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Yin Z, Kang J, Cheng X, Gao H, Huo S, Xu H. Investigating Müller glia reprogramming in mice: a retrospective of the last decade, and a look to the future. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:946-959. [PMID: 38989930 PMCID: PMC11438324 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Müller glia, as prominent glial cells within the retina, plays a significant role in maintaining retinal homeostasis in both healthy and diseased states. In lower vertebrates like zebrafish, these cells assume responsibility for spontaneous retinal regeneration, wherein endogenous Müller glia undergo proliferation, transform into Müller glia-derived progenitor cells, and subsequently regenerate the entire retina with restored functionality. Conversely, Müller glia in the mouse and human retina exhibit limited neural reprogramming. Müller glia reprogramming is thus a promising strategy for treating neurodegenerative ocular disorders. Müller glia reprogramming in mice has been accomplished with remarkable success, through various technologies. Advancements in molecular, genetic, epigenetic, morphological, and physiological evaluations have made it easier to document and investigate the Müller glia programming process in mice. Nevertheless, there remain issues that hinder improving reprogramming efficiency and maturity. Thus, understanding the reprogramming mechanism is crucial toward exploring factors that will improve Müller glia reprogramming efficiency, and for developing novel Müller glia reprogramming strategies. This review describes recent progress in relatively successful Müller glia reprogramming strategies. It also provides a basis for developing new Müller glia reprogramming strategies in mice, including epigenetic remodeling, metabolic modulation, immune regulation, chemical small-molecules regulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cell-cell fusion, to achieve Müller glia reprogramming in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yin
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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García-García D, Vidal-Gil L, Parain K, Lun J, Audic Y, Chesneau A, Siron L, Van Westendorp D, Lourdel S, Sánchez-Sáez X, Kazani D, Ricard J, Pottin S, Donval A, Bronchain O, Locker M, Roger JE, Borday C, Pla P, Bitard J, Perron M. Neuroinflammation as a cause of differential Müller cell regenerative responses to retinal injury. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp7916. [PMID: 39356769 PMCID: PMC11446274 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp7916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, some nonmammalian species recruit Müller glia for retinal regeneration after injury. Identifying the underlying mechanisms may help to foresee regenerative medicine strategies. Using a Xenopus model of retinitis pigmentosa, we found that Müller cells actively proliferate upon photoreceptor degeneration in old tadpoles but not in younger ones. Differences in the inflammatory microenvironment emerged as an explanation for such stage dependency. Functional analyses revealed that enhancing neuroinflammation is sufficient to trigger Müller cell proliferation, not only in young tadpoles but also in mice. In addition, we showed that microglia are absolutely required for the response of mouse Müller cells to mitogenic factors while negatively affecting their neurogenic potential. However, both cell cycle reentry and neurogenic gene expression are allowed when applying sequential pro- and anti-inflammatory treatments. This reveals that inflammation benefits Müller glia proliferation in both regenerative and nonregenerative vertebrates and highlights the importance of sequential inflammatory modulation to create a regenerative permissive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana García-García
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Lorena Vidal-Gil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Karine Parain
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Jingxian Lun
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Yann Audic
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Genetique et Developpement de Rennes), Rennes, France
| | - Albert Chesneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Léa Siron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Demi Van Westendorp
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sophie Lourdel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Despoina Kazani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Julien Ricard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Solène Pottin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Alicia Donval
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Odile Bronchain
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Morgane Locker
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Jérôme E. Roger
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Caroline Borday
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Patrick Pla
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Juliette Bitard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
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3
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Cai X, Meng Z, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Cui A. Leptins regulate the migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and synthesis of sexual steroid in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) ovarian cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134855. [PMID: 39168222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Leptin is an important hormone in mammals, which plays a key role in regulating reproduction and energy metabolism. However, there are few studies on the function of leptin in reproductive regulation in fish, especially on tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Thus, in this study, we firstly exploited the basic function of tongue sole leptins, the migration and growth rate of ovarian cells were reduced after knocking down lepA and lepB in ovarian cells, while increasing the apoptosis rate. Then both rlepA and rlepB were proved to be combined with lepR to further exert functions by dual luciferase assay. Transcriptome sequencing showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in KEGG pathways related to membrane receptors, fatty acid synthesis, growth, etc. when lepA and lepB were knocked down or additionally added in vitro. Additionally, the estradiol (E2) hormone was increased significantly after knocking down lepB. Finally, based on DEGs and the signaling pathways they participated in, we proposed a hypothesis about the signaling pathways in which leptin may be involved in ovarian cells. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the role of leptin in the regulation of physiological functions such as ovarian growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhaojun Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Song P, Parsana D, Singh R, Pollock LM, Anand-Apte B, Perkins BD. Photoreceptor regeneration occurs normally in microglia-deficient irf8 mutant zebrafish following acute retinal damage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20146. [PMID: 39209978 PMCID: PMC11362524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system, including the retina that surveil the environment for damage and infection. Following retinal damage, microglia undergo morphological changes, migrate to the site of damage, and express and secrete pro-inflammatory signals. In the zebrafish retina, inflammation induces the reprogramming and proliferation of Müller glia and the regeneration of neurons following damage or injury. Immunosuppression or pharmacological ablation of microglia reduce or abolish Müller glia proliferation. We evaluated the retinal architecture and retinal regeneration in adult zebrafish irf8 mutants, which have significantly depleted numbers of microglia. We show that irf8 mutants have normal retinal structure at 3 months post fertilization (mpf) and 6 mpf but fewer cone photoreceptors by 10 mpf. Surprisingly, light-induced photoreceptor ablation induced Müller glia proliferation in irf8 mutants and cone and rod photoreceptor regeneration. Light-damaged retinas from both wild-type and irf8 mutants show upregulated expression of mmp-9, il8, and tnfβ pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data demonstrate that adult zebrafish irf8 mutants can regenerate normally following acute retinal injury. These findings suggest that microglia may not be essential for retinal regeneration in zebrafish and that other mechanisms can compensate for the reduction in microglia numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dhwani Parsana
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rupesh Singh
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lana M Pollock
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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5
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Liu H, Lu S, Chen M, Gao N, Yang Y, Hu H, Ren Q, Liu X, Chen H, Zhu Q, Li S, Su J. Towards Stem/Progenitor Cell-Based Therapies for Retinal Degeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:1459-1479. [PMID: 38809490 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and includes conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Stargardt's disease (STGD). These diseases result in the permanent loss of vision due to the progressive and irreversible degeneration of retinal cells, including photoreceptors (PR) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The adult human retina has limited abilities to regenerate and repair itself, making it challenging to achieve complete self-replenishment and functional repair of retinal cells. Currently, there is no effective clinical treatment for RD. Stem cell therapy, which involves transplanting exogenous stem cells such as retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or activating endogenous stem cells like Müller Glia (MG) cells, holds great promise for regenerating and repairing retinal cells in the treatment of RD. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of stem cell-based therapies for RD. However, the clinical translation of these therapies for the reconstruction of substantial vision still faces significant challenges. This review provides a comprehensive overview of stem/progenitor cell-based therapy strategies for RD, summarizes recent advances in preclinical studies and clinical trials, and highlights the major challenges in using stem/progenitor cell-based therapies for RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shuaiyan Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ming Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Na Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuhe Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huijuan Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qing Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qunyan Zhu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China
| | - Shasha Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, China.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, China.
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6
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He M, Xia M, Yang Q, Chen X, Li H, Xia X. P-aminobenzoic acid promotes retinal regeneration through activation of Ascl1a in zebrafish. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1849-1856. [PMID: 38103253 PMCID: PMC10960302 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202408000-00040/figure1/v/2023-12-16T180322Z/r/image-tiff The retina of zebrafish can regenerate completely after injury. Multiple studies have demonstrated that metabolic alterations occur during retinal damage; however to date no study has identified a link between metabolites and retinal regeneration of zebrafish. Here, we performed an unbiased metabolome sequencing in the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-damaged retinas of zebrafish to demonstrate the metabolomic mechanism of retinal regeneration. Among the differentially-expressed metabolites, we found a significant decrease in p-aminobenzoic acid in the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-damaged retinas of zebrafish. Then, we investigated the role of p-aminobenzoic acid in retinal regeneration in adult zebrafish. Importantly, p-aminobenzoic acid activated Achaetescute complex-like 1a expression, thereby promoting Müller glia reprogramming and division, as well as Müller glia-derived progenitor cell proliferation. Finally, we eliminated folic acid and inflammation as downstream effectors of PABA and demonstrated that PABA had little effect on Müller glia distribution. Taken together, these findings show that PABA contributes to retinal regeneration through activation of Achaetescute complex-like 1a expression in the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-damaged retinas of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mingfang Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xingyi Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Emmerich K, Hageter J, Hoang T, Lyu P, Sharrock AV, Ceisel A, Thierer J, Chunawala Z, Nimmagadda S, Palazzo I, Matthews F, Zhang L, White DT, Rodriguez C, Graziano G, Marcos P, May A, Mulligan T, Reibman B, Saxena MT, Ackerley DF, Qian J, Blackshaw S, Horstick E, Mumm JS. A large-scale CRISPR screen reveals context-specific genetic regulation of retinal ganglion cell regeneration. Development 2024; 151:dev202754. [PMID: 39007397 PMCID: PMC11361637 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Many genes are known to regulate retinal regeneration after widespread tissue damage. Conversely, genes controlling regeneration after limited cell loss, as per degenerative diseases, are undefined. As stem/progenitor cell responses scale to injury levels, understanding how the extent and specificity of cell loss impact regenerative processes is important. Here, transgenic zebrafish enabling selective retinal ganglion cell (RGC) ablation were used to identify genes that regulate RGC regeneration. A single cell multiomics-informed screen of 100 genes identified seven knockouts that inhibited and 11 that promoted RGC regeneration. Surprisingly, 35 out of 36 genes known and/or implicated as being required for regeneration after widespread retinal damage were not required for RGC regeneration. The loss of seven even enhanced regeneration kinetics, including the proneural factors neurog1, olig2 and ascl1a. Mechanistic analyses revealed that ascl1a disruption increased the propensity of progenitor cells to produce RGCs, i.e. increased 'fate bias'. These data demonstrate plasticity in the mechanism through which Müller glia convert to a stem-like state and context specificity in how genes function during regeneration. Increased understanding of how the regeneration of disease-relevant cell types is specifically controlled will support the development of disease-tailored regenerative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Emmerich
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute and the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John Hageter
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Pin Lyu
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Abigail V. Sharrock
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Anneliese Ceisel
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James Thierer
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zeeshaan Chunawala
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Saumya Nimmagadda
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Frazer Matthews
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David T. White
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Catalina Rodriguez
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Gianna Graziano
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Patrick Marcos
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Adam May
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Tim Mulligan
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Barak Reibman
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Meera T. Saxena
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David F. Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jiang Qian
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute and the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eric Horstick
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jeff S. Mumm
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute and the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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8
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Bludau O, Weber A, Bosak V, Kuscha V, Dietrich K, Hans S, Brand M. Inflammation is a critical factor for successful regeneration of the adult zebrafish retina in response to diffuse light lesion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1332347. [PMID: 39071801 PMCID: PMC11272569 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1332347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can lead to persistent and irreversible loss of retinal neurons and photoreceptors in mammalian vertebrates. In contrast, in the adult zebrafish brain, acute neural inflammation is both necessary and sufficient to stimulate regeneration of neurons. Here, we report on the critical, positive role of the immune system to support retina regeneration in adult zebrafish. After sterile ablation of photoreceptors by phototoxicity, we find rapid response of immune cells, especially monocytes/microglia and neutrophils, which returns to homeostatic levels within 14 days post lesion. Pharmacological or genetic impairment of the immune system results in a reduced Müller glia stem cell response, seen as decreased reactive proliferation, and a strikingly reduced number of regenerated cells from them, including photoreceptors. Conversely, injection of the immune stimulators flagellin, zymosan, or M-CSF into the vitreous of the eye, leads to a robust proliferation response and the upregulation of regeneration-associated marker genes in Müller glia. Our results suggest that neuroinflammation is a necessary and sufficient driver for retinal regeneration in the adult zebrafish retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bludau
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies, and PoL—Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anke Weber
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies, and PoL—Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Dresden, Germany
| | - Viktoria Bosak
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies, and PoL—Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veronika Kuscha
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies, and PoL—Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Dietrich
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies, and PoL—Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Hans
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies, and PoL—Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies, and PoL—Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Dresden, Germany
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9
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Wang T, Lian P, Zhan J, Li Y, Liu B, Zhao X, Wu Q, Li H, Lu L, Chen S. The landscape of angiogenesis and inflammatory factors in eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization before and after anti-VEGF injection. Cytokine 2024; 179:156640. [PMID: 38735245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the levels of angiogenesis and inflammatory cytokines in individuals with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) and the changes in these factors following intravitreal anti-VEGF injection. METHODS Aqueous humor samples were gathered from eyes with mCNV, those with single macular bleeding (SMB) without mCNV in highly myopic eyes, and those with age-related cataracts. Using a multiplex bead immunoassay, we analyzed 28 angiogenesis and inflammatory factors in the aqueous humor. Furthermore, clinical data were documented for correlation analysis. RESULTS In this study, the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and fibroblast growth factors 1 (FGF-1) were significantly elevated in mCNV compared to SMB eyes (p < 0.05). Their odds ratios for mCNV occurrence were 1.05, 3.45, and 2.64, respectively. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and VEGF-C were notably higher in mCNV than in cataract patients (p < 0.05), and VEGF-C correlated to the degree of myopic atrophic maculopathy (p = 0.024). Axial length exhibited a negative correlation with VEGF-A and positive correlations with VEGF-C, HGF, and MCP-1 (p < 0.01). Following anti-VEGF treatment, a reduction in VEGF-A, endothelin-1, and FGF-2 was noted in mCNV patients (p < 0.05), but MCP-1 levels increased. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the predominant role of angiogenesis and inflammation factors in mCNV pathogenesis. VEGF-C's correlation with axial length and atrophy suggests its involvement in the process of myopic atrophic maculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ping Lian
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinlian Zhan
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qingxiu Wu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haichun Li
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Shida Chen
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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10
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Lu C, Hyde DR. Cytokines IL-1β and IL-10 are required for Müller glia proliferation following light damage in the adult zebrafish retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1406330. [PMID: 38938553 PMCID: PMC11208712 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1406330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate dying neurons in response to retinal injury, with both Müller glia and microglia playing integral roles in this response. Resident Müller glia respond to damage by reprogramming and undergoing an asymmetric cell division to generate a neuronal progenitor cell, which continues to proliferate and differentiate into the lost neurons. In contrast, microglia become reactive, phagocytose dying cells, and release inflammatory signals into the surrounding tissue following damage. In recent years, there has been increased attention on elucidating the role that microglia play in regulating retinal regeneration. Here we demonstrate that inflammatory cytokines are differentially expressed during retinal regeneration, with the expression of a subset of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes upregulated shortly after light damage and the expression of a different subset of cytokine genes subsequently increasing. We demonstrate that both cytokine IL-1β and IL-10 are essential for Müller glia proliferation in the light-damaged retina. While IL-1β is sufficient to induce Müller glia proliferation in an undamaged retina, expression of IL-10 in undamaged retinas only induces Müller glia to express gliotic markers. Together, these findings demonstrate the essential role of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-10 on Müller glia proliferation following light damage in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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11
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Shin K, Rodriguez-Parks A, Kim C, Silaban IM, Xia Y, Sun J, Dong C, Keles S, Wang J, Cao J, Kang J. Harnessing the regenerative potential of interleukin11 to enhance heart repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577788. [PMID: 38352555 PMCID: PMC10862709 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Balancing between regenerative processes and fibrosis is crucial for heart repair, yet strategies regulating this balance remain a barrier to developing therapies. While Interleukin11 (IL11) is known as a fibrotic factor, its contribution to heart regeneration is poorly understood. We uncovered that il11a, an Il11 homolog in zebrafish, can trigger robust regenerative programs in zebrafish hearts, including cardiomyocytes proliferation and coronary expansion, even in the absence of injury. However, prolonged il11a induction in uninjured hearts causes persistent fibroblast emergence, resulting in fibrosis. While deciphering the regenerative and fibrotic effects of il11a, we found that il11-dependent fibrosis, but not regeneration, is mediated through ERK activity, suggesting to potentially uncouple il11a dual effects on regeneration and fibrosis. To harness the il11a's regenerative ability, we devised a combinatorial treatment through il11a induction with ERK inhibition. This approach enhances cardiomyocyte proliferation with mitigated fibrosis, achieving a balance between regenerative processes and fibrosis. Thus, we unveil the mechanistic insights into regenerative il11 roles, offering therapeutic avenues to foster cardiac repair without exacerbating fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangdeok Shin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Anjelica Rodriguez-Parks
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Chanul Kim
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Isabella M Silaban
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jisheng Sun
- Cardiology Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chenyang Dong
- Departments of Statistics and of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Departments of Statistics and of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Cardiology Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jingli Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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12
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Sireci S, Kocagöz Y, Alkiraz AS, Güler K, Dokuzluoglu Z, Balcioglu E, Meydanli S, Demirler MC, Erdogan NS, Fuss SH. HB-EGF promotes progenitor cell proliferation and sensory neuron regeneration in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium. FEBS J 2024; 291:2098-2133. [PMID: 38088047 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance and regeneration of the zebrafish olfactory epithelium (OE) are supported by two distinct progenitor cell populations that occupy spatially discrete stem cell niches and respond to different tissue conditions. Globose basal cells (GBCs) reside at the inner and peripheral margins of the sensory OE and are constitutively active to replace sporadically dying olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In contrast, horizontal basal cells (HBCs) are uniformly distributed across the sensory tissue and are selectively activated by acute injury conditions. Here we show that expression of the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is strongly and transiently upregulated in response to OE injury and signals through the EGF receptor (EGFR), which is expressed by HBCs. Exogenous stimulation of the OE with recombinant HB-EGF promotes HBC expansion and OSN neurogenesis in a pattern that resembles the tissue response to injury. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of HB-EGF membrane shedding, HB-EGF availability, and EGFR signaling strongly attenuate or delay injury-induced HBC activity and OSN restoration without affecting maintenance neurogenesis by GBCs. Thus, HB-EGF/EGFR signaling appears to be a critical component of the signaling network that controls HBC activity and, consequently, repair neurogenesis in the zebrafish OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Sireci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yigit Kocagöz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aysu Sevval Alkiraz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Kardelen Güler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Dokuzluoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ecem Balcioglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sinem Meydanli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Can Demirler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Stefan Herbert Fuss
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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13
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Shin K, Begeman IJ, Cao J, Kang J. leptin b and its regeneration enhancer illustrate the regenerative features of zebrafish hearts. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:91-106. [PMID: 36495292 PMCID: PMC10256838 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish possess a remarkable regenerative capacity, which is mediated by the induction of various genes upon injury. Injury-dependent transcription is governed by the tissue regeneration enhancer elements (TREEs). Here, we utilized leptin b (lepb), an injury-specific factor, and its TREE to dissect heterogeneity of noncardiomyocytes (CMs) in regenerating hearts. RESULTS Our single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis demonstrated that the endothelium/endocardium(EC) is activated to induce distinct subpopulations upon injury. We demonstrated that lepb can be utilized as a regeneration-specific marker to subset injury-activated ECs. lepb+ ECs robustly induce pro-regenerative factors, implicating lepb+ ECs as a signaling center to interact with other cardiac cells. Our scRNA-seq analysis identified that lepb is also produced by subpopulation of epicardium (Epi) and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs). To determine whether lepb labels injury-emerging non-CM cells, we tested the activity of lepb-linked regeneration enhancer (LEN) with chromatin accessibility profiles and transgenic lines. While nondetectable in uninjured hearts, LEN directs EC and Epi/EPDC expression upon injury. The endogenous LEN activity was assessed using LEN deletion lines, demonstrating that LEN deletion abolished injury-dependent expression of lepb, but not other nearby genes. CONCLUSIONS Our integrative analyses identify regeneration-emerging cell-types and factors, leading to the discovery of regenerative features of hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangdeok Shin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ian J. Begeman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jingli Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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14
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Lyu P, Iribarne M, Serjanov D, Zhai Y, Hoang T, Campbell LJ, Boyd P, Palazzo I, Nagashima M, Silva NJ, Hitchcock PF, Qian J, Hyde DR, Blackshaw S. Common and divergent gene regulatory networks control injury-induced and developmental neurogenesis in zebrafish retina. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8477. [PMID: 38123561 PMCID: PMC10733277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Following acute retinal damage, zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate all neuronal subtypes through Müller glia (MG) reprogramming and asymmetric cell division that produces a multipotent Müller glia-derived neuronal progenitor cell (MGPC). This raises three key questions. First, do MG reprogram to a developmental retinal progenitor cell (RPC) state? Second, to what extent does regeneration recapitulate retinal development? And finally, does loss of different retinal cell subtypes induce unique MG regeneration responses? We examined these questions by performing single-nuclear and single-cell RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq in both developing and regenerating retinas. Here we show that injury induces MG to reprogram to a state similar to late-stage RPCs. However, there are major transcriptional differences between MGPCs and RPCs, as well as major transcriptional differences between activated MG and MGPCs when different retinal cell subtypes are damaged. Validation of candidate genes confirmed that loss of different subtypes induces differences in transcription factor gene expression and regeneration outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Lyu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Maria Iribarne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Dmitri Serjanov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Yijie Zhai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Leah J Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Patrick Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Mikiko Nagashima
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Nicholas J Silva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
- Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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15
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Lee J, Lee BK, Gross JM. Brd activity regulates Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration in zebrafish. Glia 2023; 71:2866-2883. [PMID: 37584502 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish retina possesses tremendous regenerative potential. Müller glia underlie retinal regeneration through their ability to reprogram and generate multipotent neuronal progenitors that re-differentiate into lost neurons. Many factors required for Müller glia reprogramming and proliferation have been identified; however, we know little about the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of these genes during regeneration. Here, we determined whether transcriptional regulation by members of the Bromodomain (Brd) family is required for Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration. Our data demonstrate that three brd genes were expressed in Müller glia upon injury. brd2a and brd2b were expressed in all Müller glia and brd4 was expressed only in reprogramming Müller glia. Utilizing (+)-JQ1, a pharmacological inhibitor of Brd function, we demonstrate that transcriptional regulation by Brds plays a critical role in Müller glia reprogramming and regeneration. (+)-JQ1 treatment prevented cell cycle re-entry of Müller glia and the generation of neurogenic progenitors. Modulating the (+)-JQ1 exposure window, we identified the first 48 h post-injury as the time-period during which Müller glia reprogramming occurs. (+)-JQ1 treatments after 48 h post-injury had no effect on the re-differentiation of UV cones, indicating that Brd function is required only for Müller glia reprogramming and not subsequent specification/differentiation events. Brd inhibition also prevented the expression of reprogramming genes like ascl1a and lepb in Müller glia, but not effector genes like mmp9, nor did it affect microglial recruitment after injury. These results demonstrate that transcriptional regulation by Brds plays a critical role during Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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16
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Celotto L, Rost F, Machate A, Bläsche J, Dahl A, Weber A, Hans S, Brand M. Single-cell RNA sequencing unravels the transcriptional network underlying zebrafish retina regeneration. eLife 2023; 12:RP86507. [PMID: 37988404 PMCID: PMC10662954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lesioned zebrafish retina, Müller glia produce multipotent retinal progenitors that generate all retinal neurons, replacing lost cell types. To study the molecular mechanisms linking Müller glia reactivity to progenitor production and neuronal differentiation, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of Müller glia, progenitors and regenerated progeny from uninjured and light-lesioned retinae. We discover an injury-induced Müller glia differentiation trajectory that leads into a cell population with a hybrid identity expressing marker genes of Müller glia and progenitors. A glial self-renewal and a neurogenic trajectory depart from the hybrid cell population. We further observe that neurogenic progenitors progressively differentiate to generate retinal ganglion cells first and bipolar cells last, similar to the events observed during retinal development. Our work provides a comprehensive description of Müller glia and progenitor transcriptional changes and fate decisions in the regenerating retina, which are key to tailor cell differentiation and replacement therapies for retinal dystrophies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Celotto
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Fabian Rost
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Anja Machate
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Juliane Bläsche
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Anke Weber
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Michael Brand
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
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17
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Palsamy K, Chen JY, Skaggs K, Qadeer Y, Connors M, Cutler N, Richmond J, Kommidi V, Poles A, Affrunti D, Powell C, Goldman D, Parent JM. Microglial depletion after brain injury prolongs inflammation and impairs brain repair, adult neurogenesis and pro-regenerative signaling. Glia 2023; 71:2642-2663. [PMID: 37449457 PMCID: PMC10528132 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The adult zebrafish brain, unlike mammals, has a remarkable regenerative capacity. Although inflammation in part hinders regeneration in mammals, it is necessary for zebrafish brain repair. Microglia are resident brain immune cells that regulate the inflammatory response. To explore the microglial role in repair, we used liposomal clodronate or colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (csf1r) inhibitor to suppress microglia after brain injury, and also examined regeneration in two genetic mutant lines that lack microglia. We found that microglial ablation impaired telencephalic regeneration after injury. Microglial suppression attenuated cell proliferation at the intermediate progenitor cell amplification stage of neurogenesis. Notably, the loss of microglia impaired phospho-Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and ß-Catenin signaling after injury. Furthermore, the ectopic activation of Stat3 and ß-Catenin rescued neurogenesis defects caused by microglial loss. Microglial suppression also prolonged the post-injury inflammatory phase characterized by neutrophil accumulation, likely hindering the resolution of inflammation. These findings reveal specific roles of microglia and inflammatory signaling during zebrafish telencephalic regeneration that should advance strategies to improve mammalian brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Palsamy
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jessica Y Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kaia Skaggs
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio, USA
| | - Yusuf Qadeer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Meghan Connors
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Noah Cutler
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua Richmond
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vineeth Kommidi
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allison Poles
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Danielle Affrunti
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Curtis Powell
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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18
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Blackshaw S, Lyu P, Zhai Y, Qian J, Iribarne M, Serjanov D, Campbell L, Boyd P, Hyde D, Palazzo I, Hoang T, Nagashima M, Silva N, Hitchcock P. Common and divergent gene regulatory networks control injury-induced and developmental neurogenesis in zebrafish retina. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3294233. [PMID: 37790324 PMCID: PMC10543505 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3294233/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Following acute retinal damage, zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate all neuronal subtypes. This regeneration requires Müller glia (MG) to reprogram and divide asymmetrically to produce a multipotent Müller glia-derived neuronal progenitor cell (MGPC). This raises three key questions. First, does loss of different retinal cell subtypes induce unique MG regeneration responses? Second, do MG reprogram to a developmental retinal progenitor cell state? And finally, to what extent does regeneration recapitulate retinal development? We examined these questions by performing single-nuclear and single-cell RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq in both developing and regenerating retinas. While MG reprogram to a state similar to late-stage retinal progenitors in developing retinas, there are transcriptional differences between reprogrammed MG/MGPCs and late progenitors, as well as reprogrammed MG in outer and inner retinal damage models. Validation of candidate genes confirmed that loss of different subtypes induces differences in transcription factor gene expression and regeneration outcomes. This work identifies major differences between gene regulatory networks activated following the selective loss of different subtypes of retina neurons, as well as between retinal regeneration and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yijie Zhai
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Jiang Qian
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Lyu P, Iribarne M, Serjanov D, Zhai Y, Hoang T, Campbell LJ, Boyd P, Palazzo I, Nagashima M, Silva NJ, HItchcock PF, Qian J, Hyde DR, Blackshaw S. Common and divergent gene regulatory networks control injury-induced and developmental neurogenesis in zebrafish retina. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552451. [PMID: 37609307 PMCID: PMC10441373 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Following acute retinal damage, zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate all neuronal subtypes. This regeneration requires Müller glia (MG) to reprogram and divide asymmetrically to produce a multipotent Müller glia-derived neuronal progenitor cell (MGPC). This raises three key questions. First, does loss of different retinal cell subtypes induce unique MG regeneration responses? Second, do MG reprogram to a developmental retinal progenitor cell state? And finally, to what extent does regeneration recapitulate retinal development? We examined these questions by performing single-nuclear and single-cell RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq in both developing and regenerating retinas. While MG reprogram to a state similar to late-stage retinal progenitors in developing retinas, there are transcriptional differences between reprogrammed MG/MGPCs and late progenitors, as well as reprogrammed MG in outer and inner retinal damage models. Validation of candidate genes confirmed that loss of different subtypes induces differences in transcription factor gene expression and regeneration outcomes. This work identifies major differences between gene regulatory networks activated following the selective loss of different subtypes of retina neurons, as well as between retinal regeneration and development.
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20
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Xiao X, Liao Z, Zou J. Genetic and epigenetic regulators of retinal Müller glial cell reprogramming. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023; 3:126-133. [PMID: 37846362 PMCID: PMC10577857 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Retinal diseases characterized with irreversible loss of retinal nerve cells, such as optic atrophy and retinal degeneration, are the main causes of blindness. Current treatments for these diseases are very limited. An emerging treatment strategy is to induce the reprogramming of Müller glial cells to generate new retinal nerve cells, which could potentially restore vision. Main text Müller glial cells are the predominant glial cells in retinae and play multiple roles to maintain retinal homeostasis. In lower vertebrates, such as in zebrafish, Müller glial cells can undergo cell reprogramming to regenerate new retinal neurons in response to various damage factors, while in mammals, this ability is limited. Interestingly, with proper treatments, Müller glial cells can display the potential for regeneration of retinal neurons in mammalian retinae. Recent studies have revealed that dozens of genetic and epigenetic regulators play a vital role in inducing the reprogramming of Müller glial cells in vivo. This review summarizes these critical regulators for Müller glial cell reprogramming and highlights their differences between zebrafish and mammals. Conclusions A number of factors have been identified as the important regulators in Müller glial cell reprogramming. The early response of Müller glial cells upon acute retinal injury, such as the regulation in the exit from quiescent state, the initiation of reactive gliosis, and the re-entry of cell cycle of Müller glial cells, displays significant difference between mouse and zebrafish, which may be mediated by the diverse regulation of Notch and TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β) isoforms and different chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Azbazdar Y, Poyraz YK, Ozalp O, Nazli D, Ipekgil D, Cucun G, Ozhan G. High-fat diet feeding triggers a regenerative response in the adult zebrafish brain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2486-2506. [PMID: 36670270 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of liver conditions ranging from excess fat accumulation to liver failure. NAFLD is strongly associated with high-fat diet (HFD) consumption that constitutes a metabolic risk factor. While HFD has been elucidated concerning its several systemic effects, there is little information about its influence on the brain at the molecular level. Here, by using a high-fat diet (HFD)-feeding of adult zebrafish, we first reveal that excess fat uptake results in weight gain and fatty liver. Prolonged exposure to HFD induces a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation markers in the liver and brain tissues. Immunofluorescence analyses of the brain tissues disclose stimulation of apoptosis and widespread activation of glial cell response. Moreover, glial activation is accompanied by an initial decrease in the number of neurons and their subsequent replacement in the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon. Long-term consumption of HFD causes activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the brain tissues. Finally, fish fed an HFD induces anxiety, and aggressiveness and increases locomotor activity. Thus, HFD feeding leads to a non-traumatic brain injury and stimulates a regenerative response. The activation mechanisms of a regeneration response in the brain can be exploited to fight obesity and recover from non-traumatic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Yusuf Kaan Poyraz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilek Nazli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dogac Ipekgil
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Cucun
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 3640 76021, Karlsruhe, Postfach, Germany
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
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22
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Han G, Wei P, Han Q. Application of IPSC and Müller glia derivatives in retinal degenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 199:351-362. [PMID: 37678979 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases cause blindness characterized by a progressive decline in the number and function of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptor cells, and ganglion cells. Such diseases include retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucomatous optic neuropathy, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic optic neuropathy. Recent studies have demonstrated that Müller glial cells (MGCs), an endogenous alternative source of retinal neurons, are important glial cells involved in retinal development, damage, and regeneration, making it an excellent target for retinal nerve regeneration. Although hardly differentiate into neuron cells, transplanted MGCs have been shown to induce partial recovery of visual function in experimental retinal degenerative models. This improvement is possibly attributed to the release of neuroprotective factors that derived from the MGCs. With the development of the therapeutic usage of pluripotent stem cell, application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or embryonic stem cells (ESCs) originated derivation of MGCs have been widely used in retinal degenerative disease model such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa model. This chapter summarized the relevant research and mechanisms and provided a broader application and research prospects for effective treatments in retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoge Han
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, P.R. China; Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Pinghui Wei
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, P.R. China; Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Quanhong Han
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, P.R. China; Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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23
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Boyd P, Campbell LJ, Hyde DR. Clcf1/Crlf1a-mediated signaling is neuroprotective and required for Müller glia proliferation in the light-damaged zebrafish retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1142586. [PMID: 36846595 PMCID: PMC9950120 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1142586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish possess the innate ability to fully regenerate any neurons lost following a retinal injury. This response is mediated by Müller glia that reprogram and divide asymmetrically to produce neuronal precursor cells that differentiate into the lost neurons. However, little is understood about the early signals that induce this response. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was previously shown to be both neuroprotective and pro-proliferative within the zebrafish retina, however CNTF is not expressed following injury. Here we demonstrate that alternative ligands of the Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR), such as Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (Clcf1) and Cytokine receptor-like factor 1a (Crlf1a), are expressed within Müller glia of the light-damaged retina. We found that CNTFR, Clcf1, and Crlf1a are required for Müller glia proliferation in the light-damaged retina. Furthermore, intravitreal injection of CLCF1/CRLF1 protected against rod photoreceptor cell death in the light-damaged retina and induced proliferation of rod precursor cells in the undamaged retina, but not Müller glia. While rod precursor cell proliferation was previously shown to be Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)-dependent, co-injection of IGF-1 with CLCF1/CRLF1 failed to induce further proliferation of either Müller glia or rod precursor cells. Together, these findings demonstrate that CNTFR ligands have a neuroprotective effect and are required for induction of Müller glia proliferation in the light-damaged zebrafish retina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David R. Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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24
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Leiba J, Özbilgiç R, Hernández L, Demou M, Lutfalla G, Yatime L, Nguyen-Chi M. Molecular Actors of Inflammation and Their Signaling Pathways: Mechanistic Insights from Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:153. [PMID: 36829432 PMCID: PMC9952950 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of the physiological response to aggressions. It is orchestrated by a plethora of molecules that detect the danger, signal intracellularly, and activate immune mechanisms to fight the threat. Understanding these processes at a level that allows to modulate their fate in a pathological context strongly relies on in vivo studies, as these can capture the complexity of the whole process and integrate the intricate interplay between the cellular and molecular actors of inflammation. Over the years, zebrafish has proven to be a well-recognized model to study immune responses linked to human physiopathology. We here provide a systematic review of the molecular effectors of inflammation known in this vertebrate and recapitulate their modes of action, as inferred from sterile or infection-based inflammatory models. We present a comprehensive analysis of their sequence, expression, and tissue distribution and summarize the tools that have been developed to study their function. We further highlight how these tools helped gain insights into the mechanisms of immune cell activation, induction, or resolution of inflammation, by uncovering downstream receptors and signaling pathways. These progresses pave the way for more refined models of inflammation, mimicking human diseases and enabling drug development using zebrafish models.
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25
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Palazzo I, Kelly L, Koenig L, Fischer AJ. Patterns of NFkB activation resulting from damage, reactive microglia, cytokines, and growth factors in the mouse retina. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114233. [PMID: 36174748 PMCID: PMC9722628 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia are a cellular source for neuronal regeneration in vertebrate retinas. However, the capacity for retinal regeneration varies widely across species. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the reprogramming of Müller glia into progenitor cells is key to reversing the loss of vision that occurs with retinal diseases. In the mammalian retina, NFkB signaling promotes glial reactivity and represses the reprogramming of Müller glia into progenitor cells. Here we investigate different cytokines, growth factors, cell signaling pathways, and damage paradigms that influence NFkB-signaling in the mouse retina. We find that exogenous TNF and IL1β potently activate NFkB-signaling in Müller glia in undamaged retinas, and this activation is independent of microglia. By comparison, TLR1/2 agonist indirectly activates NFkB-signaling in Müller glia, and this activation depends on the presence of microglia as Tlr2 is predominantly expressed by microglia, but not other types of retinal cells. Exogenous FGF2 did not activate NFkB-signaling, whereas CNTF, Osteopontin, WNT4, or inhibition of GSK3β activated NFkB in Müller glia in the absence of neuronal damage. By comparison, dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid agonist, suppressed NFkB-signaling in Müller glia in damaged retinas, in addition to reducing numbers of dying cells and the accumulation of reactive microglia. Although NMDA-induced retinal damage activated NFkB in Müller glia, optic nerve crush had no effect on NFkB activation within the retina, whereas glial cells within the optic nerve were responsive. We conclude that the NFkB pathway is activated in retinal Müller glia in response to many different cell signaling pathways, and activation often depends on signals produced by reactive microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Palazzo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Lisa Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Koenig
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
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Vegf signaling between Müller glia and vascular endothelial cells is regulated by immune cells and stimulates retina regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211690119. [PMID: 36469778 PMCID: PMC9897474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211690119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the zebrafish retina, Müller glia (MG) can regenerate retinal neurons lost to injury or disease. Even though zebrafish MG share structure and function with those of mammals, only in zebrafish do MG function as retinal stem cells. Previous studies suggest dying neurons, microglia/macrophage, and T cells contribute to MG's regenerative response [White et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, E3719 (2017); Hui et al., Dev. Cell 43, 659 (2017)]. Although MG end-feet abut vascular endothelial (VE) cells to form the blood-retina barrier, a role for VE cells in retina regeneration has not been explored. Here, we report that MG-derived Vegfaa and Pgfa engage Flt1 and Kdrl receptors on VE cells to regulate MG gene expression, Notch signaling, proliferation, and neuronal regeneration. Remarkably, vegfaa and pgfa expression is regulated by microglia/macrophages, while Notch signaling in MG is regulated by a Vegf-dll4 signaling system in VE cells. Thus, our studies link microglia/macrophage, MG, and VE cells in a multicomponent signaling pathway that controls MG reprogramming and proliferation.
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27
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Begeman IJ, Emery B, Kurth A, Kang J. Regeneration and developmental enhancers are differentially compatible with minimal promoters. Dev Biol 2022; 492:47-58. [PMID: 36167150 PMCID: PMC10211259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers and promoters are cis-regulatory elements that control gene expression. Enhancers are activated in a cell type-, tissue-, and condition-specific manner to stimulate promoter function and transcription. Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful animal model for examining the activities of enhancers derived from various species through transgenic enhancer assays, in which an enhancer is coupled with a minimal promoter. However, the efficiency of minimal promoters and their compatibility with multiple developmental and regeneration enhancers have not been systematically tested in zebrafish. Thus, we assessed the efficiency of six minimal promoters and comprehensively interrogated the compatibility of the promoters with developmental and regeneration enhancers. We found that the fos minimal promoter and Drosophila synthetic core promoter (DSCP) yielded high rates of leaky expression that may complicate the interpretation of enhancer assays. Notably, the adenovirus E1b promoter, the zebrafish lepb 0.8-kb (P0.8) and lepb 2-kb (P2) promoters, and a new zebrafish synthetic promoter (ZSP) that combines elements of the E1b and P0.8 promoters drove little or no ectopic expression, making them suitable for transgenic assays. We also found significant differences in compatibility among specific combinations of promoters and enhancers, indicating the importance of promoters as key regulatory elements determining the specificity of gene expression. Our study provides guidelines for transgenic enhancer assays in zebrafish to aid in the discovery of functional enhancers regulating development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Begeman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Benjamin Emery
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrew Kurth
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Abdelrahman AA, Bunch KL, Sandow PV, Cheng PNM, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Systemic Administration of Pegylated Arginase-1 Attenuates the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182890. [PMID: 36139465 PMCID: PMC9497170 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes that results from sustained hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress. Under these conditions, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is upregulated in the macrophages (MΦ) and microglia, resulting in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to disease progression. Arginase 1 (Arg1) is a ureohydrolase that competes with iNOS for their common substrate, L-arginine. We hypothesized that the administration of a stable form of Arg1 would deplete L-arginine’s availability for iNOS, thus decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress in the retina. Using an obese Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) db/db mouse, this study characterized DR in this model and determined if systemic treatment with pegylated Arg1 (PEG-Arg1) altered the progression of DR. PEG-Arg1 treatment of db/db mice thrice weekly for two weeks improved visual function compared with untreated db/db controls. Retinal expression of inflammatory factors (iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) was significantly increased in the untreated db/db mice compared with the lean littermate controls. The increased retinal inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in db/db mice were suppressed with PEG-Arg1 treatment. Additionally, PEG-Arg1 treatment restored the blood–retinal barrier (BRB) function, as evidenced by the decreased tissue albumin extravasation and an improved endothelial ZO-1 tight junction integrity compared with untreated db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A. Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Katharine L. Bunch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Porsche V. Sandow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Paul N-M Cheng
- Bio-Cancer Treatment International, Bioinformatics Building, Hong Kong Science Park, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR 511513, China
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-2345
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Sharma P, Ramachandran R. Retina regeneration: lessons from vertebrates. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac012. [PMID: 38596712 PMCID: PMC10913848 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, vertebrates such as fishes and frogs exhibit remarkable tissue regeneration including the central nervous system. Retina being part of the central nervous system has attracted the interest of several research groups to explore its regenerative ability in different vertebrate models including mice. Fishes and frogs completely restore the size, shape and tissue structure of an injured retina. Several studies have unraveled molecular mechanisms underlying retina regeneration. In teleosts, soon after injury, the Müller glial cells of the retina reprogram to form a proliferating population of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells capable of differentiating into various neural cell types and Müller glia. In amphibians, the transdifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelium and differentiation of ciliary marginal zone cells contribute to retina regeneration. In chicks and mice, supplementation with external growth factors or genetic modifications cause a partial regenerative response in the damaged retina. The initiation of retina regeneration is achieved through sequential orchestration of gene expression through controlled modulations in the genetic and epigenetic landscape of the progenitor cells. Several developmental biology pathways are turned on during the Müller glia reprogramming, retinal pigment epithelium transdifferentiation and ciliary marginal zone differentiation. Further, several tumorigenic pathways and gene expression events also contribute to the complete regeneration cascade of events. In this review, we address the various retinal injury paradigms and subsequent gene expression events governed in different vertebrate species. Further, we compared how vertebrates such as teleost fishes and amphibians can achieve excellent regenerative responses in the retina compared with their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
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30
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Fogerty J, Song P, Boyd P, Grabinski SE, Hoang T, Reich A, Cianciolo LT, Blackshaw S, Mumm JS, Hyde DR, Perkins BD. Notch Inhibition Promotes Regeneration and Immunosuppression Supports Cone Survival in a Zebrafish Model of Inherited Retinal Dystrophy. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5144-5158. [PMID: 35672150 PMCID: PMC9236296 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0244-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor degeneration leads to irreversible vision loss in humans with retinal dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa. Whereas photoreceptor loss is permanent in mammals, zebrafish possesses the ability to regenerate retinal neurons and restore visual function. Following acute damage, Müller glia (MG) re-enter the cell cycle and produce multipotent progenitors whose progeny differentiate into mature neurons. Both MG reprogramming and proliferation of retinal progenitor cells require reactive microglia and associated inflammatory signaling. Paradoxically, in zebrafish models of retinal degeneration, photoreceptor death does not induce the MG to reprogram and regenerate lost cells. Here, we used male and female zebrafish cep290 mutants to demonstrate that progressive cone degeneration generates an immune response but does not stimulate MG proliferation. Acute light damage triggered photoreceptor regeneration in cep290 mutants but cones were only restored to prelesion densities. Using irf8 mutant zebrafish, we found that the chronic absence of microglia reduced inflammation and rescued cone degeneration in cep290 mutants. Finally, single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed sustained expression of notch3 in MG of cep290 mutants and inhibition of Notch signaling induced MG to re-enter the cell cycle. Our findings provide new insights on the requirements for MG to proliferate and the potential for immunosuppression to prolong photoreceptor survival.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are genetic diseases that lead to the progressive loss of photoreceptors and the permanent loss of vision. Zebrafish can regenerate photoreceptors after acute injury by reprogramming Müller glia (MG) into stem-like cells that produce retinal progenitors, but this regenerative process fails to occur in zebrafish models of IRDs. Here, we show that Notch pathway inhibition can promote photoreceptor regeneration in models of progressive degeneration and that immunosuppression can prevent photoreceptor loss. These results offer insight into the pathways that promote MG-dependent regeneration and the role of inflammation in photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Fogerty
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Patrick Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Sarah E Grabinski
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Adrian Reich
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987
| | - Lauren T Cianciolo
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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31
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Context-dependent effects of inflammation on retina regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4351-4367. [PMID: 35538305 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is required for the proliferation of Müller glia (MG) into multipotent progenitors (MGPCs) in the injured fish and avian retinas. However, its function in retina regeneration has not been fully understood. Here we investigated the role of inflammation in three different retinal regeneration paradigms in zebrafish (stab-injury, NMDA-injury and insulin treatment). We first show that different types of immune cells and levels of inflammatory cytokines were found in the retinas of these paradigms. Though zymosan injection alone was insufficient to induce MG proliferation in the uninjured retina, immune suppression significantly inhibited MGPC formation in all three paradigms. Enhancing inflammation promoted MGPC formation after stab-injury, while exhibiting a context-dependent role in the NMDA or insulin models. We further show that proper levels of inflammation promoted MG reprogramming and cell cycle re-entry after stab- or NMDA-injury, but excessive inflammation also suppressed MG proliferation in the latter model. Finally, inflammation differentially affected neuronal regeneration in various injury paradigms. Our study reveals the complex and context-dependent role of inflammation during retinal repair in fish and suggests accurate inflammation management may be crucial for successful retina regeneration in mammals.
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32
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Magner E, Sandoval-Sanchez P, Kramer AC, Thummel R, Hitchcock PF, Taylor SM. Disruption of miR-18a Alters Proliferation, Photoreceptor Replacement Kinetics, Inflammatory Signaling, and Microglia/Macrophage Numbers During Retinal Regeneration in Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2910-2931. [PMID: 35246819 PMCID: PMC9018604 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, photoreceptor loss causes permanent blindness, but in zebrafish (Danio rerio), photoreceptor loss reprograms Müller glia to function as stem cells, producing progenitors that regenerate photoreceptors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate CNS neurogenesis, but the roles of miRNAs in injury-induced neuronal regeneration are largely unknown. In the embryonic zebrafish retina, miR-18a regulates photoreceptor differentiation. The purpose of the current study was to determine, in zebrafish, the function of miR-18a during injury-induced photoreceptor regeneration. RT-qPCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry showed that miR-18a expression increases throughout the retina between 1 and 5 days post-injury (dpi). To test miR-18a function during photoreceptor regeneration, we used homozygous miR-18a mutants (miR-18ami5012), and knocked down miR-18a with morpholino oligonucleotides. During photoreceptor regeneration, miR-18ami5012 retinas have fewer mature photoreceptors than WT at 7 and 10 dpi, but there is no difference at 14 dpi, indicating that photoreceptor regeneration is delayed. Labeling dividing cells with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) showed that at 7 and 10 dpi, there are excess dividing progenitors in both mutants and morphants, indicating that miR-18a negatively regulates injury-induced proliferation. Tracing 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and BrdU-labeled cells showed that in miR-18ami5012 retinas excess progenitors migrate to other retinal layers in addition to the photoreceptor layer. Inflammation is critical for photoreceptor regeneration, and RT-qPCR showed that in miR-18ami5012 retinas, inflammatory gene expression and microglia activation are prolonged. Suppressing inflammation with dexamethasone rescues the miR-18ami5012 phenotype. Together, these data show that in the injured zebrafish retina, disruption of miR-18a alters proliferation, inflammation, the microglia/macrophage response, and the timing of photoreceptor regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Magner
- Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Pamela Sandoval-Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - Ashley C Kramer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ryan Thummel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Scott M Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA.
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33
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Incomplete Recovery of Zebrafish Retina Following Cryoinjury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081373. [PMID: 35456052 PMCID: PMC9030934 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish show an extraordinary potential for regeneration in several organs from fins to central nervous system. Most impressively, the outcome of an injury results in a near perfect regeneration and a full functional recovery. Indeed, among the various injury paradigms previously tested in the field of zebrafish retina regeneration, a perfect layered structure is observed after one month of recovery in most of the reported cases. In this study, we applied cryoinjury to the zebrafish eye. We show that retina exposed to this treatment for one second undergoes an acute damage affecting all retinal cell types, followed by a phase of limited tissue remodeling and regrowth. Surprisingly, zebrafish developed a persistent retinal dysplasia observable through 300 days post-injury. There is no indication of fibrosis during the regeneration period, contrary to the regeneration process after cryoinjury to the zebrafish cardiac ventricle. RNA sequencing analysis of injured retinas at different time points has uncovered enriched processes and a number of potential candidate genes. By means of this simple, time and cost-effective technique, we propose a zebrafish injury model that displays a unique inability to completely recover following focal retinal damage; an outcome that is unreported to our knowledge. Furthermore, RNA sequencing proved to be useful in identifying pathways, which may play a crucial role not only in the regeneration of the retina, but in the first initial step of regeneration, degeneration. We propose that this model may prove useful in comparative and translational studies to examine critical pathways for successful regeneration.
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34
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Becker T, Becker CG. Regenerative neurogenesis: the integration of developmental, physiological and immune signals. Development 2022; 149:275248. [PMID: 35502778 PMCID: PMC9124576 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In fishes and salamanders, but not mammals, neural stem cells switch back to neurogenesis after injury. The signalling environment of neural stem cells is strongly altered by the presence of damaged cells and an influx of immune, as well as other, cells. Here, we summarise our recently expanded knowledge of developmental, physiological and immune signals that act on neural stem cells in the zebrafish central nervous system to directly, or indirectly, influence their neurogenic state. These signals act on several intracellular pathways, which leads to changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression, ultimately resulting in regenerative neurogenesis. Translational approaches in non-regenerating mammals indicate that central nervous system stem cells can be reprogrammed for neurogenesis. Understanding signalling mechanisms in naturally regenerating species show the path to experimentally promoting neurogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
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35
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Chen S, Lathrop KL, Kuwajima T, Gross JM. Retinal ganglion cell survival after severe optic nerve injury is modulated by crosstalk between Jak/Stat signaling and innate immune responses in the zebrafish retina. Development 2022; 149:272198. [PMID: 34528064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Visual information is transmitted from the eye to the brain along the optic nerve, a structure composed of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. The optic nerve is highly vulnerable to damage in neurodegenerative diseases, such as glaucoma, and there are currently no FDA-approved drugs or therapies to protect RGCs from death. Zebrafish possess remarkable neuroprotective and regenerative abilities. Here, utilizing an optic nerve transection (ONT) injury and an RNA-seq-based approach, we identify genes and pathways active in RGCs that may modulate their survival. Through pharmacological perturbation, we demonstrate that Jak/Stat pathway activity is required for RGC survival after ONT. Furthermore, we show that immune responses directly contribute to RGC death after ONT; macrophages/microglia are recruited to the retina and blocking neuroinflammation or depleting these cells after ONT rescues survival of RGCs. Taken together, these data support a model in which crosstalk between macrophages/microglia and RGCs, mediated by Jak/Stat pathway activity, regulates RGC survival after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, 410008 Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kira L Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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36
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Gupta S, Adhikary S, Hui SP. Decoding the proregenerative competence of regulatory T cells through complex tissue regeneration in zebrafish. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:346-353. [PMID: 34529822 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs ) are specific subtype of T cells that play a central role in sustaining self-antigen tolerance and restricting inflammatory tissue damage. More recently, additional direct functions of Tregs in mammalian tissue repair have emerged, but the regenerative potential of Tregs in non-mammalian vertebrates has not been explored despite the latter possessing a highly developed adaptive immune system. Why complex organs such as the caudal fin, heart, brain, spinal cord and retina regenerate in certain non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals, is an interesting but unresolved question in the field of regenerative biology. Inflammation has traditionally been thought to be an impediment to regeneration due to the formation of scars. Regenerative decline in higher organisms has been speculated to be the evolutionary advent of adaptive immunity. Recent studies, however, have shown that the innate inflammatory response in non-mammalian organisms is required for organ regeneration. It has also been found that highly advanced adaptive immunity is no longer incompatible with regeneration and for that, Tregs are important. Zebrafish regulatory T cells (zTregs ) migrate rapidly to the injury site in damaged organs, where they facilitate the proliferation of regeneration precursor cells by generating tissue-specific regenerative factors by a process distinct from the canonical anti-inflammatory pathway. We review both reparative and proregenerative roles of Tregs in mammals and zebrafish, respectively, and also give an overview of the forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) -dependent immunosuppressive function of Tregs in zebrafish, which makes it a useful model organism for future Treg biology and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudra Gupta
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Satadal Adhikary
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, ABN Seal College, Cooch Behar, India
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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37
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Sherpa RD, Hui SP. An insight on established retinal injury mechanisms and prevalent retinal stem cell activation pathways in vertebrate models. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:189-203. [PMID: 34557646 PMCID: PMC8446703 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing different tools and injury mechanisms in multiple animal models of retina regeneration, researchers have discovered the existence of retinal stem/progenitor cells. Although they appear to be distributed uniformly across the vertebrate lineage, the reparative potential of the retina is mainly restricted to lower vertebrates. Regenerative repair post-injury requires the creation of a proliferative niche, vital for proper stem cell activation, propagation, and lineage differentiation. This seems to be lacking in mammals. Hence, in this review, we first discuss the many forms of retinal injuries that have been generated using animal models. Next, we discuss how they are utilized to stimulate regeneration and mimic eye disease pathologies. The key to driving stem cell activation in mammals relies on the information we can gather from these models. Lastly, we present a brief update about the genes, growth factors, and signaling pathways that have been brought to light using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for NeurosciencesUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
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38
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Sahu A, Devi S, Jui J, Goldman D. Notch signaling via Hey1 and Id2b regulates Müller glia's regenerative response to retinal injury. Glia 2021; 69:2882-2898. [PMID: 34415582 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish Müller glia (MG) respond to retinal injury by suppressing Notch signaling and producing progenitors for retinal repair. A certain threshold of injury-derived signal must be exceeded in order to engage MG in a regenerative response (MG's injury-response threshold). Pan-retinal Notch inhibition expands the zone of injury-responsive MG at the site of focal injury, suggesting that Notch signaling regulates MG's injury-response threshold. We found that Notch signaling enhanced chromatin accessibility and gene expression at a subset of regeneration-associated genes in the uninjured retina. Two Notch effector genes, hey1 and id2b, were identified that reflect bifurcation of the Notch signaling pathway, and differentially regulate MG's injury-response threshold and proliferation of MG-derived progenitors. Furthermore, Notch signaling component gene repression in the injured retina suggests a role for Dll4, Dlb, and Notch3 in regulating Notch signaling in MG and epistasis experiments confirm that the Dll4/Dlb-Notch3-Hey1/Id2b signaling pathway regulates MG's injury-response threshold and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aresh Sahu
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sulochana Devi
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Jui
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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39
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Diversity of Adult Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082045. [PMID: 34440814 PMCID: PMC8392301 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) contribute to learning, memory, maintenance of homeostasis, energy metabolism and many other essential processes. They are highly heterogeneous populations that require input from a regionally distinct microenvironment including a mix of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, NG2+ glia, vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and others. The diversity of NSPCs is present in all three major parts of the CNS, i.e., the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals, e.g., neurotrophic and growth factors, master transcription factors, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), collectively regulate activities and characteristics of NSPCs: quiescence/survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration. This review discusses the heterogeneous NSPC populations in the normal physiology and highlights their potentials and roles in injured/diseased states for regenerative medicine.
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40
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Fague L, Liu YA, Marsh-Armstrong N. The basic science of optic nerve regeneration. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1276. [PMID: 34532413 PMCID: PMC8421956 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diverse insults to the optic nerve result in partial to total vision loss as the axons of retinal ganglion cells are destroyed. In glaucoma, axons are injured at the optic nerve head; in other optic neuropathies, axons can be damaged along the entire visual pathway. In all cases, as mammals cannot regenerate injured central nervous system cells, once the axons are lost, vision loss is irreversible. However, much has been learned about how retinal ganglion cells respond to axon injuries, and many of these crucial discoveries offer hope for future regenerative therapies. Here we review the current understanding regarding the temporal progression of axonal degeneration. We summarize known survival and regenerative mechanisms in mammals, including specific signaling pathways, key transcription factors, and reprogramming genes. We cover mechanisms intrinsic to retinal ganglion cells as well as their interactions with myeloid and glial cell populations in the retina and optic nerve that affect survival and regeneration. Finally, we highlight some non-mammalian species that are able to regenerate their retinal ganglion cell axons after injury, as understanding these successful regenerative responses may be essential to the rational design of future clinical interventions to regrow the optic nerve. In the end, a combination of many different molecular and cellular interventions will likely be the only way to achieve functional recovery of vision and restore quality of life to millions of patients around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Fague
- UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yin Allison Liu
- UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Armstrong
- UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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41
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Qian C, Dong B, Wang XY, Zhou FQ. In vivo glial trans-differentiation for neuronal replacement and functional recovery in central nervous system. FEBS J 2021; 288:4773-4785. [PMID: 33351267 PMCID: PMC8217397 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is deficient in intrinsic machineries to replace neurons lost in injuries or progressive degeneration. Various types of these neurons constitute neural circuitries wired to support vital sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Based on the pioneer studies in cell lineage conversion, one promising strategy is to convert in vivo glial cells into neural progenitors or directly into neurons that can be eventually rewired for functional recovery. We first briefly summarize the well-studied regeneration-capable CNS in the zebrafish, focusing on their postinjury spontaneous reprogramming of the retinal Müller glia (MG). We then compare the signaling transductions, and transcriptional and epigenetic regulations in the zebrafish MGs with their mammalian counterparts, which perpetuate certain barriers against proliferation and neurogenesis and thus fail in MG-to-progenitor conversion. Next, we discuss emerging evidence from mouse studies, in which the in vivo glia-to-neuron conversion could be achieved with sequential or one-step genetic manipulations, such as the conversions from retinal MGs to interneurons, photoreceptors, or retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as the conversions from midbrain astrocytes to dopaminergic or GABAergic neurons. Some of these in vivo studies showed considerable coverage of subtypes in the newly induced neurons and partial reestablishment in neural circuits and functions. Importantly, we would like to point out some crucial technical concerns that need to be addressed to convincingly show successful glia-to-neuron conversion. Finally, we present challenges and future directions in the field for better neural function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Bryan Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Xu-Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Corresponding author: Feng-Quan Zhou, Ph.D., , Phone: 443-287-5649, Address: The John G. Rangos Building, Room 291, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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42
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Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Lo Cascio P, Fumia A, Lauriano ER. Neuronal regeneration: Vertebrates comparative overview and new perspectives for neurodegenerative diseases. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
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43
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Campbell WA, Blum S, Reske A, Hoang T, Blackshaw S, Fischer AJ. Cannabinoid signaling promotes the de-differentiation and proliferation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells. Glia 2021; 69:2503-2521. [PMID: 34231253 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCB) are lipid-based neurotransmitters that are known to influence synaptic function in the visual system. eCBs are also known to suppress neuroinflammation in different pathological states. However, nothing is known about the roles of the eCB system during the transition of Müller glia (MG) into proliferating progenitor-like cells in the retina. Accordingly, we used the chick and mouse model to characterize expression patterns of eCB-related genes and applied pharmacological agents to investigate how the eCB system impacts glial reactivity and the capacity of MG to become Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs). We queried single cell RNA-seq libraries to identify eCB-related genes and identify cells with dynamic patterns of expression in damaged retinas. MG and inner retinal neurons expressed the eCB receptor CNR1, as well as enzymes involved in eCB metabolism. In the chick, intraocular injections of cannabinoids, 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and Anandamide (AEA), stimulated the formation of MGPCs. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CNR1)-agonists and Monoglyceride Lipase-inhibitor promoted the formation of MGPCs, whereas CNR1-antagonist and inhibitors of eCB synthesis suppressed this process. In damaged mouse retinas where MG activate NFkB-signaling, activation of CNR1 decreased and inhibition of CNR1 increased NFkB, whereas levels of neuronal cell death were unaffected. Surprisingly, retinal microglia were largely unaffected by increases or decreases in eCB-signaling in both chick and mouse retinas. We conclude that the eCB system in the retina influences the reactivity of MG and the formation of proliferating MGPCs, but does not influence the reactivity of immune cells in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sydney Blum
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alana Reske
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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44
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Shimizu Y, Kawasaki T. Differential Regenerative Capacity of the Optic Tectum of Adult Medaka and Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686755. [PMID: 34268310 PMCID: PMC8276636 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have superior regenerative capacity in the central nervous system (CNS) compared to mammals. In contrast, medaka were shown to have low regenerative capacity in the adult heart and larval retina, despite the well-documented high tissue regenerative ability of teleosts. Nevertheless, medaka and zebrafish share similar brain structures and biological features to those of mammals. Hence, this study aimed to compare the neural stem cell (NSC) responses and regenerative capacity in the optic tectum of adult medaka and zebrafish after stab wound injury. Limited neuronal differentiation was observed in the injured medaka, though the proliferation of radial glia (RG) was induced in response to tectum injury. Moreover, the expression of the pro-regenerative transcriptional factors ascl1a and oct4 was not enhanced in the injured medaka, unlike in zebrafish, whereas expression of sox2 and stat3 was upregulated in both fish models. Of note, glial scar-like structures composed of GFAP+ radial fibers were observed in the injured area of medaka at 14 days post injury (dpi). Altogether, these findings suggest that the adult medaka brain has low regenerative capacity with limited neuronal generation and scar formation. Hence, medaka represent an attractive model for investigating and evaluating critical factors for brain regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shimizu
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan
- DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawasaki
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan
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45
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Zhao X, Sun R, Luo X, Wang F, Sun X. The Interaction Between Microglia and Macroglia in Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:610788. [PMID: 34121982 PMCID: PMC8193936 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.610788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disease that leads to irreversible vision loss, is characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic axons. To date, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) has been recognized as the main phenotypic factor associated with glaucoma. However, some patients with normal IOP also have glaucomatous visual impairment and RGC loss. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms behind such cases remain unclear. Recent studies have suggested that retinal glia play significant roles in the initiation and progression of glaucoma. Multiple types of glial cells are activated in glaucoma. Microglia, for example, act as critical mediators that orchestrate the progression of neuroinflammation through pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, macroglia (astrocytes and Müller cells) participate in retinal inflammatory responses as modulators and contribute to neuroprotection through the secretion of neurotrophic factors. Notably, research results have indicated that intricate interactions between microglia and macroglia might provide potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of glaucoma. In this review, we examine the specific roles of microglia and macroglia in open-angle glaucoma, including glaucoma in animal models, and analyze the interaction between these two cell types. In addition, we discuss potential treatment options based on the relationship between glial cells and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rou Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai General Hospital, The Center for Microbiota and Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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46
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The immune response is a critical regulator of zebrafish retinal pigment epithelium regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017198118. [PMID: 34006636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017198118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) because of dysfunction or disease can lead to blindness in humans. Harnessing the intrinsic ability of the RPE to self-repair is an attractive therapeutic strategy; however, mammalian RPE is limited in its regenerative capacity. Zebrafish possess tremendous intrinsic regenerative potential in ocular tissues, including the RPE, but little is known about the mechanisms driving RPE regeneration. Here, utilizing transgenic and mutant zebrafish lines, pharmacological manipulations, transcriptomics, and imaging analyses, we identified elements of the immune response as critical mediators of intrinsic RPE regeneration. After genetic ablation, the RPE express immune-related genes, including leukocyte recruitment factors such as interleukin 34 We demonstrate that macrophage/microglia cells are responsive to RPE damage and that their function is required for the timely progression of the regenerative response. These data identify the molecular and cellular underpinnings of RPE regeneration and hold significant potential for translational approaches aimed toward promoting a pro-regenerative environment in mammalian RPE.
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47
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Shimizu Y, Kiyooka M, Ohshima T. Transcriptome Analyses Reveal IL6/Stat3 Signaling Involvement in Radial Glia Proliferation After Stab Wound Injury in the Adult Zebrafish Optic Tectum. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668408. [PMID: 33996824 PMCID: PMC8119998 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult zebrafish have many neurogenic niches and a high capacity for central nervous system regeneration compared to mammals, including humans and rodents. The majority of radial glia (RG) in the zebrafish optic tectum are quiescent under physiological conditions; however, stab wound injury induces their proliferation and differentiation into newborn neurons. Although previous studies have functionally analyzed the molecular mechanisms of RG proliferation and differentiation and have performed single-cell transcriptomic analyses around the peak of RG proliferation, the cellular response and changes in global gene expression during the early stages of tectum regeneration remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed histological analyses which revealed an increase in isolectin B4+ macrophages prior to the induction of RG proliferation. Moreover, transcriptome and pathway analyses based on differentially expressed genes identified various enriched pathways, including apoptosis, the innate immune system, cell proliferation, cytokine signaling, p53 signaling, and IL6/Jak-Stat signaling. In particular, we found that Stat3 inhibition suppressed RG proliferation after stab wound injury and that IL6 administration into cerebroventricular fluid activates RG proliferation without causing injury. Together, the findings of these transcriptomic and functional analyses reveal that IL6/Stat3 signaling is an initial trigger of RG activation during optic tectum regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shimizu
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan.,DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Kiyooka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Prospects for the application of Müller glia and their derivatives in retinal regenerative therapies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100970. [PMID: 33930561 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell death is the main feature of all retinal degenerative disorders that lead to blindness. Despite therapeutic advances, progression of retinal disease cannot always be prevented, and once neuronal cell damage occurs, visual loss cannot be reversed. Recent research in the stem cell field, and the identification of Müller glia with stem cell characteristics in the human eye, have provided hope for the use of these cells in retinal therapies to restore vision. Müller glial cells, which are the major structural cells of the retina, play a very important role in retinal homeostasis during health and disease. They are responsible for the spontaneous retinal regeneration observed in zebrafish and lower vertebrates during early postnatal life, and despite the presence of Müller glia with stem cell characteristics in the adult mammalian retina, there is no evidence that they promote regeneration in humans. Like many other stem cells and neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells, Müller glia with stem cell potential do not differentiate into retinal neurons or integrate into the retina when transplanted into the vitreous of experimental animals with retinal degeneration. However, despite their lack of integration, grafted Müller glia have been shown to induce partial restoration of visual function in spontaneous or induced experimental models of photoreceptor or retinal ganglion cell damage. This improvement in visual function observed after Müller cell transplantation has been ascribed to the release of neuroprotective factors that promote the repair and survival of damaged neurons. Due to the development and availability of pluripotent stem cell lines for therapeutic uses, derivation of Müller cells from retinal organoids formed by iPSC and ESC has provided more realistic prospects for the application of these cells to retinal therapies. Several opportunities for research in the regenerative field have also been unlocked in recent years due to a better understanding of the genomic and proteomic profiles of the developing and regenerating retina in zebrafish, providing the basis for further studies of the human retina. In addition, the increased interest on the nature and function of cellular organelle release and the characterization of molecular components of exosomes released by Müller glia, may help us to design new approaches that could be applied to the development of more effective treatments for retinal degenerative diseases.
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49
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Nagashima M, Hitchcock PF. Inflammation Regulates the Multi-Step Process of Retinal Regeneration in Zebrafish. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040783. [PMID: 33916186 PMCID: PMC8066466 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate tissues varies between species and between tissues within a species. Mammals have a limited ability to regenerate tissues, whereas zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate almost all tissues and organs, including fin, heart, kidney, brain, and retina. In the zebrafish brain, injury and cell death activate complex signaling networks that stimulate radial glia to reprogram into neural stem-like cells that repair the injury. In the retina, a popular model for investigating neuronal regeneration, Müller glia, radial glia unique to the retina, reprogram into stem-like cells and undergo a single asymmetric division to generate multi-potent retinal progenitors. Müller glia-derived progenitors then divide rapidly, numerically matching the magnitude of the cell death, and differentiate into the ablated neurons. Emerging evidence reveals that inflammation plays an essential role in this multi-step process of retinal regeneration. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the inflammatory events during retinal regeneration and highlights the mechanisms whereby inflammatory molecules regulate the quiescence and division of Müller glia, the proliferation of Müller glia-derived progenitors and the survival of regenerated neurons.
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50
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Xia X, Teotia P, Patel H, Van Hook MJ, Ahmad I. Chemical induction of neurogenic properties in mammalian Müller glia. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1081-1090. [PMID: 33764634 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia (MG), cells that maintain homeostasis in the retina, are dormant stem cells that can regenerate neurons upon injury. However, the regenerative property of MG, which is reproducibly displayed in the lower vertebrates, is not readily observed in the mammals even upon forced expression of regulatory genes or exposure to growth factors. Here, we demonstrate a reproducible unmasking of the neurogenic properties of enriched rodent MG by serial exposure to different combinations of small molecules. The enriched MG, in response to changing culture conditions, silenced glia-specific genes and acquired transcriptional signature of neurons, accompanied by upregulation of genes known to regulate neuronal potential of MG. The MG-derived neurons expressed immunoreactivities corresponding to neuronal proteins and displayed electrophysiological features of immature neurons. Our study presents a proof of principle of pharmacological activation of neurogenic properties of mammalian MG, which may be utilized for therapeutic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hiren Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Matthew J Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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