1
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Kirk NM, Liang Y, Ly H. Pathogenesis and virulence of coronavirus disease: Comparative pathology of animal models for COVID-19. Virulence 2024; 15:2316438. [PMID: 38362881 PMCID: PMC10878030 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2316438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models that can replicate clinical and pathologic features of severe human coronavirus infections have been instrumental in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. The goal of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the pathologic features that can be observed in several currently available animal models. Knowledge gained from studying these animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection can help inform appropriate model selection for disease modelling as well as for vaccine and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Kirk
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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2
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Mach N. The forecasting power of the mucin-microbiome interplay in livestock respiratory diseases. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-18. [PMID: 38606662 PMCID: PMC11018052 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2340003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex respiratory diseases are a significant challenge for the livestock industry worldwide. These diseases considerably impact animal health and welfare and cause severe economic losses. One of the first lines of pathogen defense combines the respiratory tract mucus, a highly viscous material primarily composed of mucins, and a thriving multi-kingdom microbial ecosystem. The microbiome-mucin interplay protects from unwanted substances and organisms, but its dysfunction may enable pathogenic infections and the onset of respiratory disease. Emerging evidence also shows that noncoding regulatory RNAs might modulate the structure and function of the microbiome-mucin relationship. This opinion paper unearths the current understanding of the triangular relationship between mucins, the microbiome, and noncoding RNAs in the context of respiratory infections in animals of veterinary interest. There is a need to look at these molecular underpinnings that dictate distinct health and disease outcomes to implement effective prevention, surveillance, and timely intervention strategies tailored to the different epidemiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mach
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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3
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Wang Q, Wang X, Ding J, Huang L, Wang Z. Structural insight of cell surface sugars in viral infection and human milk glycans as natural antiviral substance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133867. [PMID: 39009265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections are caused by the adhesion of viruses to host cell receptors, including sialylated glycans, glycosaminoglycans, and human blood group antigens (HBGAs). Atomic-level structural information on the interactions between viral particles or proteins with glycans can be determined to provide precise targets for designing antiviral drugs. Milk glycans, existing as free oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates, have attracted increasing attention; milk glycans protect infants against infectious diseases, particularly poorly manageable viral infections. Furthermore, several glycans containing structurally distinct sialic acid/fucose/sulfate modifications in human milk acting as a "receptor decoy" and serving as the natural antiviral library, could interrupt virus-receptor interaction in the first line of defense for viral infection. This review highlights the basis of virus-glycan interactions, presents specific glycan receptor binding by gastroenterovirus viruses, including norovirus, enteroviruses, and the breakthroughs in the studies on the antiviral properties of human milk glycans, and also elucidates the role of glycans in respiratory viruses infection. In addition, recent advances in methods for performing virus/viral protein-glycan interactions were reported. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of the studies on the clinical application of human milk glycan for viral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jieqiong Ding
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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4
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Qiao M, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Chen LA, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, Cai C, Huang H, Zhang X. Nanopore-regulated in situ polymerization for synthesis of homogeneous heparan sulfate with low dispersity. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122297. [PMID: 38876729 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The biological activities of heparan sulfate (HS) are intimately related to their molecular weights, degree and pattern of sulfation and homogeneity. The existing methods for synthesizing homogeneous sugar chains of low dispersity involve multiple steps and require stepwise isolation and purification processes. Here, we designed a mesoporous metal-organic capsule for the encapsulation of glycosyltransferase and obtained a microreactor capable of enzymatically catalyzing polymerization reactions to prepare homogeneous heparosan of low dispersity, the precursor of HS and heparin. Since the sugar chain extension occurs in the pores of the microreactor, low molecular weight heparosan can be synthesized through space-restricted catalysis. Moreover, the glycosylation co-product, uridine diphosphate (UDP), can be chelated with the exposed metal sites of the metal-organic capsule, which inhibits trans-cleavage to reduce the molecular weight dispersity. This microreactor offers the advantages of efficiency, reusability, and obviates the need for stepwise isolation and purification processes. Using the synthesized heparosan, we further successfully prepared homogeneous 6-O-sulfated HS of low dispersity with a molecular weight of approximately 6 kDa and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.032. Notably, the HS generated exhibited minimal anticoagulant activity, and its binding affinity to fibroblast growth factor 1 was comparable to that of low molecular weight heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanqi Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liang-An Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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5
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Ramos da Silva Grillo VT, Bertanha M, da Silva Rodrigues L, de Lima MA, Mellucci Filho PL, Rahal Guaragna Machado R, Durigon EL, Dias Sertorio N, de Assis Golim M, Moroz A, Marques Braz AM, de Moraes LN, Leite MA, Bonciani Nader H, de Campos GC, Rodrigues Guzzo Carvalho C, Florença Cardoso F, Magro AJ, Caputo Nunes H, Tommasini Grotto RM, de Cássia Alvarado R, de Moura Campos Pardini MI, Lima Sobreira M, da Costa EAPN, Naime Barbosa A, Fortaleza CMCB. Nebulized enriched heparin improves respiratory parameters in patients with COVID-19: a phase I/II randomized and triple-blind clinical trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19902. [PMID: 39191809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the safety and the potential antiviral treatment of inhaled enriched heparin in patients with COVID-19. The specific objectives were to investigate the anticoagulation profile, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects, and respiratory evolution of inhaled enriched heparin. We conducted a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I/II clinical trial in hospitalized adults with COVID-19 receiving inhalation of enriched heparin or saline (placebo) every 4 h for 7 days. Among the 27 patients who completed the study, no changes in blood coagulation parameters were observed, indicating the safety of inhaled enriched heparin. The group receiving enriched heparin showed a significant reduction in the need for supplemental oxygen and improvement in respiratory parameters, such as the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Inhalation of enriched heparin is shown to be safe and has also demonstrated potential therapeutic benefits for patients with COVID-19. These promising results justify the continuation of the study to the next phase, Phase II/III, to further evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of inhaled enriched heparin in the treatment of COVID-19-associated viral pneumonia.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. 08/02/2021. Identifier: NCT04743011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Tadeu Ramos da Silva Grillo
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Clinical Hospital, Professor Montenegro Avenue, Botucatu, SP, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Matheus Bertanha
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Clinical Hospital, Professor Montenegro Avenue, Botucatu, SP, 18618687, Brazil.
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Nucleus of Clinical Hospital, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lenize da Silva Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Clinical Hospital, Professor Montenegro Avenue, Botucatu, SP, 18618687, Brazil
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Nucleus of Clinical Hospital, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Andrade de Lima
- Centre for Glycoscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Pedro Luciano Mellucci Filho
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Clinical Hospital, Professor Montenegro Avenue, Botucatu, SP, 18618687, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Luiz Durigon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP (SPPU), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália Dias Sertorio
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Clinical Hospital, Professor Montenegro Avenue, Botucatu, SP, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Marjorie de Assis Golim
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Nucleus of Clinical Hospital, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrei Moroz
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Márcia Marques Braz
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Nucleus of Clinical Hospital, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nazário de Moraes
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Nucleus of Clinical Hospital, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Leite
- Clinical Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Constantino de Campos
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelo José Magro
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Helga Caputo Nunes
- Teaching and Research Center of the Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maria Tommasini Grotto
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Nucleus of Clinical Hospital, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Bioprocessing and Biotechnology Department, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Alvarado
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Nucleus of Clinical Hospital, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcone Lima Sobreira
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Clinical Hospital, Professor Montenegro Avenue, Botucatu, SP, 18618687, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Naime Barbosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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6
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Ghanem L, Essayli D, Kotaich J, Zein MA, Sahebkar A, Eid AH. Phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells in COVID-19: Role of cholesterol, calcium, and phosphate. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31424. [PMID: 39188012 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Although the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), primarily manifests as severe respiratory distress, its impact on the cardiovascular system is also notable. Studies reveal that COVID-19 patients often suffer from certain vascular diseases, partly attributed to increased proliferation or altered phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Although the association between COVID-19 and VSMCs is recognized, the precise mechanism underlying SARS-CoV-2's influence on VSMC phenotype remains largely under-reviewed. In this context, while there is a consistent body of literature dissecting the effect of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, few reports delve into the potential role of VSMC switching in the pathophysiology associated with COVID-19 and the molecular mechanisms involved therein. This review dissects and critiques the link between COVID-19 and VSMCs, with particular attention to pathways involving cholesterol, calcium, and phosphate. These pathways underpin the interaction between the virus and VSMCs. Such interaction promotes VSMC proliferation, and eventually potentiates vascular calcification as well as worsens prognosis in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ghanem
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Dina Essayli
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Jana Kotaich
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
- MEDICA Research Investigation, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Al Zein
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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7
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Ferreira FHDC, Farrell NP, Costa LAS. Spermine and spermidine SI-PPCs: Molecular dynamics reveals enhanced biomolecular interactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134654. [PMID: 39128748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In this paper the effects on the interaction of highly positively charged substitution-inert platinum polynuclear complexes (SI-PPCs) with negatively charged DNA and heparin are examined and compared by theoretical chemistry methods. Electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions contribute to the overall effects on the biomolecule. Root Mean Square (RMS) deviation, Solvent Accessible Surface, RMS fluctuation, and interaction analysis all confirm similar effects on both biomolecules, dictated predominantly by the total positive charge and total number of hydrogen bonds formed. Especially, changes in structural parameters suggesting condensation and reduction of available surface area will reduce or prevent normal protein recognition and may thus potentially inhibit biological mechanisms related to apoptosis (DNA) or reduced vascularization viability (HEP). Thermodynamic analyses supported these findings with favourable interaction energies. The comparison of DNA and heparin confirms the general intersectionality between the two biomolecules and confirms the intrinsic dual-nature function of this chemotype. The distinction between the two-limiting mode of actions (HS or DNA-centred) could reflect an intriguing balance between extracellular (GAG) and intracellular (DNA) binding and affinities. The results underline the need to fully understand GAG-small molecule interactions and their contribution to drug pharmacology and related therapeutic modalities. This report contributes to that understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Henrique do C Ferreira
- NEQC - Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Nicholas P Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
| | - Luiz Antônio S Costa
- NEQC - Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil.
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8
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Mohideen FI, Mahal LK. Infection and the Glycome─New Insights into Host Response. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2540-2550. [PMID: 38990078 PMCID: PMC11320568 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Glycans play critical roles in the host-pathogen interactions leading to infection. However, we still understand very little about the dynamic nature of glycosylation in response to infection and its function in modulating host immunity. Many of the host proteins involved in immune defense are glycoproteins. Furthermore, the innate immune system recognizes glycans. The glycoform of a protein can impact proteolytic stability, receptor interactions, serum half-life, and other aspects. New, cutting-edge chemical biology tools are shedding light on the interplay between infection and the host glycome. In this review, we highlight new work on the importance of dynamic glycosylation of host proteins in the innate and adaptive immune pathways in response to infection. These include recent findings on altered glycoprofiles of mucins, complement components, and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ifthiha Mohideen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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9
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Mahendran TR, Cynthia B, Thevendran R, Maheswaran S. Prospects of Innovative Therapeutics in Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01240-4. [PMID: 39085563 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The sudden global crisis of COVID-19, driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demands swift containment measures due to its rapid spread and numerous problematic mutations, which complicate the establishment of herd immunity. With escalating fatalities across various nations no foreseeable end in sight, there is a pressing need to create swiftly deployable, rapid, cost-effective detection, and treatment methods. While various steps are taken to mitigate the transmission and severity of the disease, vaccination is proven throughout mankind history as the best method to acquire immunity and circumvent the spread of infectious diseases. Nonetheless, relying solely on vaccination might not be adequate to match the relentless viral mutations observed in emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, including alterations to their RBD domain, acquisition of escape mutations, and potential resistance to antibody binding. Beyond the immune system activation achieved through vaccination, it is crucial to develop new medications or treatment methods to either impede the infection or enhance existing treatment modalities. This review emphasizes innovative treatment strategies that aim to directly disrupt the virus's ability to replicate and spread, which could play a role in ending the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamby Rajah Mahendran
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Binsin Cynthia
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ramesh Thevendran
- Centre of Excellence for Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine (CoExNano), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Solayappan Maheswaran
- Centre of Excellence for Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine (CoExNano), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.
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10
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Wang D, Wang K, Liu Q, Liu M, Zhang G, Feng K, Wang K, Ding X, Zhu H, Yang S, Liu Y, Li T, Gong P, Wang M, Wang PG, Jin H, Zhao W, Yu F. A Novel Drug Candidate for Sepsis Targeting Heparanase by Inhibiting Cytokine Storm. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403337. [PMID: 38810101 PMCID: PMC11304236 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is an infection-triggered, rapidly progressive systemic inflammatory syndrome with a high mortality rate. Currently, there are no promising therapeutic strategies for managing this disease in the clinic. Heparanase plays a crucial role in the pathology of sepsis, and its inhibition can significantly relieve related symptoms. Here, a novel heparanase inhibitor CV122 is rationally designed and synthesized, and its therapeutic potential for sepsis with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis mouse models are evaluated. It is found that CV122 potently inhibits heparanase activity in vitro, protects cell surface glycocalyx structure, and reduces the expression of adhesion molecules. In vivo, CV122 significantly reduces the systemic levels of proinflammatory cytokines, prevents organ damage, improves vitality, and efficiently protects mice from sepsis-induced death. Mechanistically, CV122 inhibits the activity of heparanase, reduces its expression in the lungs, and protects glycocalyx structure of lung tissue. It is also found that CV122 provides effective protection from organ damage and death caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection. These results suggest that CV122 is a potential drug candidate for sepsis therapy targeting heparanase by inhibiting cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Qiutong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Ke Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Xianwei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Haomiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Song Yang
- School of Health and Life SciencesQingdao Central HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdao266113China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Tiehai Li
- Carbohydrate‐Based Drug Research CenterShanghai Institute of Materia MedicalChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| | - Peng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyWuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyWuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Peng George Wang
- School of MedicineSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518000China
| | - Hongzhen Jin
- School of Health and Life SciencesQingdao Central HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdao266113China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of TianjinNankai UniversityTongyan Road, Haihe Education ParkTianjin300350China
| | - Fan Yu
- School of Health and Life SciencesQingdao Central HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdao266113China
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11
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Liu Z, Ye Y, Ma Y, Hu B, Zhu J. Inhaled heparin: Past, present, and future. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104065. [PMID: 38901669 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
While heparin has traditionally served as a key anticoagulant in clinical practice for nearly a century, recent years have witnessed a growing interest in its role as a potent antiinflammatory and antiviral agent, as well as an anticancer agent. To address challenges with injection-based delivery, exploring patient-friendly routes such as oral and pulmonary delivery is crucial. This review specifically highlights the multiple therapeutic benefits of inhaled heparin. In summary, this review serves as a valuable source of information, providing deep insights into the diverse therapeutic advantages of inhaled heparin and its potential applications within clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Liu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yuqing Ye
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ying Ma
- Ningbo Inhale Pharma, 2260 Yongjiang Avenue, Ningbo National High-Tech Zone, Ningbo 315000, China; University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Binjie Hu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jesse Zhu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada; Eastern Institute of Technology, 568 Tongxin Road, Ningbo 315000, China.
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12
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Song Y, Singh A, Feroz MM, Xu S, Zhang F, Jin W, Kumar A, Azadi P, Metzger DW, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS. Seaweed-derived fucoidans and rhamnan sulfates serve as potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents with potential for prophylaxis. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122156. [PMID: 38710572 PMCID: PMC11157668 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Seaweeds represent a rich source of sulfated polysaccharides with similarity to heparan sulfate, a facilitator of myriad virus host cell attachment. For this reason, attention has been drawn to their antiviral activity, including the potential for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. We have identified and structurally characterized several fucoidan extracts, including those from different species of brown macroalga, and a rhamnan sulfate from a green macroalga species. A high molecular weight fucoidan extracted from Saccharina japonica (FSjRPI-27), and a rhamnan sulfate extracted from Monostroma nitidum (RSMn), showed potent competitive inhibition of spike glycoprotein receptor binding to a heparin-coated SPR chip. This inhibition was also observed in cell-based assays using hACE2 HEK-293 T cells infected by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus with IC50 values <1 μg/mL. Effectiveness was demonstrated in vivo using hACE2-transgenic mice. Intranasal administration of FSjRPI-27 showed protection when dosed 6 h prior to and at infection, and then every 2 days post-infection, with 100 % survival and no toxicity at 104 plaque-forming units per mouse vs. buffer control. At 5-fold higher virus dose, FSjRPI-27 reduced mortality and yielded reduced viral titers in bronchioalveolar fluid and lung homogenates vs. buffer control. These findings suggest the potential application of seaweed-based sulfated polysaccharides as promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Song
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States of America
| | - Maisha M Feroz
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
| | - Shirley Xu
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
| | - Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zheijiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ambrish Kumar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Dennis W Metzger
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States of America
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America.
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13
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Chhabra M, Shanthamurthy CD, Kumar NV, Mardhekar S, Vishweshwara SS, Wimmer N, Modhiran N, Watterson D, Amarilla AA, Cha JS, Beckett JR, De Voss JJ, Kayal Y, Vlodavsky I, Dorsett LR, Smith RAA, Gandhi NS, Kikkeri R, Ferro V. Amphiphilic Heparinoids as Potent Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11885-11916. [PMID: 38995734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heparinoid amphiphiles as inhibitors of heparanase and SARS-CoV-2. By employing a tailor-made synthetic strategy, a library of highly sulfated homo-oligosaccharides bearing d-glucose or a C5-epimer (i.e., l-idose or l-iduronic acid) conjugated with various lipophilic groups was synthesized and investigated for antiviral activity. Sulfated higher oligosaccharides of d-glucose or l-idose with lipophilic aglycones displayed potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 and antiheparanse activity, similar to or better than pixatimod (PG545), and were more potent than their isosteric l-iduronic acid congeners. Lipophilic groups such as cholestanol and C18-aliphatic substitution are more advantageous than functional group appended lipophilic moieties. These findings confirm that fine-tuning of higher oligosaccharides, degree of sulfation, and lipophilic groups can yield compounds with potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chhabra
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chethan D Shanthamurthy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Sandhya Mardhekar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sharath S Vishweshwara
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Norbert Wimmer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alberto A Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Cha
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James R Beckett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lauren R Dorsett
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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14
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Zhang QE, Lindenberger J, Parsons RJ, Thakur B, Parks R, Park CS, Huang X, Sammour S, Janowska K, Spence TN, Edwards RJ, Martin M, Williams WB, Gobeil S, Montefiori DC, Korber B, Saunders KO, Haynes BF, Henderson R, Acharya P. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB lineage spike structures, conformations, antigenicity, and receptor recognition. Mol Cell 2024; 84:2747-2764.e7. [PMID: 39059371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
A recombinant lineage of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant, named XBB, appeared in late 2022 and evolved descendants that successively swept local and global populations. XBB lineage members were noted for their improved immune evasion and transmissibility. Here, we determine cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, EG.5, and EG.5.1 spike (S) ectodomains to reveal reinforced 3-receptor binding domain (RBD)-down receptor-inaccessible closed states mediated by interprotomer RBD interactions previously observed in BA.1 and BA.2. Improved XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 RBD stability compensated for stability loss caused by early Omicron mutations, while the F456L substitution reduced EG.5 RBD stability. S1 subunit mutations had long-range impacts on conformation and epitope presentation in the S2 subunit. Our results reveal continued S protein evolution via simultaneous optimization of multiple parameters, including stability, receptor binding, and immune evasion, and the dramatic effects of relatively few residue substitutions in altering the S protein conformational landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi E Zhang
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Biochemistry, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Ruth J Parsons
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Biochemistry, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bhishem Thakur
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rob Parks
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chan Soo Park
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Salam Sammour
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Taylor N Spence
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mitchell Martin
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wilton B Williams
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Integrative Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sophie Gobeil
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Université Laval, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l'Université Laval, PROTEO, Le regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l'ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Integrative Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Integrative Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rory Henderson
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke University, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Biochemistry, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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15
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Díaz-Salinas MA, Jain A, Durham ND, Munro JB. Single-molecule imaging reveals allosteric stimulation of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain by host sialic acid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk4920. [PMID: 39018397 PMCID: PMC466946 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Conformational dynamics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (S) mediate exposure of the binding site for the cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The N-terminal domain (NTD) of S binds terminal sialic acid (SA) moieties on the cell surface, but the functional role of this interaction in virus entry is unknown. Here, we report that NTD-SA interaction enhances both S-mediated virus attachment and ACE2 binding. Through single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer imaging of individual S trimers, we demonstrate that SA binding to the NTD allosterically shifts the S conformational equilibrium, favoring enhanced exposure of the ACE2-binding site. Antibodies that target the NTD block SA binding, which contributes to their mechanism of neutralization. These findings inform on mechanisms of S activation at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Díaz-Salinas
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aastha Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Natasha D. Durham
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - James B. Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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16
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Du TY, Hall SR, Chung F, Kurdyukov S, Crittenden E, Patel K, Dawson CA, Westhorpe AP, Bartlett KE, Rasmussen SA, Moreno CL, Denes CE, Albulescu LO, Marriott AE, Mackay JP, Wilkinson MC, Gutiérrez JM, Casewell NR, Neely GG. Molecular dissection of cobra venom highlights heparinoids as an antidote for spitting cobra envenoming. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadk4802. [PMID: 39018365 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk4802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Snakebites affect about 1.8 million people annually. The current standard of care involves antibody-based antivenoms, which can be difficult to access and are generally not effective against local tissue injury, the primary cause of morbidity. Here, we used a pooled whole-genome CRISPR knockout screen to define human genes that, when targeted, modify cell responses to spitting cobra venoms. A large portion of modifying genes that conferred resistance to venom cytotoxicity was found to control proteoglycan biosynthesis, including EXT1, B4GALT7, EXT2, EXTL3, XYLT2, NDST1, and SLC35B2, which we validated independently. This finding suggested heparinoids as possible inhibitors. Heparinoids prevented venom cytotoxicity through binding to three-finger cytotoxins, and the US Food and Drug Administration-approved heparinoid tinzaparin was found to reduce tissue damage in mice when given via a medically relevant route and dose. Overall, our systematic molecular dissection of cobra venom cytotoxicity provides insight into how we can better treat cobra snakebite envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Y Du
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Steven R Hall
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Felicity Chung
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sergey Kurdyukov
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Edouard Crittenden
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karishma Patel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Charlotte A Dawson
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam P Westhorpe
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Keirah E Bartlett
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sean A Rasmussen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 7th Floor of MacKenzie Building, 5788 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada
| | - Cesar L Moreno
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher E Denes
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Laura-Oana Albulescu
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy E Marriott
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Mark C Wilkinson
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Clodomiro Picado Institute, School of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 15501, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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17
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Zhang Y, Ma N, Wang L, Liu L, Wang T, Liu H, Qian W. Real-Time Study of the Specific Interactions of Lactoferrin with Mimicked Heparan Sulfate Meshes Using Ordered Porous Layer Interferometry. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38989558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) meshes within the glycocalyx on cell surfaces have protein recognition ability and have been crucial for gaining insights into vital bioprocesses, such as viral infection, cancer development, and inflammation. The protein recognition ability is determined by the mesh property and compositions of HS, although little attention has been paid to the effect of the mesh property on the recognition. An in-depth specificity study of protein-HS-mesh recognition is essential to illustrate related biological functions. Here, ordered porous layer interferometry is applied to study the interaction behavior between mimicked HS meshes and lactoferrin (LF). Our work aimed at mimicking HS meshes with heparin, a widely used substitute of HS, and analyzing the specific LF-heparin-mesh interaction mechanism by inhibiting the nonspecific interaction in a blended sample. We found that the counterion release-based electrostatic interaction is dominant in the specific LF-heparin-mesh recognition. Furthermore, we detail the contributions of nonspecific and specific interactions to the recognition. We illustrate that the concentrated charge distribution of the proteins appears to be primarily related to this robust, specific recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tianze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- OPLI (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., New District, Suzhou 215163, China
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18
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Yin X, Pu Y, Yuan S, Pache L, Churas C, Weston S, Riva L, Simons LM, Cisneros WJ, Clausen T, De Jesus PD, Kim HN, Fuentes D, Whitelock J, Esko J, Lord M, Mena I, García-Sastre A, Hultquist JF, Frieman MB, Ideker T, Pratt D, Martin-Sancho L, Chanda SK. Global siRNA Screen Reveals Critical Human Host Factors of SARS-CoV-2 Multicycle Replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.10.602835. [PMID: 39026801 PMCID: PMC11257544 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.10.602835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Defining the subset of cellular factors governing SARS-CoV-2 replication can provide critical insights into viral pathogenesis and identify targets for host-directed antiviral therapies. While a number of genetic screens have previously reported SARS-CoV-2 host dependency factors, these approaches relied on utilizing pooled genome-scale CRISPR libraries, which are biased towards the discovery of host proteins impacting early stages of viral replication. To identify host factors involved throughout the SARS-CoV-2 infectious cycle, we conducted an arrayed genome-scale siRNA screen. Resulting data were integrated with published datasets to reveal pathways supported by orthogonal datasets, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modifications, and MAPK signalling. The identified proviral host factors were mapped into the SARS-CoV-2 infectious cycle, including 27 proteins that were determined to impact assembly and release. Additionally, a subset of proteins were tested across other coronaviruses revealing 17 potential pan-coronavirus targets. Further studies illuminated a role for the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan in SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, and found that inhibition of the non-canonical NF-kB pathway through targeting of BIRC2 restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication both in vitro and in vivo. These studies provide critical insight into the landscape of virus-host interactions driving SARS-CoV-2 replication as well as valuable targets for host-directed antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Pu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lars Pache
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Churas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Calibr-Skaggs at Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Lacy M. Simons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - William J. Cisneros
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Thomas Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Paul D. De Jesus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Molecular Surface Interaction Laboratory, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Fuentes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - John Whitelock
- Molecular Surface Interaction Laboratory, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Megan Lord
- Molecular Surface Interaction Laboratory, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; The Tisch Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; The Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Laura Martin-Sancho
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
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19
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Hudák A, Pusztai D, Letoha A, Letoha T. Mutual Inhibition of Antithrombin III and SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Attachment to Syndecans: Implications for COVID-19 Treatment and Vaccination. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7534. [PMID: 39062776 PMCID: PMC11277105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antithrombin III (ATIII) is a potent endogenous anticoagulant that binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on endothelial cells' surfaces. Among these HSPGs, syndecans (SDCs) are crucial as transmembrane receptors bridging extracellular ligands with intracellular signaling pathways. Specifically, syndecan-4 (SDC4) has been identified as a key receptor on endothelial cells for transmitting the signaling effects of ATIII. Meanwhile, SDCs have been implicated in facilitating the cellular internalization of SARS-CoV-2. Given the complex interactions between ATIII and SDC4, our study analyzed the impact of ATIII on the virus entry into host cells. While ATIII binds to all SDC isoforms, it shows the strongest affinity for SDC4. SDCs' heparan sulfate chains primarily influence ATIII's SDC attachment, although other parts might also play a role in ATIII's dominant affinity toward SDC4. ATIII significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2's cellular entry into cell lines expressing SDCs, suggesting a competitive inhibition mechanism at the SDC binding sites, particularly SDC4. Conversely, the virus or its spike protein decreases the availability of SDCs on the cell surface, reducing ATIII's cellular attachment and hence contributing to a procoagulant environment characteristic of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Hudák
- Pharmacoidea Ltd., 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Dávid Pusztai
- Pharmacoidea Ltd., 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Annamária Letoha
- Department of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Tamás Letoha
- Pharmacoidea Ltd., 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.H.); (D.P.)
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20
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Shouman S, El-Kholy N, Hussien AE, El-Derby AM, Magdy S, Abou-Shanab AM, Elmehrath AO, Abdelwaly A, Helal M, El-Badri N. SARS-CoV-2-associated lymphopenia: possible mechanisms and the role of CD147. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:349. [PMID: 38965547 PMCID: PMC11223399 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes play a primary role in the adaptive antiviral immunity. Both lymphocytosis and lymphopenia were found to be associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While lymphocytosis indicates an active anti-viral response, lymphopenia is a sign of poor prognosis. T-cells, in essence, rarely express ACE2 receptors, making the cause of cell depletion enigmatic. Moreover, emerging strains posed an immunological challenge, potentially alarming for the next pandemic. Herein, we review how possible indirect and direct key mechanisms could contribute to SARS-CoV-2-associated-lymphopenia. The fundamental mechanism is the inflammatory cytokine storm elicited by viral infection, which alters the host cell metabolism into a more acidic state. This "hyperlactic acidemia" together with the cytokine storm suppresses T-cell proliferation and triggers intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis. SARS-CoV-2 infection also results in a shift from steady-state hematopoiesis to stress hematopoiesis. Even with low ACE2 expression, the presence of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts on activated T-cells may enhance viral entry and syncytia formation. Finally, direct viral infection of lymphocytes may indicate the participation of other receptors or auxiliary proteins on T-cells, that can work alone or in concert with other mechanisms. Therefore, we address the role of CD147-a novel route-for SARS-CoV-2 and its new variants. CD147 is not only expressed on T-cells, but it also interacts with other co-partners to orchestrate various biological processes. Given these features, CD147 is an appealing candidate for viral pathogenicity. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2-associated-lymphopenia will aid in the discovery of potential therapeutic targets to improve the resilience of our immune system against this rapidly evolving virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Shouman
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
| | - Nada El-Kholy
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center& Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Cancer Chemical Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Alaa E Hussien
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
| | - Azza M El-Derby
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
| | - Shireen Magdy
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abou-Shanab
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmad Abdelwaly
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Mohamed Helal
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Badri
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt.
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt.
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21
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Chittum JE, Thompson A, Desai UR. Glycosaminoglycan microarrays for studying glycosaminoglycan-protein systems. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122106. [PMID: 38616080 PMCID: PMC11032185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
More than 3000 proteins are now known to bind to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Yet, GAG-protein systems are rather poorly understood in terms of selectivity of recognition, molecular mechanism of action, and translational promise. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies are critically needed for studying GAG biology and developing GAG-based therapeutics. Microarrays, developed within the past two decades, have now improved to the point of being the preferred tool in the HTS of biomolecules. GAG microarrays, in which GAG sequences are immobilized on slides, while similar to other microarrays, have their own sets of challenges and considerations. GAG microarrays are rapidly becoming the first choice in studying GAG-protein systems. Here, we review different modalities and applications of GAG microarrays presented to date. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technology, explain covalent and non-covalent immobilization strategies using different chemically reactive groups, and present various assay formats for qualitative and quantitative interpretations, including selectivity screening, binding affinity studies, competitive binding studies etc. We also highlight recent advances in implementing this technology, cataloging of data, and project its future promise. Overall, the technology of GAG microarray exhibits enormous potential of evolving into more than a mere screening tool for studying GAG - protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Chittum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Ally Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America.
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22
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Chan JFW, Yuan S, Chu H, Sridhar S, Yuen KY. COVID-19 drug discovery and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:391-407. [PMID: 38622352 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused substantial morbidity and mortality, and serious social and economic disruptions worldwide. Unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated older individuals with underlying diseases are especially prone to severe disease. In patients with non-fatal disease, long COVID affecting multiple body systems may persist for months. Unlike SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which have either been mitigated or remained geographically restricted, SARS-CoV-2 has disseminated globally and is likely to continue circulating in humans with possible emergence of new variants that may render vaccines less effective. Thus, safe, effective and readily available COVID-19 therapeutics are urgently needed. In this Review, we summarize the major drug discovery approaches, preclinical antiviral evaluation models, representative virus-targeting and host-targeting therapeutic options, and key therapeutics currently in clinical use for COVID-19. Preparedness against future coronavirus pandemics relies not only on effective vaccines but also on broad-spectrum antivirals targeting conserved viral components or universal host targets, and new therapeutics that can precisely modulate the immune response during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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23
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Liu P, Yue C, Meng B, Xiao T, Yang S, Liu S, Jian F, Zhu Q, Yu Y, Ren Y, Wang P, Li Y, Wang J, Mao X, Shao F, Wang Y, Gupta RK, Cao Y, Wang X. Spike N354 glycosylation augments SARS-CoV-2 fitness for human adaptation through structural plasticity. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae206. [PMID: 39071099 PMCID: PMC11282955 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective pressures have given rise to a number of SARS-CoV-2 variants during the prolonged course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently evolved variants differ from ancestors in additional glycosylation within the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). Details of how the acquisition of glycosylation impacts viral fitness and human adaptation are not clearly understood. Here, we dissected the role of N354-linked glycosylation, acquired by BA.2.86 sub-lineages, as a RBD conformational control element in attenuating viral infectivity. The reduced infectivity is recovered in the presence of heparin sulfate, which targets the 'N354 pocket' to ease restrictions of conformational transition resulting in a 'RBD-up' state, thereby conferring an adjustable infectivity. Furthermore, N354 glycosylation improved spike cleavage and cell-cell fusion, and in particular escaped one subset of ADCC antibodies. Together with reduced immunogenicity in hybrid immunity background, these indicate a single spike amino acid glycosylation event provides selective advantage in humans through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Tianhe Xiao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sijie Yang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Fanchong Jian
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qianhui Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yanyan Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yixin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinyue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Shao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | - Ravindra Kumar Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Yunlong Cao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
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24
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Li N, Hao R, Ren P, Wang J, Dong J, Ye T, Zhao D, Qiao X, Meng Z, Gan H, Liu S, Sun Y, Dou G, Gu R. Glycosaminoglycans: Participants in Microvascular Coagulation of Sepsis. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:599-612. [PMID: 38242171 PMCID: PMC11199054 DOI: 10.1055/a-2250-3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis represents a syndromic response to infection and frequently acts as a common pathway leading to fatality in the context of various infectious diseases globally. The pathology of severe sepsis is marked by an excess of inflammation and activated coagulation. A substantial contributor to mortality in sepsis patients is widespread microvascular thrombosis-induced organ dysfunction. Multiple lines of evidence support the notion that sepsis induces endothelial damage, leading to the release of glycosaminoglycans, potentially causing microvascular dysfunction. This review aims to initially elucidate the relationship among endothelial damage, excessive inflammation, and thrombosis in sepsis. Following this, we present a summary of the involvement of glycosaminoglycans in coagulation, elucidating interactions among glycosaminoglycans, platelets, and inflammatory cells. In this section, we also introduce a reasoned generalization of potential signal pathways wherein glycosaminoglycans play a role in clotting. Finally, we discuss current methods for detecting microvascular conditions in sepsis patients from the perspective of glycosaminoglycans. In conclusion, it is imperative to pay closer attention to the role of glycosaminoglycans in the mechanism of microvascular thrombosis in sepsis. Dynamically assessing glycosaminoglycan levels in patients may aid in predicting microvascular conditions, enabling the monitoring of disease progression, adjustment of clinical treatment schemes, and mitigation of both acute and long-term adverse outcomes associated with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Ruolin Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Peng Ren
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Tong Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Danyang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Xuan Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Hui Gan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Shuchen Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Yunbo Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Guifang Dou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
| | - Ruolan Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People Republic of China
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25
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Piszczatowski RT, Bülow HE, Steidl U. Heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate proteoglycans in hematopoiesis. Blood 2024; 143:2571-2587. [PMID: 38639475 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT From signaling mediators in stem cells to markers of differentiation and lineage commitment to facilitators for the entry of viruses, such as HIV-1, cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) glycans with distinct modification patterns play important roles in hematopoietic biology. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance of HS and the proteoglycans (HSPGs) to which they are attached within the major cellular subtypes of the hematopoietic system. We summarize the roles of HSPGs, HS, and HS modifications within each main hematopoietic cell lineage of both myeloid and lymphoid arms. Lastly, we discuss the biological advances in the detection of HS modifications and their potential to further discriminate cell types within hematopoietic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Piszczatowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
- Departments of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
- Blood Cancer Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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26
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Ives CM, Nguyen L, Fogarty CA, Harbison AM, Durocher Y, Klassen J, Fadda E. Role of N343 glycosylation on the SARS-CoV-2 S RBD structure and co-receptor binding across variants of concern. eLife 2024; 13:RP95708. [PMID: 38864493 PMCID: PMC11168744 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein represents a key target for viral evolution because it affects both viral evasion and fitness. Successful variations in the glycan shield are difficult to achieve though, as protein glycosylation is also critical to folding and structural stability. Within this framework, the identification of glycosylation sites that are structurally dispensable can provide insight into the evolutionary mechanisms of the shield and inform immune surveillance. In this work, we show through over 45 μs of cumulative sampling from conventional and enhanced molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, how the structure of the immunodominant S receptor binding domain (RBD) is regulated by N-glycosylation at N343 and how this glycan's structural role changes from WHu-1, alpha (B.1.1.7), and beta (B.1.351), to the delta (B.1.617.2), and omicron (BA.1 and BA.2.86) variants. More specifically, we find that the amphipathic nature of the N-glycan is instrumental to preserve the structural integrity of the RBD hydrophobic core and that loss of glycosylation at N343 triggers a specific and consistent conformational change. We show how this change allosterically regulates the conformation of the receptor binding motif (RBM) in the WHu-1, alpha, and beta RBDs, but not in the delta and omicron variants, due to mutations that reinforce the RBD architecture. In support of these findings, we show that the binding of the RBD to monosialylated ganglioside co-receptors is highly dependent on N343 glycosylation in the WHu-1, but not in the delta RBD, and that affinity changes significantly across VoCs. Ultimately, the molecular and functional insight we provide in this work reinforces our understanding of the role of glycosylation in protein structure and function and it also allows us to identify the structural constraints within which the glycosylation site at N343 can become a hotspot for mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 S glycan shield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum M Ives
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Carl A Fogarty
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
| | | | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council CanadaQuébecCanada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de MontréalQuébecCanada
| | - John Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Elisa Fadda
- School of Biological Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
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27
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Huang R, He Y, Zhang C, Luo Y, Chen C, Tan N, Ren Y, Xu K, Yuan L, Yang J. The mutation of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein residue 389 attenuates viral neuroinvasiveness. Virol J 2024; 21:128. [PMID: 38840203 PMCID: PMC11151615 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a key protein for virus infection and adsorption of host cells, which determines the virulence of the virus and regulates the intensity of inflammatory response. The mutation of multiple aa residues in the E protein plays a critical role in the attenuated strain of JEV. This study demonstrated that the Asp to Gly, Ser, and His mutation of the E389 site, respectively, the replication ability of the viruses in cells was significantly reduced, and the viral neuroinvasiveness was attenuated to different degrees. Among them, the mutation at E389 site enhanced the E protein flexibility contributed to the attenuation of neuroinvasiveness. In contrast, less flexibility of E protein enhanced the neuroinvasiveness of the strain. Our results indicate that the mechanism of attenuation of E389 aa mutation attenuates neuroinvasiveness is related to increased flexibility of the E protein. In addition, the increased flexibility of E protein enhanced the viral sensitivity to heparin inhibition in vitro, which may lead to a decrease in the viral load entering brain. These results suggest that E389 residue is a potential site affecting JEV virulence, and the flexibility of the E protein of aa at this site plays an important role in the determination of neuroinvasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yajing He
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Chenghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Ning Tan
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yang Ren
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Kui Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China.
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28
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Choi JW, Kim K, Mukhambetiyar K, Lee NK, Sabaté Del Río J, Joo J, Park CG, Kwon T, Park TE. Organ-on-a-Chip Approach for Accelerating Blood-Brain Barrier Nanoshuttle Discovery. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14388-14402. [PMID: 38775287 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip, which recapitulates the dynamics of in vivo vasculature, has emerged as a promising platform for studying organ-specific vascular beds. However, its practical advantages in identifying vascular-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) over traditional in vitro models remain underexplored. This study demonstrates the reliability and efficacy of the organ-on-a-chip in screening efficient DDS by comparing its performance with that of a conventional transwell, both designed to simulate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB nanoshuttles discovered through BBB Chip-based screening demonstrated superior functionality in vivo compared to those identified using transwell methods. This enhanced effectiveness is attributed to the BBB Chip's accurate replication of the structure and dynamics of the endothelial glycocalyx, a crucial protective layer within blood vessels, especially under shear stress. This capability of the BBB Chip has enabled the identification of molecular shuttles that efficiently exploit the endothelial glycocalyx, thereby enhancing transendothelial transport efficacy. Our findings suggest that organ-on-a-chip technology holds considerable promise for advancing research in vascular-targeted DDS due to its accurate simulation of molecular transport within endothelial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Kyungha Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Karakoz Mukhambetiyar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cross-disciplinary Studies (ICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Sabaté Del Río
- Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cross-disciplinary Studies (ICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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29
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Liu L, Li Y, Li JX, Xiao X, Wan TT, Li HH, Guo SB. ACE2 Expressed on Myeloid Cells Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Acute Liver Injury via the Ang-(1-7)-Mas Receptor Axis. Inflammation 2024; 47:891-908. [PMID: 38240986 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute liver injury (ALI) is common in intensive care units. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a vital role in hepatic fibrosis and steatosis; however, its role in sepsis-induced ALI remains unclear. This study found that hepatic ACE2 expression in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-treated mice significantly decreased 24 h after CLP. ACE2-transgenic (TG) mice exhibited a significant improvement in CLP-induced ALI, accompanied by the inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, while ACE2-knockout mice demonstrated an opposite trend. During sepsis-induced ALI, ACE2-TG could also elevate the Ang-(1-7) and Mas receptor (MasR) levels in liver tissues. Interestingly, the MasR inhibitor A779 abrogated the favorable effects of ACE2 on CLP-induced ALI. In a bone marrow transplantation experiment, the ACE2-TG transplantation group showed significantly improved inflammation and liver dysfunction, less hepatocyte apoptosis, and reduced oxidative stress after CLP compared with the wild-type transplantation group. In contrast, the ACE2-knockout group showed poor inflammatory response and liver dysfunction, significantly more hepatocyte apoptosis, and elevated oxidative stress than the wild-type transplantation group after CLP. ACE2 protects against sepsis-induced ALI by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation via the Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis. Thus, targeting ACE2 may be a promising novel strategy for preventing and treating sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ya Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Shu-Bin Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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30
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Ertan-Bolelli T, Bolelli K, Elçi SD, Belen-Apak FB. Promising Drug Fondaparinux for the Treatment of COVID-19: an In Silico Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Heparin, Direct Oral Anticoagulant, and Antiplatelet Drug Interactions with Host Protease Furin. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024; 38:425-432. [PMID: 36401727 PMCID: PMC9676724 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As of July 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected over 555 million worldwide confirmed cases and caused more than 6.3 million deaths. The studies showed that the D-dimer levels were increased in non-survivors compared to survivors and heparin treatment has begun to be administered to the patients in severe clinics. As we knew that the entrance of SARS-CoV-2 to the host cell needs to be facilitated by host proteases; we published our hypothesis that heparin as a serine protease inhibitor may block the interaction between spike protein receptor-binding domain and host proteases. In our study, we aimed to investigate the interactions between not only heparins but also other antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs including fondaparinux. METHODS In this study, docking studies were carried out to evaluate the interactions between low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) (enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin), direct oral anticoagulant, and antiplatelet drugs with host proteases. Molecular docking studies were performed by using Schrödinger molecular modeling software. 3D structures of the ligands were obtained from the 2D structures by assigning the OPLS-2005 force field using the Maestro 12.7. The 3D crystal structure of the furin complexed with an inhibitor, 2,5-dideoksistreptamin derivative, was extracted from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 5MIM). Docking studies were carried out using the Grid-based Ligand Docking with Energetics module of the Schrödinger Software. RESULTS The docking studies revealed that fondaparinux was the most relevant molecule to interact with furin with a docking score of - 12.74. It showed better interaction than the natural ligand of furin with an increased score compared to the docking score of - 8.155 of the natural ligand. AnaGA*IsA structure representing LMWH structure has shown a docking score of - 11.562 which was also better than the score of the natural ligand of furin. CONCLUSION Our findings have shown that LMWHs and fondaparinux can be used for their possible antiviral effects in COVID-19 patients. Our results have shown that in accordance with heparin and LMWH, fondaparinux can also be a candidate for "drug repurposing" in COVID-19 therapy, not only because of their anticoagulant but also possible antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Ertan-Bolelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
- Bolelli Lab LLC, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 USA
| | - Kayhan Bolelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
- Bolelli Lab LLC, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 USA
- LumiLabs, Ulus, Ankara, 06610 Turkey
| | | | - F. Burcu Belen-Apak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Baskent University, Sehit Temel Kuguluoglu Street No 24, 06490 Bahcelievler/Ankara, Turkey
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31
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Edwards K, Corocher T, Hersusianto Y, Campbell D, Subbarao K, Neil JA, Monagle P, Ho P. Heparin-mediated PCR interference in SARS-CoV-2 assays and subsequent reversal with heparinase I. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114944. [PMID: 38649069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Heparin is postulated to block the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with highly glycosylated proteins which are critical for binding the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an essential mechanism for host-cell entry and viral replication. Intranasal heparin is under investigation for use as a SARS-CoV-2 preventative in the IntraNasal Heparin Trial (INHERIT, NCT05204550). Heparin directly interferes with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection. This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of heparin interference across various clinical laboratory testing platforms, and the reversal of any interference by degradation of heparin using the heparinase I enzyme in nasopharyngeal swab (NP) samples for SARS-CoV-2 analysis by RT-qPCR. Heparin-mediated PCR interference was evident at heparin concentrations as low as 10 IU/mL across all platforms tested, with the exclusion of the Hologic Panther Aptima SARS-CoV-2 assay. Rates of false negative or invalid results increased with increasing heparin concentrations on all platforms, except the Hologic Panther Aptima and Roche Cobas LIAT. Heparinase I reversed heparin-mediated PCR inhibition across in all samples tested, except those with initial Ct values >35. Our study shows that the use of heparin-containing nasal sprays interferes with the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in NP swab samples by RT-qPCR, a phenomenon that is not well recognised in the literature. Furthermore, this study has also demonstrated that heparin-mediated PCR inhibition can be prevented through heparinase I treatment, demonstrating restoration of clinically significant results with Ct values <35.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Edwards
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia; NorthErn Clinical diagnostics and ThrombovAscular Research (NECTAR) Centre, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia.
| | - T Corocher
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia; NorthErn Clinical diagnostics and ThrombovAscular Research (NECTAR) Centre, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia; Infectious Diseases, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia
| | - Y Hersusianto
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia; Infectious Diseases, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia
| | - D Campbell
- Hospital without Walls, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - K Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - J A Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Monagle
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - P Ho
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia; NorthErn Clinical diagnostics and ThrombovAscular Research (NECTAR) Centre, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Northern Health, University of Melbourne, Epping, VIC, Australia
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32
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Najer A. Pathogen-binding nanoparticles to inhibit host cell infection by heparan sulfate and sialic acid dependent viruses and protozoan parasites. SMART MEDICINE 2024; 3:e20230046. [PMID: 39188697 PMCID: PMC11235646 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Global health faces an immense burden from infectious diseases caused by viruses and intracellular protozoan parasites such as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and malaria, respectively. These pathogens propagate through the infection of human host cells. The first stage of this host cell infection mechanism is cell attachment, which typically involves interactions between the infectious agent and surface components on the host cell membranes, specifically heparan sulfate (HS) and/or sialic acid (SA). Hence, nanoparticles (NPs) which contain or mimic HS/SA that can directly bind to the pathogen surface and inhibit cell infection are emerging as potential candidates for an alternative anti-infection therapeutic strategy. These NPs can be prepared from metals, soft matter (lipid, polymer, and dendrimer), DNA, and carbon-based materials among others and can be designed to include aspects of multivalency, broad-spectrum activity, biocidal mechanisms, and multifunctionality. This review provides an overview of such anti-pathogen nanomedicines beyond drug delivery. Nanoscale inhibitors acting against viruses and obligate intracellular protozoan parasites are discussed. In the future, the availability of broadly applicable nanotherapeutics would allow early tackling of existing and upcoming viral diseases. Invasion inhibitory NPs could also provide urgently needed effective treatments for protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Najer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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33
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Zhu Y, Gasbarri M, Zebret S, Pawar S, Mathez G, Diderich J, Valencia-Camargo AD, Russenberger D, Wang H, Silva PH, Dela Cruz JAB, Wei L, Cagno V, Münz C, Speck RF, Desmecht D, Stellacci F. Benzene with Alkyl Chains Is a Universal Scaffold for Multivalent Virucidal Antivirals. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1012-1021. [PMID: 38799657 PMCID: PMC11117723 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Most viruses start their invasion by binding to glycoproteins' moieties on the cell surface (heparan sulfate proteoglycans [HSPG] or sialic acid [SA]). Antivirals mimicking these moieties multivalently are known as broad-spectrum multivalent entry inhibitors (MEI). Due to their reversible mechanism, efficacy is lost when concentrations fall below an inhibitory threshold. To overcome this limitation, we modify MEIs with hydrophobic arms rendering the inhibitory mechanism irreversible, i.e., preventing the efficacy loss upon dilution. However, all our HSPG-mimicking MEIs only showed reversible inhibition against HSPG-binding SARS-CoV-2. Here, we present a systematic investigation of a series of small molecules, all containing a core and multiple hydrophobic arms terminated with HSPG-mimicking moieties. We identify the ones that have irreversible inhibition against all viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and discuss their design principles. We show efficacy in vivo against SARS-CoV-2 in a Syrian hamster model through both intranasal instillation and aerosol inhalation in a therapeutic setting (12 h postinfection). We also show the utility of the presented design rules in producing SA-mimicking MEIs with irreversible inhibition against SA-binding influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Gasbarri
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Soumaila Zebret
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sujeet Pawar
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Mathez
- Institute
of Microbiology, University Hospital of
Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switerland
| | - Jacob Diderich
- Faculty
of
Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alma Delia Valencia-Camargo
- Institute
of Experimental Immunology, University of
Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Doris Russenberger
- Department
of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heyun Wang
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Henrique
Jacob Silva
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jay-ar B. Dela Cruz
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lixia Wei
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute
of Microbiology, University Hospital of
Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute
of Experimental Immunology, University of
Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto F. Speck
- Department
of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Faculty
of
Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Nahain AA, Li J, Modhiran N, Watterson D, Li JP, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Tsanaktsidis J, Vamvounis G, Ferro V. Antiviral Activities of Heparan Sulfate Mimetic RAFT Polymers Against Mosquito-borne Viruses. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2862-2871. [PMID: 38699864 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses are a major worldwide health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality rates and significant impacts on national healthcare budgets. The development of antiviral drugs for both the treatment and prophylaxis of these diseases is thus of considerable importance. To address the need for therapeutics with antiviral activity, a library of heparan sulfate mimetic polymers was screened against dengue virus (DENV), Yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Ross River virus (RRV). The polymers were prepared by RAFT polymerization of various acidic monomers with a target MW of 20 kDa (average Mn ∼ 27 kDa by GPC). Among the polymers, poly(SS), a homopolymer of sodium styrenesulfonate, was identified as a broad spectrum antiviral with activity against all the tested viruses and particularly potent inhibition of YFV (IC50 = 310 pM). Our results further uncovered that poly(SS) exhibited a robust inhibition of ZIKV infection in both mosquito and human cell lines, which points out the potential functions of poly(SS) in preventing mosquito-borne viruses associated diseases by blocking viral transmission in their mosquito vectors and mitigating viral infection in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Nahain
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jinlin Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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35
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Zhu Y, Wang X, Lu S, Zheng J, Liang Y, Zhang L, Fang P, Xu P, Yu B, Yang Y. Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly sulfated mannuronate glycans as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3986-3994. [PMID: 38695061 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00466c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Algae-based marine carbohydrate drugs are typically decorated with negative ion groups such as carboxylate and sulfate groups. However, the precise synthesis of highly sulfated alginates is challenging, thus impeding their structure-activity relationship studies. Herein we achieve a microwave-assisted synthesis of a range of highly sulfated mannuronate glycans with up to 17 sulfation sites by overcoming the incomplete sulfation due to the electrostatic repulsion of crowded polyanionic groups. Although the partially sulfated tetrasaccharide had the highest affinity for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant, the fully sulfated octasaccharide showed the most potent interference with the binding of the RBD to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Vero E6 cells, indicating that the sulfated oligosaccharides might inhibit the RBD binding to ACE2 in a length-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Siqian Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jibin Zheng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Youling Liang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - You Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Salamun J, Da Silva T, Ustero P, Gosmain Y, Guessous I, Calmy A, Spechbach H. Study protocol for assessment of the efficacy of calcium dobesilate versus placebo on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in outpatients with COVID-19 (CADOVID study): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, monocentric phase II trial. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079574. [PMID: 38719313 PMCID: PMC11086479 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SARS-CoV-2 mainly infects respiratory endothelial cells, which is facilitated through its spike protein binding to heparan sulphate. Calcium dobesilate (CaD) is a well-established, widely available vasoactive and angioprotective drug interacting with heparan sulphate, with the potential to interfere with the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 by epithelial cells. The CADOVID trial aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CaD in reducing the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in non-hospitalised adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19, confirmed by a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR, including its efficacy to reduce the impact of persistent COVID-19 symptoms. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, monocentric phase II trial. Enrolment began in July 2022. A total of 74 adult patients will be randomly allocated to the CaD arm or the placebo group with a 1:1 ratio, respectively. Participants in the intervention arm will receive two capsules of CaD 500 mg two times per day and the placebo arm will receive two matching capsules of mannitol 312.5 mg two times per day, with a treatment period of 7 days for both arms, followed by a 77-day observational period without treatment administration. Participants will be asked to complete secured online questionnaires using their personal smartphone or other electronic device. These include a COVID-19 questionnaire (assessing symptoms, temperature measurement, reporting of concomitant medication and adverse events), a COVID-19 persistent symptoms' questionnaire and the Short Form 12-Item (SF-12) survey. SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing will be performed on nasopharyngeal swabs collected on days 1, 4, 8 and 21. The primary endpoint is the reduction from baseline of SARS-CoV-2 viral load determined by RT-PCR at day 4. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial has received approval by the Geneva Regional Research Ethics Committee (2022-00613) and Swissmedic (701339). Dissemination of results will be through presentations at scientific conferences and publication in scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05305508; Clinicaltrials.gov; Swiss National Clinical Portal Registry (SNCTP 000004938).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Salamun
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Da Silva
- GALSER SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- HIV Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Ustero
- HIV Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- HIV Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Herve Spechbach
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Žáčková S, Pávová M, Trylčová J, Chalupová J, Priss A, Lukšan O, Weber J. Upregulation of mRNA Expression of ADGRD1/GPR133 and ADGRG7/GPR128 in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Lung Adenocarcinoma Calu-3 Cells. Cells 2024; 13:791. [PMID: 38786015 PMCID: PMC11119037 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) play an important role in neurodevelopment, immune defence and cancer; however, their role throughout viral infections is mostly unexplored. We have been searching for specific aGPCRs involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection of mammalian cells. In the present study, we infected human epithelial cell lines derived from lung adenocarcinoma (Calu-3) and colorectal carcinoma (Caco-2) with SARS-CoV-2 in order to analyse changes in the level of mRNA encoding individual aGPCRs at 6 and 12 h post infection. Based on significantly altered mRNA levels, we identified four aGPCR candidates-ADGRB3/BAI3, ADGRD1/GPR133, ADGRG7/GPR128 and ADGRV1/GPR98. Of these receptors, ADGRD1/GPR133 and ADGRG7/GPR128 showed the largest increase in mRNA levels in SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 cells, whereas no increase was observed with heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and virus-cleared conditioned media. Next, using specific siRNA, we downregulated the aGPCR candidates and analysed SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication and infectivity in both cell lines. We observed a significant decrease in the amount of SARS-CoV-2 newly released into the culture media by cells with downregulated ADGRD1/GPR133 and ADGRG7/GPR128. In addition, using a plaque assay, we observed a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Calu-3 cells. In summary, our data suggest that selected aGPCRs might play a role during SARS-CoV-2 infection of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Žáčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.Ž.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.C.); (A.P.); (O.L.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University, Faculty of Sciences, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Pávová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.Ž.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.C.); (A.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Jana Trylčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.Ž.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.C.); (A.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Jitka Chalupová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.Ž.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.C.); (A.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Anastasiia Priss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.Ž.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.C.); (A.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Ondřej Lukšan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.Ž.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.C.); (A.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.Ž.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.C.); (A.P.); (O.L.)
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Schwartz J, Capistrano KJ, Gluck J, Hezarkhani A, Naqvi AR. SARS-CoV-2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2543. [PMID: 38782605 PMCID: PMC11260190 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 as a pan-epidemic is waning but there it is imperative to understand virus interaction with oral tissues and oral inflammatory diseases. We review periodontal disease (PD), a common inflammatory oral disease, as a driver of COVID-19 and oral post-acute-sequelae conditions (PASC). Oral PASC identifies with PD, loss of teeth, dysgeusia, xerostomia, sialolitis-sialolith, and mucositis. We contend that PD-associated oral microbial dysbiosis involving higher burden of periodontopathic bacteria provide an optimal microenvironment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These pathogens interact with oral epithelial cells activate molecular or biochemical pathways that promote viral adherence, entry, and persistence in the oral cavity. A repertoire of diverse molecules identifies this relationship including lipids, carbohydrates and enzymes. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptor and is activated by protease activity of host furin or TRMPSS2 that cleave S protein subunits to promote viral entry. However, PD pathogens provide additional enzymatic assistance mimicking furin and augment SARS-CoV-2 adherence by inducing viral entry receptors ACE2/TRMPSS, which are poorly expressed on oral epithelial cells. We discuss the mechanisms involving periodontopathogens and host factors that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune resistance resulting in incomplete clearance and risk for 'long-haul' oral health issues characterising PASC. Finally, we suggest potential diagnostic markers and treatment avenues to mitigate oral PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | | | - Joseph Gluck
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Armita Hezarkhani
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Afsar R. Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
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Tay EA, Vijayakumar V, Morales RF, Lee ES, Teo A. Protecting the endothelial glycocalyx in COVID-19. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012203. [PMID: 38753622 PMCID: PMC11098429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emira Adam Tay
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Ee Soo Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Teo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Zhai X, Yuan Y, He WT, Wu Y, Shi Y, Su S, Du Q, Mao Y. Evolving roles of glycosylation in the tug-of-war between virus and host. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae086. [PMID: 38784919 PMCID: PMC11114464 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Yanqiu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Wan-Ting He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Shuo Su
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Quansheng Du
- Department of Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, China
| | - Yang Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
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Loffredo LF, Surpur A, Ringham OR, Li F, de Los Santos-Alexis K, Arpaia N. Heparan sulfate regulates amphiregulin signaling towards reparative lung mesenchymal cells during influenza A infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.591175. [PMID: 38712053 PMCID: PMC11071614 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.591175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Amphiregulin (Areg), a growth factor produced by regulatory T (Treg) cells to facilitate tissue repair/regeneration, contains a heparan sulfate (HS) binding domain. How HS, a highly sulfated glycan subtype that alters growth factor signaling, influences Areg repair/regeneration functions is unclear. Here we report that inhibition of HS in various cell lines and primary lung mesenchymal cells (LMC) qualitatively alters downstream signaling and highlights the existence of HS-dependent vs. -independent Areg transcriptional signatures. Utilizing a panel of cell lines with targeted deletions in HS synthesis-related genes, we found that the presence of the glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans is critical for Areg signaling and confirmed this dependency in primary LMC by siRNA-mediated knockdown. Furthermore, in the context of influenza A (IAV) infection in vivo , we found that an Areg-responsive subset of reparative LMC upregulate glypican-4 and HS. Conditional deletion of HS primarily within this LMC subset resulted in reduced blood oxygen saturation following infection with IAV, with no changes in viral load. Finally, we found that co-culture of HS-knockout LMC with IAV-induced Treg cells results in reduced LMC responses. Collectively, this study reveals the essentiality of HS on a specific lung mesenchymal population as a mediator of Treg cell-derived Areg reparative signaling during IAV infection.
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Alotaibi FS, Alsadun MMR, Alsaiari SA, Ramakrishnan K, Yates EA, Fernig DG. Interactions of proteins with heparan sulfate. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230093. [PMID: 38646914 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan, polysaccharides that are considered to have arisen in the last common unicellular ancestor of multicellular animals. In this light, the large interactome of HS and its myriad functions in relation to the regulation of cell communication are not surprising. The binding of proteins to HS determines their localisation and diffusion, essential for embryonic development and homeostasis. Following the biosynthesis of the initial heparosan polymer, the subsequent modifications comprise an established canonical pathway and a minor pathway. The more frequent former starts with N-deacetylation and N-sulfation of GlcNAc residues, the latter with C-5 epimerisation of a GlcA residue adjacent to a GlcNAc. The binding of proteins to HS is driven by ionic interactions. The multivalent effect arising from the many individual ionic bonds between a single protein and a polysaccharide chain results in a far stronger interaction than would be expected from an ion-exchange process. In many instances, upon binding, both parties undergo substantial conformational change, the resulting hydrogen and van der Waal bonds contributing significant free energy to the binding reaction. Nevertheless, ionic bonds dominate the protein-polysaccharide interaction kinetically. Together with the multivalent effect, this provides an explanation for the observed trapping of HS-binding proteins in extracellular matrix. Importantly, individual ionic bonds have been observed to be dynamic; breaking and reforming, while the protein remains bound to the polysaccharide. These considerations lead to a model for 1D diffusion of proteins in extracellular matrix on HS, involving mechanisms such as sliding, chain switching and rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizah S Alotaibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Marim M R Alsadun
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah A Alsaiari
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krithika Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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Gómez-Moyano E, Pavón-Morón J, Rodríguez-Capitán J, Bardán-Rebollar D, Ramos-Carrera T, Villalobos-Sánchez A, Pérez de Pedro I, Ruiz-García FJ, Mora-Robles J, López-Sampalo A, Pérez-Velasco MA, Bernal-López MR, Gómez-Huelgas R, Jiménez-Navarro M, Romero-Cuevas M, Costa F, Trenas A, Pérez-Belmonte LM. The Role of Heparin in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and Other Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2405. [PMID: 38673677 PMCID: PMC11050777 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic management and short-term consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are well known. However, COVID-19 post-acute sequelae are less known and represent a public health problem worldwide. Patients with COVID-19 who present post-acute sequelae may display immune dysregulation, a procoagulant state, and persistent microvascular endotheliopathy that could trigger microvascular thrombosis. These elements have also been implicated in the physiopathology of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, a frequent sequela in post-COVID-19 patients. These mechanisms, directly associated with post-acute sequelae, might determine the thrombotic consequences of COVID-19 and the need for early anticoagulation therapy. In this context, heparin has several potential benefits, including immunomodulatory, anticoagulant, antiviral, pro-endothelial, and vascular effects, that could be helpful in the treatment of COVID-19 post-acute sequelae. In this article, we review the evidence surrounding the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 and the potential benefits of the use of heparin, with a special focus on the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gómez-Moyano
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Javier Pavón-Morón
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (M.J.-N.); (M.R.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Capitán
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (M.J.-N.); (M.R.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | | | | | - Aurora Villalobos-Sánchez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain (I.P.d.P.); (A.L.-S.); (M.-R.B.-L.); (R.G.-H.)
| | - Iván Pérez de Pedro
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain (I.P.d.P.); (A.L.-S.); (M.-R.B.-L.); (R.G.-H.)
| | | | - Javier Mora-Robles
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Almudena López-Sampalo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain (I.P.d.P.); (A.L.-S.); (M.-R.B.-L.); (R.G.-H.)
| | - Miguel A. Pérez-Velasco
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain (I.P.d.P.); (A.L.-S.); (M.-R.B.-L.); (R.G.-H.)
| | - Maria-Rosa Bernal-López
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain (I.P.d.P.); (A.L.-S.); (M.-R.B.-L.); (R.G.-H.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrtición (CIBERObn), IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Huelgas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain (I.P.d.P.); (A.L.-S.); (M.-R.B.-L.); (R.G.-H.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrtición (CIBERObn), IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-Navarro
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (M.J.-N.); (M.R.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Miguel Romero-Cuevas
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (M.J.-N.); (M.R.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Francesco Costa
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, A.O.U. Policlinic ‘G. Martino’, Via C. Valeria 1, 98165 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alicia Trenas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Área Sanitaria Norte de Málaga, Hospital de Antequera, 29200 Antequera, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Pérez-Belmonte
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain (I.P.d.P.); (A.L.-S.); (M.-R.B.-L.); (R.G.-H.)
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Helicópteros Sanitarios, 29660 Marbella, Spain
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Kim TH, Park JY, Jung J, Sung JS, Kwon S, Bae HE, Shin HJ, Kang MJ, Jose J, Pyun JC. A one-step immunoassay based on switching peptides for diagnosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) using screened Fv-antibodies. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3751-3763. [PMID: 38532694 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a one-step immunoassay for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) based on Fv-antibodies and switching peptides was developed, and the assay results of PEDV were obtained by just mixing samples without any further reaction or washing steps. The Fv-antibodies with binding affinity to the spike protein of PEDV were screened from the Fv-antibody library using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein as a screening probe. Screened Fv-antibodies with binding affinities to the RBD antigen were expressed, and the binding constants (KD) were calculated to be 83-142 nM. The one-step immunoassay for the detection of PEDV was configured as a displacement immunoassay using a fluorescence-labeled switching peptide. The one-step immunoassay based on switching peptides was performed using PEDV, and the limit of detection (LOD) values for PEDV detection were estimated to be Ct = 39.7-36.4. Compared with the LOD value for a conventional lateral flow immunoassay (Ct = 33.0), the one-step immunoassay showed a remarkably improved LOD for the detection of PEDV. Finally, the interaction between the screened Fv-antibodies and the PEDV RBD was investigated using docking simulations and compared with the amino acid sequences of the receptors on host cells, such as aminopeptidase N (APN) and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yeon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jeong Soo Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Soonil Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyung Eun Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Korea
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Yang YL, Wang B, Li W, Cai HL, Qian QY, Qin Y, Shi FS, Bosch BJ, Huang YW. Functional dissection of the spike glycoprotein S1 subunit and identification of cellular cofactors for regulation of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus entry. J Virol 2024; 98:e0013924. [PMID: 38501663 PMCID: PMC11019839 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00139-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a novel porcine enteric coronavirus, and the broad interspecies infection of SADS-CoV poses a potential threat to human health. This study provides experimental evidence to dissect the roles of distinct domains within the SADS-CoV spike S1 subunit in cellular entry. Specifically, we expressed the S1 and its subdomains, S1A and S1B. Cell binding and invasion inhibition assays revealed a preference for the S1B subdomain in binding to the receptors on the cell surface, and this unknown receptor is not utilized by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Nanoparticle display demonstrated hemagglutination of erythrocytes from pigs, humans, and mice, linking the S1A subdomain to the binding of sialic acid (Sia) involved in virus attachment. We successfully rescued GFP-labeled SADS-CoV (rSADS-GFP) from a recombinant cDNA clone to track viral infection. Antisera raised against S1, S1A, or S1B contained highly potent neutralizing antibodies, with anti-S1B showing better efficiency in neutralizing rSADS-GFP infection compared to anti-S1A. Furthermore, depletion of heparan sulfate (HS) by heparinase treatment or pre-incubation of rSADS-GFP with HS or constituent monosaccharides could inhibit SADS-CoV entry. Finally, we demonstrated that active furin cleavage of S glycoprotein and the presence of type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) are essential for SADS-CoV infection. These combined observations suggest that the wide cell tropism of SADS-CoV may be related to the distribution of Sia or HS on the cell surface, whereas the S1B contains the main protein receptor binding site. Specific host proteases also play important roles in facilitating SADS-CoV entry.IMPORTANCESwine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a novel pathogen infecting piglet, and its unique genetic evolution characteristics and broad species tropism suggest the potential for cross-species transmission. The virus enters cells through its spike (S) glycoprotein. In this study, we identify the receptor binding domain on the C-terminal part of the S1 subunit (S1B) of SADS-CoV, whereas the sugar-binding domain located at the S1 N-terminal part of S1 (S1A). Sialic acid, heparan sulfate, and specific host proteases play essential roles in viral attachment and entry. The dissection of SADS-CoV S1 subunit's functional domains and identification of cellular entry cofactors will help to explore the receptors used by SADS-CoV, which may contribute to exploring the mechanisms behind cross-species transmission and host tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Le Yang
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Li Cai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yu Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Shu Shi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Oliveira VLS, Queiroz-Junior CM, Hoorelbeke D, Santos FRDS, Chaves IDM, Teixeira MM, Russo RDC, Proost P, Costa VV, Struyf S, Amaral FA. The glycosaminoglycan-binding chemokine fragment CXCL9(74-103) reduces inflammation and tissue damage in mouse models of coronavirus infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378591. [PMID: 38686377 PMCID: PMC11056509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pulmonary diseases represent a significant burden to patients and the healthcare system and are one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Particularly, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound global impact, affecting public health, economies, and daily life. While the peak of the crisis has subsided, the global number of reported COVID-19 cases remains significantly high, according to medical agencies around the world. Furthermore, despite the success of vaccines in reducing the number of deaths caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there remains a gap in the treatment of the disease, especially in addressing uncontrolled inflammation. The massive recruitment of leukocytes to lung tissue and alveoli is a hallmark factor in COVID-19, being essential for effectively responding to the pulmonary insult but also linked to inflammation and lung damage. In this context, mice models are a crucial tool, offering valuable insights into both the pathogenesis of the disease and potential therapeutic approaches. Methods Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding chemokine fragment CXCL9(74-103), a molecule that potentially decreases neutrophil transmigration by competing with chemokines for GAG-binding sites, in two models of pneumonia caused by coronavirus infection. Results In a murine model of betacoronavirus MHV-3 infection, the treatment with CXCL9(74-103) decreased the accumulation of total leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, to the alveolar space and improved several parameters of lung dysfunction 3 days after infection. Additionally, this treatment also reduced the lung damage. In the SARS-CoV-2 model in K18-hACE2-mice, CXCL9(74-103) significantly improved the clinical manifestations of the disease, reducing pulmonary damage and decreasing viral titers in the lungs. Discussion These findings indicate that CXCL9(74-103) resulted in highly favorable outcomes in controlling pneumonia caused by coronavirus, as it effectively diminishes the clinical consequences of the infections and reduces both local and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Louise Soares Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Delphine Hoorelbeke
- Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Felipe Rocha da Silva Santos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ian de Meira Chaves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Remo de Castro Russo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paul Proost
- Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flávio Almeida Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Fang JY, Huang KY, Wang TH, Lin ZC, Chen CC, Chang SY, Chen EL, Chao TL, Yang SC, Yang PC, Chen CY. Development of nanoparticles incorporated with quercetin and ACE2-membrane as a novel therapy for COVID-19. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:169. [PMID: 38609998 PMCID: PMC11015574 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and AXL tyrosine kinase receptor are known to be involved in the SARS-CoV-2 entry of the host cell. Therefore, targeting ACE2 and AXL should be an effective strategy to inhibit virus entry into cells. However, developing agents that can simultaneously target ACE2 and AXL remains a formidable task. The natural compound quercetin has been shown to inhibit AXL expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we employed PLGA nanoparticles to prepare nanoparticles encapsulated with quercetin, coated with ACE2-containing cell membranes, or encapsulated with quercetin and then coated with ACE-2-containing cell membranes. These nanoparticles were tested for their abilities to neutralize or inhibit viral infection. RESULTS Our data showed that nanoparticles encapsulated with quercetin and then coated with ACE2-containing cell membrane inhibited the expression of AXL without causing cytotoxic activity. Nanoparticles incorporated with both quercetin and ACE2-containing cell membrane were found to be able to neutralize pseudo virus infection and were more effective than free quercetin and nanoparticles encapsulated with quercetin at inhibition of pseudo virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that the biomimetic nanoparticles incorporated with both ACE-2 membrane and quercetin showed the most antiviral activity and may be further explored for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yen Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University YongLin Institute of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology (Program for Precision Health and Intelligent Medicine), National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Biobank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Biobank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Chao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Chen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- , No.1, Sec 1, Jen-Ai Rd, R.O.C, 100225, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Biobank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- , No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist, 33303, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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Read CB, Ali AN, Stephenson DJ, Macknight HP, Maus KD, Cockburn CL, Kim M, Xie X, Carlyon JA, Chalfant CE. Ceramide-1-phosphate is a regulator of Golgi structure and is co-opted by the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. mBio 2024; 15:e0029924. [PMID: 38415594 PMCID: PMC11005342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00299-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens structurally disrupt the Golgi apparatus as an evolutionarily conserved promicrobial strategy. Yet, the host factors and signaling processes involved are often poorly understood, particularly for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. We found that A. phagocytophilum elevated cellular levels of the bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), to promote Golgi fragmentation that enables bacterial proliferation, conversion from its non-infectious to infectious form, and productive infection. A. phagocytophilum poorly infected mice deficient in ceramide kinase, the Golgi-localized enzyme responsible for C1P biosynthesis. C1P regulated Golgi morphology via activation of a PKCα/Cdc42/JNK signaling axis that culminates in phosphorylation of Golgi structural proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65. siRNA-mediated depletion of Cdc42 blocked A. phagocytophilum from altering Golgi morphology, which impaired anterograde trafficking of trans-Golgi vesicles into and maturation of the pathogen-occupied vacuole. Cells overexpressing phosphorylation-resistant versions of GRASP55 and GRASP65 presented with suppressed C1P- and A. phagocytophilum-induced Golgi fragmentation and poorly supported infection by the bacterium. By studying A. phagocytophilum, we identify C1P as a regulator of Golgi structure and a host factor that is relevant to disease progression associated with Golgi fragmentation.IMPORTANCECeramide-1-phosphate (C1P), a bioactive sphingolipid that regulates diverse processes vital to mammalian physiology, is linked to disease states such as cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. By studying the obligate intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, we discovered that C1P is a major regulator of Golgi morphology. A. phagocytophilum elevated C1P levels to induce signaling events that promote Golgi fragmentation and increase vesicular traffic into the pathogen-occupied vacuole that the bacterium parasitizes. As several intracellular microbial pathogens destabilize the Golgi to drive their infection cycles and changes in Golgi morphology is also linked to cancer and neurodegenerative disorder progression, this study identifies C1P as a potential broad-spectrum therapeutic target for infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis B. Read
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Anika N. Ali
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J. Stephenson
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - H. Patrick Macknight
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Maus
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Chelsea L. Cockburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Xiujie Xie
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jason A. Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Research Service, Richmond Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Deshmukh R, Harwansh RK, Garg A, Mishra S, Agrawal R, Jangde R. COVID-19: Recent Insight in Genomic Feature, Pathogenesis, Immunological Biomarkers, Treatment Options and Clinical Updates on SARS-CoV-2. Curr Genomics 2024; 25:69-87. [PMID: 38751601 PMCID: PMC11092912 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029291098240129113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious and transmissible viral infection that first emerged in 2019 and since then has sparked an epidemic of severe respiratory problems identified as "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) that causes a hazard to human life and safety. The virus developed mainly from bats. The current epidemic has presented a significant warning to life across the world by showing mutation. There are different tests available for testing Coronavirus, and RT-PCR is the best, giving more accurate results, but it is also time-consuming. There are different options available for treating n-CoV-19, which include medications such as Remdesivir, corticosteroids, plasma therapy, Dexamethasone therapy, etc. The development of vaccines such as BNT126b2, ChAdOX1, mRNA-1273 and BBIBP-CorV has provided great relief in dealing with the virus as they decreased the mortality rate. BNT126b2 and ChAdOX1 are two n-CoV vaccines found to be most effective in controlling the spread of infection. In the future, nanotechnology-based vaccines and immune engineering techniques can be helpful for further research on Coronavirus and treatment of this deadly virus. The existing knowledge about the existence of SARS-CoV-2, along with its variants, is summarized in this review. This review, based on recently published findings, presents the core genetics of COVID-19, including heritable characteristics, pathogenesis, immunological biomarkers, treatment options and clinical updates on the virus, along with patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitas Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar Harwansh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura, Delhi Road, Chhatikara, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rutvi Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura, Delhi Road, Chhatikara, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Jangde
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
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50
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Elste J, Cast N, Udawatte S, Adhikari K, Payen SH, Verma SC, Shukla D, Swanson-Mungerson M, Tiwari V. Co-Expression of Niemann-Pick Type C1-Like1 (NPC1L1) with ACE2 Receptor Synergistically Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Fusion. Biomedicines 2024; 12:821. [PMID: 38672177 PMCID: PMC11048565 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells has been shown to be a cholesterol-rich, lipid raft-dependent process. In this study, we investigated if the presence of a cholesterol uptake receptor Niemann-pick type c1-like1 (NPC1L1) impacts SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Initially, we utilized reporter-based pseudovirus cell entry assays and a spike (S) glycoprotein-mediated cell-to-cell fusion assay. Using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, which lack endogenous receptors for SARS-CoV-2 entry, our data showed that the co-expression of NPC1L1 together with the ACE2 receptor synergistically increased SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry even more than the cells expressing ACE-2 receptor alone. Similar results were also found with the HEK293T cells endogenously expressing the ACE2 receptor. Co-cultures of effector cells expressing S glycoprotein together with target cells co-expressing ACE-2 receptor with NPC1L1 significantly promoted quantitative cell-to-cell fusion, including syncytia formation. Finally, we substantiated that an elevated expression of NPC1L1 enhanced entry, whereas the depletion of NPC1L1 resulted in a diminished SARS-CoV-2 entry in HEK293T-ACE2 cells using authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus in contrast to their respective control cells. Collectively, these findings underscore the pivotal role of NPC1L1 in facilitating the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. Importance: Niemann-Pick type C1-like1 (NPC1L1) is an endosomal membrane protein that regulates intracellular cholesterol trafficking. This protein has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the life cycle of several clinically important viruses. Although SARS-CoV-2 exploits cholesterol-rich lipid rafts as part of its viral entry process, the role of NPC1L1 in SARS-CoV-2 entry remains unclear. Our research represents the first-ever demonstration of NPC1L1's involvement in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry. The observed role of NPC1L1 in human kidney cells is not only highly intriguing but also quite relevant. This relevance stems from the fact that NPC1L1 exhibits high expression levels in several organs, including the kidneys, and the fact that kidney damages are reported during severe cases of SARS-CoV-2. These findings may help us understand the new functions and mechanisms of NPC1L1 and could contribute to the identification of new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elste
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (N.C.); (M.S.-M.)
| | - Nicole Cast
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (N.C.); (M.S.-M.)
| | - Shalini Udawatte
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Ave NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Kabita Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (K.A.); (S.H.P.); (S.C.V.)
| | - Shannon Harger Payen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (K.A.); (S.H.P.); (S.C.V.)
| | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (K.A.); (S.H.P.); (S.C.V.)
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Michelle Swanson-Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (N.C.); (M.S.-M.)
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (N.C.); (M.S.-M.)
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