1
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Wensveen FM, Šestan M, Polić B. The immunology of sickness metabolism. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:1051-1065. [PMID: 39107476 PMCID: PMC11364700 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Everyone knows that an infection can make you feel sick. Although we perceive infection-induced changes in metabolism as a pathology, they are a part of a carefully regulated process that depends on tissue-specific interactions between the immune system and organs involved in the regulation of systemic homeostasis. Immune-mediated changes in homeostatic parameters lead to altered production and uptake of nutrients in circulation, which modifies the metabolic rate of key organs. This is what we experience as being sick. The purpose of sickness metabolism is to generate a metabolic environment in which the body is optimally able to fight infection while denying vital nutrients for the replication of pathogens. Sickness metabolism depends on tissue-specific immune cells, which mediate responses tailored to the nature and magnitude of the threat. As an infection increases in severity, so do the number and type of immune cells involved and the level to which organs are affected, which dictates the degree to which we feel sick. Interestingly, many alterations associated with metabolic disease appear to overlap with immune-mediated changes observed following infection. Targeting processes involving tissue-specific interactions between activated immune cells and metabolic organs therefore holds great potential for treating both people with severe infection and those with metabolic disease. In this review, we will discuss how the immune system communicates in situ with organs involved in the regulation of homeostasis and how this communication is impacted by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Šestan
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bojan Polić
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
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2
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Wen Z, Yuan T, Liu J, Wang D, Ni J, Yan X, Tang J, Tang J, Wu X, Wang Z. Atg16l2 augments Nlrc4 inflammasome activation by facilitating NAIPs-NLRC4 association. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451078. [PMID: 39175123 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
As cytoplasmic protein complexes that are pivotal for innate immunity, inflammasomes act primarily through the detection of pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns. Nucleotide oligomerisation domain-like receptor family and caspase activation recruitment domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) inflammasomes identify and eliminate intracellular pathogens, a process contingent on the ligand-recognition capabilities of neuronal apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs). Upon detection of specific molecules indicative of intracellular infection, NAIPs discern distinct pathogenic components and subsequently transmit signals to NLRC4, thus initiating their activation and triggering an inflammatory response. However, the mechanisms underlying NLRC4 inflammasome remain unclear. In this study, we elucidated the critical role of ATG16L2 in activating the NLRC4 inflammasome. ATG16L2-deficient macrophages exhibited reduced NLRC4 inflammasome activation, characterised by decreased oligomerisation of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD and attenuated cleavage of Pro-caspase-1, Pro-IL-1β and gasdermin D. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed an interaction between ATG16L2 and NAIPs. Furthermore, ATG16L2 enhanced the association between NAIPs and NLRC4 by binding to NAIPs. For ATG16L2-knockout mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium, pathogen clearance and survival rates markedly decreased. Collectively, our findings suggest that ATG16L2 is a significant modulator of the innate immune system, influencing the activity of the NLRC4 inflammasome and the host's defensive response to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujin Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianli Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamin Liu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education; and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education; and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehan Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education; and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zúñiga-Hernández SR, García-Iglesias T, Macías-Carballo M, Pérez-Larios A, Gutiérrez-Mercado YK, Camargo-Hernández G, Rodríguez-Razón CM. A Bioinformatic Assay of Quercetin in Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7934. [PMID: 39063176 PMCID: PMC11277512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge, with high mortality rates, especially in developing countries. Current treatments are invasive and have considerable risks, necessitating the exploration of safer alternatives. Quercetin (QRC), a flavonoid present in various plants and foods, has demonstrated multiple health benefits, including anticancer properties. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of QRC in the treatment of GC. We utilized advanced molecular techniques to assess the impact of QRC on GC cells, examining its effects on cellular pathways and gene expression. Our findings indicate that QRC significantly inhibits GC cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, suggesting its potential as a safer therapeutic option for GC treatment. Further research is required to validate these results and explore the clinical applications of QRC in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Raúl Zúñiga-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico
| | - Trinidad García-Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigación de Cáncer en la Infancia y Adolescencia, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Monserrat Macías-Carballo
- Laboratorio de Biociencias, Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Larios
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriales, Agua y Energia, Departamento de Ingenierias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico;
| | - Yanet Karina Gutiérrez-Mercado
- Laboratorio Biotecnológico de Investigación y Diagnóstico, Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela Camargo-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico;
| | - Christian Martín Rodríguez-Razón
- Laboratorio de Experimentación Animal (Bioterio), Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico
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4
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Dean AD, Childs DZ, Corripio‐Miyar Y, Evans M, Hayward A, Kenyon F, McNally L, McNeilly TN, Pakeman RJ, Sweeny AR, Nussey DH, Pedersen AB, Fenton A. Host resources and parasite traits interact to determine the optimal combination of host parasite-mitigation strategies. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11310. [PMID: 38903143 PMCID: PMC11187858 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Organisms have evolved diverse strategies to manage parasite infections. Broadly, hosts may avoid infection by altering behaviour, resist infection by targeting parasites or tolerate infection by repairing associated damage. The effectiveness of a strategy depends on interactions between, for example, resource availability, parasite traits (virulence, life-history) and the host itself (nutritional status, immunopathology). To understand how these factors shape host parasite-mitigation strategies, we developed a mathematical model of within-host, parasite-immune dynamics in the context of helminth infections. The model incorporated host nutrition and resource allocation to different mechanisms of immune response: larval parasite prevention; adult parasite clearance; damage repair (tolerance). We also considered a non-immune strategy: avoidance via anorexia, reducing intake of infective stages. Resources not allocated to immune processes promoted host condition, whereas harm due to parasites and immunopathology diminished it. Maximising condition (a proxy for fitness), we determined optimal host investment for each parasite-mitigation strategy, singly and combined, across different environmental resource levels and parasite trait values. Which strategy was optimal varied with scenario. Tolerance generally performed well, especially with high resources. Success of the different resistance strategies (larval prevention or adult clearance) tracked relative virulence of larval and adult parasites: slowly maturing, highly damaging larvae favoured prevention; rapidly maturing, less harmful larvae favoured clearance. Anorexia was viable only in the short term, due to reduced host nutrition. Combined strategies always outperformed any lone strategy: these were dominated by tolerance, with some investment in resistance. Choice of parasite mitigation strategy has profound consequences for hosts, impacting their condition, survival and reproductive success. We show that the efficacy of different strategies is highly dependent on timescale, parasite traits and resource availability. Models that integrate such factors can inform the collection and interpretation of empirical data, to understand how those drivers interact to shape host immune responses in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Dean
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | | | - Mike Evans
- Department for Disease ControlMoredun Research InstitutePenicuikUK
- The University of Edinburgh Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesRoslinUK
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Adam Hayward
- Department for Disease ControlMoredun Research InstitutePenicuikUK
| | - Fiona Kenyon
- Department for Disease ControlMoredun Research InstitutePenicuikUK
| | - Luke McNally
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Department for Disease ControlMoredun Research InstitutePenicuikUK
| | | | - Amy R. Sweeny
- School of BiosciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Daniel H. Nussey
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Sankararaman S, Venegas C, Seth S, Palchaudhuri S. "Feed a Cold, Starve a Fever?" A Review of Nutritional Strategies in the Setting of Bacterial Versus Viral Infections. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:314-322. [PMID: 38587572 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Some data, mostly originally derived from animal studies, suggest that low glucose intake is protective in bacterial sepsis but detrimental in overwhelming viral infections. This has been interpreted into a broad belief that different forms of sepsis may potentially require different nutritional management strategies. There are a few mechanistic differences between the host interactions with virus and bacteria which can explain why there may be opposing responses to macronutrient and micronutrient during the infected state. Here, we aim to review relevant evidence on the mechanisms and pathophysiology of nutritional management strategies in various infectious syndromes and summarize their clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Newer literature - in the context of the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic - offers some insight to viral infections. There is still limited clinically applicable data during infection that clearly delineate the role of nutrition during an active viral vs bacterial infections. Based on contrasting findings in different models of viruses and bacteria, the macronutrient and micronutrient needs may depend more on specific infectious organisms that may not be generalizable as bacterial versus viral. Overall, the metabolic effects of sepsis are context dependent, and various host-specific (e.g., age, baseline nutritional status, immune status, comorbidities) and illness variables (phase, duration, and severity of illness) play a significant role in determining the outcome besides pathogen-specific (virus or bacterial or fungi and combined infections) factors. Microbe therapy (probiotics and prebiotics) seems to have therapeutic potential in both viral and bacterial infected states, and this seems like a promising area for further practical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carla Venegas
- Department Critical Care Medicine and Nutrition Support Team, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sonia Seth
- Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sonali Palchaudhuri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Willmann K, Moita LF. Physiologic disruption and metabolic reprogramming in infection and sepsis. Cell Metab 2024; 36:927-946. [PMID: 38513649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Effective responses against severe systemic infection require coordination between two complementary defense strategies that minimize the negative impact of infection on the host: resistance, aimed at pathogen elimination, and disease tolerance, which limits tissue damage and preserves organ function. Resistance and disease tolerance mostly rely on divergent metabolic programs that may not operate simultaneously in time and space. Due to evolutionary reasons, the host initially prioritizes the elimination of the pathogen, leading to dominant resistance mechanisms at the potential expense of disease tolerance, which can contribute to organ failure. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the role of physiological perturbations resulting from infection in immune response dynamics and the metabolic program requirements associated with resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms. We then discuss how insight into the interplay of these mechanisms could inform future research aimed at improving sepsis outcomes and the potential for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Willmann
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis F Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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7
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Bullones-Bolaños A, Martín-Muñoz P, Vallejo-Grijalba C, Bernal-Bayard J, Ramos-Morales F. Specificities and redundancies in the NEL family of bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligases of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328707. [PMID: 38361917 PMCID: PMC10867120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expresses two type III secretion systems, T3SS1 and T3SS2, which are encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) and SPI2, respectively. These are essential virulent factors that secrete more than 40 effectors that are translocated into host animal cells. This study focuses on three of these effectors, SlrP, SspH1, and SspH2, which are members of the NEL family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. We compared their expression, regulation, and translocation patterns, their role in cell invasion and intracellular proliferation, their ability to interact and ubiquitinate specific host partners, and their effect on cytokine secretion. We found that transcription of the three genes encoding these effectors depends on the virulence regulator PhoP. Although the three effectors have the potential to be secreted through T3SS1 and T3SS2, the secretion of SspH1 and SspH2 is largely restricted to T3SS2 due to their expression pattern. We detected a role for these effectors in proliferation inside fibroblasts that is masked by redundancy. The generation of chimeric proteins allowed us to demonstrate that the N-terminal part of these proteins, containing the leucine-rich repeat motifs, confers specificity towards ubiquitination targets. Furthermore, the polyubiquitination patterns generated were different for each effector, with Lys48 linkages being predominant for SspH1 and SspH2. Finally, our experiments support an anti-inflammatory role for SspH1 and SspH2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joaquín Bernal-Bayard
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Muraleedharan A, Ray SK. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Genistein for Decreasing Gut Dysbiosis, Inhibiting Inflammasomes, and Aiding Autophagy in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:96. [PMID: 38275516 PMCID: PMC10813550 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 24 million cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) worldwide, and the number of cases is expected to increase four-fold by 2050. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to severe dementia in most patients. There are several neuropathological signs of AD, such as deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal loss, activation of inflammasomes, and declining autophagy. Several of these hallmarks are linked to the gut microbiome. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains microbial diversity, which is important in regulating several functions in the brain via the gut-brain axis (GBA). The disruption of the balance in the gut microbiota is known as gut dysbiosis. Recent studies strongly support that targeting gut dysbiosis with selective bioflavonoids is a highly plausible solution to attenuate activation of inflammasomes (contributing to neuroinflammation) and resume autophagy (a cellular mechanism for lysosomal degradation of the damaged components and recycling of building blocks) to stop AD pathogenesis. This review is focused on two bioflavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GS), as a possible new paradigm of treatment for maintaining healthy gut microbiota in AD due to their implications in modulating crucial AD signaling pathways. The combination of EGCG and GS has a higher potential than either agent alone to attenuate the signaling pathways implicated in AD pathogenesis. The effects of EGCG and GS on altering gut microbiota and GBA were also explored, along with conclusions from various delivery methods to increase the bioavailability of these bioflavonoids in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahalya Muraleedharan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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9
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Wang Y, Dong Z, An Z, Jin W. Cancer cachexia: Focus on cachexia factors and inter-organ communication. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:44-62. [PMID: 37968131 PMCID: PMC10766315 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cancer cachexia is a multi-organ syndrome and closely related to changes in signal communication between organs, which is mediated by cancer cachexia factors. Cancer cachexia factors, being the general name of inflammatory factors, circulating proteins, metabolites, and microRNA secreted by tumor or host cells, play a role in secretory or other organs and mediate complex signal communication between organs during cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia factors are also a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis of cachexia is unclear and no clear effective treatment is available. Thus, the treatment of cancer cachexia from the perspective of the tumor ecosystem rather than from the perspective of a single molecule and a single organ is urgently needed. From the point of signal communication between organs mediated by cancer cachexia factors, finding a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer cachexia is of great significance to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment. This review begins with cancer cachexia factors released during the interaction between tumor and host cells, and provides a comprehensive summary of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment for cancer cachexia, along with a particular sight on multi-organ signal communication mediated by cancer cachexia factors. This summary aims to deepen medical community's understanding of cancer cachexia and may conduce to the discovery of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zikai Dong
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ziyi An
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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10
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Zhang Y, Xu M, Guo Y, Chen L, Vongsangnak W, Xu Q, Lu L. Programmed cell death and Salmonella pathogenesis: an interactive overview. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1333500. [PMID: 38249488 PMCID: PMC10797706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1333500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is the collective term for the intrinsically regulated death of cells. Various types of cell death are triggered by their own programmed regulation during the growth and development of organisms, as well as in response to environmental and disease stresses. PCD encompasses apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and other forms. PCD plays a crucial role not only in the growth and development of organisms but also in serving as a component of the host innate immune defense and as a bacterial virulence strategy employed by pathogens during invasion. The zoonotic pathogen Salmonella has the ability to modulate multiple forms of PCD, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy, within the host organism. This modulation subsequently impacts the bacterial infection process. This review aims to consolidate recent findings regarding the mechanisms by which Salmonella initiates and controls cell death signaling, the ways in which various forms of cell death can impede or restrict bacterial proliferation, and the interplay between cell death and innate immune pathways that can counteract Salmonella-induced suppression of host cell death. Ultimately, these insights may contribute novel perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical Salmonella-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maodou Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujiao Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Wu S, Zhong G, Su Q, Hu T, Rao G, Li T, Wu Y, Ruan Z, Zhang H, Tang Z, Hu L. Arsenic induced neurotoxicity in the brain of ducks: The potential involvement of the gut-brain axis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 81:127336. [PMID: 37976960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is a widely distributed ecotoxic pollutant that has been found to cause neurotoxicity in a variety of species. Gut-brain axis is a two-way information network between the gut microbiome and the brain, which is closely related to organismal health. However, the role of the gut-brain axis in arsenic-induced neurotoxicity remains largely unknown. METHODS In order to explore whether there is a relationship between brain and gut microbiota of meat ducks, we performed molecular biological detection including RT-qPCR and Western blot, as well as morphological detection including, HE staining and immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, intestinal contents were analyzed using 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and analysis RESULTS: In this study, we investigated whether arsenic trioxide (ATO) can activate the gut microbiome-brain axis to induce intestinal and brain injury. The results showed that ATO-exposure disrupted the diversity balance of intestinal microbiota and integrity and injured the intestinal structure. ATO-exposure also reduced the number of glycogen and goblet cells in the duodenum. In addition, exposure to ATO caused intestinal inflammatory injury by activating NF-κB signaling pathway and promoting the expression of its target genes. Meanwhile, the tight junction-related proteins (ZO-1, occludin) of gut and brain were reduced by ATO exposure. Furthermore, results also revealed that ATO-exposure induced brain injury, including neuronal cell vacuolization and reduced numbers of neuronal cells in the cortex and hippocampus. Remarkably, ATO-exposure also disrupted neurotransmitter levels. Additionally, our further molecular mechanism study revealed that ATO-exposure increased the expression of autophagy and apoptosis related mRNA and proteins levels in the brain tissues. CONCLUSION Altogether, these findings provide a new insight into that ATO-exposure induced intestinal injury and aggravated neurotoxicity via the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Gaolong Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qian Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ting Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Gan Rao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yuhan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhiyan Ruan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520 Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lianmei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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12
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Obe T, Boltz T, Kogut M, Ricke SC, Brooks LA, Macklin K, Peterson A. Controlling Salmonella: strategies for feed, the farm, and the processing plant. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103086. [PMID: 37839165 PMCID: PMC10587538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella in poultry is an ongoing food safety measure and while significant progress has been made, there is a need to continue to evaluate different strategies that include understanding Salmonella-poultry interaction, Salmonella-microbiota interactions, Salmonella genetics and response to adverse conditions, and preharvest and postharvest parameters that enable persistence. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss different strategies to consider from feed milling to the farm to the processing environment. This Poultry Science Association symposium paper is divided into 5 different sections that covers 1) immunological aspects of Salmonella control, 2) application of Salmonella genetics for targeted control strategies in poultry production, 3) improving poultry feed hygienics: utilizing feed manufacture techniques and equipment to improve feed hygienics, 4) practical on farm interventions for controlling Salmonella-what works and what may not work, and 5) monitoring and mitigating Salmonella in poultry. These topics elucidate the critical need to establish control strategies that will improve poultry gut health and limit conditions that exposes Salmonella to stress causing alterations to virulence and pathogenicity both at preharvest and postharvest poultry production. This information is relevant to the poultry industry's continued efforts to ensure food safety poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mike Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ken Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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13
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Zheng H, Zhang C, Zhang J, Duan L. "Sentinel or accomplice": gut microbiota and microglia crosstalk in disorders of gut-brain interaction. Protein Cell 2023; 14:726-742. [PMID: 37074139 PMCID: PMC10599645 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal brain-gut interaction is considered the core pathological mechanism behind the disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), in which the intestinal microbiota plays an important role. Microglia are the "sentinels" of the central nervous system (CNS), which participate in tissue damage caused by traumatic brain injury, resist central infection and participate in neurogenesis, and are involved in the occurrence of various neurological diseases. With in-depth research on DGBI, we could find an interaction between the intestinal microbiota and microglia and that they are jointly involved in the occurrence of DGBI, especially in individuals with comorbidities of mental disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This bidirectional regulation of microbiota and microglia provides a new direction for the treatment of DGBI. In this review, we focus on the role and underlying mechanism of the interaction between gut microbiota and microglia in DGBI, especially IBS, and the corresponding clinical application prospects and highlight its potential to treat DGBI in individuals with psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
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14
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Shen K, Durieux J, Mena CG, Webster BM, Kimberly Tsui C, Zhang H, Joe L, Berendzen K, Dillin A. The germline coordinates mitokine signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554217. [PMID: 37873079 PMCID: PMC10592821 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability of mitochondria to coordinate stress responses across tissues is critical for health. In C. elegans , neurons experiencing mitochondrial stress elicit an inter-tissue signaling pathway through the release of mitokine signals, such as serotonin or the WNT ligand EGL-20, which activate the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR MT ) in the periphery to promote organismal health and lifespan. We find that germline mitochondria play a surprising role in neuron-to-peripheral UPR MT signaling. Specifically, we find that germline mitochondria signal downstream of neuronal mitokines, like WNT and serotonin, and upstream of lipid metabolic pathways in the periphery to regulate UPR MT activation. We also find that the germline tissue itself is essential in UPR MT signaling. We propose that the germline has a central signaling role in coordinating mitochondrial stress responses across tissues, and germline mitochondria play a defining role in this coordination because of their inherent roles in germline integrity and inter-tissue signaling.
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15
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Redford SE, Varanasi SK, Sanchez KK, Thorup NR, Ayres JS. CD4+ T cells regulate sickness-induced anorexia and fat wasting during a chronic parasitic infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112814. [PMID: 37490905 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections cause catabolism of fat and muscle stores. Traditionally, studies have focused on understanding how the innate immune system contributes to energy stores wasting, while the role of the adaptive immune system remains elusive. In the present study, we examine the role of the adaptive immune response in adipose tissue wasting and cachexia using a murine model of the chronic parasitic infection Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness. We find that the wasting response occurs in two phases, with the first stage involving fat wasting caused by CD4+ T cell-induced anorexia and a second anorexia-independent cachectic stage that is dependent on CD8+ T cells. Fat wasting has no impact on host antibody-mediated resistance defenses or survival, while later-stage muscle wasting contributes to disease-tolerance defenses. Our work reveals a decoupling of adaptive immune-mediated resistance from the catabolic response during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Redford
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gene Expression Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Siva Karthik Varanasi
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karina K Sanchez
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gene Expression Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia R Thorup
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gene Expression Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janelle S Ayres
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gene Expression Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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16
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Siopi E, Galerne M, Rivagorda M, Saha S, Moigneu C, Moriceau S, Bigot M, Oury F, Lledo PM. Gut microbiota changes require vagus nerve integrity to promote depressive-like behaviors in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3002-3012. [PMID: 37131071 PMCID: PMC10615761 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress constitutes a major risk factor for depression that can disrupt various aspects of homeostasis, including the gut microbiome (GM). We have recently shown that GM imbalance affects adult hippocampal (HPC) neurogenesis and induces depression-like behaviors, with the exact mechanisms being under active investigation. Here we hypothesized that the vagus nerve (VN), a key bidirectional route of communication between the gut and the brain, could relay the effects of stress-induced GM changes on HPC plasticity and behavior. We used fecal samples derived from mice that sustained unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) to inoculate healthy mice and assess standard behavioral readouts for anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, conduct histological and molecular analyses for adult HPC neurogenesis and evaluate neurotransmission pathways and neuroinflammation. To study the potential role of the VN in mediating the effects of GM changes on brain functions and behavior, we used mice that sustained subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (Vx) prior the GM transfer. We found that inoculation of healthy mice with GM from UCMS mice activates the VN and induces early and sustained changes in both serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission pathways in the brainstem and HPC. These changes are associated with prompt and persistent deficits in adult HPC neurogenesis and induce early and sustained neuroinflammatory responses in the HPC. Remarkably, Vx abrogates adult HPC neurogenesis deficits, neuroinflammation and depressive-like behavior, suggesting that vagal afferent pathways are necessary to drive GM-mediated effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Siopi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, 75015, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Mathieu Galerne
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Manon Rivagorda
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Soham Saha
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Carine Moigneu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Moriceau
- Platform for Neurobehavior and Metabolism, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, 26 INSERM US24/CNRS UAR 3633, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Bigot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Franck Oury
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, 75015, Paris, France.
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17
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Pillay TD, Hettiarachchi SU, Gan J, Diaz-Del-Olmo I, Yu XJ, Muench JH, Thurston TL, Pearson JS. Speaking the host language: how Salmonella effector proteins manipulate the host. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001342. [PMID: 37279149 PMCID: PMC10333799 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella injects over 40 virulence factors, termed effectors, into host cells to subvert diverse host cellular processes. Of these 40 Salmonella effectors, at least 25 have been described as mediating eukaryotic-like, biochemical post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins, altering the outcome of infection. The downstream changes mediated by an effector's enzymatic activity range from highly specific to multifunctional, and altogether their combined action impacts the function of an impressive array of host cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and both innate and adaptive immune responses. Salmonella and related Gram-negative pathogens have been a rich resource for the discovery of unique enzymatic activities, expanding our understanding of host signalling networks, bacterial pathogenesis as well as basic biochemistry. In this review, we provide an up-to-date assessment of host manipulation mediated by the Salmonella type III secretion system injectosome, exploring the cellular effects of diverse effector activities with a particular focus on PTMs and the implications for infection outcomes. We also highlight activities and functions of numerous effectors that remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timesh D. Pillay
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sahampath U. Hettiarachchi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiyao Gan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ines Diaz-Del-Olmo
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Janina H. Muench
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Devi MB, Sarma HK, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR. Mechanistic Insights into Immune-Microbiota Interactions and Preventive Role of Probiotics Against Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10087-1. [PMID: 37171690 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on genetically susceptible individuals and animal models revealed the potential role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) through complex interactions with the immune system. T1D incidence has been increasing exponentially with modern lifestyle altering normal microbiota composition, causing dysbiosis characterized by an imbalance in the gut microbial community. Dysbiosis has been suggested to be a potential contributing factor in T1D. Moreover, several studies have shown the potential role of probiotics in regulating T1D through various mechanisms. Current T1D therapies target curative measures; however, preventive therapeutics are yet to be proven. This review highlights immune microbiota interaction and the immense role of probiotics and postbiotics as important immunological interventions for reducing the risk of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bidyarani Devi
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mojibur R Khan
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, India.
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19
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Guo Y, Gu D, Huang T, Li A, Zhou Y, Kang X, Meng C, Xiong D, Song L, Jiao X, Pan Z. Salmonella Enteritidis T1SS protein SiiD inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation via repressing the mtROS-ASC dependent pathway. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011381. [PMID: 37155697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is an essential innate immune defense mechanism against Salmonella infections. Salmonella has developed multiple strategies to avoid or delay inflammasome activation, which may be required for long-term bacterial persistence. However, the mechanisms by which Salmonella evades host immune defenses are still not well understood. In this study, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) random insertion transposon library was screened to identify the key factors that affect the inflammasome activation. The type I secretion system (T1SS) protein SiiD was demonstrated to repress the NLRP3 inflammasome activation during SE infection and was the first to reveal the antagonistic role of T1SS in the inflammasome pathway. SiiD was translocated into host cells and localized in the membrane fraction in a T1SS-dependent and partially T3SS-1-dependent way during SE infection. Subsequently, SiiD was demonstrated to significantly suppress the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), thus repressing ASC oligomerization to form pyroptosomes, and impairing the NLRP3 dependent Caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. Importantly, SiiD-deficient SE induced stronger gut inflammation in mice and displayed NLRP3-dependent attenuation of the virulence. SiiD-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation significantly contributed to SE colonization in the infected mice. This study links bacterial T1SS regulation of mtROS-ASC signaling to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reveals the essential role of T1SS in evading host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- School of Nursing School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
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20
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Ferrer M, Anthony TG, Ayres JS, Biffi G, Brown JC, Caan BJ, Cespedes Feliciano EM, Coll AP, Dunne RF, Goncalves MD, Grethlein J, Heymsfield SB, Hui S, Jamal-Hanjani M, Lam JM, Lewis DY, McCandlish D, Mustian KM, O'Rahilly S, Perrimon N, White EP, Janowitz T. Cachexia: A systemic consequence of progressive, unresolved disease. Cell 2023; 186:1824-1845. [PMID: 37116469 PMCID: PMC11059056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia, a systemic wasting condition, is considered a late consequence of diseases, including cancer, organ failure, or infections, and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. The induction process and mechanistic progression of cachexia are incompletely understood. Refocusing academic efforts away from advanced cachexia to the etiology of cachexia may enable discoveries of new therapeutic approaches. Here, we review drivers, mechanisms, organismal predispositions, evidence for multi-organ interaction, model systems, clinical research, trials, and care provision from early onset to late cachexia. Evidence is emerging that distinct inflammatory, metabolic, and neuro-modulatory drivers can initiate processes that ultimately converge on advanced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ferrer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Janelle S Ayres
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giulia Biffi
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Justin C Brown
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Bette J Caan
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | | | - Anthony P Coll
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard F Dunne
- University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Marcus D Goncalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jonas Grethlein
- Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Sheng Hui
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence and Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Jie Min Lam
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence and Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - David Y Lewis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David McCandlish
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Karen M Mustian
- University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eileen P White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tobias Janowitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA.
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21
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Bin NR, Prescott SL, Horio N, Wang Y, Chiu IM, Liberles SD. An airway-to-brain sensory pathway mediates influenza-induced sickness. Nature 2023; 615:660-667. [PMID: 36890237 PMCID: PMC10033449 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection causes a stereotyped state of sickness that involves neuronally orchestrated behavioural and physiological changes1,2. On infection, immune cells release a 'storm' of cytokines and other mediators, many of which are detected by neurons3,4; yet, the responding neural circuits and neuro-immune interaction mechanisms that evoke sickness behaviour during naturalistic infections remain unclear. Over-the-counter medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen are widely used to alleviate sickness and act by blocking prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis5. A leading model is that PGE2 crosses the blood-brain barrier and directly engages hypothalamic neurons2. Here, using genetic tools that broadly cover a peripheral sensory neuron atlas, we instead identified a small population of PGE2-detecting glossopharyngeal sensory neurons (petrosal GABRA1 neurons) that are essential for influenza-induced sickness behaviour in mice. Ablating petrosal GABRA1 neurons or targeted knockout of PGE2 receptor 3 (EP3) in these neurons eliminates influenza-induced decreases in food intake, water intake and mobility during early-stage infection and improves survival. Genetically guided anatomical mapping revealed that petrosal GABRA1 neurons project to mucosal regions of the nasopharynx with increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 after infection, and also display a specific axonal targeting pattern in the brainstem. Together, these findings reveal a primary airway-to-brain sensory pathway that detects locally produced prostaglandins and mediates systemic sickness responses to respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ryum Bin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara L Prescott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nao Horio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yandan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Pfenning-Butterworth AC, Vetter RE, Hite JL. Natural variation in host feeding behaviors impacts host disease and pathogen transmission potential. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9865. [PMID: 36911315 PMCID: PMC9992943 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals ranging from mosquitoes to humans often vary their feeding behavior when infected or merely exposed to pathogens. These so-called "sickness behaviors" are part of the innate immune response with many consequences, including avoiding orally transmitted pathogens. Fully understanding the role of this ubiquitous behavior in host defense and pathogen evolution requires a quantitative account of its impact on host and pathogen fitness across environmentally relevant contexts. Here, we use a zooplankton host and fungal pathogen as a case study to ask if infection-mediated feeding behaviors vary across pathogen exposure levels and natural genetic variation in susceptibility to infection. Then, we connect these changes in behavior to pathogen transmission potential (spore yield) and fitness and growth costs to the host. Our results validate a protective effect of altered feeding behavior during pathogen exposure while also revealing significant variation in the magnitude of this response across host susceptibility and pathogen exposure levels. Across all four host genotypes, feeding rates were negatively correlated with susceptibility to infection and transmission potential. The most susceptible genotypes exhibited either strong anorexia, reducing food intake by 26%-42%, ("Standard") or pronounced hyperphagia, increasing food intake by 20%-54% ("A45"). Together, these results suggest that infection-mediated changes in host feeding behavior-which are traditionally interpreted as immunopathology- may in fact serve as crucial components of host defense strategies and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina C Pfenning-Butterworth
- School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln Nebraska USA.,Department of Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Rachel E Vetter
- School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Jessica L Hite
- School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln Nebraska USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin USA
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23
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Redondo-Urzainqui A, Hernández-García E, Cook ECL, Iborra S. Dendritic cells in energy balance regulation. Immunol Lett 2023; 253:19-27. [PMID: 36586424 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Besides their well-known role in initiating adaptive immune responses, several groups have studied the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the context of chronic metabolic inflammation, such as in diet-induced obesity (DIO) or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. DCs also have an important function in maintaining metabolic tissue homeostasis in steady-state conditions. In this review, we will briefly describe the different DC subsets, the murine models available to assess their function, and discuss the role of DCs in regulating energy balance and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Redondo-Urzainqui
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-García
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Emma Clare Laura Cook
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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24
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Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Diseases-Identification of Novel Molecular Players and Targets. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12010335. [PMID: 36615135 PMCID: PMC9821340 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past few years, unexpected developments have driven studies in the field of clinical immunology. One driver of immense impact was the outbreak of a pandemic caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2. Excellent recent reviews address diverse aspects of immunological re-search into cardiovascular diseases. Here, we specifically focus on selected studies taking advantage of advanced state-of-the-art molecular genetic methods ranging from genome-wide epi/transcriptome mapping and variant scanning to optogenetics and chemogenetics. First, we discuss the emerging clinical relevance of advanced diagnostics for cardiovascular diseases, including those associated with COVID-19-with a focus on the role of inflammation in cardiomyopathies and arrhythmias. Second, we consider newly identified immunological interactions at organ and system levels which affect cardiovascular pathogenesis. Thus, studies into immune influences arising from the intestinal system are moving towards therapeutic exploitation. Further, powerful new research tools have enabled novel insight into brain-immune system interactions at unprecedented resolution. This latter line of investigation emphasizes the strength of influence of emotional stress-acting through defined brain regions-upon viral and cardiovascular disorders. Several challenges need to be overcome before the full impact of these far-reaching new findings will hit the clinical arena.
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25
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Abstract
Sickness behavior was conceptualized initially as the behavioral counterpart of the fever response to infectious pathogens. It helps to raise body temperature to its higher setpoint and to maintain it at this new level and it has the additional benefit of enabling a weakened organism to protect itself from other dangers. The discovery of the behavioral effects of proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated immune cells provided a cellular and molecular basis to this phenomenon. The administration of cytokines or cytokine inducers like lipopolysaccharide to healthy rodents allowed to reveal the similarities and differences between inflammation-induced sickness behavior and the fever response. It also led to the understanding of how the inflammatory response that is triggered at the periphery can propagate into the brain and induce the behavioral manifestations of sickness. At the behavioral level, the demonstration that sickness behavior is the expression of a motivational state that reorganizes perception and action in face of a microbial pathogen just like fear in face of a predator appeared at first glance to strengthen the adaptive value of this behavior. However, all aspects of sickness behavior are not always favorable for the organism. This is the case for anorexia that is beneficial in the context of bacterial infection but detrimental in the context of viral infection. In addition, studies of sickness behavior in natural conditions revealed that like any other defensive behavior, sickness behavior requires trade-offs between its survival benefits for the sick individual and the costs incurred especially in the context of gregarious groups. Thanks to these studies, evidence is emerging that sickness behavior is much more variable in its expression than initially thought, and that part of this variability depends not only on the pathogen and the social context in which the infection develops but also on individual factors including species, sex, age, nutrition, and physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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26
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Cootes TA, Bhattacharyya ND, Huang SS, Daniel L, Bell-Anderson KS, Stifter SA, Chew T, Solon-Biet SM, Saraiva LR, Cai Y, Chen X, Simpson SJ, Feng CG. The quality of energy- and macronutrient-balanced diets regulates host susceptibility to influenza in mice. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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27
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Chronic Leptin Deficiency Improves Tolerance of Physiological Damage and Host-Pathogen Cooperation during Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0024222. [PMID: 35924898 PMCID: PMC9476980 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00242-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To combat infections, hosts employ a combination of antagonistic and cooperative defense strategies. The former refers to pathogen killing mediated by resistance mechanisms, while the latter refers to physiological defense mechanisms that promote host health during infection independent of pathogen killing, leading to an apparent cooperation between the host and the pathogen. Previous work has shown that Leptin, a pleiotropic hormone that plays a central role in regulating appetite and energy metabolism, is indispensable for resistance mechanisms, while a role for Leptin signaling in cooperative host-pathogen interactions remains unknown. Using a mouse model of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) infection, an emerging pathogen that causes fever, diarrhea, and mesenteric lymphadenitis in humans, we found that the physiological effects of chronic Leptin-signaling deficiency conferred protection from Yptb infection due to increased host-pathogen cooperation rather than greater resistance defenses. The protection against Yptb infection was independent of differences in food consumption, lipolysis, or fat mass. Instead, we found that the chronic absence of Leptin signaling protects from a shift to lipid utilization during infection that contributes to Yptb lethality. Furthermore, we found that the survival advantage conferred by Leptin deficiency was associated with increased liver and kidney damage. Our work reveals an additional level of complexity for the role of Leptin in infection defense and demonstrates that in some contexts, in addition to tolerating the pathogen, tolerating organ damage is more beneficial for survival than preventing the damage.
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28
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Hawash MBF, El-Deeb MA, Gaber R, Morsy KS. The buried gems of disease tolerance in animals: Evolutionary and interspecies comparative approaches: Interspecies comparative approaches are valuable tools for exploring potential new mechanisms of disease tolerance in animals: Interspecies comparative approaches are valuable tools for exploring potential new mechanisms of disease tolerance in animals. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200080. [PMID: 36050881 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Host defense mechanisms are categorized into different strategies, namely, avoidance, resistance and tolerance. Resistance encompasses mechanisms that directly kill the pathogen while tolerance is mainly concerned with alleviating the harsh consequences of the infection regardless of the pathogen burden. Resistance is well-known strategy in immunology while tolerance is relatively new. Studies addressed tolerance mainly using mouse models revealing a wide range of interesting tolerance mechanisms. Herein, we aim to emphasize on the interspecies comparative approaches to explore potential new mechanisms of disease tolerance. We will discuss mechanisms of tolerance with focus on those that were revealed using comparative study designs of mammals followed by summarizing the reasons for adopting comparative approaches on disease tolerance studies. Disease tolerance is a relatively new concept in immunology, we believe combining comparative studies with model organism study designs will enhance our understanding to tolerance and unveil new mechanisms of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B F Hawash
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed A El-Deeb
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rahma Gaber
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kareem S Morsy
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Ramos S, Ademolue TW, Jentho E, Wu Q, Guerra J, Martins R, Pires G, Weis S, Carlos AR, Mahú I, Seixas E, Duarte D, Rajas F, Cardoso S, Sousa AGG, Lilue J, Paixão T, Mithieux G, Nogueira F, Soares MP. A hypometabolic defense strategy against malaria. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1183-1200.e12. [PMID: 35841892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is a clinical hallmark of severe malaria, the often-lethal outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Here, we report that malaria-associated hypoglycemia emerges from a non-canonical resistance mechanism, whereby the infected host reduces glycemia to starve Plasmodium. This hypometabolic response is elicited by labile heme, a byproduct of hemolysis that induces illness-induced anorexia and represses hepatic glucose production. While transient repression of hepatic glucose production prevents unfettered immune-mediated inflammation, organ damage, and anemia, when sustained over time it leads to hypoglycemia, compromising host energy expenditure and adaptive thermoregulation. The latter arrests the development of asexual stages of Plasmodium via a mechanism associated with parasite mitochondrial dysfunction. In response, Plasmodium activates a transcriptional program associated with the reduction of virulence and sexual differentiation toward the generation of transmissible gametocytes. In conclusion, malaria-associated hypoglycemia represents a trade-off of a hypometabolic-based defense strategy that balances parasite virulence versus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Elisa Jentho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Qian Wu
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joel Guerra
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Rui Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gil Pires
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Inês Mahú
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elsa Seixas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Denise Duarte
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiago Paixão
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Fátima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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30
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The microbiota-gut-brain axis in sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 65:101691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Karagiannis F, Peukert K, Surace L, Michla M, Nikolka F, Fox M, Weiss P, Feuerborn C, Maier P, Schulz S, Al B, Seeliger B, Welte T, David S, Grondman I, de Nooijer AH, Pickkers P, Kleiner JL, Berger MM, Brenner T, Putensen C, Kato H, Garbi N, Netea MG, Hiller K, Placek K, Bode C, Wilhelm C. Impaired ketogenesis ties metabolism to T cell dysfunction in COVID-19. Nature 2022; 609:801-807. [PMID: 35901960 PMCID: PMC9428867 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia and fasting are host adaptations to acute infection, inducing a metabolic switch towards ketogenesis and the production of ketone bodies, including β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) 1-6. However, whether ketogenesis metabolically influences the immune response in pulmonary infections remains unclear. Here we report impaired production of BHB in humans with SARS-CoV-2-induced but not influenza-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). CD4+ T cell function is impaired in COVID-19 and BHB promotes both survival and production of Interferon-γ from CD4+ T cells. Using metabolic tracing analysis, we uncovered that BHB provides an alternative carbon source to fuel oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and the production of bioenergetic amino acids and glutathione, which is important for maintaining the redox balance. T cells from patients with SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS were exhausted and skewed towards glycolysis, but can be metabolically reprogrammed by BHB to perform OXPHOS, thereby increasing their functionality. Finally, we demonstrate that ketogenic diet (KD) and delivery of BHB as ketone ester drink restores CD4+ T cell metabolism and function in respiratory infections, ultimately reducing the mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. Altogether, our data reveal BHB as alternative carbon source promoting T cell responses in pulmonary viral infections, highlighting impaired ketogenesis as a potential confounder of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Karagiannis
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Peukert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Surace
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Michla
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Nikolka
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mario Fox
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia Weiss
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Feuerborn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul Maier
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schulz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Burcu Al
- Immunology and Metabolism Unit, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Seeliger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Centre of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Centre of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha David
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inge Grondman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aline H de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Lukas Kleiner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Moritz Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Putensen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Immunology and Metabolism Unit, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Placek
- Immunology and Metabolism Unit, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Bode
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wilhelm
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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32
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Cui Y, Yu H, Bu Z, Wen L, Yan L, Feng J. Focus on the Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:894298. [PMID: 35694441 PMCID: PMC9175009 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.894298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is initiated with an aberrant innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in many neurological diseases. Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that can be used as platforms to induce the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis, thus playing a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Among the inflammasomes, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is well-characterized and contributes to many neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and ischemic stroke. MS is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS, and its hallmarks include chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Studies have demonstrated a relationship between MS and the NLRP3 inflammasome. To date, the pathogenesis of MS is not fully understood, and clinical studies on novel therapies are still underway. Here, we review the activation mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome, its role in MS, and therapies targeting related molecules, which may be beneficial in MS.
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33
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Deshpande R, Lee B, Qiao Y, Grewal SS. TOR signalling is required for host lipid metabolic remodelling and survival following enteric infection in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049551. [PMID: 35363274 PMCID: PMC9118046 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When infected by enteric pathogenic bacteria, animals need to initiate local and whole-body defence strategies. Although most attention has focused on the role of innate immune anti-bacterial responses, less is known about how changes in host metabolism contribute to host defence. Using Drosophila as a model system, we identify induction of intestinal target-of-rapamycin (TOR) kinase signalling as a key adaptive metabolic response to enteric infection. We find that enteric infection induces both local and systemic induction of TOR independently of the Immune deficiency (IMD) innate immune pathway, and we see that TOR functions together with IMD signalling to promote infection survival. These protective effects of TOR signalling are associated with remodelling of host lipid metabolism. Thus, we see that TOR is required to limit excessive infection-mediated wasting of host lipid stores by promoting an increase in the levels of gut- and fat body-expressed lipid synthesis genes. Our data support a model in which induction of TOR represents a host tolerance response to counteract infection-mediated lipid wasting in order to promote survival. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Savraj S. Grewal
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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34
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Boscaini S, Leigh SJ, Lavelle A, García-Cabrerizo R, Lipuma T, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota and body weight control: Weight watchers within? Mol Metab 2022; 57:101427. [PMID: 34973469 PMCID: PMC8829807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several decades of research, managing body weight remains an unsolved clinical problem. Health problems associated with dysregulated body weight, such as obesity and cachexia, exhibit several gut microbiota alterations. There is an increased interest in utilising the gut microbiota for body weight control, as it responds to intervention and plays an important role in energy extraction from food, as well as biotransformation of nutrients. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbiota in the physiological and metabolic alterations observed in two body weight dysregulation-related disorders, namely obesity and cachexia. Second, we assess the available evidence for different strategies, including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, bariatric surgery, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, high-fibre diet, and fermented foods - effects on body weight and gut microbiota composition. This approach was used to give insights into the possible link between body weight control and gut microbiota configuration. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive associations between body weight and gut microbiota composition, limited success could be achieved in the translation of microbiota-related interventions for body weight control in humans. Manipulation of the gut microbiota alone is insufficient to alter body weight and future research is needed with a combination of strategies to enhance the effects of lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boscaini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy Lipuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Troha K, Ayres JS. Cooperative defenses during enteropathogenic infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 65:123-130. [PMID: 34847524 PMCID: PMC8818259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During their co-evolution with pathogens, hosts acquired defensive health strategies that allow them to maintain their health or promote recovery when challenged with infections. The cooperative defense system is a largely unexplored branch of these evolved defense strategies. Cooperative defenses limit physiological damage and promote health without having a negative impact on a pathogen's ability to survive and replicate within the host. Here, we review recent discoveries in the new field of cooperative defenses using the model pathogens Citrobacter rodentium and Salmonella enterica. We discuss not only host-encoded but also pathogen-encoded mechanisms of cooperative defenses. Cooperative defenses remain an untapped resource in clinical medicine. With a global pandemic exacerbated by a lack of vaccine access and a worldwide rise in antibiotic resistance, the study of cooperative defenses offers an opportunity to safeguard health in the face of pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Troha
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Gene Expression Lab, Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janelle S. Ayres
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Gene Expression Lab, Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Correspondence:
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Abstract
The gut microbiome produces chemically diverse small molecules to interact with the host, conveying signals from the gut to the whole system. The microbial metabolites feature several unique modes of interaction with host targets, which fits well into the balanced and networked fashion of biological regulation. Hence, fully unveiling the targetome of signaling microbial metabolites may offer new insights into host health and disease, expand the repertoire of druggable targets, and enlighten a bioinspired path to drug design and discovery. In this review, we present an updated understanding of how microbial metabolite interaction with host targets finely orchestrates and integrates multiple signals to pathophysiological phenotypes, contributing new insights into organ crosstalk and holistic homeostasis maintenance in biological systems. We discuss strategies and open questions for mining and biomimicking the microbial metabolite-targetome interactions for pharmacological manipulation, which may lead to a new paradigm of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Taylor J, Sakkas P, Kyriazakis I. Starving for nutrients: anorexia during infection with parasites in broilers is affected by diet composition. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101535. [PMID: 34794080 PMCID: PMC8605289 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2 experiments, we investigated whether diet composition plays a role in pathogen-induced anorexia, the voluntary reduction in ADFI during infection in broilers. We hypothesized that either energy or CP dietary content could influence the extent of anorexia in Ross 308 broilers and infection outcomes with Eimeria maxima. From d 13 of age, half of the birds were infected, and half were uninfected. ADFI was measured daily, and BW every 3 d until d 29. Oocyst excretion was measured daily from d 17 to 23. The impact of parasitism on the small intestine was assessed on d 19 and 25. In Experiment 1, 336 birds were offered diets progressively diluted with lignocellulose, starting from a diet with 3,105 (kcal ME/kg) and 20% CP. There was a significant interaction between infection and diet on ADFI during the acute stage of infection (d 17 to 21): for control birds diet dilution decreased ADFI and consequently reduced energy and CP intake. For infected birds, diet dilution increased ADFI, leading to the same energy and CP intake across diets. Oocyst excretion and villi length to crypt depth ratio (VCR) were constant across infected treatments. In Experiment 2, 432 birds were offered diets with constant ME (3,105 kcal/kg), but different CP contents (24, 20, 26, and 12%). Infection significantly reduced ADFI. Although there was no interaction between infection and diet on ADFI, there was an interaction on CP intake during the acute stage of infection. Infected birds on the 20% CP diet achieved the same CP intake as uninfected birds. There were no differences in the VCR and ADG of the infected birds on 24, 20 and 16% CP treatments, but birds on 12% had the lowest ADG and excreted more oocysts. We suggest that during infection, birds target a nutrient resource intake, which appears to be beneficial for infection outcomes, while at the same time they avoid excess protein intake. We conclude that different mechanisms regulate ADFI in infected and uninfected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Taylor
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Diverse inflammatory diseases, infections and malignancies are associated with wasting syndromes. In many of these conditions, the standards for diagnosis and treatment are lacking due to our limited understanding of the causative molecular mechanisms. Here, we discuss the complex immunological context of cachexia, a systemic catabolic syndrome that depletes both fat and muscle mass with profound consequences for patient prognosis. We highlight the main cytokine and immune cell-driven pathways that have been linked to weight loss and tissue wasting in the context of cancer-associated and infection-associated cachexia. Moreover, we discuss the potential immunometabolic consequences of cachexia on the basis of newly identified pathways and explore the multilayered area of immunometabolic crosstalk both upstream and downstream of tissue catabolism. Collectively, this Review highlights the intricate relationship of the immune system with cachexia in the context of malignant and infectious diseases.
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Abstract
The brain and gastrointestinal tract are critical sensory organs responsible for detecting, relaying, integrating, and responding to signals derived from the internal and external environment. At the interface of this sensory function, immune cells in the intestines and brain consistently survey environmental factors, eliciting responses that inform on the physiological state of the body. Recent research reveals that cross-talk along the gut-brain axis regulates inflammatory nociception, inflammatory responses, and immune homeostasis. Here, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the signaling of inflammation across the gut-brain axis. We further highlight interactions between the gut and the brain in inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulistan Agirman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kristie B Yu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Reina-Campos M, Scharping NE, Goldrath AW. CD8 + T cell metabolism in infection and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:718-738. [PMID: 33981085 PMCID: PMC8806153 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells play a key role in the elimination of intracellular infections and malignant cells and can provide long-term protective immunity. In the response to infection, CD8+ T cell metabolism is coupled to transcriptional, translational and epigenetic changes that are driven by extracellular metabolites and immunological signals. These programmes facilitate the adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the diverse and dynamic metabolic environments encountered in the circulation and in the tissues. In the setting of disease, both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic metabolic cues contribute to CD8+ T cell dysfunction. In addition, changes in whole-body metabolism, whether through voluntary or disease-induced dietary alterations, can influence CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Defining the metabolic adaptations of CD8+ T cells in specific tissue environments informs our understanding of how these cells protect against pathogens and tumours and maintain tissue health at barrier sites. Here, we highlight recent findings revealing how metabolic networks enforce specific CD8+ T cell programmes and discuss how metabolism is integrated with CD8+ T cell differentiation and function and determined by environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole E. Scharping
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W. Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,
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Mohajeri M, Horriatkhah E, Mohajery R. The effect of glutamine supplementation on serum levels of some inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and appetite in COVID-19 patients: a case-control study. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1769-1776. [PMID: 34709541 PMCID: PMC8552429 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Malnutrition is seen in COVID-19 patients, and reducing malnutrition with appropriate therapies may improve these patients' health. This case–control study aimed to assess and compare serum levels of some inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and appetite in COVID-19 patients with respiratory infections that receive glutamine treatment with a control group. Methods In this study, patients who consented to use glutamine were considered as the case group and other patients who did not use glutamine were considered as a control group. Two hundred twenty-two COVID-19 patients (51.2 ± 6.7) using l-Glutamine and 230 COVID-19 patients (51.3 ± 8.2) with similar age, gender, and clinical status, as the control group, were included in the study. For 5 days, the case group consumed 10 g of glutamine supplement three times per day. At the end of the 5 days, blood samples were taken again to test for serum levels of IL1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity, then all data were analyzed. Results Serum levels of β-1 interleukin, tumor necrosis factor-α and hs-CRP were significantly reduced with five days of glutamine supplementation (p < 0.05), and patients’ appetite during 5 days of glutamine supplementation compared with the control group had a significant increase (p < 0.05). Conclusion Glutamine supplementation in COVID-19 patients with respiratory infection significantly reduces serum levels of interleukin-1 β, hs-CRP, and tumor necrosis factor-α and significantly increases appetite, so glutamine supplementation may be useful for COVID-19 patients in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mohajeri
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Horriatkhah
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mohajery
- Energy Management Research Center, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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Huen SC, Wang A, Feola K, Desrouleaux R, Luan HH, Hogg R, Zhang C, Zhang QJ, Liu ZP, Medzhitov R. Hepatic FGF21 preserves thermoregulation and cardiovascular function during bacterial inflammation. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202151. [PMID: 34406362 PMCID: PMC8374861 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behaviors, including anorexia, are evolutionarily conserved responses to acute infections. Inflammation-induced anorexia causes dramatic metabolic changes, of which components critical to survival are unique depending on the type of inflammation. Glucose supplementation during the anorectic period induced by bacterial inflammation suppresses adaptive fasting metabolic pathways, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and decreases survival. Consistent with this observation, FGF21-deficient mice are more susceptible to mortality from endotoxemia and polybacterial peritonitis. Here, we report that increased circulating FGF21 during bacterial inflammation is hepatic derived and required for survival through the maintenance of thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and cardiac function. FGF21 signaling downstream of its obligate coreceptor, β-Klotho (KLB), is required in bacterial sepsis. However, FGF21 modulates thermogenesis and chronotropy independent of the adipose, forebrain, and hypothalamus, which are operative in cold adaptation, suggesting that in bacterial inflammation, either FGF21 signals through a novel, undescribed target tissue or concurrent signaling of multiple KLB-expressing tissues is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Huen
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kyle Feola
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Reina Desrouleaux
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Harding H. Luan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard Hogg
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Qing-Jun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Zhi-Ping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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Type III secretion system effector subnetworks elicit distinct host immune responses to infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:19-26. [PMID: 34537517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium, a natural mouse pathogen which colonises the colon of immuno-competent mice, provides a robust model for interrogating host-pathogen-microbiota interactions in vivo. This model has been key to providing new insights into local host responses to enteric infection, including changes in intestinal epithelial cell immunometabolism and mucosal immunity. C. rodentium injects 31 bacterial effectors into epithelial cells via a type III secretion system (T3SS). Recently, these effectors were shown to be able to form multiple intracellular subnetworks which can withstand significant contractions whilst maintaining virulence. Here we highlight recent advances in understanding gut mucosal responses to infection and effector biology, as well as potential uses for artificial intelligence (AI) in understanding infectious disease and speculate on the role of T3SS effector networks in host adaption.
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44
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Novak JSS, Baksh SC, Fuchs E. Dietary interventions as regulators of stem cell behavior in homeostasis and disease. Genes Dev 2021; 35:199-211. [PMID: 33526586 PMCID: PMC7849367 DOI: 10.1101/gad.346973.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells maintain tissues by balancing self-renewal with differentiation. A stem cell's local microenvironment, or niche, informs stem cell behavior and receives inputs at multiple levels. Increasingly, it is becoming clear that the overall metabolic status of an organism or metabolites themselves can function as integral members of the niche to alter stem cell fate. Macroscopic dietary interventions such as caloric restriction, the ketogenic diet, and a high-fat diet systemically alter an organism's metabolic state in different ways. Intriguingly, however, they all converge on a propensity to enhance self-renewal. Here, we highlight our current knowledge on how dietary changes feed into stem cell behavior across a wide variety of tissues and illuminate possible explanations for why diverse interventions can result in similar stem cell phenotypes. In so doing, we hope to inspire new avenues of inquiry into the importance of metabolism in stem cell homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S S Novak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sanjeethan C Baksh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Appiah MG, Park EJ, Akama Y, Nakamori Y, Kawamoto E, Gaowa A, Shimaoka M. Cellular and Exosomal Regulations of Sepsis-Induced Metabolic Alterations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158295. [PMID: 34361061 PMCID: PMC8347112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a sustained systemic inflammatory condition involving multiple organ failures caused by dysregulated immune response to infections. Sepsis induces substantial changes in energy demands at the cellular level leading to metabolic reprogramming in immune cells and stromal cells. Although sepsis-associated organ dysfunction and mortality have been partly attributed to the initial acute hyperinflammation and immunosuppression precipitated by a dysfunction in innate and adaptive immune responses, the late mortality due to metabolic dysfunction and immune paralysis currently represent the major problem in clinics. It is becoming increasingly recognized that intertissue and/or intercellular metabolic crosstalk via endocrine factors modulates maintenance of homeostasis, and pathological events in sepsis and other inflammatory diseases. Exosomes have emerged as a novel means of intercellular communication in the regulation of cellular metabolism, owing to their capacity to transfer bioactive payloads such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to their target cells. Recent evidence demonstrates transfer of intact metabolic intermediates from cancer-associated fibroblasts via exosomes to modify metabolic signaling in recipient cells and promote cancer progression. Here, we review the metabolic regulation of endothelial cells and immune cells in sepsis and highlight the role of exosomes as mediators of cellular metabolic signaling in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Appiah
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (M.G.A.); (Y.A.); (Y.N.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (M.G.A.); (Y.A.); (Y.N.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.P.); (M.S.); Tel.: +81-59-231-6408 (E.J.P.); +81-59-231-5036 (M.S.)
| | - Yuichi Akama
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (M.G.A.); (Y.A.); (Y.N.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamori
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (M.G.A.); (Y.A.); (Y.N.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (M.G.A.); (Y.A.); (Y.N.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan
| | - Arong Gaowa
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (M.G.A.); (Y.A.); (Y.N.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (M.G.A.); (Y.A.); (Y.N.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.P.); (M.S.); Tel.: +81-59-231-6408 (E.J.P.); +81-59-231-5036 (M.S.)
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Graef FA, Celiberto LS, Allaire JM, Kuan MTY, Bosman ES, Crowley SM, Yang H, Chan JH, Stahl M, Yu H, Quin C, Gibson DL, Verdu EF, Jacobson K, Vallance BA. Fasting increases microbiome-based colonization resistance and reduces host inflammatory responses during an enteric bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009719. [PMID: 34352037 PMCID: PMC8341583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing food intake is a common host response to infection, yet it remains unclear whether fasting is detrimental or beneficial to an infected host. Despite the gastrointestinal tract being the primary site of nutrient uptake and a common route for infection, studies have yet to examine how fasting alters the host's response to an enteric infection. To test this, mice were fasted before and during oral infection with the invasive bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Fasting dramatically interrupted infection and subsequent gastroenteritis by suppressing Salmonella's SPI-1 virulence program, preventing invasion of the gut epithelium. Virulence suppression depended on the gut microbiota, as Salmonella's invasion of the epithelium proceeded in fasting gnotobiotic mice. Despite Salmonella's restored virulence within the intestines of gnotobiotic mice, fasting downregulated pro-inflammatory signaling, greatly reducing intestinal pathology. Our study highlights how food intake controls the complex relationship between host, pathogen and gut microbiota during an enteric infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A. Graef
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Larissa S. Celiberto
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joannie M. Allaire
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mimi T. Y. Kuan
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Else S. Bosman
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shauna M. Crowley
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hyungjun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Justin H. Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Stahl
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Candice Quin
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deanna L. Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elena F. Verdu
- Farncombe Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as glucose, electrolytes and vitamins are maintained within threshold values. The immune system resolves local disruptions in tissue homeostasis, caused by pathogens or malfunctioning cells. The immediate goals of these two systems do not always align. The immune system benefits from optimal access to nutrients for itself and restriction of nutrient availability to all other organs to limit pathogen replication. The endocrine system aims to ensure optimal nutrient access for all organs, limited only by the nutrients stores that the body has available. The actual state of homeostatic parameters such as blood glucose levels represents a careful balance based on regulatory signals from the immune and endocrine systems. This state is not static but continuously adjusted in response to changes in the current metabolic needs of the body, the amount of resources it has available and the level of threats it encounters. This balance is maintained by the ability of the immune and endocrine systems to interact and co-regulate systemic metabolism. In context of metabolic disease, this system is disrupted, which impairs functionality of both systems. The failure of the endocrine system to retain levels of nutrients such as glucose within threshold values impairs functionality of the immune system. In addition, metabolic stress of organs in context of obesity is perceived by the immune system as a disruption in local homeostasis, which it tries to resolve by the excretion of factors which further disrupt normal metabolic control. In this chapter, we will discuss how the immune and endocrine systems interact under homeostatic conditions and during infection with a focus on blood glucose regulation. In addition, we will discuss how this system fails in the context of metabolic disease.
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Hussain S, Ouyang P, Zhu Y, Khalique A, He C, Liang X, Shu G, Yin L. Type 3 secretion system 1 of Salmonella typhimurium and its inhibitors: a novel strategy to combat salmonellosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34154-34166. [PMID: 33966165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unsuccessful vaccination against Salmonella due to a large number of serovars, and antibiotic resistance, necessitates the development of novel therapeutics to treat salmonellosis. The development of anti-virulence agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a novel strategy because of its non-bacterial feature. Hence, a thorough study of the type three secretion system (T3SS) of Salmonella would help us better understand its role in bacterial pathogenesis and development of anti-virulence agents. However, T3SS can be inhibited by different chemicals at different stages of infection and sequenced delivery of effectors can be blocked to restrict the progression of disease. This review highlights the role of T3SS-1 in the internalization, survival, and replication of Salmonella within the intestinal epithelium and T3SS inhibitors. We concluded that the better we understand the structures and functions of T3SS, the more we have chances to develop anti-virulence agents. Furthermore, greater insights into the T3SS inhibitors of Salmonella would help in the mitigation of the antibiotic resistance problem and would lead us to the era of new therapeutics against salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.
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Tao Y, Hite JL, Lafferty KD, Earn DJD, Bharti N. Transient disease dynamics across ecological scales. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2021; 14:625-640. [PMID: 34075317 PMCID: PMC8156581 DOI: 10.1007/s12080-021-00514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of transient dynamics are critical to understanding infectious disease transmission and persistence. Identifying and predicting transients across scales, from within-host to community-level patterns, plays an important role in combating ongoing epidemics and mitigating the risk of future outbreaks. Moreover, greater emphases on non-asymptotic processes will enable timely evaluations of wildlife and human diseases and lead to improved surveillance efforts, preventive responses, and intervention strategies. Here, we explore the contributions of transient analyses in recent models spanning the fields of epidemiology, movement ecology, and parasitology. In addition to their roles in predicting epidemic patterns and endemic outbreaks, we explore transients in the contexts of pathogen transmission, resistance, and avoidance at various scales of the ecological hierarchy. Examples illustrate how (i) transient movement dynamics at the individual host level can modify opportunities for transmission events over time; (ii) within-host energetic processes often lead to transient dynamics in immunity, pathogen load, and transmission potential; (iii) transient connectivity between discrete populations in response to environmental factors and outbreak dynamics can affect disease spread across spatial networks; and (iv) increasing species richness in a community can provide transient protection to individuals against infection. Ultimately, we suggest that transient analyses offer deeper insights and raise new, interdisciplinary questions for disease research, consequently broadening the applications of dynamical models for outbreak preparedness and management. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12080-021-00514-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tao
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Jessica L. Hite
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Kevin D. Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center at UCSB Marine Science Institute, U.S. Geological Survey, CA 93106 Santa Barbara, USA
| | - David J. D. Earn
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Nita Bharti
- Department of Biology Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Lopes PC, French SS, Woodhams DC, Binning SA. Sickness behaviors across vertebrate taxa: proximate and ultimate mechanisms. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:260576. [PMID: 33942101 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is nothing like a pandemic to get the world thinking about how infectious diseases affect individual behavior. In this respect, sick animals can behave in ways that are dramatically different from healthy animals: altered social interactions and changes to patterns of eating and drinking are all hallmarks of sickness. As a result, behavioral changes associated with inflammatory responses (i.e. sickness behaviors) have important implications for disease spread by affecting contacts with others and with common resources, including water and/or sleeping sites. In this Review, we summarize the behavioral modifications, including changes to thermoregulatory behaviors, known to occur in vertebrates during infection, with an emphasis on non-mammalian taxa, which have historically received less attention. We then outline and discuss our current understanding of the changes in physiology associated with the production of these behaviors and highlight areas where more research is needed, including an exploration of individual and sex differences in the acute phase response and a greater understanding of the ecophysiological implications of sickness behaviors for disease at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Susannah S French
- Department of Biology and The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
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