1
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Ewerling A, May-Simera HL. Evolutionary trajectory for nuclear functions of ciliary transport complex proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0000624. [PMID: 38995044 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYCilia and the nucleus were two defining features of the last eukaryotic common ancestor. In early eukaryotic evolution, these structures evolved through the diversification of a common membrane-coating ancestor, the protocoatomer. While in cilia, the descendants of this protein complex evolved into parts of the intraflagellar transport complexes and BBSome, the nucleus gained its selectivity by recruiting protocoatomer-like proteins to the nuclear envelope to form the selective nuclear pore complexes. Recent studies show a growing number of proteins shared between the proteomes of the respective organelles, and it is currently unknown how ciliary transport proteins could acquire nuclear functions and vice versa. The nuclear functions of ciliary proteins are still observable today and remain relevant for the understanding of the disease mechanisms behind ciliopathies. In this work, we review the evolutionary history of cilia and nucleus and their respective defining proteins and integrate current knowledge into theories for early eukaryotic evolution. We postulate a scenario where both compartments co-evolved and that fits current models of eukaryotic evolution, explaining how ciliary proteins and nucleoporins acquired their dual functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ewerling
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Hu HT, Nishimura T, Kawana H, Dante RAS, D’Angelo G, Suetsugu S. The cellular protrusions for inter-cellular material transfer: similarities between filopodia, cytonemes, tunneling nanotubes, viruses, and extracellular vesicles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1422227. [PMID: 39035026 PMCID: PMC11257967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1422227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for transferring bioactive materials between cells and play vital roles in both health and diseases. Cellular protrusions, including filopodia and microvilli, are generated by the bending of the plasma membrane and are considered to be rigid structures facilitating various cellular functions, such as cell migration, adhesion, and environment sensing. Compelling evidence suggests that these protrusions are dynamic and flexible structures that can serve as sources of a new class of EVs, highlighting the unique role they play in intercellular material transfer. Cytonemes are specialized filopodia protrusions that make direct contact with neighboring cells, mediating the transfer of bioactive materials between cells through their tips. In some cases, these tips fuse with the plasma membrane of neighboring cells, creating tunneling nanotubes that directly connect the cytosols of the adjacent cells. Additionally, virus particles can be released from infected cells through small bud-like of plasma membrane protrusions. These different types of protrusions, which can transfer bioactive materials, share common protein components, including I-BAR domain-containing proteins, actin cytoskeleton, and their regulatory proteins. The dynamic and flexible nature of these protrusions highlights their importance in cellular communication and material transfer within the body, including development, cancer progression, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ting Hu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Tamako Nishimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawana
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Rachelle Anne So Dante
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Gisela D’Angelo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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3
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Hufft-Martinez BM, Wang HH, Saadi I, Tran PV. Actin cytoskeletal regulation of ciliogenesis in development and disease. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38958410 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that are evolutionarily conserved in nearly all modern eukaryotes, from the single-celled green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to vertebrates and mammals. Cilia are microtubule-based cellular projections that have adapted to perform a broad range of species-specific functions, from cell motility to detection of light and the transduction of extracellular mechanical and chemical signals. These functions render cilia essential for organismal development and survival. The high conservation of cilia has allowed for discoveries in C. reinhardtii to inform our understanding of the basic biology of mammalian primary cilia, and to provide insight into the genetic etiology of ciliopathies. Over the last two decades, a growing number of studies has revealed that multiple aspects of ciliary homeostasis are regulated by the actin cytoskeleton, including centrosome migration and positioning, vesicle transport to the basal body, ectocytosis, and ciliary-mediated signaling. Here, we review actin regulation of ciliary homeostasis, and highlight conserved and divergent mechanisms in C. reinhardtii and mammalian cells. Further, we compare the disease manifestations of patients with ciliopathies to those with mutations in actin and actin-associated genes, and propose that primary cilia defects caused by genetic alteration of the actin cytoskeleton may underlie certain birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Hufft-Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Henry H Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Pamela V Tran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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4
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Agarwal A, Chandran A, Raza F, Ungureanu IM, Hilcenko C, Stott K, Bright NA, Morone N, Warren AJ, Lautenschläger J. VAMP2 regulates phase separation of α-synuclein. Nat Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41556-024-01451-6. [PMID: 38951707 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSYN), a pivotal synaptic protein implicated in synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia, undergoes protein phase separation. We reveal that vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) orchestrates αSYN phase separation both in vitro and in cells. Electrostatic interactions, specifically mediated by VAMP2 via its juxtamembrane domain and the αSYN C-terminal region, drive phase separation. Condensate formation is specific for R-SNARE VAMP2 and dependent on αSYN lipid membrane binding. Our results delineate a regulatory mechanism for αSYN phase separation in cells. Furthermore, we show that αSYN condensates sequester vesicles and attract complexin-1 and -2, thus supporting a role in synaptic physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Agarwal
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aswathy Chandran
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Farheen Raza
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Protein and Cellular Sciences, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | - Irina-Maria Ungureanu
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Hilcenko
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas A Bright
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alan J Warren
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janin Lautenschläger
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Hilgendorf KI, Myers BR, Reiter JF. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:555-573. [PMID: 38366037 PMCID: PMC11199107 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for signal transduction with tight control of protein, lipid and second messenger concentrations within a relatively small compartment, enabling reception, transmission and integration of biological information. In this Review, we discuss how cilia function as signalling hubs in cell-cell communication using three signalling pathways as examples: ciliary G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and polycystin ion channels. We review how defects in these ciliary signalling pathways lead to a heterogeneous group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', including metabolic syndromes, birth defects and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging understanding of these pathways' transduction mechanisms reveals common themes between these cilia-based signalling pathways that may apply to other pathways as well. These mechanistic insights reveal how cilia orchestrate normal and pathophysiological signalling outputs broadly throughout human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Wang J, Barr MM, Wehman AM. Extracellular vesicles. Genetics 2024:iyae088. [PMID: 38884207 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a diverse array of membrane-bound organelles released outside cells in response to developmental and physiological cell needs. EVs play important roles in remodeling the shape and content of differentiating cells and can rescue damaged cells from toxic or dysfunctional content. EVs can send signals and transfer metabolites between tissues and organisms to regulate development, respond to stress or tissue damage, or alter mating behaviors. While many EV functions have been uncovered by characterizing ex vivo EVs isolated from body fluids and cultured cells, research using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has provided insights into the in vivo functions, biogenesis, and uptake pathways. The C. elegans EV field has also developed methods to analyze endogenous EVs within the organismal context of development and adult physiology in free-living, behaving animals. In this review, we summarize major themes that have emerged for C. elegans EVs and their relevance to human health and disease. We also highlight the diversity of biogenesis mechanisms, locations, and functions of worm EVs and discuss open questions and unexplored topics tenable in C. elegans, given the nematode model is ideal for light and electron microscopy, genetic screens, genome engineering, and high-throughput omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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7
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Ma R, Chen L, Hu N, Caplan S, Hu G. Cilia and Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Development and Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:1020-1029. [PMID: 37956781 PMCID: PMC11087377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary and motile cilia are thin, hair-like cellular projections from the cell surface involved in movement, sensing, and communication between cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells and contain various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are delivered to and influence the behavior of other cells. Both cilia and EVs are essential for the normal functioning of brain cells, and their malfunction can lead to several neurological diseases. Cilia and EVs can interact with each other in several ways, and this interplay plays a crucial role in facilitating various biological processes, including cell-to-cell communication, tissue homeostasis, and pathogen defense. Cilia and EV crosstalk in the brain is an emerging area of research. Herein, we summarize the detailed molecular mechanisms of cilia and EV interplay and address the ciliary molecules that are involved in signaling and cellular dysfunction in brain development and diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical use of cilia and EVs in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ningyun Hu
- Millard West High School, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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8
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Whiting KR, Haer-Wigman L, Florijn RJ, van Beek R, Oud MM, Plomp AS, Boon CJF, Kroes HY, Roepman R. Utilization of automated cilia analysis to characterize novel INPP5E variants in patients with non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. Eur J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s41431-024-01627-6. [PMID: 38806661 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
INPP5E encodes inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E, an enzyme involved in regulating the phosphatidylinositol (PIP) makeup of the primary cilium membrane. Pathogenic variants in INPP5E hence cause a variety of ciliopathies: genetic disorders caused by dysfunctional cilia. While the majority of these disorders are syndromic, such as the neuronal ciliopathy Joubert syndrome, in some cases patients will present with an isolated phenotype-most commonly non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Here, we report two novel variants in INPP5E identified in two patients with non-syndromic RP: patient 1 with compound heterozygous variants (c.1516C > T, p.(Q506*), and c.847G > A, p.(A283T)) and patient 2 with a homozygous variant (c.1073C > T, p.(P358L)). To determine whether these variants were causative for the phenotype in the patients, automated ciliary phenotyping of patient-derived dermal fibroblasts was performed for percent ciliation, cilium length, retrograde IFT trafficking, and INPP5E localization. In both patients, a decrease in ciliary length and loss of INPP5E localization in the primary cilia were seen. With these molecular findings, we can confirm functionally that the novel variants in INPP5E are causative for the RP phenotypes seen in both patients. Additionally, this study demonstrates the usefulness of utilizing ciliary phenotyping as an assistant in ciliopathy diagnosis and phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae R Whiting
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Haer-Wigman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph J Florijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Beek
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld M Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid S Plomp
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hester Y Kroes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Megaw R, Moye A, Zhang Z, Newton F, McPhie F, Murphy LC, McKie L, He F, Jungnickel MK, von Kriegsheim A, Tennant PA, Brotherton C, Gurniak C, Gross AK, Machesky LM, Wensel TG, Mill P. Ciliary tip actin dynamics regulate photoreceptor outer segment integrity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4316. [PMID: 38773095 PMCID: PMC11109262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As signalling organelles, cilia regulate their G protein-coupled receptor content by ectocytosis, a process requiring localised actin dynamics to alter membrane shape. Photoreceptor outer segments comprise an expanse of folded membranes (discs) at the tip of highly-specialised connecting cilia, into which photosensitive GPCRs are concentrated. Discs are shed and remade daily. Defects in this process, due to mutations, cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Whilst fundamental for vision, the mechanism of photoreceptor disc generation is poorly understood. Here, we show membrane deformation required for disc genesis is driven by dynamic actin changes in a process akin to ectocytosis. We show RPGR, a leading RP gene, regulates actin-binding protein activity central to this process. Actin dynamics, required for disc formation, are perturbed in Rpgr mouse models, leading to aborted membrane shedding as ectosome-like vesicles, photoreceptor death and visual loss. Actin manipulation partially rescues this, suggesting the pathway could be targeted therapeutically. These findings help define how actin-mediated dynamics control outer segment turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roly Megaw
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, EH3 9HA, UK.
| | - Abigail Moye
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhixian Zhang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fay Newton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Fraser McPhie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Laura C Murphy
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lisa McKie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Feng He
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melissa K Jungnickel
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Edinburgh Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Peter A Tennant
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Chloe Brotherton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Christine Gurniak
- Institute fur Genetik, Universitat Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alecia K Gross
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 7UY, UK
| | - Theodore G Wensel
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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10
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Philbrook A, O'Donnell MP, Grunenkovaite L, Sengupta P. Differential modulation of sensory response dynamics by cilia structure and intraflagellar transport within and across chemosensory neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594529. [PMID: 38798636 PMCID: PMC11118401 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sensory neurons contain morphologically diverse primary cilia that are built by intraflagellar transport (IFT) and house sensory signaling molecules. Since both ciliary structural and signaling proteins are trafficked via IFT, it has been challenging to decouple the contributions of IFT and cilia structure to neuronal responses. By acutely inhibiting IFT without altering cilia structure and vice versa , here we describe the differential roles of ciliary trafficking and sensory ending morphology in shaping chemosensory responses in C. elegans. We show that a minimum cilium length but not continuous IFT is necessary for a subset of responses in the ASH nociceptive neurons. In contrast, neither cilia nor continuous IFT are necessary for odorant responses in the AWA olfactory neurons. Instead, continuous IFT differentially modulates response dynamics in AWA. Upon acute inhibition of IFT, cilia-destined odorant receptors are shunted to ectopic branches emanating from the cilia base. Spatial segregation of receptors in these branches from a cilia-restricted regulatory kinase results in odorant desensitization defects, highlighting the importance of precise organization of signaling molecules at sensory endings in regulating response dynamics. We also find that adaptation of AWA responses upon repeated exposure to an odorant is mediated by IFT-driven removal of its cognate receptor, whereas adaptation to a second odorant is regulated via IFT-independent mechanisms. Our results reveal unexpected complexity in the contribution of IFT and cilia organization to the regulation of responses even within a single chemosensory neuron type, and establish a critical role for these processes in the precise modulation of olfactory behaviors.
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11
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Zhu Y, Li Q. Multifaceted roles of PDCD6 both within and outside the cell. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31235. [PMID: 38436472 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6) is an evolutionarily conserved Ca2+-binding protein. PDCD6 is involved in regulating multifaceted and pleiotropic cellular processes in different cellular compartments. For instance, nuclear PDCD6 regulates apoptosis and alternative splicing. PDCD6 is required for coat protein complex II-dependent endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus vesicular transport in the cytoplasm. Recent advances suggest that cytoplasmic PDCD6 is involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and innate immune responses. Additionally, membranous PDCD6 participates in membrane repair through endosomal sorting complex required for transport complex-dependent membrane budding. Interestingly, extracellular vesicles are rich in PDCD6. Moreover, abnormal expression of PDCD6 is closely associated with many diseases, especially cancer. PDCD6 is therefore a multifaceted but pivotal protein in vivo. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of PDCD6 functions and to focus and stimulate PDCD6 research, this review summarizes key developments in its role in different subcellular compartments, processes, and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigao Zhu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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12
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Hong J, Kwon KY, Jang DG, Kwon T, Yoon H, Park TJ. Mebendazole preferentially inhibits cilia formation and exerts anticancer activity by synergistically augmenting DNA damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116434. [PMID: 38513592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that plays a pivotal role in embryonic development and maintenance of physiological functions in the human body. In addition to their function as sensors that transduce diverse extracellular signals, including growth factors, fluid flow, and physical forces, cilia are intricately involved in cell cycle regulation and preservation of DNA integrity, as their formation and resorption dynamics are tightly linked to cell cycle progression. Recently, several studies have linked defects in specific ciliary proteins to the DNA damage response. However, it remains unclear whether and how primary cilia contribute to cancer development. Mebendazole (MBZ) is an anthelmintic drug with anticancer properties in some cancer cells. MBZ is continuously being tested for clinical studies, but the precise mechanism of its anticancer activities remains unknown. Here, using Xenopus laevis embryos as a model system, we discovered that MBZ significantly hinders cilia formation and induces DNA damage. Remarkably, primary cilium-bearing cancer cells exhibited heightened vulnerability to combined treatment with MBZ and conventional anticancer drugs. Our findings shed light on the specific influence of MBZ on cilia, rather than cytosolic microtubules, in triggering DNA damage, elucidating a previously unidentified mechanism underlying potential MBZ-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Yeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gil Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biological Medical Engineering, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Mohd Rafiq N, Fujise K, Rosenfeld MS, Xu P, De Camilli P. Parkinsonism Sac domain mutation in Synaptojanin-1 affects ciliary properties in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318943121. [PMID: 38635628 PMCID: PMC11047088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318943121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptojanin-1 (SJ1) is a major neuronal-enriched PI(4, 5)P2 4- and 5-phosphatase implicated in the shedding of endocytic factors during endocytosis. A mutation (R258Q) that impairs selectively its 4-phosphatase activity causes Parkinsonism in humans and neurological defects in mice (SJ1RQKI mice). Studies of these mice showed, besides an abnormal assembly state of endocytic factors at synapses, the presence of dystrophic nerve terminals selectively in a subset of nigro-striatal dopamine (DA)-ergic axons, suggesting a special lability of DA neurons to the impairment of SJ1 function. Here we have further investigated the impact of SJ1 on DA neurons using iPSC-derived SJ1 KO and SJ1RQKI DA neurons and their isogenic controls. In addition to the expected enhanced clustering of endocytic factors in nerve terminals, we observed in both SJ1 mutant neuronal lines increased cilia length. Further analysis of cilia of SJ1RQDA neurons revealed abnormal accumulation of the Ca2+ channel Cav1.3 and of ubiquitin chains, suggesting a defect in the clearing of ubiquitinated proteins at the ciliary base, where a focal concentration of SJ1 was observed. We suggest that SJ1 may contribute to the control of ciliary protein dynamics in DA neurons, with implications on cilia-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Mohd Rafiq
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Kenshiro Fujise
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Martin Shaun Rosenfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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14
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Weijman JF, Vuolo L, Shak C, Pugnetti A, Mukhopadhyay AG, Hodgson LR, Heesom KJ, Roberts AJ, Stephens DJ. Roles for CEP170 in cilia function and dynein-2 assembly. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261816. [PMID: 38533689 PMCID: PMC11112123 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential eukaryotic organelles required for signalling and secretion. Dynein-2 is a microtubule-motor protein complex and is required for ciliogenesis via its role in facilitating retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) from the cilia tip to the cell body. Dynein-2 must be assembled and loaded onto IFT trains for entry into cilia for this process to occur, but how dynein-2 is assembled and how it is recycled back into a cilium remain poorly understood. Here, we identify centrosomal protein of 170 kDa (CEP170) as a dynein-2-interacting protein in mammalian cells. We show that loss of CEP170 perturbs intraflagellar transport and hedgehog signalling, and alters the stability of dynein-2 holoenzyme complex. Together, our data indicate a role for CEP170 in supporting cilia function and dynein-2 assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. Weijman
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Laura Vuolo
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Caroline Shak
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anna Pugnetti
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Lorna R. Hodgson
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kate J. Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anthony J. Roberts
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - David J. Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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15
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Zhai D, Li L, Chen C, Wang X, Liu R, Shan Y. INPP5E Regulates the Distribution of Phospholipids on Cilia in RPE1 Cells. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25031. [PMID: 38514901 PMCID: PMC11033345 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia are static microtubule-based structures protruding from the cell surface and present on most vertebrate cells. The appropriate localization of phospholipids is essential for cilia formation and stability. INPP5E is a cilia-localized inositol 5-phosphatase; its deletion alters the phosphoinositide composition in the ciliary membrane, disrupting ciliary function. METHODS The EGFP-2xP4MSidM, PHPLCδ1-EGFP, and SMO-tRFP plasmids were constructed by the Gateway system to establish a stable RPE1 cell line. The INPP5E KO RPE1 cell line was constructed with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The localization of INPP5E and the distribution of PI(4,5)P2 and PI4P were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence intensity co-localized with cilia was quantified by ImageJ. RESULTS In RPE1 cells, PI4P is localized at the ciliary membrane, whereas PI(4,5)P2 is localized at the base of cilia. Knocking down or knocking out INPP5E alters this distribution, resulting in the distribution of PI(4,5)P2 along the ciliary membrane and the disappearance of PI4P from the cilia. Meanwhile, PI(4,5)P2 is located in the ciliary membrane labeled by SMO-tRFP. CONCLUSIONS INPP5E regulates the distribution of phosphoinositide on cilia. PI(4,5)P2 localizes at the ciliary membrane labeled with SMO-tRFP, indicating that ciliary pocket membrane contains PI(4,5)P2, and phosphoinositide composition in early membrane structures may differ from that in mature ciliary membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Lamei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ruming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ying Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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16
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Hernández-Cáceres MP, Pinto-Nuñez D, Rivera P, Burgos P, Díaz-Castro F, Criollo A, Yañez MJ, Morselli E. Role of lipids in the control of autophagy and primary cilium signaling in neurons. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:264-271. [PMID: 37488876 PMCID: PMC10503597 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.377414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is, after the adipose tissue, the organ with the greatest amount of lipids and diversity in their composition in the human body. In neurons, lipids are involved in signaling pathways controlling autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process essential for the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis and the function of the primary cilium, a cellular antenna that acts as a communication hub that transfers extracellular signals into intracellular responses required for neurogenesis and brain development. A crosstalk between primary cilia and autophagy has been established; however, its role in the control of neuronal activity and homeostasis is barely known. In this review, we briefly discuss the current knowledge regarding the role of autophagy and the primary cilium in neurons. Then we review the recent literature about specific lipid subclasses in the regulation of autophagy, in the control of primary cilium structure and its dependent cellular signaling in physiological and pathological conditions, specifically focusing on neurons, an area of research that could have major implications in neurodevelopment, energy homeostasis, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Hernández-Cáceres
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Pinto-Nuñez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Burgos
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Díaz-Castro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Autophagy Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Jose Yañez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Autophagy Research Center, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Moran AL, Louzao-Martinez L, Norris DP, Peters DJM, Blacque OE. Transport and barrier mechanisms that regulate ciliary compartmentalization and ciliopathies. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:83-100. [PMID: 37872350 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia act as cell surface antennae, coordinating cellular responses to sensory inputs and signalling molecules that regulate developmental and homeostatic pathways. Cilia are therefore critical to physiological processes, and defects in ciliary components are associated with a large group of inherited pleiotropic disorders - known collectively as ciliopathies - that have a broad spectrum of phenotypes and affect many or most tissues, including the kidney. A central feature of the cilium is its compartmentalized structure, which imparts its unique molecular composition and signalling environment despite its membrane and cytosol being contiguous with those of the cell. Such compartmentalization is achieved via active transport pathways that bring protein cargoes to and from the cilium, as well as gating pathways at the ciliary base that establish diffusion barriers to protein exchange into and out of the organelle. Many ciliopathy-linked proteins, including those involved in kidney development and homeostasis, are components of the compartmentalizing machinery. New insights into the major compartmentalizing pathways at the cilium, namely, ciliary gating, intraflagellar transport, lipidated protein flagellar transport and ciliary extracellular vesicle release pathways, have improved our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin ciliary disease and associated renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailis L Moran
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Louzao-Martinez
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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18
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Wang X, Yu J, Yue H, Li S, Yang A, Zhu Z, Guan Z, Wang J. Inpp5e Regulated the Cilium-Related Genes Contributing to the Neural Tube Defects Under 5-Fluorouracil Exposure. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03946-7. [PMID: 38285286 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are crucial for neurogenesis, and cilium-related genes are involved in the closure of neural tubes. Inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (Inpp5e) was enriched in primary cilia and closely related to the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs). However, the role of Inpp5e in the development of NTDs is not well-known. To investigate whether Inpp5e gene is associated with the neural tube closure, we established a mouse model of NTDs by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) exposure at gestational day 7.5 (GD7.5). The Inpp5e knockdown (Inpp5e-/-) mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were produced by CRISPR/Cas9 system. The expressions of Inpp5e and other cilium-related genes including intraflagellar transport 80 (Ift80), McKusick-Kaufman syndrome (Mkks), and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (Kras) were determined, utilizing quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, PCR array, and immunofluorescence staining. The result showed that the incidence of NTDs was 37.10% (23 NTDs/62 total embryos) and significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). The neuroepithelial cells of neural tubes were obviously disarranged in NTD embryos. The mRNA and protein levels of Inpp5e, Ift80, Mkks, and Kras were significantly decreased in NTD embryonic brain tissues, compared to the control (P < 0.05). Knockdown of the Inpp5e (Inpp5e-/-) reduced the expressions of Ift80, Mkks, and Kras in mESCs. Furthermore, the levels of α-tubulin were significantly reduced in NTD embryonic neural tissue and Inpp5e-/- mESCs. These results suggested that maternal 5-FU exposure inhibited the expression of Inpp5e, which resulted in the downregulation of cilium-related genes (Ift80, Mkks, and Kras), leading to the impairment of primary cilium development, and ultimately disrupted the neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jialu Yu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huixuan Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Shen Li
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Aiyun Yang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhen Guan
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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19
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Lee H, Lee J, Shin M, Park S. ANKS1A-Deficiency Aberrantly Increases the Entry of the Protein Transport Machinery into the Ependymal Cilia. Mol Cells 2023; 46:757-763. [PMID: 38052491 PMCID: PMC10701301 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examine whether a change in the protein levels for FOP in Ankyrin repeat and SAM domain-containing protein 1A (ANKS1A)-deficient ependymal cells affects the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein transport system in the multicilia. Three distinct abnormalities are observed in the multicilia of ANKS1A-deficient ependymal cells. First, there were a greater number of IFT88-positive trains along the cilia from ANKS1A deficiency. The results are similar to each isolated cilium as well. Second, each isolated cilium contains a significant increase in the number of extracellular vesicles (ECVs) due to the lack of ANKS1A. Third, Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2), a ciliary membrane protein, is abundantly detected along the cilia and in the ECVs attached to them for ANKS1A-deficient cells. We also use primary ependymal culture systems to obtain the ECVs released from the multicilia. Consequently, we find that ECVs from ANKS1A-deficient cells contain more IFT machinery and Vangl2. These results indicate that ANKS1A deficiency increases the entry of the protein transport machinery into the multicilia and as a result of these abnormal protein transports, excessive ECVs form along the cilia. We conclude that ependymal cells make use of the ECV-based disposal system in order to eliminate excessively transported proteins from basal bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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20
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Ott CM, Constable S, Nguyen TM, White K, Lee WCA, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Mukhopadhyay S. Permanent deconstruction of intracellular primary cilia in differentiating granule cell neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.07.565988. [PMID: 38106104 PMCID: PMC10723395 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.565988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia on granule cell neuron progenitors in the developing cerebellum detect sonic hedgehog to facilitate proliferation. Following differentiation, cerebellar granule cells become the most abundant neuronal cell type in the brain. While essential during early developmental stages, the fate of granule cell cilia is unknown. Here, we provide nanoscopic resolution of ciliary dynamics in situ by studying developmental changes in granule cell cilia using large-scale electron microscopy volumes and immunostaining of mouse cerebella. We found that many granule cell primary cilia were intracellular and concealed from the external environment. Cilia were disassembed in differentiating granule cell neurons in a process we call cilia deconstruction that was distinct from pre-mitotic cilia resorption in proliferating progenitors. In differentiating granule cells, ciliary loss involved unique disassembly intermediates, and, as maturation progressed, mother centriolar docking at the plasma membrane. Cilia did not reform from the docked centrioles, rather, in adult mice granule cell neurons remained unciliated. Many neurons in other brain regions require cilia to regulate function and connectivity. In contrast, our results show that granule cell progenitors had concealed cilia that underwent deconstruction potentially to prevent mitogenic hedgehog responsiveness. The ciliary deconstruction mechanism we describe could be paradigmatic of cilia removal during differentiation in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Ott
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sandii Constable
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tri M. Nguyen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Current affiliation, Zetta AI LLC, USA
| | - Kevin White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Allen Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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21
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Nakazato R, Matsuda Y, Ijaz F, Ikegami K. Circadian oscillation in primary cilium length by clock genes regulates fibroblast cell migration. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56870. [PMID: 37971148 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Various mammalian cells have autonomous cellular clocks that are produced by the transcriptional cycle of clock genes. Cellular clocks provide circadian rhythms for cellular functions via transcriptional and cytoskeletal regulation. The vast majority of mammalian cells possess a primary cilium, an organelle protruding from the cell surface. Here, we investigated the little-known relationship between circadian rhythm and primary cilia. The length and number of primary cilia showed circadian dynamics both in vitro and in vivo. The circadian rhythm of primary cilium length was abolished by SR9011 and Bmal1 knockout. A centrosomal protein, pericentrin, transiently accumulates in centriolar satellites, the base of primary cilia at the shortest cilia phase, and induces elongation of primary cilia at the longest cilia phase in the circadian rhythm of primary cilia. In addition, rhythmic cell migration during wound healing depends on the length of primary cilia and affects the rate of wound healing. Our findings demonstrate that the circadian dynamics of primary cilium length by clock genes control fibroblast migration and could provide new insights into chronobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakazato
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuda
- Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Faryal Ijaz
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
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22
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Deretic J, Odabasi E, Firat-Karalar EN. The multifaceted roles of microtubule-associated proteins in the primary cilium and ciliopathies. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261148. [PMID: 38095645 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a conserved microtubule-based organelle that is critical for transducing developmental, sensory and homeostatic signaling pathways. It comprises an axoneme with nine parallel doublet microtubules extending from the basal body, surrounded by the ciliary membrane. The axoneme exhibits remarkable stability, serving as the skeleton of the cilium in order to maintain its shape and provide tracks to ciliary trafficking complexes. Although ciliary trafficking and signaling have been exhaustively characterized over the years, less is known about the unique structural and functional complexities of the axoneme. Recent work has yielded new insights into the mechanisms by which the axoneme is built with its proper length and architecture, particularly regarding the activity of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). In this Review, we first summarize current knowledge about the architecture, composition and specialized compartments of the primary cilium. Next, we discuss the mechanistic underpinnings of how a functional cilium is assembled, maintained and disassembled through the regulation of its axonemal microtubules. We conclude by examining the diverse localizations and functions of ciliary MAPs for the pathobiology of ciliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Deretic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Odabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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23
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Serres MP, Shaughnessy R, Escot S, Hammich H, Cuvelier F, Salles A, Rocancourt M, Verdon Q, Gaffuri AL, Sourigues Y, Malherbe G, Velikovsky L, Chardon F, Sassoon N, Tinevez JY, Callebaut I, Formstecher E, Houdusse A, David NB, Pylypenko O, Echard A. MiniBAR/GARRE1 is a dual Rac and Rab effector required for ciliogenesis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2477-2494.e8. [PMID: 37875118 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cilia protrude from the cell surface and play critical roles in intracellular signaling, environmental sensing, and development. Reduced actin-dependent contractility and intracellular trafficking are both required for ciliogenesis, but little is known about how these processes are coordinated. Here, we identified a Rac1- and Rab35-binding protein with a truncated BAR (Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs) domain that we named MiniBAR (also known as KIAA0355/GARRE1), which plays a key role in ciliogenesis. MiniBAR colocalizes with Rac1 and Rab35 at the plasma membrane and on intracellular vesicles trafficking to the ciliary base and exhibits fast pulses at the ciliary membrane. MiniBAR depletion leads to short cilia, resulting from abnormal Rac-GTP/Rho-GTP levels and increased acto-myosin-II-dependent contractility together with defective trafficking of IFT88 and ARL13B into cilia. MiniBAR-depleted zebrafish embryos display dysfunctional short cilia and hallmarks of ciliopathies, including left-right asymmetry defects. Thus, MiniBAR is a dual Rac and Rab effector that controls both actin cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking for ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle P Serres
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ronan Shaughnessy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Escot
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Hussein Hammich
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Structural Motility, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Cuvelier
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Salles
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, UTechS Photonic BioImaging (UTechS PBI), Centre de Recherche et de Ressources Technologiques C2RT, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Murielle Rocancourt
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Quentin Verdon
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Lise Gaffuri
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yannick Sourigues
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Structural Motility, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Malherbe
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Structural Motility, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Leonid Velikovsky
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Structural Motility, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Chardon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Structural Motility, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sassoon
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Image Analysis Hub, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Formstecher
- Hybrigenics Services SAS, 1 rue Pierre Fontaine 91000 Evry, Courcouronnes, France
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Structural Motility, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas B David
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Olena Pylypenko
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Structural Motility, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Sakaji K, Ebrahimiazar S, Harigae Y, Ishibashi K, Sato T, Yoshikawa T, Atsumi GI, Sung CH, Saito M. MAST4 promotes primary ciliary resorption through phosphorylation of Tctex-1. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301947. [PMID: 37726137 PMCID: PMC10509483 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium undergoes cell cycle-dependent assembly and disassembly. Dysregulated ciliary dynamics are associated with several pathological conditions called ciliopathies. Previous studies showed that the localization of phosphorylated Tctex-1 at Thr94 (T94) at the ciliary base critically regulates ciliary resorption by accelerating actin remodeling and ciliary pocket membrane endocytosis. Here, we show that microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase family member 4 (MAST4) is localized at the primary cilium. Suppressing MAST4 blocks serum-induced ciliary resorption, and overexpressing MAST4 accelerates ciliary resorption. Tctex-1 binds to the kinase domain of MAST4, in which the R503 and D504 residues are key to MAST4-mediated ciliary resorption. The ciliary resorption and the ciliary base localization of phospho-(T94)Tctex-1 are blocked by the knockdown of MAST4 or the expression of the catalytic-inactive site-directed MAST4 mutants. Moreover, MAST4 is required for Cdc42 activation and Rab5-mediated periciliary membrane endocytosis during ciliary resorption. These results support that MAST4 is a novel kinase that regulates ciliary resorption by modulating the ciliary base localization of phospho-(T94)Tctex-1. MAST4 is a potential new target for treating ciliopathies causally by ciliary resorption defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sakaji
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sara Ebrahimiazar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Harigae
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishibashi
- https://ror.org/01gaw2478 Department of Molecular Physiology and Pathology, School of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichi Atsumi
- https://ror.org/01gaw2478 Department of Molecular Physiology and Pathology, School of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- https://ror.org/01gaw2478 Department of Molecular Physiology and Pathology, School of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Wang S, Wang X, Pan C, Liu Y, Lei M, Guo X, Chen Q, Yang X, Ouyang C, Ren Z. Functions of actin-binding proteins in cilia structure remodeling and signaling. Biol Cell 2023; 115:e202300026. [PMID: 37478133 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles found on the surfaces of many types of cells, including cardiac fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, human retinal pigmented epithelial-1 (RPE-1) cells, and alveolar epithelial cells. These organelles can be classified as immotile cilia, referred to as primary cilia in mammalian cells, and motile cilia. Primary cilia are cellular sensors that detect extracellular signals; this is a critical function associated with ciliopathies, which are characterized by the typical clinical features of developmental disorders. Cilia are extensively studied organelles of the microtubule cytoskeleton. However, the ciliary actin cytoskeleton has rarely been studied. Clear evidence has shown that highly regulated actin cytoskeleton dynamics contribute to normal ciliary function. Actin-binding proteins (ABPs) play vital roles in filamentous actin (F-actin) morphology. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding the roles of ABPs in ciliary structural remodeling and further downstream ciliary signaling with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying actin cytoskeleton-related ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Congbin Pan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Lei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xiying Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xiaosong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Changhan Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Zhanhong Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Rafiq NM, Fujise K, Rosenfeld MS, Xu P, Wu Y, De Camilli P. Parkinsonism Sac domain mutation in Synaptojanin-1 affects ciliary properties in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562142. [PMID: 37873399 PMCID: PMC10592818 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Synaptojanin-1 (SJ1) is a major neuronal-enriched PI(4,5)P2 4- and 5-phosphatase implicated in the shedding of endocytic factors during endocytosis. A mutation (R258Q) that impairs selectively its 4-phosphatase activity causes Parkinsonism in humans and neurological defects in mice (SJ1RQKI mice). Studies of these mice showed, besides an abnormal assembly state of endocytic factors at synapses, the presence of dystrophic nerve terminals selectively in a subset of nigro-striatal dopamine (DA)-ergic axons, suggesting a special lability of DA neurons to the impairment of SJ1 function. Here we have further investigated the impact of SJ1 on DA neurons using iPSC-derived SJ1 KO and SJ1RQKI DA neurons and their isogenic controls. In addition to the expected enhanced clustering of endocytic factors in nerve terminals, we observed in both SJ1 mutant neuronal lines increased cilia length. Further analysis of cilia of SJ1RQDA neurons revealed abnormal accumulation of the Ca2+ channel Cav1.3 and of ubiquitin chains, suggesting an impaired clearing of proteins from cilia which may result from an endocytic defect at the ciliary base, where a focal concentration of SJ1 was observed. We suggest that SJ1 may contribute to the control of ciliary protein dynamics in DA neurons, with implications on cilia-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Mohd Rafiq
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Kenshiro Fujise
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Martin Shaun Rosenfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Yumei Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
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Zhang T, Cui S, Xiong X, Liu Y, Cao Q, Xia XG, Zhou H. PIH1D3-knockout rats exhibit full ciliopathy features and dysfunctional pre-assembly and loading of dynein arms in motile cilia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1282787. [PMID: 37900281 PMCID: PMC10601634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1282787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recessive mutation of the X-linked gene, PIH1 domain-containing protein 3 (PIH1D3), causes familial ciliopathy. PIH1D3 deficiency is associated with the defects of dynein arms in cilia, but how PIH1D3 specifically affects the structure and function of dynein arms is not understood yet. To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the disease, it is crucial to create a reliable animal model. In humans, rats, and mice, one copy of the PIH1D3 gene is located on the X chromosome. Interestingly, mice have an additional, intronless copy of the Pih1d3 gene on chromosome 1. To develop an accurate disease model, it is best to manipulate the X-linked PIH1D3 gene, which contains essential regulatory sequences within the introns for precise gene expression. This study aimed to develop a tailored rat model for PIH1D3-associated ciliopathy with the ultimate goal of uncovering the intricate molecular mechanisms responsible for ciliary defects in the disease. Methods: Novel Pih1d3-knockout (KO) rats were created by using TALEN-mediated non-homologous DNA recombination within fertilized rat eggs and, subsequently, underwent a comprehensive characterization through a battery of behavioral and pathological assays. A series of biochemical and histological analyses were conducted to elucidate the identity of protein partners that interact with PIH1D3, thus shedding light on the intricate molecular mechanisms involved in this context. Results: PIH1D3-KO rats reproduced the cardinal features of ciliopathy including situs inversus, defects in spermatocyte survival and mucociliary clearance, and perinatal hydrocephalus. We revealed the novel function of PIH1D3 in cerebrospinal fluid circulation and elucidated the mechanism by which PIH1D3 deficiency caused communicating hydrocephalus. PIH1D3 interacted with the proteins required for the pre-assembly and uploading of outer (ODA) and inner dynein arms (IDA), regulating the integrity of dynein arm structure and function in cilia. Conclusion: PIH1D3-KO rats faithfully reproduced the cardinal features of ciliopathy associated with PIH1D3 deficiency. PIH1D3 interacted with the proteins responsible for the pre-assembly and uploading of dynein arms in cilia, and its deficiency led to dysfunctional cilia and, thus, to ciliopathy by affecting the pre-assembly and uploading of dynein arms. The resultant rat model is a valuable tool for the mechanistic study of PIH1D3-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- The Center for Translational Sciences, Port St Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Shiquan Cui
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- The Center for Translational Sciences, Port St Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Xinrui Xiong
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- The Center for Translational Sciences, Port St Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- The Center for Translational Sciences, Port St Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Qilin Cao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- The Center for Translational Sciences, Port St Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Xu-Gang Xia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- The Center for Translational Sciences, Port St Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Hongxia Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- The Center for Translational Sciences, Port St Lucie, FL, United States
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28
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Lee KH. Primary cilia: a novel research approach to overcome anticancer drug resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1270639. [PMID: 37900915 PMCID: PMC10602908 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1270639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are cellular organelles that consist of a microtubule skeleton surrounded by a membrane filled with cell signaling receptors. Many studies have shown that primary cilia are cellular antennas, which serve as signaling hubs and their assembly and disassembly are dynamically regulated throughout the cell cycle, playing an important role in regulating cellular homeostasis. Aberrant control of primary cilia dynamics causes a number of genetic disorders known as ciliopathies and is closely associated with tumorigenesis. Anticancer drug resistance is a primary cause of chemotherapy failure, although there is no apparent remedy. The recent identification of a relationship between anticancer drug resistance and primary ciliary dynamics has made primary cilia an important target subcellular organelle for overcoming anticancer drug resistance. Therefore, the research on primary ciliary dynamics may provide new strategies to overcome anticancer drug resistance, which is urgently needed. This review aims to summarize research on the relevance of primary cilia and anticancer drug resistance, as well as future possibilities for research on overcoming anticancer drug resistance utilizing primary cilia dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Lee
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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29
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Saito M, Otsu W, Miyadera K, Nishimura Y. Recent advances in the understanding of cilia mechanisms and their applications as therapeutic targets. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1232188. [PMID: 37780208 PMCID: PMC10538646 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1232188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a single immotile microtubule-based organelle that protrudes into the extracellular space. Malformations and dysfunctions of the cilia have been associated with various forms of syndromic and non-syndromic diseases, termed ciliopathies. The primary cilium is therefore gaining attention due to its potential as a therapeutic target. In this review, we examine ciliary receptors, ciliogenesis, and ciliary trafficking as possible therapeutic targets. We first discuss the mechanisms of selective distribution, signal transduction, and physiological roles of ciliary receptors. Next, pathways that regulate ciliogenesis, specifically the Aurora A kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways are examined as therapeutic targets to regulate ciliogenesis. Then, in the photoreceptors, the mechanism of ciliary trafficking which takes place at the transition zone involving the ciliary membrane proteins is reviewed. Finally, some of the current therapeutic advancements highlighting the role of large animal models of photoreceptor ciliopathy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Pathology, School of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Miyadera
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Mie University Research Center for Cilia and Diseases, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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30
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Ahmad S, Drag MH, Mohamad Salleh S, Cai Z, Nielsen MO. Gene coexpression network analysis reveals perirenal adipose tissue as an important target of prenatal malnutrition in sheep. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:392-413. [PMID: 37458462 PMCID: PMC10642927 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00128.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that pre- and early postnatal malnutrition in sheep induced depot- and sex-specific changes in adipose morphological features, metabolic outcomes, and transcriptome in adulthood, with perirenal (PER) as the major target followed by subcutaneous (SUB) adipose tissue. We aimed to identify coexpressed and hub genes in SUB and PER to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the early nutritional programming of adipose-related phenotypic outcomes. Transcriptomes of SUB and PER of male and female adult sheep with different pre- and early postnatal nutrition histories were used to construct networks of coexpressed genes likely to be functionally associated with pre- and early postnatal nutrition histories and phenotypic traits using weighted gene coexpression network analysis. The modules from PER showed enrichment of cell cycle regulation, gene expression, transmembrane transport, and metabolic processes associated with both sexes' prenatal nutrition. In SUB (only males), a module of enriched adenosine diphosphate metabolism and development correlated with prenatal nutrition. Sex-specific module enrichments were found in PER, such as chromatin modification in the male network but histone modification and mitochondria- and oxidative phosphorylation-related functions in the female network. These sex-specific modules correlated with prenatal nutrition and adipocyte size distribution patterns. Our results point to PER as a primary target of prenatal malnutrition compared to SUB, which played only a minor role. The prenatal programming of gene expression and cell cycle, potentially through epigenetic modifications, might be underlying mechanisms responsible for observed changes in PER expandability and adipocyte-size distribution patterns in adulthood in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Ahmad
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Unit of Nutrition, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Markus Hodal Drag
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Suraya Mohamad Salleh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zexi Cai
- Centre for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette Olaf Nielsen
- Research Unit of Nutrition, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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31
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are phospholipids derived from phosphatidylinositol. PIs are regulated via reversible phosphorylation, which is directed by the opposing actions of PI kinases and phosphatases. PIs constitute a minor fraction of the total cellular lipid pool but play pleiotropic roles in multiple aspects of cell biology. Genetic mutations of PI regulatory enzymes have been identified in rare congenital developmental syndromes, including ciliopathies, and in numerous human diseases, such as cancer and metabolic and neurological disorders. Accordingly, PI regulatory enzymes have been targeted in the design of potential therapeutic interventions for human diseases. Recent advances place PIs as central regulators of membrane dynamics within functionally distinct subcellular compartments. This brief review focuses on the emerging role PIs play in regulating cell signaling within the primary cilium and in directing transfer of molecules at interorganelle membrane contact sites and identifies new roles for PIs in subcellular spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Michele Davies
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christina Anne Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Harald Alfred Stenmark
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research. The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
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Guo J, Feng S, Liu H, Chen Z, Ding C, Jin Y, Chen X, Ling Y, Zeng Y, Long H, Qiu H. TRIM6: An Upregulated Biomarker with Prognostic Significance and Immune Correlations in Gliomas. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1298. [PMID: 37759698 PMCID: PMC10527026 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the expression and prognostic value of TRIM6 in gliomas, the most prevalent primary brain and spinal cord tumors. Our results show that TRIM6 is predominantly overexpressed in glioma tissues and is associated with reduced overall survival, disease-specific survival, and progression-free interval. Furthermore, TRIM6 expression is correlated with WHO grade and primary treatment outcomes. Functional analysis indicates that interactions between cytokines and their receptors play a critical role in the prognosis of glioma patients. A protein-protein interaction network reveals 10 hub genes closely linked to cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. In vitro experiments demonstrate that silencing TRIM6 impairs the proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioma cells, while overexpressing TRIM6 enhances these abilities. Additionally, TRIM6 expression is positively associated with the abundance of innate immune cells and negatively associated with the abundance of adaptive immune cells. In summary, TRIM6 is significantly upregulated in gliomas and linked to poor prognosis, making it a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. TRIM6 plays a crucial role in promoting cell viability, clonogenic potential, migration, and invasion in glioma cells. It may regulate glioma progression by modulating cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, leading to an inflammatory response and an imbalance in immunomodulation, thereby representing a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Gastric Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.G.); (C.D.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shoucheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Neurosurgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (H.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhuopeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Neurosurgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (H.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Chao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Gastric Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.G.); (C.D.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yukai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Gastric Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.G.); (C.D.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaojiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Gastric Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.G.); (C.D.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yudong Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Gastric Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.G.); (C.D.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Gastric Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.G.); (C.D.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Haibo Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Gastric Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.G.); (C.D.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
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Brücker L, Becker SK, Maissl V, Harms G, Parsons M, May-Simera HL. The actin-bundling protein Fascin-1 modulates ciliary signalling. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad022. [PMID: 37015875 PMCID: PMC10485897 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based cell organelles important for cellular communication. Since they are involved in the regulation of numerous signalling pathways, defects in cilia development or function are associated with genetic disorders, collectively called ciliopathies. Besides their ciliary functions, recent research has shown that several ciliary proteins are involved in the coordination of the actin cytoskeleton. Although ciliary and actin phenotypes are related, the exact nature of their interconnection remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that the protein BBS6, associated with the ciliopathy Bardet-Biedl syndrome, cooperates with the actin-bundling protein Fascin-1 in regulating filopodia and ciliary signalling. We found that loss of Bbs6 affects filopodia length potentially via attenuated interaction with Fascin-1. Conversely, loss of Fascin-1 leads to a ciliary phenotype, subsequently affecting ciliary Wnt signalling, possibly in collaboration with BBS6. Our data shed light on how ciliary proteins are involved in actin regulations and provide new insight into the involvement of the actin regulator Fascin-1 in ciliogenesis and cilia-associated signalling. Advancing our knowledge of the complex regulations between primary cilia and actin dynamics is important to understand the pathogenic consequences of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Brücker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kornelia Becker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maissl
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory Harms
- Imaging Core Facility, Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Mill P, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Primary cilia as dynamic and diverse signalling hubs in development and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:421-441. [PMID: 37072495 PMCID: PMC7615029 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia, antenna-like sensory organelles protruding from the surface of most vertebrate cell types, are essential for regulating signalling pathways during development and adult homeostasis. Mutations in genes affecting cilia cause an overlapping spectrum of >30 human diseases and syndromes, the ciliopathies. Given the immense structural and functional diversity of the mammalian cilia repertoire, there is a growing disconnect between patient genotype and associated phenotypes, with variable severity and expressivity characteristic of the ciliopathies as a group. Recent technological developments are rapidly advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms that control biogenesis and function of primary cilia across a range of cell types and are starting to tackle this diversity. Here, we examine the structural and functional diversity of primary cilia, their dynamic regulation in different cellular and developmental contexts and their disruption in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Agborbesong E, Bissler J, Li X. Liquid Biopsy at the Frontier of Kidney Diseases: Application of Exosomes in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1367. [PMID: 37510273 PMCID: PMC10379367 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, liquid biopsy techniques, especially the use of urine analysis, represent a paradigm shift in the identification of biomarkers, with considerable implications for clinical practice in the field of nephrology. In kidney diseases, the use of this non-invasive tool to identify specific and sensitive biomarkers other than plasma creatinine and the glomerular filtration rate is becoming crucial for the diagnosis and assessment of a patient's condition. In recent years, studies have drawn attention to the importance of exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in kidney diseases. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer structure, composed of a variety of biologically active substances. In the context of kidney diseases, studies have demonstrated that exosomes are valuable carriers of information and are delivery vectors, rendering them appealing candidates as biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles with beneficial therapeutic outcomes for kidney diseases. This review summarizes the applications of exosomes in kidney diseases, emphasizing the current biomarkers of renal diseases identified from urinary exosomes and the therapeutic applications of exosomes with reference to drug delivery and immunomodulation. Finally, we discuss the challenges encountered when using exosomes for therapeutic purposes and how these may affect its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Pediatric Medicine Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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36
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Tu HQ, Li S, Xu YL, Zhang YC, Li PY, Liang LY, Song GP, Jian XX, Wu M, Song ZQ, Li TT, Hu HB, Yuan JF, Shen XL, Li JN, Han QY, Wang K, Zhang T, Zhou T, Li AL, Zhang XM, Li HY. Rhythmic cilia changes support SCN neuron coherence in circadian clock. Science 2023; 380:972-979. [PMID: 37262147 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives circadian clock coherence through intercellular coupling, which is resistant to environmental perturbations. We report that primary cilia are required for intercellular coupling among SCN neurons to maintain the robustness of the internal clock in mice. Cilia in neuromedin S-producing (NMS) neurons exhibit pronounced circadian rhythmicity in abundance and length. Genetic ablation of ciliogenesis in NMS neurons enabled a rapid phase shift of the internal clock under jet-lag conditions. The circadian rhythms of individual neurons in cilia-deficient SCN slices lost their coherence after external perturbations. Rhythmic cilia changes drive oscillations of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling and clock gene expression. Inactivation of Shh signaling in NMS neurons phenocopied the effects of cilia ablation. Thus, cilia-Shh signaling in the SCN aids intercellular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qing Tu
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ling Xu
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Yao Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yun Liang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Ping Song
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Jian
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Qing Song
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Huai-Bin Hu
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Feng Yuan
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Shen
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ning Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Han
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Ling Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Yan Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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37
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Stinchcombe JC, Asano Y, Kaufman CJG, Böhlig K, Peddie CJ, Collinson LM, Nadler A, Griffiths GM. Ectocytosis renders T cell receptor signaling self-limiting at the immune synapse. Science 2023; 380:818-823. [PMID: 37228189 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill virus-infected and cancer cells through T cell receptor (TCR) recognition. How CTLs terminate signaling and disengage to allow serial killing has remained a mystery. TCR activation triggers membrane specialization within the immune synapse, including the production of diacylglycerol (DAG), a lipid that can induce negative membrane curvature. We found that activated TCRs were shed into DAG-enriched ectosomes at the immune synapse rather than internalized through endocytosis, suggesting that DAG may contribute to the outward budding required for ectocytosis. Budding ectosomes were endocytosed directly by target cells, thereby terminating TCR signaling and simultaneously disengaging the CTL from the target cell to allow serial killing. Thus, ectocytosis renders TCR signaling self-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Kristin Böhlig
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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38
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Spencer WJ. Extracellular vesicles highlight many cases of photoreceptor degeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1182573. [PMID: 37273908 PMCID: PMC10233141 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1182573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles is observed across numerous cell types and serves a range of biological functions including intercellular communication and waste disposal. One cell type which stands out for its robust capacity to release extracellular vesicles is the vertebrate photoreceptor cell. For decades, the release of extracellular vesicles by photoreceptors has been documented in many different animal models of photoreceptor degeneration and, more recently, in wild type photoreceptors. Here, I review all studies describing extracellular vesicle release by photoreceptors and discuss the most unifying theme among them-a photoreceptor cell fully, or partially, diverts its light sensitive membrane material to extracellular vesicles when it has defects in the delivery or morphing of this material into the photoreceptor's highly organized light sensing organelle. Because photoreceptors generate an enormous amount of light sensitive membrane every day, the diversion of this material to extracellular vesicles can cause a massive accumulation of these membranes within the retina. Little is known about the uptake of photoreceptor derived extracellular vesicles, although in some cases the retinal pigment epithelial cells, microglia, Müller glia, and/or photoreceptor cells themselves have been shown to phagocytize them.
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39
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Shinde SR, Mick DU, Aoki E, Rodrigues RB, Gygi SP, Nachury MV. The ancestral ESCRT protein TOM1L2 selects ubiquitinated cargoes for retrieval from cilia. Dev Cell 2023; 58:677-693.e9. [PMID: 37019113 PMCID: PMC10133032 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) reside within cilia of mammalian cells and must undergo regulated exit from cilia for the appropriate transduction of signals such as hedgehog morphogens. Lysine 63-linked ubiquitin (UbK63) chains mark GPCRs for regulated removal from cilia, but the molecular basis of UbK63 recognition inside cilia remains elusive. Here, we show that the BBSome-the trafficking complex in charge of retrieving GPCRs from cilia-engages the ancestral endosomal sorting factor target of Myb1-like 2 (TOM1L2) to recognize UbK63 chains within cilia of human and mouse cells. TOM1L2 directly binds to UbK63 chains and the BBSome, and targeted disruption of the TOM1L2/BBSome interaction results in the accumulation of TOM1L2, ubiquitin, and the GPCRs SSTR3, Smoothened, and GPR161 inside cilia. Furthermore, the single-cell alga Chlamydomonas also requires its TOM1L2 ortholog in order to clear ubiquitinated proteins from cilia. We conclude that TOM1L2 broadly enables the retrieval of UbK63-tagged proteins by the ciliary trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Rohidas Shinde
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David U Mick
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Signaling, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Erika Aoki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rachel B Rodrigues
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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40
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DeMars KM, Ross MR, Starr A, McIntyre JC. Neuronal primary cilia integrate peripheral signals with metabolic drives. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1150232. [PMID: 37064917 PMCID: PMC10090425 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1150232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal primary cilia have recently emerged as important contributors to the central regulation of energy homeostasis. As non-motile, microtubule-based organelles, primary cilia serve as signaling antennae for metabolic status. The impairment of ciliary structure or function can produce ciliopathies for which obesity is a hallmark phenotype and global ablation of cilia induces non-syndromic adiposity in mouse models. This organelle is not only a hub for metabolic signaling, but also for catecholamine neuromodulation that shapes neuronal circuitry in response to sensory input. The objective of this review is to highlight current research investigating the mechanisms of primary cilium-regulated metabolic drives for maintaining energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. DeMars
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Madeleine R. Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Summer Neuroscience Internship Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alana Starr
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeremy C. McIntyre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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41
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Brewer KM, Engle SE, Bansal R, Brewer KK, Jasso KR, McIntyre JC, Vaisse C, Reiter JF, Berbari NF. Physiological Condition-Dependent Changes in Ciliary GPCR Localization in the Brain. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0360-22.2023. [PMID: 36849261 PMCID: PMC10012409 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0360-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are cellular appendages critical for diverse types of Signaling. They are found on most cell types, including cells throughout the CNS. Cilia preferentially localize certain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are critical for mediating the signaling of these receptors. Several of these neuronal GPCRs have recognized roles in feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Cell and model systems, such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Chlamydomonas, have implicated both dynamic GPCR cilia localization and cilia length and shape changes as key for signaling. It is unclear whether mammalian ciliary GPCRs use similar mechanisms in vivo and under what conditions these processes may occur. Here, we assess two neuronal cilia GPCRs, melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) and neuropeptide-Y receptor 2 (NPY2R), as mammalian model ciliary receptors in the mouse brain. We test the hypothesis that dynamic localization to cilia occurs under physiological conditions associated with these GPCR functions. Both receptors are involved in feeding behaviors, and MCHR1 is also associated with sleep and reward. Cilia were analyzed with a computer-assisted approach allowing for unbiased and high-throughput analysis. We measured cilia frequency, length, and receptor occupancy. We observed changes in ciliary length, receptor occupancy, and cilia frequency under different conditions for one receptor but not another and in specific brain regions. These data suggest that dynamic cilia localization of GPCRs depends on properties of individual receptors and cells where they are expressed. A better understanding of subcellular localization dynamics of ciliary GPCRs could reveal unknown molecular mechanisms regulating behaviors like feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Brewer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Staci E Engle
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Katlyn K Brewer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Kalene R Jasso
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603
| | - Jeremy C McIntyre
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603
| | - Christian Vaisse
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Nicolas F Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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42
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Odabasi E, Conkar D, Deretic J, Batman U, Frikstad KAM, Patzke S, Firat-Karalar EN. CCDC66 regulates primary cilium length and signaling via interactions with transition zone and axonemal proteins. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286879. [PMID: 36606424 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that serves as a hub for many signaling pathways. It functions as part of the centrosome or cilium complex, which also contains the basal body and the centriolar satellites. Little is known about the mechanisms by which the microtubule-based ciliary axoneme is assembled with a proper length and structure, particularly in terms of the activity of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and the crosstalk between the different compartments of the centrosome or cilium complex. Here, we analyzed CCDC66, a MAP implicated in cilium biogenesis and ciliopathies. Live-cell imaging revealed that CCDC66 compartmentalizes between centrosomes, centriolar satellites, and the ciliary axoneme and tip during cilium biogenesis. CCDC66 depletion in human cells causes defects in cilium assembly, length and morphology. Notably, CCDC66 interacts with the ciliopathy-linked MAPs CEP104 and CSPP1, and regulates axonemal length and Hedgehog pathway activation. Moreover, CCDC66 is required for the basal body recruitment of transition zone proteins and intraflagellar transport B (IFT-B) machinery. Overall, our results establish CCDC66 as a multifaceted regulator of the primary cilium and provide insight into how ciliary MAPs and subcompartments cooperate to ensure assembly of functional cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Odabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Deniz Conkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Jovana Deretic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Umut Batman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Kari-Anne M Frikstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, OUH-Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Sebastian Patzke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, OUH-Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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43
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Impact of 5-HT 6 Receptor Subcellular Localization on Its Signaling and Its Pathophysiological Roles. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030426. [PMID: 36766768 PMCID: PMC9913600 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT)6 receptor still raises particular interest given its unique spatio-temporal pattern of expression among the serotonin receptor subtypes. It is the only serotonin receptor specifically expressed in the central nervous system, where it is detected very early in embryonic life and modulates key neurodevelopmental processes, from neuronal migration to brain circuit refinement. Its predominant localization in the primary cilium of neurons and astrocytes is also unique among the serotonin receptor subtypes. Consistent with the high expression levels of the 5-HT6 receptor in brain regions involved in the control of cognitive processes, it is now well-established that the pharmacological inhibition of the receptor induces pro-cognitive effects in several paradigms of cognitive impairment in rodents, including models of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The 5-HT6 receptor can engage several signaling pathways in addition to the canonical Gs signaling, but there is still uncertainty surrounding the signaling pathways that underly its modulation of cognition, as well as how the receptor's coupling is dependent on its cellular compartmentation. Here, we describe recent findings showing how the proper subcellular localization of the receptor is achieved, how this peculiar localization determines signaling pathways engaged by the receptor, and their pathophysiological influence.
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Faber S, Letteboer SJF, Junger K, Butcher R, Tammana TVS, van Beersum SEC, Ueffing M, Collin RWJ, Liu Q, Boldt K, Roepman R. PDE6D Mediates Trafficking of Prenylated Proteins NIM1K and UBL3 to Primary Cilia. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020312. [PMID: 36672247 PMCID: PMC9857354 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PDE6D impair the function of its cognate protein, phosphodiesterase 6D (PDE6D), in prenylated protein trafficking towards the ciliary membrane, causing the human ciliopathy Joubert Syndrome (JBTS22) and retinal degeneration in mice. In this study, we purified the prenylated cargo of PDE6D by affinity proteomics to gain insight into PDE6D-associated disease mechanisms. By this approach, we have identified a specific set of PDE6D-interacting proteins that are involved in photoreceptor integrity, GTPase activity, nuclear import, or ubiquitination. Among these interacting proteins, we identified novel ciliary cargo proteins of PDE6D, including FAM219A, serine/threonine-protein kinase NIM1 (NIM1K), and ubiquitin-like protein 3 (UBL3). We show that NIM1K and UBL3 localize inside the cilium in a prenylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, UBL3 also localizes in vesicle-like structures around the base of the cilium. Through affinity proteomics of UBL3, we confirmed its strong interaction with PDE6D and its association with proteins that regulate small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and ciliogenesis. Moreover, we show that UBL3 localizes in specific photoreceptor cilium compartments in a prenylation-dependent manner. Therefore, we propose that UBL3 may play a role in the sorting of proteins towards the photoreceptor outer segment, further explaining the development of PDE6D-associated retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siebren Faber
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stef J. F. Letteboer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Junger
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Proteome Center, Center of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rossano Butcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Trinadh V. Satish Tammana
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E. C. van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Proteome Center, Center of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rob W. J. Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Proteome Center, Center of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Wu Y, Zhou J, Yang Y. Peripheral and central control of obesity by primary cilia. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:295-304. [PMID: 36632916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface. They are capable of sensing external cues and conveying a vast array of signals into cells to regulate a variety of physiological activities. Mutations in cilium-associated genes are linked to a group of diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations, collectively known as ciliopathies. A significant proportion of human ciliopathy cases are accompanied by metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to obesity are complex. In this article, we present an overview of primary cilia and highlight obesity-related ciliopathies. We also discuss the potential role of primary cilia in peripheral organs, with a focus on adipose tissues. In addition, we emphasize the significance of primary cilia in the central regulation of obesity, especially the involvement of ciliary signaling in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. This article therefore proposes a framework of both peripheral and central regulation of obesity by primary cilia, which may benefit further exploration of the ciliary role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Kobayashi Y, Saito Y. Evaluation of ciliary-GPCR dynamics using a validated organotypic brain slice culture method. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 175:69-83. [PMID: 36967146 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a structural organelle present in most mammalian cells. Primary cilia are enriched with a unique protein repertoire distinct from that of the cytosol and the plasma membrane. Such a highly organized microenvironment creates effective machinery for translating extracellular cues into intracellular signals. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key receptors in sensing environmental stimuli transmitted via a second messenger into a cellular response. Recent data has demonstrated that a limited number of non-olfactory GPCRs, including melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), are preferentially localized to ciliary membranes of several mammalian cell types, including neuronal cells. Evidence was accumulated to support the functional importance of ciliary-GPCR signaling accompanying ciliary structural changes using cilia-specific cell and molecular biology techniques. Thus, cilia are now considered to function as a unique sensory platform for the integration of GPCR signaling and various cytoplasmic domains. Dissociated neurons expressing ciliary-GPCRs can be a useful tool for examining ciliary dynamics. However, losing preexisting neuronal connectivity may alter neuronal ciliary morphology, such as abnormal elongation. Brain slices prepared under ex vitro conditions are a powerful approach that maintains the cytoarchitecture, enabling researchers to have accurate control over experimental conditions and to study individual cells from subregions of the brain. Here, we present a detailed description of our novel modified method for organotypic culture of rat brain slice and a validated immunostaining protocol to characterize ciliary-GPCR dynamics in coupling with neuropeptides or aminergic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Abstract
Among the factors that have been strongly implicated in regulating cancerous transformation, the primary monocilium (cilium) has gained increasing attention. The cilium is a small organelle extending from the plasma membrane, which provides a localized hub for concentration of transmembrane receptors. These receptors transmit signals from soluble factors (including Sonic hedgehog (SHH), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), WNT, TGFβ, NOTCH, and others) that regulate cell growth, as well as mechanosensory cues provided by flow or extracellular matrix. Ciliation is regulated by cell cycle, with most cells that are in G0 (quiescent) or early G1 ciliation and cilia typically absent in G2/M cells. Notably, while most cells organized in solid tissues are ciliated, cancerous transformation induces significant changes in ciliation. Most cancer cells lose cilia; medulloblastomas and basal cell carcinomas, dependent on an active SHH pathway, rely on ciliary maintenance. Changes in cancer cell ciliation are driven by core oncogenic pathways (EGFR, KRAS, AURKA, PI3K), and importantly ciliation status regulates functionality of those pathways. Ciliation is both influenced by targeted cancer therapies and linked to therapeutic resistance; recent studies suggest ciliation may also influence cancer cell metabolism and stem cell identity. We review recent studies defining the relationship between cilia and cancer.
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Nakazato R, Otani H, Ijaz F, Ikegami K. Time-lapse imaging of primary cilium behavior with physiological expression of fluorescent ciliary proteins. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 175:45-68. [PMID: 36967145 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Almost all cell types of mammals have a small protrusion named a primary cilium on their surface. Primary cilia are enriched by cilia-specific ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors. They are known to regulate various cellular functions that contribute to the development and homeostasis of living organisms by receiving extracellular signals and transfusing them to the cell body. All functions are performed when the structure of the primary cilia is maintained properly. Abnormalities in primary cilia or their signaling can lead to a collection of diseases in various organs called ciliopathies. The primary cilium is dynamic, static, or fixed. The length of primary cilia varies as the cell cycle progresses and is also altered by extracellular stimuli. Ligand binding to cilia-specific receptors is also known to alter the length. Thus, there is a need for a method to study the morphological changes of the primary cilium in a time-dependent manner, especially under stimuli or mechanical shocks. Time-lapse imaging of primary cilia is one of the most powerful methods to capture the time-dependent behavior of primary cilia. Overexpression of ciliary proteins fused to fluorescent proteins is commonly used for the time-lapse imaging of primary cilia. However, overexpression has drawbacks in terms of artifacts. In addition, the time-lapse imaging of the tiny primary cilia requires some technical tricks. Here, we present a detailed description of the methods for time-lapse imaging of primary cilium, from the generation of cell lines that stably express fluorescent protein-labeled cilia-localized proteins at the physiological level to image analysis, including quantification through image acquisition.
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The Role of Primary Cilia-Associated Phosphoinositide Signaling in Development. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040051. [PMID: 36547473 PMCID: PMC9785882 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtube-based organelles that extend from the cell surface and function as biochemical and mechanical extracellular signal sensors. Primary cilia coordinate a series of signaling pathways during development. Cilia dysfunction leads to a pleiotropic group of developmental disorders, termed ciliopathy. Phosphoinositides (PIs), a group of signaling phospholipids, play a crucial role in development and tissue homeostasis by regulating membrane trafficking, cytoskeleton reorganization, and organelle identity. Accumulating evidence implicates the involvement of PI species in ciliary defects and ciliopathies. The abundance and localization of PIs in the cell are tightly regulated by the opposing actions of kinases and phosphatases, some of which are recently discovered in the context of primary cilia. Here, we review several cilium-associated PI kinases and phosphatases, including their localization along cilia, function in regulating the ciliary biology under normal conditions, as well as the connection of their disease-associated mutations with ciliopathies.
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50
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Melena I, Hughes JW. Islet cilia and glucose homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1082193. [PMID: 36531945 PMCID: PMC9751591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1082193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a growing pandemic affecting over ten percent of the U.S. population. Individuals with all types of diabetes exhibit glucose dysregulation due to altered function and coordination of pancreatic islets. Within the critical intercellular space in pancreatic islets, the primary cilium emerges as an important physical structure mediating cell-cell crosstalk and signal transduction. Many events leading to hormone secretion, including GPCR and second-messenger signaling, are spatiotemporally regulated at the level of the cilium. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cilia action in islet hormone regulation and glucose homeostasis, focusing on newly implicated ciliary pathways that regulate insulin exocytosis and intercellular communication. We present evidence of key signaling proteins on islet cilia and discuss ways in which cilia might functionally connect islet endocrine cells with the non-endocrine compartments. These discussions aim to stimulate conversations regarding the extent of cilia-controlled glucose homeostasis in health and in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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