for CNS glia in modulating neural circuit processing. We therefore suggest that deeper molecular mechanistic investigations into critical PNS glial functions like ionic regulation are essential to comprehensively understand sensorineural health, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Rapti G. A perspective on C. elegans neurodevelopment: from early visionaries to a booming neuroscience research. J Neurogenet 2021; 34:259-272. [PMID: 33446023 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1837799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the nervous system and its striking complexity is a remarkable feat of development. C. elegans served as a unique model to dissect the molecular events in neurodevelopment, from its early visionaries to the current booming neuroscience community. Soon after being introduced as a model, C. elegans was mapped at the level of genes, cells, and synapses, providing the first metazoan with a complete cell lineage, sequenced genome, and connectome. Here, I summarize mechanisms underlying C. elegans neurodevelopment, from the generation and diversification of neural components to their navigation and connectivity. I point out recent noteworthy findings in the fields of glia biology, sex dimorphism and plasticity in neurodevelopment, highlighting how current research connects back to the pioneering studies by Brenner, Sulston and colleagues. Multifaceted investigations in model organisms, connecting genes to cell function and behavior, expand our mechanistic understanding of neurodevelopment while allowing us to formulate emerging questions for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Rapti
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Unit of Developmental Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Shan L, Zhang T, Fan K, Cai W, Liu H. Astrocyte-Neuron Signaling in Synaptogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680301. [PMID: 34277621 PMCID: PMC8284252 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the key component of the central nervous system (CNS), serving as pivotal regulators of neuronal synapse formation and maturation through their ability to dynamically and bidirectionally communicate with synapses throughout life. In the past 20 years, numerous astrocyte-derived molecules promoting synaptogenesis have been discovered. However, our understanding of the cell biological basis underlying intra-neuron processes and astrocyte-mediated synaptogenesis is still in its infancy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various ways astrocytes talk to neurons, and highlight astrocytes’ heterogeneity that allow them to displays regional-specific capabilities in boosting synaptogenesis. Finally, we conclude with promises and future directions on how organoids generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) effectively address the signaling pathways astrocytes employ in synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shan
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongran Zhang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Kevin Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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19
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Zhang A, Ackley BD, Yan D. Vitamin B12 Regulates Glial Migration and Synapse Formation through Isoform-Specific Control of PTP-3/LAR PRTP Expression. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3981-3988.e3. [PMID: 32209461 PMCID: PMC7281833 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 is known to play critical roles during the development and aging of the brain, and vitamin B12 deficiency has been linked to neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of how vitamin B12 affects the development and maintenance of the nervous system are still unclear. Here, we report that vitamin B12 can regulate glial migration and synapse formation through control of isoform-specific expression of PTP-3/LAR PRTP (leukocyte-common antigen-related receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase). We found the uptake of diet-supplied vitamin B12 in the intestine to be critical for the expression of a long isoform of PTP-3 (PTP-3A) in neuronal and glial cells. The expression of PTP-3A cell autonomously regulates glial migration and synapse formation through interaction with an extracellular matrix protein NID-1/nidogen 1. Together, our findings demonstrate that isoform-specific regulation of PTP-3/ LAR PRTP expression is a key molecular mechanism that mediates vitamin-B12-dependent neuronal and glial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brian D Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Regeneration Next Initiative, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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20
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Ferkey DM, Sengupta P, L’Etoile ND. Chemosensory signal transduction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2021; 217:iyab004. [PMID: 33693646 PMCID: PMC8045692 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory neurons translate perception of external chemical cues, including odorants, tastants, and pheromones, into information that drives attraction or avoidance motor programs. In the laboratory, robust behavioral assays, coupled with powerful genetic, molecular and optical tools, have made Caenorhabditis elegans an ideal experimental system in which to dissect the contributions of individual genes and neurons to ethologically relevant chemosensory behaviors. Here, we review current knowledge of the neurons, signal transduction molecules and regulatory mechanisms that underlie the response of C. elegans to chemicals, including pheromones. The majority of identified molecules and pathways share remarkable homology with sensory mechanisms in other organisms. With the development of new tools and technologies, we anticipate that continued study of chemosensory signal transduction and processing in C. elegans will yield additional new insights into the mechanisms by which this animal is able to detect and discriminate among thousands of chemical cues with a limited sensory neuron repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Ferkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Noelle D L’Etoile
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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21
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Raiders S, Black EC, Bae A, MacFarlane S, Klein M, Shaham S, Singhvi A. Glia actively sculpt sensory neurons by controlled phagocytosis to tune animal behavior. eLife 2021; 10:63532. [PMID: 33759761 PMCID: PMC8079151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia in the central nervous system engulf neuron fragments to remodel synapses and recycle photoreceptor outer segments. Whether glia passively clear shed neuronal debris or actively prune neuron fragments is unknown. How pruning of single-neuron endings impacts animal behavior is also unclear. Here, we report our discovery of glia-directed neuron pruning in Caenorhabditis elegans. Adult C. elegans AMsh glia engulf sensory endings of the AFD thermosensory neuron by repurposing components of the conserved apoptotic corpse phagocytosis machinery. The phosphatidylserine (PS) flippase TAT-1/ATP8A functions with glial PS-receptor PSR-1/PSR and PAT-2/α-integrin to initiate engulfment. This activates glial CED-10/Rac1 GTPase through the ternary GEF complex of CED-2/CrkII, CED-5/DOCK180, CED-12/ELMO. Execution of phagocytosis uses the actin-remodeler WSP-1/nWASp. This process dynamically tracks AFD activity and is regulated by temperature, the AFD sensory input. Importantly, glial CED-10 levels regulate engulfment rates downstream of neuron activity, and engulfment-defective mutants exhibit altered AFD-ending shape and thermosensory behavior. Our findings reveal a molecular pathway underlying glia-dependent engulfment in a peripheral sense-organ and demonstrate that glia actively engulf neuron fragments, with profound consequences on neuron shape and animal sensory behavior. Neurons are tree-shaped cells that receive information through endings connected to neighbouring cells or the environment. Controlling the size, number and location of these endings is necessary to ensure that circuits of neurons get precisely the right amount of input from their surroundings. Glial cells form a large portion of the nervous system, and they are tasked with supporting, cleaning and protecting neurons. In humans, part of their duties is to ‘eat’ (or prune) unnecessary neuron endings. In fact, this role is so important that defects in glial pruning are associated with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. Yet it is still unknown how pruning takes place, and in particular whether it is the neuron or the glial cell that initiates the process. To investigate this question, Raiders et al. enlisted the common laboratory animal Caenorhabditis elegans, a tiny worm with a simple nervous system where each neuron has been meticulously mapped out. First, the experiments showed that glial cells in C. elegans actually prune the endings of sensory neurons. Focusing on a single glia-neuron pair then revealed that the glial cell could trim the endings of a living neuron by redeploying the same molecular machinery it uses to clear dead cell debris. Compared to this debris-clearing activity, however, the glial cell takes a more nuanced approach to pruning: specifically, it can adjust the amount of trimming based on the activity load of the neuron. When Raiders et al. disrupted the glial pruning for a single temperature-sensing neuron, the worm lost its normal temperature preferences; this demonstrated how the pruning activity of a single glial cell can be linked to behavior. Taken together the experiments showcase how C. elegans can be used to study glial pruning. Further work using this model could help to understand how disease emerges when glial cells cannot perform their role, and to spot the genetic factors that put certain individuals at increased risk for neurological and sensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Erik Calvin Black
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Andrea Bae
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Cellular Imaging Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Stephen MacFarlane
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, United States
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22
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Wang L, Bianchi L. Maintenance of protein homeostasis in glia extends lifespan in C. elegans. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113648. [PMID: 33600813 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence support that glia play a key role in organismal ageing. However, the mechanisms by which glia impact ageing are not understood. One of the processes that has significant impact on the rate of ageing is the unfolded protein response. The more robust the UPR, the more the organism can counteract the effect of environmental and genetic stressors. However, how decline of cellular UPR translates into organismal ageing and eventual death is not fully understood. Here we discuss recent findings highlighting that neuropeptides released by glia act long distance to regulate ageing in C. elegans. Taking advantage of the short lifespan and the genetic amenability of this organism, the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein responses (UPRER) can be activated in C. elegans glia. This leads to cell-nonautonomous activation of the UPRER in the intestine. Activation of intestinal UPRER requires the function of genes involved in neuropeptide processing and release, suggesting that neuropeptides signal from glia to the intestine to regulate ER stress response. Importantly, the cell-nonautonomous activation of UPRER leads to extension of lifespan. Taken together, these data suggest that environmental and genetic factors that impact the response of glia to stress have the potential to influence organismal ageing. Further research on the specific neuropeptides involved should cast new light on the mechanism of ageing and may suggest novel anti-ageing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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23
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Zhang A, Yan D. C. elegans as a model to study glial development. FEBS J 2021; 289:1476-1485. [PMID: 33570807 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glia make up roughly half of all cells in the mammalian nervous system and play a major part in nervous system development, function, and disease. Although research in the past few decades has shed light on their morphological and functional diversity, there is still much to be known about key aspects of their development such as the generation of glial diversity and the factors governing proper morphogenesis. Glia of the nematode C. elegans possess many developmental and morphological similarities with their vertebrate counterparts and can potentially be used as a model to understand certain aspects of glial biology owing to advantages such as its genetic tractability and fully mapped cell lineage. In this review, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of genetic pathways that regulate glial development in C. elegans and discuss how some of these findings may be conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Regeneration Next, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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24
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Raiders S, Han T, Scott-Hewitt N, Kucenas S, Lew D, Logan MA, Singhvi A. Engulfed by Glia: Glial Pruning in Development, Function, and Injury across Species. J Neurosci 2021; 41:823-833. [PMID: 33468571 PMCID: PMC7880271 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1660-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic activity of glial cells is essential for proper nervous system sculpting, maintenance of circuitry, and long-term brain health. Glial engulfment of apoptotic cells and superfluous connections ensures that neuronal connections are appropriately refined, while clearance of damaged projections and neurotoxic proteins in the mature brain protects against inflammatory insults. Comparative work across species and cell types in recent years highlights the striking conservation of pathways that govern glial engulfment. Many signaling cascades used during developmental pruning are re-employed in the mature brain to "fine tune" synaptic architecture and even clear neuronal debris following traumatic events. Moreover, the neuron-glia signaling events required to trigger and perform phagocytic responses are impressively conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates. This review offers a compare-and-contrast portrayal of recent findings that underscore the value of investigating glial engulfment mechanisms in a wide range of species and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Taeho Han
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Nicole Scott-Hewitt
- F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Deborah Lew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Mary A Logan
- Jungers Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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25
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Park C, Sakurai Y, Sato H, Kanda S, Iino Y, Kunitomo H. Roles of the ClC chloride channel CLH-1 in food-associated salt chemotaxis behavior of C. elegans. eLife 2021; 10:e55701. [PMID: 33492228 PMCID: PMC7834019 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of animals to process dynamic sensory information facilitates foraging in an ever-changing environment. However, molecular and neural mechanisms underlying such ability remain elusive. The ClC anion channels/transporters play a pivotal role in cellular ion homeostasis across all phyla. Here, we find a ClC chloride channel is involved in salt concentration chemotaxis of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetic screening identified two altered-function mutations of clh-1 that disrupt experience-dependent salt chemotaxis. Using genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, we demonstrate that CLH-1 contributes to regulation of intracellular anion and calcium dynamics of salt-sensing neuron, ASER. The mutant CLH-1 reduced responsiveness of ASER to salt stimuli in terms of both temporal resolution and intensity, which disrupted navigation strategies for approaching preferred salt concentrations. Furthermore, other ClC genes appeared to act redundantly in salt chemotaxis. These findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of neuronal responsivity by ClCs that contribute to modulation of navigation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhyun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yuki Sakurai
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shinji Kanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of TokyoChibaJapan
| | - Yuichi Iino
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hirofumi Kunitomo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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26
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Lee IH, Procko C, Lu Y, Shaham S. Stress-Induced Neural Plasticity Mediated by Glial GPCR REMO-1 Promotes C. elegans Adaptive Behavior. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108607. [PMID: 33440160 PMCID: PMC7845533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal nervous systems remodel following stress. Although global stress-dependent changes are well documented, contributions of individual neuron remodeling events to animal behavior modification are challenging to study. In response to environmental insults, C. elegans become stress-resistant dauers. Dauer entry induces amphid sensory organ remodeling in which bilateral AMsh glial cells expand and fuse, allowing embedded AWC chemosensory neurons to extend sensory receptive endings. We show that amphid remodeling correlates with accelerated dauer exit upon exposure to favorable conditions and identify a G protein-coupled receptor, REMO-1, driving AMsh glia fusion, AWC neuron remodeling, and dauer exit. REMO-1 is expressed in and localizes to AMsh glia tips, is dispensable for other remodeling events, and promotes stress-induced expression of the remodeling receptor tyrosine kinase VER-1. Our results demonstrate how single-neuron structural changes affect animal behavior, identify key glial roles in stress-induced nervous system plasticity, and demonstrate that remodeling primes animals to respond to favorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hae Lee
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carl Procko
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that supporting/glial cells in sensory systems function in sensory transduction. Duan et al. demonstrate that the glial cells of the C. elegans amphid apparatus serve as odorant receptor cells and regulate neuronal output and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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28
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Nagai J, Yu X, Papouin T, Cheong E, Freeman MR, Monk KR, Hastings MH, Haydon PG, Rowitch D, Shaham S, Khakh BS. Behaviorally consequential astrocytic regulation of neural circuits. Neuron 2020; 109:576-596. [PMID: 33385325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a large and diverse population of morphologically complex cells that exist throughout nervous systems of multiple species. Progress over the last two decades has shown that astrocytes mediate developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. However, a long-standing open question is how astrocytes regulate neural circuits in ways that are behaviorally consequential. In this regard, we summarize recent studies using Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, and Mus musculus. The data reveal diverse astrocyte mechanisms operating in seconds or much longer timescales within neural circuits and shaping multiple behavioral outputs. We also refer to human diseases that have a known primary astrocytic basis. We suggest that including astrocytes in mechanistic, theoretical, and computational studies of neural circuits provides new perspectives to understand behavior, its regulation, and its disease-related manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nagai
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 514 Burrill Hall, 407 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Papouin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8108, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Marc R Freeman
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael H Hastings
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Philip G Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - David Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA.
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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30
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Qu Z, Zhang A, Yan D. Robo functions as an attractive cue for glial migration through SYG-1/Neph. eLife 2020; 9:e57921. [PMID: 33211005 PMCID: PMC7676865 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most-studied receptors, Robo plays functions in many biological processes, and its functions highly depend on Slit, the ligand of Robo. Here we uncover a Slit-independent role of Robo in glial migration and show that neurons can release an extracellular fragment of Robo upon cleavage to attract glia during migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, we identified the conserved cell adhesion molecule SYG-1/Neph as a receptor for the cleaved extracellular Robo fragment to mediate glial migration and SYG-1/Neph functions through regulation of the WAVE complex. Our studies reveal a previously unknown Slit-independent function and regulatory mechanism of Robo and show that the cleaved extracellular fragment of Robo can function as a ligand for SYG-1/Neph to guide glial migration. As Robo, the cleaved region of Robo, and SYG-1/Neph are all highly conserved across the animal kingdom, our findings may present a conserved Slit-independent Robo mechanism during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Qu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Albert Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
- Department of Neurobiology, Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
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31
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Duan D, Zhang H, Yue X, Fan Y, Xue Y, Shao J, Ding G, Chen D, Li S, Cheng H, Zhang X, Zou W, Liu J, Zhao J, Wang L, Zhao B, Wang Z, Xu S, Wen Q, Liu J, Duan S, Kang L. Sensory Glia Detect Repulsive Odorants and Drive Olfactory Adaptation. Neuron 2020; 108:707-721.e8. [PMID: 32970991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glia are typically considered as supporting cells for neural development and synaptic transmission. Here, we report an active role of a glia in olfactory transduction. As a polymodal sensory neuron in C. elegans, the ASH neuron is previously known to detect multiple aversive odorants. We reveal that the AMsh glia, a sheath for multiple sensory neurons including ASH, cell-autonomously respond to aversive odorants via G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) distinct from those in ASH. Upon activation, the AMsh glia suppress aversive odorant-triggered avoidance and promote olfactory adaptation by inhibiting the ASH neuron via GABA signaling. Thus, we propose a novel two-receptor model where the glia and sensory neuron jointly mediate adaptive olfaction. Our study reveals a non-canonical function of glial cells in olfactory transduction, which may provide new insights into the glia-like supporting cells in mammalian sensory procession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Duan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xiaomin Yue
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yuedan Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yadan Xue
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jiajie Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Du Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Shitian Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Hankui Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Wenjuan Zou
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Bingzhen Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Quan Wen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shumin Duan
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Lijun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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32
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Fung W, Wexler L, Heiman MG. Cell-type-specific promoters for C. elegans glia. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:335-346. [PMID: 32696701 PMCID: PMC7855602 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1781851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glia shape the development and function of the C. elegans nervous system, especially its sense organs and central neuropil (nerve ring). Cell-type-specific promoters allow investigators to label or manipulate individual glial cell types, and therefore provide a key tool for deciphering glial function. In this technical resource, we compare the specificity, brightness, and consistency of cell-type-specific promoters for C. elegans glia. We identify a set of promoters for the study of seven glial cell types (F16F9.3, amphid and phasmid sheath glia; F11C7.2, amphid sheath glia only; grl-2, amphid and phasmid socket glia; hlh-17, cephalic (CEP) sheath glia; and grl-18, inner labial (IL) socket glia) as well as a pan-glial promoter (mir-228). We compare these promoters to promoters that are expressed more variably in combinations of glial cell types (delm-1 and itx-1). We note that the expression of some promoters depends on external conditions or the internal state of the organism, such as developmental stage, suggesting glial plasticity. Finally, we demonstrate an approach for prospectively identifying cell-type-specific glial promoters using existing single-cell sequencing data, and we use this approach to identify two novel promoters specific to IL socket glia (col-53 and col-177).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fung
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115
| | - Leigh Wexler
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115
| | - Maxwell G. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115
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Huang T, Matsuyama HJ, Tsukada Y, Singhvi A, Syu R, Lu Y, Shaham S, Mori I, Pan C. Age-dependent changes in response property and morphology of a thermosensory neuron and thermotaxis behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13146. [PMID: 32307902 PMCID: PMC7253067 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age‐dependent cognitive and behavioral deterioration may arise from defects in different components of the nervous system, including those of neurons, synapses, glial cells, or a combination of them. We find that AFD, the primary thermosensory neuron of Caenorhabditis elegans, in aged animals is characterized by loss of sensory ending integrity, including reduced actin‐based microvilli abundance and aggregation of thermosensory guanylyl cyclases. At the functional level, AFD neurons in aged animals are hypersensitive to high temperatures and show sustained sensory‐evoked calcium dynamics, resulting in a prolonged operating range. At the behavioral level, senescent animals display cryophilic behaviors that remain plastic to acute temperature changes. Excessive cyclase activity of the AFD‐specific guanylyl cyclase, GCY‐8, is associated with developmental defects in AFD sensory ending and cryophilic behavior. Surprisingly, loss of the GCY‐8 cyclase domain reduces these age‐dependent morphological and behavioral changes, while a prolonged AFD operating range still exists in gcy‐8 animals. The lack of apparent correlation between age‐dependent changes in the morphology or stimuli‐evoked response properties of primary sensory neurons and those in related behaviors highlights the importance of quantitative analyses of aging features when interpreting age‐related changes at structural and functional levels. Our work identifies aging hallmarks in AFD receptive ending, temperature‐evoked AFD responses, and experience‐based thermotaxis behavior, which serve as a foundation to further elucidate the neural basis of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu‐Ting Huang
- Neuroscience InstituteGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Group of Molecular NeurobiologyGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Institute of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hironori J. Matsuyama
- Neuroscience InstituteGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Group of Molecular NeurobiologyGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Yuki Tsukada
- Neuroscience InstituteGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Group of Molecular NeurobiologyGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Laboratory of Developmental GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Present address:
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Ru‐Ting Syu
- Institute of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Center of Precision MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yun Lu
- Laboratory of Developmental GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ikue Mori
- Neuroscience InstituteGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Group of Molecular NeurobiologyGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Chun‐Liang Pan
- Institute of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Center of Precision MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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34
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Takeishi A, Takagaki N, Kuhara A. Temperature signaling underlying thermotaxis and cold tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:351-362. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1734001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Takeishi
- Neural Circuit of Multisensory Integration RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), Wako, Japan
| | - Natsune Takagaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuhara
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Johnson CK, Fernandez-Abascal J, Wang Y, Wang L, Bianchi L. The Na +-K +-ATPase is needed in glia of touch receptors for responses to touch in C. elegans. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2064-2074. [PMID: 32292107 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00636.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Four of the five types of mammalian mechanosensors are composed of nerve endings and accessory cells. In Caenorhabditis elegans we showed that glia support the function of nose touch neurons via the activity of glial Na+ and K+ channels. We show here that a third regulator of Na+ and K+, the Na+-K+-ATPase, is needed in glia of nose touch neurons for touch. Importantly, we show that two Na+-K+-ATPase genes are needed for the function rather than structural integrity and that their ion transport activity is crucial for touch. Finally, when glial Na+-K+-ATPase genes are knocked out, touch can be restored by activation of a third Na+-K+-ATPase. Taken together, these data show the requirement in glia of touch neurons of the function of the Na+-K+-ATPase. These data underscore the importance of the homeostasis of Na+ and K+, most likely in the space surrounding touch neurons, in touch sensation, a function that might be conserved across species.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Increasing evidence supports that accessory cells in mechanosensors regulate neuronal output; however, the glial molecular mechanisms that control this regulation are not fully understood. We show here in Caenorhabditis elegans that specific glial Na+-K+-ATPase genes are needed for nose touch-avoidance behavior. Our data support the requirement of these Na+-K+-ATPases for homeostasis of Na+ and K+ in nose touch receptors. Our data add to our understanding of glial regulation of mechanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Johnson
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jesus Fernandez-Abascal
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ying Wang
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Lei Wang
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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36
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Reid MS, Kern DM, Brohawn SG. Cryo-EM structure of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC4 in lipid nanodiscs. eLife 2020; 9:e52505. [PMID: 32286222 PMCID: PMC7200160 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cation-chloride-cotransporters (CCCs) catalyze transport of Cl- with K+ and/or Na+across cellular membranes. CCCs play roles in cellular volume regulation, neural development and function, audition, regulation of blood pressure, and renal function. CCCs are targets of clinically important drugs including loop diuretics and their disruption has been implicated in pathophysiology including epilepsy, hearing loss, and the genetic disorders Andermann, Gitelman, and Bartter syndromes. Here we present the structure of a CCC, the Mus musculus K+-Cl- cotransporter (KCC) KCC4, in lipid nanodiscs determined by cryo-EM. The structure, captured in an inside-open conformation, reveals the architecture of KCCs including an extracellular domain poised to regulate transport activity through an outer gate. We identify binding sites for substrate K+ and Cl- ions, demonstrate the importance of key coordinating residues for transporter activity, and provide a structural explanation for varied substrate specificity and ion transport ratio among CCCs. These results provide mechanistic insight into the function and regulation of a physiologically important transporter family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Reid
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - David M Kern
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Stephen Graf Brohawn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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Long-term activity drives dendritic branch elaboration of a C. elegans sensory neuron. Dev Biol 2020; 461:66-74. [PMID: 31945343 PMCID: PMC7170766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity often leads to alterations in gene expression and cellular architecture. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, owing to its compact translucent nervous system, is a powerful system in which to study conserved aspects of the development and plasticity of neuronal morphology. Here we focus on one pair of sensory neurons, termed URX, which the worm uses to sense and avoid high levels of environmental oxygen. Previous studies have reported that the URX neuron pair has variable branched endings at its dendritic sensory tip. By controlling oxygen levels and analyzing mutants, we found that these microtubule-rich branched endings grow over time as a consequence of neuronal activity in adulthood. We also find that the growth of these branches correlates with an increase in cellular sensitivity to particular ranges of oxygen that is observable in the behavior of older worms. Given the strengths of C. elegans as a model organism, URX may serve as a potent system for uncovering genes and mechanisms involved in activity-dependent morphological changes in neurons and possible adaptive changes in the aging nervous system. The dendritic tip of an oxygen-sensing neuron grows elaborate microtubule-rich processes in adult C. elegans. Dendritic tip elaboration depends on the long-term activity of the neuron and calcium. The elaboration correlates with increased sensitivity of the neuron to certain ranges of oxygen as well as higher avoidance of oxygen during bordering behavior. The dendritic tip changes may reflect adaptive changes in physiology and behavior during adulthood.
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How Caenorhabditis elegans Senses Mechanical Stress, Temperature, and Other Physical Stimuli. Genetics 2019; 212:25-51. [PMID: 31053616 PMCID: PMC6499529 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans lives in a complex habitat in which they routinely experience large fluctuations in temperature, and encounter physical obstacles that vary in size and composition. Their habitat is shared by other nematodes, by beneficial and harmful bacteria, and nematode-trapping fungi. Not surprisingly, these nematodes can detect and discriminate among diverse environmental cues, and exhibit sensory-evoked behaviors that are readily quantifiable in the laboratory at high resolution. Their ability to perform these behaviors depends on <100 sensory neurons, and this compact sensory nervous system together with powerful molecular genetic tools has allowed individual neuron types to be linked to specific sensory responses. Here, we describe the sensory neurons and molecules that enable C. elegans to sense and respond to physical stimuli. We focus primarily on the pathways that allow sensation of mechanical and thermal stimuli, and briefly consider this animal’s ability to sense magnetic and electrical fields, light, and relative humidity. As the study of sensory transduction is critically dependent upon the techniques for stimulus delivery, we also include a section on appropriate laboratory methods for such studies. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about the sensitivity and response dynamics of individual classes of C. elegans mechano- and thermosensory neurons from in vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology studies. We also describe the roles of conserved molecules and signaling pathways in mediating the remarkably sensitive responses of these nematodes to mechanical and thermal cues. These studies have shown that the protein partners that form mechanotransduction channels are drawn from multiple superfamilies of ion channel proteins, and that signal transduction pathways responsible for temperature sensing in C. elegans share many features with those responsible for phototransduction in vertebrates.
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Woldemariam S, Nagpal J, Hill T, Li J, Schneider MW, Shankar R, Futey M, Varshney A, Ali N, Mitchell J, Andersen K, Barsi-Rhyne B, Tran A, Costa WS, Krzyzanowski MC, Yu YV, Brueggemann C, Hamilton OS, Ferkey DM, VanHoven M, Sengupta P, Gottschalk A, L'Etoile N. Using a Robust and Sensitive GFP-Based cGMP Sensor for Real-Time Imaging in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 213:59-77. [PMID: 31331946 PMCID: PMC6727795 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
cGMP plays a role in sensory signaling and plasticity by regulating ion channels, phosphodiesterases, and kinases. Studies that primarily used genetic and biochemical tools suggest that cGMP is spatiotemporally regulated in multiple sensory modalities. FRET- and GFP-based cGMP sensors were developed to visualize cGMP in primary cell culture and Caenorhabditis elegans to corroborate these findings. While a FRET-based sensor has been used in an intact animal to visualize cGMP, the requirement of a multiple emission system limits its ability to be used on its own as well as with other fluorophores. Here, we demonstrate that a C. elegans codon-optimized version of the cpEGFP-based cGMP sensor FlincG3 can be used to visualize rapidly changing cGMP levels in living, behaving C. elegans We coexpressed FlincG3 with the blue-light-activated guanylyl cyclases BeCyclOp and bPGC in body wall muscles, and found that the rate of change in FlincG3 fluorescence correlated with the rate of cGMP production by each cyclase. Furthermore, we show that FlincG3 responds to cultivation temperature, NaCl concentration changes, and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the sensory neurons AFD, ASEL/R, and PHB, respectively. Intriguingly, FlincG3 fluorescence in ASEL and ASER decreased in response to a NaCl concentration upstep and downstep, respectively, which is opposite in sign to the coexpressed calcium sensor jRGECO1a and previously published calcium recordings. These results illustrate that FlincG3 can be used to report rapidly changing cGMP levels in an intact animal, and that the reporter can potentially reveal unexpected spatiotemporal landscapes of cGMP in response to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Woldemariam
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jatin Nagpal
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology and Neurobiology, The Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tyler Hill
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Joy Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, California 95192
| | - Martin W Schneider
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology and Neurobiology, The Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Raakhee Shankar
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, California 95192
| | - Mary Futey
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Aruna Varshney
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, California 95192
| | - Nebat Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, California 95192
| | - Jordan Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, California 95192
| | - Kristine Andersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, California 95192
| | | | - Alan Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, California 95192
| | - Wagner Steuer Costa
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology and Neurobiology, The Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michelle C Krzyzanowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, New York 14260
| | - Yanxun V Yu
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Chantal Brueggemann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - O Scott Hamilton
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95618
| | - Denise M Ferkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, New York 14260
| | - Miri VanHoven
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, California 95192
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology and Neurobiology, The Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Noelle L'Etoile
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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Jia R, Li D, Li M, Chai Y, Liu Y, Xie Z, Shao W, Xie C, Li L, Huang X, Chen L, Li W, Ou G. Spectrin-based membrane skeleton supports ciliogenesis. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000369. [PMID: 31299042 PMCID: PMC6655744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are remarkable cellular devices that power cell motility and transduce extracellular signals. To assemble a cilium, a cylindrical array of 9 doublet microtubules push out an extension of the plasma membrane. Membrane tension regulates cilium formation; however, molecular pathways that link mechanical stimuli to ciliogenesis are unclear. Using genome editing, we introduced hereditary elliptocytosis (HE)- and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)-associated mutations into the Caenorhabditis elegans membrane skeletal protein spectrin. We show that these mutations impair mechanical support for the plasma membrane and change cell shape. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses of spectrin-mutant animals uncovered a global down-regulation of ciliary gene expression, prompting us to investigate whether spectrin participates in ciliogenesis. Spectrin mutations affect intraflagellar transport (IFT), disrupt axonemal microtubules, and inhibit cilium formation, and the endogenous spectrin periodically distributes along cilia. Mammalian spectrin also localizes in cilia and regulates ciliogenesis. These results define a previously unrecognized yet conserved role of spectrin-based mechanical support for cilium biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyun Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Glia are abundant components of animal nervous systems. Recognized 170 years ago, concerted attempts to understand these cells began only recently. From these investigations glia, once considered passive filler material in the brain, have emerged as active players in neuron development and activity. Glia are essential for nervous system function, and their disruption leads to disease. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans possesses glial types similar to vertebrate glia, based on molecular, morphological, and functional criteria, and has become a powerful model in which to study glia and their neuronal interactions. Facile genetic and transgenic methods in this animal allow the discovery of genes required for glial functions, and effects of glia at single synapses can be monitored by tracking neuron shape, physiology, or animal behavior. Here, we review recent progress in understanding glia-neuron interactions in C. elegans. We highlight similarities with glia in other animals, and suggest conserved emerging principles of glial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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42
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Glial ensheathment of the somatodendritic compartment regulates sensory neuron structure and activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5126-5134. [PMID: 30804200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814456116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons perceive environmental cues and are important of organismal survival. Peripheral sensory neurons interact intimately with glial cells. While the function of axonal ensheathment by glia is well studied, less is known about the functional significance of glial interaction with the somatodendritic compartment of neurons. Herein, we show that three distinct glia cell types differentially wrap around the axonal and somatodendritic surface of the polymodal dendritic arborization (da) neuron of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system for detection of thermal, mechanical, and light stimuli. We find that glial cell-specific loss of the chromatin modifier gene dATRX in the subperineurial glial layer leads to selective elimination of somatodendritic glial ensheathment, thus allowing us to investigate the function of such ensheathment. We find that somatodendritic glial ensheathment regulates the morphology of the dendritic arbor, as well as the activity of the sensory neuron, in response to sensory stimuli. Additionally, glial ensheathment of the neuronal soma influences dendritic regeneration after injury.
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43
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Stenesen D, Moehlman AT, Schellinger JN, Rodan AR, Krämer H. The glial sodium-potassium-2-chloride cotransporter is required for synaptic transmission in the Drosophila visual system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2475. [PMID: 30792494 PMCID: PMC6385505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Ncc69 gene encodes a Na+-K+-2Cl−-cotransporter (NKCC) that is critical for regulating intra- and extracellular ionic conditions in different tissues. Here, we show that the Ncc69 transporter is necessary for fly vision and that its expression is required non-autonomously in glia to maintain visual synaptic transmission. Flies mutant for Ncc69 exhibit normal photoreceptor depolarization in response to a light pulse but lack the ON and OFF-transients characteristic of postsynaptic responses of lamina neurons, indicating a failure in synaptic transmission. We also find that synaptic transmission requires the Ncc69 regulatory kinases WNK and Fray in glia. The ERG phenotype is associated with a defect in the recycling of the histamine neurotransmitter. Ncc69 mutants exhibit higher levels of the transport metabolite carcinine in lamina cartridges, with its accumulation most intense in the extracellular space. Our work reveals a novel role of glial NKCC transporters in synaptic transmission, possibly through regulating extracellular ionic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Stenesen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Biology Department, University of Dallas, Irving, TX, 75062, USA
| | - Andrew T Moehlman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Schellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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44
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Poberezhnyi VI, Marchuk OV, Shvidyuk OS, Petrik IY, Logvinov OS. Fundamentals of the modern theory of the phenomenon of "pain" from the perspective of a systematic approach. Neurophysiological basis. Part 1: A brief presentation of key subcellular and cellular ctructural elements of the central nervous system. PAIN MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.31636/pmjua.v3i4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of “pain” is a psychophysiological phenomenon that is actualized in the mind of a person as a result of the systemic response of his body to certain external and internal stimuli. The heart of the corresponding mental processes is certain neurophysiological processes, which in turn are caused by a certain form of the systemic structural and functional organization of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, the systemic structural and functional organization of the central nervous system of a person, determining the corresponding psychophysiological state in a specific time interval, determines its psycho-emotional states or reactions manifested by the pain phenomenon. The nervous system of the human body has a hierarchical structure and is a morphologically and functionally complete set of different, interconnected, nervous and structural formations. The basis of the structural formations of the nervous system is nervous tissue. It is a system of interconnected differentials of nerve cells, neuroglia and glial macrophages, providing specific functions of perception of stimulation, excitation, generation of nerve impulses and its transmission. The neuron and each of its compartments (spines, dendrites, catfish, axon) is an autonomous, plastic, active, structural formation with complex computational properties. One of them – dendrites – plays a key role in the integration and processing of information. Dendrites, due to their morphology, provide neurons with unique electrical and plastic properties and cause variations in their computational properties. The morphology of dendrites: 1) determines – a) the number and type of contacts that a particular neuron can form with other neurons; b) the complexity, diversity of its functions; c) its computational operations; 2) determines – a) variations in the computational properties of a neuron (variations of the discharges between bursts and regular forms of pulsation); b) back distribution of action potentials. Dendritic spines can form synaptic connection – one of the main factors for increasing the diversity of forms of synaptic connections of neurons. Their volume and shape can change over a short period of time, and they can rotate in space, appear and disappear by themselves. Spines play a key role in selectively changing the strength of synaptic connections during the memorization and learning process. Glial cells are active participants in diffuse transmission of nerve impulses in the brain. Astrocytes form a three-dimensional, functionally “syncytia-like” formation, inside of which there are neurons, thus causing their specific microenvironment. They and neurons are structurally and functionally interconnected, based on which their permanent interaction occurs. Oligodendrocytes provide conditions for the generation and transmission of nerve impulses along the processes of neurons and play a significant role in the processes of their excitation and inhibition. Microglial cells play an important role in the formation of the brain, especially in the formation and maintenance of synapses. Thus, the CNS should be considered as a single, functionally “syncytia-like”, structural entity. Because the three-dimensional distribution of dendritic branches in space is important for determining the type of information that goes to a neuron, it is necessary to consider the three-dimensionality of their structure when analyzing the implementation of their functions.
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45
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Low IIC, Williams CR, Chong MK, McLachlan IG, Wierbowski BM, Kolotuev I, Heiman MG. Morphogenesis of neurons and glia within an epithelium. Development 2019; 146:dev171124. [PMID: 30683663 PMCID: PMC6398450 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To sense the outside world, some neurons protrude across epithelia, the cellular barriers that line every surface of our bodies. To study the morphogenesis of such neurons, we examined the C. elegans amphid, in which dendrites protrude through a glial channel at the nose. During development, amphid dendrites extend by attaching to the nose via DYF-7, a type of protein typically found in epithelial apical ECM. Here, we show that amphid neurons and glia exhibit epithelial properties, including tight junctions and apical-basal polarity, and develop in a manner resembling other epithelia. We find that DYF-7 is a fibril-forming apical ECM component that promotes formation of the tube-shaped glial channel, reminiscent of roles for apical ECM in other narrow epithelial tubes. We also identify a requirement for FRM-2, a homolog of EPBL15/moe/Yurt that promotes epithelial integrity in other systems. Finally, we show that other environmentally exposed neurons share a requirement for DYF-7. Together, our results suggest that these neurons and glia can be viewed as part of an epithelium continuous with the skin, and are shaped by mechanisms shared with other epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel I C Low
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claire R Williams
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Megan K Chong
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian G McLachlan
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradley M Wierbowski
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Université de Rennes 1, Plateforme microscopie électronique, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Maxwell G Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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46
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Bryant AS, Hallem EA. Terror in the dirt: Sensory determinants of host seeking in soil-transmitted mammalian-parasitic nematodes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:496-510. [PMID: 30396862 PMCID: PMC6287541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes is a major cause of chronic morbidity and economic burden around the world, particularly in low-resource settings. Some parasitic nematode species, including the human-parasitic threadworm Strongyloides stercoralis and human-parasitic hookworms in the genera Ancylostoma and Necator, feature a soil-dwelling infective larval stage that seeks out hosts for infection using a variety of host-emitted sensory cues. Here, we review our current understanding of the behavioral responses of soil-dwelling infective larvae to host-emitted sensory cues, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate these responses. We also discuss the development of methods for transgenesis and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis in Strongyloides stercoralis and the closely related rat parasite Strongyloides ratti. These methods have established S. stercoralis and S. ratti as genetic model systems for gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes and are enabling more detailed investigations into the neural mechanisms that underlie the sensory-driven behaviors of this medically and economically important class of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astra S Bryant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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47
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Bryant AS, Hallem EA. Temperature-dependent behaviors of parasitic helminths. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:290-303. [PMID: 30336196 PMCID: PMC6240462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infections are the most common source of neglected tropical disease among impoverished global communities. Many helminths infect their hosts via an active, sensory-driven process in which environmentally motile infective larvae position themselves near potential hosts. For these helminths, host seeking and host invasion can be divided into several discrete behaviors that are regulated by both host-emitted and environmental sensory cues, including heat. Thermosensation is a critical sensory modality for helminths that infect warm-blooded hosts, driving multiple behaviors necessary for host seeking and host invasion. Furthermore, thermosensory cues influence the host-seeking behaviors of both helminths that parasitize endothermic hosts and helminths that parasitize insect hosts. Here, we discuss the role of thermosensation in guiding the host-seeking and host-infection behaviors of a diverse group of helminths, including mammalian-parasitic nematodes, entomopathogenic nematodes, and schistosomes. We also discuss the neural circuitry and molecular pathways that underlie thermosensory responses in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astra S Bryant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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48
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Antagonistic regulation of trafficking to Caenorhabditis elegans sensory cilia by a Retinal Degeneration 3 homolog and retromer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E438-E447. [PMID: 29282322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712302115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons often possess cilia with elaborate membrane structures that are adapted to the sensory modality of the host cell. Mechanisms that target sensory transduction proteins to these specialized membrane domains remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a homolog of the human retinal dystrophy gene Retinal Degeneration 3 (RD3) is a Golgi-associated protein required for efficient trafficking of a sensory receptor, the receptor-type guanylate cyclase GCY-9, to cilia in chemosensory neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans The trafficking defect caused by mutation of the nematode RD3 homolog is suppressed in vivo by mutation of key components of the retromer complex, which mediates recycling of cargo from endosomes to the Golgi. Our data show that there exists a critical balance in sensory neurons between the rates of anterograde and retrograde trafficking of cargo destined for the sensory cilium and this balance requires molecular specialization at an early stage of the secretory pathway.
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49
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The extraordinary AFD thermosensor of C. elegans. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:839-849. [PMID: 29218454 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nematode C. elegans exhibits complex thermal experience-dependent navigation behaviors in response to environmental temperature changes of as little as 0.01°C over a > 10°C temperature range. The remarkable thermosensory abilities of this animal are mediated primarily via the single pair of AFD sensory neurons in its head. In this review, we describe the contributions of AFD to thermosensory behaviors and temperature-dependent regulation of organismal physiology. We also discuss the mechanisms that enable this neuron type to adapt to recent temperature experience and to exhibit extraordinary thermosensitivity over a wide dynamic range.
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50
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Gao J, Xu Y, Lei M, Shi J, Gong Q. Icariside II, a PDE5 inhibitor from Epimedium brevicornum, promotes neuron-like pheochromocytoma PC12 cell proliferation via activating NO/cGMP/PKG pathway. Neurochem Int 2017; 112:18-26. [PMID: 29101001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Icariside II (ICS II), a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE 5-I), is a major ingredient of Epimedium brevicornum, with wide spectrum of neuroprotective properties. However, little is known about the potential beneficial effect of ICS II on neuronal cell proliferation, and its possible underlying mechanism remains still unclear. We hypothesized that the beneficial effect of ICS II on neuron-like highly differentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell proliferation is correlated with the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway and its upstream of PI3K/AKT pathway. PC12 cells were treated with ICS II alone or together with L-NMMA, H89, KT-5823, and/or LY294002 (the inhibitor of NOS, PKA, PKG, PI3K, respectively). It was found that ICS II concentration-dependently promoted PC12 cells proliferation, and cell cycle analysis showed that the proportion of ICS II-treated PC12 cells in S phase was higher than that of control. Moreover, ICS II at the appropriate concentration (100 μM) not only increased nNOS expression, NO production, but also enhanced cGMP content and PKG activity. The addition of L-NMMA and KT-5 823 significantly inhibited the effects of ICS II on nNOS expression, NO production and PKG activity. Furthermore, LY294002 significantly decreased p-AKT level, NOS activity, NO production and nNOS expression, but it did not affect iNOS expression. These findings demonstrate that the beneficial effect of ICS II on neuronal cell proliferation, and its possible underlying mechanisms are, at least partly, through activating AKT/nNOS/NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yingshu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Ming Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
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