1
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Fan C, Xing X, Murphy SJH, Poursine-Laurent J, Schmidt H, Parikh BA, Yoon J, Choudhary MNK, Saligrama N, Piersma SJ, Yokoyama WM, Wang T. Cis-regulatory evolution of the recently expanded Ly49 gene family. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4839. [PMID: 38844462 PMCID: PMC11156856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics has revealed the rapid expansion of multiple gene families involved in immunity. Members within each gene family often evolved distinct roles in immunity. However, less is known about the evolution of their epigenome and cis-regulation. Here we systematically profile the epigenome of the recently expanded murine Ly49 gene family that mainly encode either inhibitory or activating surface receptors on natural killer cells. We identify a set of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) for activating Ly49 genes. In addition, we show that in mice, inhibitory and activating Ly49 genes are regulated by two separate sets of proximal CREs, likely resulting from lineage-specific losses of CRE activity. Furthermore, we find that some Ly49 genes are cross-regulated by the CREs of other Ly49 genes, suggesting that the Ly49 family has begun to evolve a concerted cis-regulatory mechanism. Collectively, we demonstrate the different modes of cis-regulatory evolution for a rapidly expanding gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxu Fan
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Samuel J H Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Poursine-Laurent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Heather Schmidt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Jeesang Yoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Mayank N K Choudhary
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Naresha Saligrama
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
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2
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Li JH, Zhou A, Lee CD, Shah SN, Ji JH, Senthilkumar V, Padilla ET, Ball AB, Feng Q, Bustillos CG, Riggan L, Greige A, Divakaruni AS, Annese F, Cooley Coleman JA, Skinner SA, Cowan CW, O'Sullivan TE. MEF2C regulates NK cell effector functions through control of lipid metabolism. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:778-789. [PMID: 38589619 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical first line of defense against viral infection. Rare mutations in a small subset of transcription factors can result in decreased NK cell numbers and function in humans, with an associated increased susceptibility to viral infection. However, our understanding of the specific transcription factors governing mature human NK cell function is limited. Here we use a non-viral CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen targeting genes encoding 31 transcription factors differentially expressed during human NK cell development. We identify myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) as a master regulator of human NK cell functionality ex vivo. MEF2C-haploinsufficient patients and mice displayed defects in NK cell development and effector function, with an increased susceptibility to viral infection. Mechanistically, MEF2C was required for an interleukin (IL)-2- and IL-15-mediated increase in lipid content through regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathways. Supplementation with oleic acid restored MEF2C-deficient and MEF2C-haploinsufficient patient NK cell cytotoxic function. Therefore, MEF2C is a critical orchestrator of NK cell antiviral immunity by regulating SREBP-mediated lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adalia Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cassidy D Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siya N Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Hyun Ji
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vignesh Senthilkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eddie T Padilla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andréa B Ball
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qinyan Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian G Bustillos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luke Riggan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alain Greige
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fran Annese
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher W Cowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Hildreth AD, Padilla ET, Gupta M, Wong YY, Sun R, Legala AR, O'Sullivan TE. Adipose cDC1s contribute to obesity-associated inflammation through STING-dependent IL-12 production. Nat Metab 2023; 5:2237-2252. [PMID: 37996702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation that can contribute to the development of insulin resistance in mammals. Previous studies have identified interleukin (IL)-12 as a critical upstream regulator of WAT inflammation and metabolic dysfunction during obesity. However, the cell types and mechanisms that initiate WAT IL-12 production remain unclear. Here we show that conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) are the cellular source of WAT IL-12 during obesity through analysis of mouse and human WAT single-cell transcriptomic datasets, IL-12 reporter mice and IL-12p70 protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We demonstrate that cDC1s contribute to obesity-associated inflammation by increasing group 1 innate lymphocyte interferon-γ production and inflammatory macrophage accumulation. Inducible depletion of cDC1s increased WAT insulin sensitivity and systemic glucose tolerance during diet-induced obesity. Mechanistically, endocytosis of apoptotic bodies containing self-DNA by WAT cDC1s drives stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent IL-12 production. Together, these results suggest that WAT cDC1s act as critical regulators of adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hildreth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eddie T Padilla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meha Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yung Yu Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akshara R Legala
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Piersma SJ, Bangru S, Yoon J, Liu TW, Yang L, Hsieh CS, Plougastel-Douglas B, Kalsotra A, Yokoyama WM. NK cell expansion requires HuR and mediates control of solid tumors and long-term virus infection. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20231154. [PMID: 37698554 PMCID: PMC10497399 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes capable of controlling tumors and virus infections through direct lysis and cytokine production. While both T and NK cells expand and accumulate in affected tissues, the role of NK cell expansion in tumor and viral control is not well understood. Here, we show that posttranscriptional regulation by the RNA-binding protein HuR is essential for NK cell expansion without negatively affecting effector functions. HuR-deficient NK cells displayed defects in the metaphase of the cell cycle, including decreased expression and alternative splicing of Ska2, a component of the spindle and kinetochore complex. HuR-dependent NK cell expansion contributed to long-term cytomegalovirus control and facilitated control of subcutaneous tumors but not tumor metastases in two independent tumor models. These results show that posttranscriptional regulation by HuR specifically affects NK cell expansion, which is required for the control of long-term virus infection and solid tumors, but not acute infection or tumor metastases, highlighting fundamental differences with antigen-specific T cell control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J. Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sushant Bangru
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jeesang Yoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tom W. Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beatrice Plougastel-Douglas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Audouze-Chaud J, Mathews JA, Crome SQ. Efficient and stable CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing of human type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275413. [PMID: 37868976 PMCID: PMC10585162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of innate lymphocytes with important roles in immune response coordination and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The ILC family includes group 1 (ILC1s), group 2 (ILC2s) and group 3 (ILC3s) 'helper' ILCs, as well as cytotoxic Natural Killer (NK) cells. Study of helper ILCs in humans presents several challenges, including their low proportions in peripheral blood or needing access to rare samples to study tissue resident ILC populations. In addition, the lack of established protocols harnessing genetic manipulation platforms has limited the ability to explore molecular mechanism regulating human helper ILC biology. CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient genome editing tool that enables the knockout of genes of interest, and is commonly used to study molecular regulation of many immune cell types. Here, we developed methods to efficiently knockout genes of interest in human ILC2s. We discuss challenges and lessons learned from our CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing optimizations using a nucleofection transfection approach and test a range of conditions and nucleofection settings to obtain a protocol that achieves effective and stable gene knockout while maintaining optimal cell viability. Using IL-4 as a representative target, we compare different ribonucleoprotein configurations, as well as assess effects of length of time in culture and other parameters that impact CRISPR/Cas9 transfection efficiency. Collectively, we detail a CRISPR/Cas9 protocol for efficient genetic knockout to aid in studying molecular mechanism regulating human ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Audouze-Chaud
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica A. Mathews
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Q. Crome
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Meghil MM, Cutler CW. Influence of Vitamin D on Periodontal Inflammation: A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1180. [PMID: 37764988 PMCID: PMC10537363 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D is the hormonally active 1,25(OH)2D3 (Vit D) vitamin, which plays an important role in bone biology and host immunity. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear ligand-dependent transcription factor expressed by many cells. Ligation of VDR by VitD regulates a wide plethora of genes and physiologic functions through the formation of the complex Vit D-VDR signaling cascade. The influence of Vit D-VDR signaling in host immune response to microbial infection has been of interest to many researchers. This is particularly important in oral health and diseases, as oral mucosa is exposed to a complex microbiota, with certain species capable of causing disruption to immune homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the immune modulatory roles of Vit D in the bone degenerative oral disease, periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Meghil
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Christopher W. Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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7
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Frost I, Mendoza AM, Chiou TT, Kim P, Aizenberg J, Kohn DB, De Oliveira SN, Weiss PS, Jonas SJ. Fluorinated Silane-Modified Filtroporation Devices Enable Gene Knockout in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41299-41309. [PMID: 37616579 PMCID: PMC10485797 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery technologies that are cost-effective, non-cytotoxic, efficient, and cargo-agnostic are needed to enable the manufacturing of cell-based therapies as well as gene manipulation for research applications. Current technologies capable of delivering large cargoes, such as plasmids and CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), are plagued with high costs and/or cytotoxicity and often require substantial specialized equipment and reagents, which may not be available in resource-limited settings. Here, we report an intracellular delivery technology that can be assembled from materials available in most research laboratories, thus democratizing access to intracellular delivery for researchers and clinicians in low-resource areas of the world. These filtroporation devices permeabilize cells by pulling them through the pores of a cell culture insert by the application of vacuum available in biosafety cabinets. In a format that costs less than $10 in materials per experiment, we demonstrate the delivery of fluorescently labeled dextran, expression plasmids, and RNPs for gene knockout to Jurkat cells and human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations with delivery efficiencies of up to 40% for RNP knockout and viabilities of >80%. We show that functionalizing the surfaces of the filters with fluorinated silane moieties further enhances the delivery efficiency. These devices are capable of processing 500,000 to 4 million cells per experiment, and when combined with a 3D-printed vacuum application chamber, this throughput can be straightforwardly increased 6-12-fold in parallel experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura
M. Frost
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA
Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Mendoza
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tzu-Ting Chiou
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Philseok Kim
- John A. Paulson
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Donald B. Kohn
- Department
of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli
and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Satiro N. De Oliveira
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli
and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Children’s
Discovery and Innovation Institute, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
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8
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Henn D, Zhao D, Sivaraj D, Trotsyuk A, Bonham CA, Fischer KS, Kehl T, Fehlmann T, Greco AH, Kussie HC, Moortgat Illouz SE, Padmanabhan J, Barrera JA, Kneser U, Lenhof HP, Januszyk M, Levi B, Keller A, Longaker MT, Chen K, Qi LS, Gurtner GC. Cas9-mediated knockout of Ndrg2 enhances the regenerative potential of dendritic cells for wound healing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4729. [PMID: 37550295 PMCID: PMC10406832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds impose a significant healthcare burden to a broad patient population. Cell-based therapies, while having shown benefits for the treatment of chronic wounds, have not yet achieved widespread adoption into clinical practice. We developed a CRISPR/Cas9 approach to precisely edit murine dendritic cells to enhance their therapeutic potential for healing chronic wounds. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of tolerogenic dendritic cells, we identified N-myc downregulated gene 2 (Ndrg2), which marks a specific population of dendritic cell progenitors, as a promising target for CRISPR knockout. Ndrg2-knockout alters the transcriptomic profile of dendritic cells and preserves an immature cell state with a strong pro-angiogenic and regenerative capacity. We then incorporated our CRISPR-based cell engineering within a therapeutic hydrogel for in vivo cell delivery and developed an effective translational approach for dendritic cell-based immunotherapy that accelerated healing of full-thickness wounds in both non-diabetic and diabetic mouse models. These findings could open the door to future clinical trials using safe gene editing in dendritic cells for treating various types of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Henn
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dehua Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dharshan Sivaraj
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Artem Trotsyuk
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Clark Andrew Bonham
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katharina S Fischer
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tim Kehl
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Fehlmann
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Autumn H Greco
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hudson C Kussie
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Burn, Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sylvia E Moortgat Illouz
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jagannath Padmanabhan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Janos A Barrera
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Lenhof
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Burn, Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Keller
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kellen Chen
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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9
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Elsayed R, Elashiry M, Tran C, Yang T, Carroll A, Liu Y, Hamrick M, Cutler CW. Engineered Human Dendritic Cell Exosomes as Effective Delivery System for Immune Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11306. [PMID: 37511064 PMCID: PMC10379002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (exos) contain molecular cargo of therapeutic and diagnostic value for cancers and other inflammatory diseases, but their therapeutic potential for periodontitis (PD) remains unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the directors of immune response and have been extensively used in immune therapy. We previously reported in a mouse model of PD that custom murine DC-derived exo subtypes could reprogram the immune response toward a bone-sparing or bone-loss phenotype, depending on immune profile. Further advancement of this technology requires the testing of human DC-based exos with human target cells. Our main objective in this study is to test the hypothesis that human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC)-derived exos constitute a well-tolerated and effective immune therapeutic approach to modulate human target DC and T cell immune responses in vitro. MoDC subtypes were generated with TGFb/IL-10 (regulatory (reg) MoDCs, CD86lowHLA-DRlowPDL1high), E. coli LPS (stimulatory (stim) MoDCs, CD86highHLA-DRhighPDL1low) and buffer (immature (i) MoDCs, CD86lowHLA-DRmedPDL1low). Exosomes were isolated from different MoDC subtypes and characterized. Once released from the secreting cell into the surrounding environment, exosomes protect their prepackaged molecular cargo and deliver it to bystander cells. This modulates the functions of these cells, depending on the cargo content. RegMoDCexos were internalized by recipient MoDCs and induced upregulation of PDL1 and downregulation of costimulatory molecules CD86, HLADR, and CD80, while stimMoDCexos had the opposite influence. RegMoDCexos induced CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, which expressed CTLA4 and PD1 but not IL-17A. In contrast, T cells treated with stimMoDCexos induced IL-17A+ Th17 T cells, which were negative for immunoregulatory CTLA4 and PD1. T cells and DCs treated with iMoDCexos were immune 'neutral', equivalent to controls. In conclusion, human DC exos present an effective delivery system to modulate human DC and T cell immune responses in vitro. Thus, MoDC exos may present a viable immunotherapeutic agent for modulating immune response in the gingival tissue to inhibit bone loss in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Cathy Tran
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Tigerwin Yang
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Angelica Carroll
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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10
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Hildreth AD, Padilla ET, Tafti RY, Legala AR, O'Sullivan TE. Sterile liver injury induces a protective tissue-resident cDC1-ILC1 circuit through cDC1-intrinsic cGAS-STING-dependent IL-12 production. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112141. [PMID: 36807146 PMCID: PMC10435668 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells are critical to the initiation and potentiation of inflammation. However, the tissue-protective cellular communication networks initiated by resident immunity during sterile inflammation are not well understood. Using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we show the liver-resident cell connectome and signalome during acute liver injury. These analyses identify Il12b as a central regulator of liver injury-associated changes in gene expression. Interleukin (IL)-12 produced by conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) is required for protection during acute injury through activation of interferon (IFN)-γ production by liver-resident type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s). Using a targeted in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screen of innate immune sensing pathways, we find that cDC1-intrinsic cGAS-STING signaling acts upstream of IL-12 production to initiate early protective immune responses. Our study identifies the core communication hubs initiated by tissue-resident innate immune cells during sterile inflammation in vivo and implicates cDC1-derived IL-12 as an important regulator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hildreth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eddie T Padilla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rana Yakhshi Tafti
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Akshara R Legala
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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11
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HIF1A Knockout by Biallelic and Selection-Free CRISPR Gene Editing in Human Primary Endothelial Cells with Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010023. [PMID: 36671408 PMCID: PMC9856017 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary endothelial cells (ECs), especially human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), are broadly used in vascular biology. Gene editing of primary endothelial cells is known to be challenging, due to the low DNA transfection efficiency and the limited proliferation capacity of ECs. We report the establishment of a highly efficient and selection-free CRISPR gene editing approach for primary endothelial cells (HUVECs) with ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. We first optimized an efficient and cost-effective protocol for messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery into primary HUVECs by nucleofection. Nearly 100% transfection efficiency of HUVECs was achieved with EGFP mRNA. Using this optimized DNA-free approach, we tested RNP-mediated CRISPR gene editing of primary HUVECs with three different gRNAs targeting the HIF1A gene. We achieved highly efficient (98%) and biallelic HIF1A knockout in HUVECs without selection. The effects of HIF1A knockout on ECs' angiogenic characteristics and response to hypoxia were validated by functional assays. Our work provides a simple method for highly efficient gene editing of primary endothelial cells (HUVECs) in studies and manipulations of ECs functions.
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12
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Cronk JM, Dziewulska KH, Puchalski P, Crittenden RB, Hammarskjöld ML, Brown MG. Altered-Self MHC Class I Sensing via Functionally Disparate Paired NK Cell Receptors Counters Murine Cytomegalovirus gp34-Mediated Immune Evasion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1545-1554. [PMID: 36165178 PMCID: PMC9529956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The murine CMV (MCMV) immunoevasin m04/gp34 escorts MHC class I (MHC I) molecules to the surface of infected cells where these complexes bind Ly49 inhibitory receptors (IRs) and prevent NK cell attack. Nonetheless, certain self-MHC I-binding Ly49 activating and inhibitory receptors are able to promote robust NK cell expansion and antiviral immunity during MCMV infection. A basis for MHC I-dependent NK cell sensing of MCMV-infected targets and control of MCMV infection however remains unclear. In this study, we discovered that the Ly49R activation receptor is selectively triggered during MCMV infection on antiviral NK cells licensed by the Ly49G2 IR. Ly49R activating receptor recognition of MCMV-infected targets is dependent on MHC I Dk and MCMV gp34 expression. Remarkably, although Ly49R is critical for Ly49G2-dependent antiviral immunity, blockade of the activation receptor in Ly49G2-deficient mice has no impact on virus control, suggesting that paired Ly49G2 MCMV sensing might enable Ly49R+ NK cells to better engage viral targets. Indeed, MCMV gp34 facilitates Ly49G2 binding to infected cells, and the IR is required to counter gp34-mediated immune evasion. A specific requirement for Ly49G2 in antiviral immunity is further explained by its capacity to license cytokine receptor signaling pathways and enhance Ly49R+ NK cell proliferation during infection. These findings advance our understanding of the molecular basis for functionally disparate self-receptor enhancement of antiviral NK cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Cronk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Karolina H Dziewulska
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Patryk Puchalski
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
| | - Rowena B Crittenden
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
| | - Marie-Louise Hammarskjöld
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Michael G Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA;
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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13
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Hua R, Gu S, Jiang JX. Connexin 43 Hemichannels Regulate Osteoblast to Osteocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892229. [PMID: 35693933 PMCID: PMC9184820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the predominant connexin subtype expressed in osteocytes. Osteocytes, accounting for 90%–95% of total bone cells, function as orchestrators coordinating balanced activity between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. In this study, two newly developed osteocytic cell lines, OCY454 and IDG-SW3, were used to determine the role of Cx43 gap junctions and hemichannels (HCs) in the regulation of osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation. We found that the Cx43 level was substantially increased during the differentiation of IDG-SW3 cells and is also much higher than that of OCY454 cells. We knocked down Cx43 expression using the lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 approach and inhibition of Cx43 HCs using Cx43 (E2) antibody in IDG-SW3 cells. Cx43 knockdown (KD) or Cx43 HC inhibition decreased gene expression for osteoblast and osteocyte markers, including alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, dentin matrix protein 1, sclerostin, and fibroblast growth factor 23, whereas increasing the osteoclastogenesis indicator and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio at early and late differentiation stages. Moreover, mineralization was remarkably attenuated in differentiated Cx43-deficient IDG-SW3 cells compared to ROSA26 control. The conditioned medium collected from fully differentiated IDG-SW3 cells with Cx43 KD promoted osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 osteoclast precursors. Our results demonstrated that Cx43 HCs play critical roles in osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation process and regulate osteoclast differentiation via secreted factors.
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14
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Riggan L, Ma F, Li JH, Fernandez E, Nathanson DA, Pellegrini M, O’Sullivan TE. The transcription factor Fli1 restricts the formation of memory precursor NK cells during viral infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:556-567. [PMID: 35288713 PMCID: PMC8989647 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that possess traits of adaptive immunity, such as memory formation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which NK cells persist to form memory cells are not well understood. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified two distinct effector NK cell (NKeff) populations following mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Ly6C- memory precursor (MP) NK cells showed enhanced survival during the contraction phase in a Bcl2-dependent manner, and differentiated into Ly6C+ memory NK cells. MP NK cells exhibited distinct transcriptional and epigenetic signatures compared with Ly6C+ NKeff cells, with a core epigenetic signature shared with MP CD8+ T cells enriched in ETS1 and Fli1 DNA-binding motifs. Fli1 was induced by STAT5 signaling ex vivo, and increased levels of the pro-apoptotic factor Bim in early effector NK cells following viral infection. These results suggest that a NK cell-intrinsic checkpoint controlled by the transcription factor Fli1 limits MP NK formation by regulating early effector NK cell fitness during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Riggan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joey H. Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David A. Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy E. O’Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Corresponding Author: Timothy E. O’Sullivan, PhD, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB 245F, Los Angeles, CA 90095, Phone: 310-825-4454,
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15
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Functional interrogation of autoimmune disease genetics using CRISPR/Cas9 technologies and massively parallel reporter assays. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 44:137-147. [PMID: 34508276 PMCID: PMC8837574 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies, including genome-wide association studies, have identified many common variants that are associated with autoimmune diseases. Strikingly, in addition to being frequently observed in healthy individuals, a number of these variants are shared across diseases with diverse clinical presentations. This highlights the potential for improved autoimmune disease understanding which could be achieved by characterising the mechanism by which variants lead to increased risk of disease. Of particular interest is the potential for identifying novel drug targets or of repositioning drugs currently used in other diseases. The majority of autoimmune disease variants do not alter coding regions and it is often difficult to generate a plausible hypothetical mechanism by which variants affect disease-relevant genes and pathways. Given the interest in this area, considerable effort has been invested in developing and applying appropriate methodologies. Two of the most important technologies in this space include both low- and high-throughput genomic perturbation using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and massively parallel reporter assays. In this review, we introduce the field of autoimmune disease functional genomics and use numerous examples to demonstrate the recent and potential future impact of these technologies.
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16
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Feng W, Cao Z, Lim PX, Zhao H, Luo H, Mao N, Lee YS, Rivera AA, Choi D, Wu C, Han T, Romero R, de Stanchina E, Carver BS, Wang Q, Jasin M, Sawyers CL. Rapid interrogation of cancer cell of origin through CRISPR editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2110344118. [PMID: 34353917 PMCID: PMC8364185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110344118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing complexity of different cell types revealed by single-cell analysis of tissues presents challenges in efficiently elucidating their functions. Here we show, using prostate as a model tissue, that primary organoids and freshly isolated epithelial cells can be CRISPR edited ex vivo using Cas9-sgRNA (guide RNA) ribotnucleoprotein complex technology, then orthotopically transferred in vivo into immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice to generate cancer models with phenotypes resembling those seen in traditional genetically engineered mouse models. Large intrachromosomal (∼2 Mb) or multigenic deletions can be engineered efficiently without the need for selection, including in isolated subpopulations to address cell-of-origin questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Feng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zhen Cao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Pei Xin Lim
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Huiyong Zhao
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Hanzhi Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ninghui Mao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Young Sun Lee
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Aura Agudelo Rivera
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Danielle Choi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Teng Han
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rodrigo Romero
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Brett S Carver
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Division of Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
- HHMI, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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17
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Souza‐Fonseca‐Guimaraes F. New horizons for natural killer cell research in cancer, infection and inflammation. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1275. [PMID: 33959280 PMCID: PMC8080282 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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18
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Jost M, Jacobson AN, Hussmann JA, Cirolia G, Fischbach MA, Weissman JS. CRISPR-based functional genomics in human dendritic cells. eLife 2021; 10:e65856. [PMID: 33904395 PMCID: PMC8104964 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) regulate processes ranging from antitumor and antiviral immunity to host-microbe communication at mucosal surfaces. It remains difficult, however, to genetically manipulate human DCs, limiting our ability to probe how DCs elicit specific immune responses. Here, we develop a CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing method for human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) that mediates knockouts with a median efficiency of >94% across >300 genes. Using this method, we perform genetic screens in moDCs, identifying mechanisms by which DCs tune responses to lipopolysaccharides from the human microbiome. In addition, we reveal donor-specific responses to lipopolysaccharides, underscoring the importance of assessing immune phenotypes in donor-derived cells, and identify candidate genes that control this specificity, highlighting the potential of our method to pinpoint determinants of inter-individual variation in immunity. Our work sets the stage for a systematic dissection of the immune signaling at the host-microbiome interface and for targeted engineering of DCs for neoantigen vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Jost
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Amy N Jacobson
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- ChEM-H, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jeffrey A Hussmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- ChEM-H, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
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19
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Arazoe T. CRISPR-based pathogenic fungal genome editing for control of infection and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 179:161-196. [PMID: 33785176 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungi play important roles in many aspects of human life, such as in various food, beverage, agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Meanwhile, some fungal species cause several severe diseases in plants, humans and animals. Fungal and fungal-like diseases pose a severe threat to human health, food security, and ecosystem health worldwide. This chapter introduces CRISPR-based genome editing technologies for pathogenic fungi and their application in controlling fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Arazoe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan.
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20
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Riggan L, Shah S, O’Sullivan TE. Arrested development: suppression of NK cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1238. [PMID: 33456775 PMCID: PMC7797224 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that protect against viral infection and tumor metastasis. Despite their inherent ability to kill a broad range of virally infected, stressed and transformed cells, low numbers of dysfunctional NK cells are often observed in many advanced solid human cancers. Here, we review the potential mechanisms that influence suboptimal mature NK cell recruitment and function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. We further highlight current immunotherapy approaches aimed to circumvent NK cell dysfunction and discuss next-generation strategies to enhance adoptive NK cell therapy through targeting intrinsic and extrinsic checkpoints the regulate NK cell functionality in the TME. Understanding the mechanisms that drive NK cell dysfunction in the TME will lead to novel immunotherapeutic approaches in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Riggan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Siya Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Timothy E O’Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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21
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Zhang S, Shen J, Li D, Cheng Y. Strategies in the delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Theranostics 2021; 11:614-648. [PMID: 33391496 PMCID: PMC7738854 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has gained rapidly increasing attentions in recent years, however, the translation of this biotechnology into therapy has been hindered by efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 materials into target cells. Direct delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex consisting of Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA) has emerged as a powerful and widespread method for genome editing due to its advantages of transient genome editing and reduced off-target effects. In this review, we summarized the current Cas9 RNP delivery systems including physical approaches and synthetic carriers. The mechanisms and beneficial roles of these strategies in intracellular Cas9 RNP delivery were reviewed. Examples in the development of stimuli-responsive and targeted carriers for RNP delivery are highlighted. Finally, the challenges of current Cas9 RNP delivery systems and perspectives in rational design of next generation materials for this promising field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiangtao Shen
- The Second People's Hospital of Taizhou affiliated to Yangzhou University, Taizhou, 225500, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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22
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Xue VW, Wong SCC, Cho WCS. Genome-wide CRISPR screens for the identification of therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1147-1158. [PMID: 32893711 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1820986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exploring the function of every gene is a challenging task. There is a paradigm shift of RNA interference with the introduction of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based genome-wide screening. CRISPR-based screening can detect the loss-of-function and gain-of-function targets. Many DNA-binding proteins are engineered as effective tools for modulating gene expression and for investigating therapeutic targets for a spectrum of diseases. Among them, CRISPR-Cas9 has received extensive attention with its potential for screening cancer treatment targets. AREAS COVERED This article reviews CRISPR toolkit and its applications in screening cancer therapeutic targets, especially genome-wide screens using different CRISPR-Cas9 systems. We compare and summarize the characteristics of CRISPR systems, which would be helpful for understanding and optimizing current CRISPR toolkits, as well as reflecting on the potential future development and clinical applications of CRISPR screens. EXPERT OPINION The application of CRISPR-based therapeutic target screening is broadly used in cancer drug development. Its application in cancer immunotherapy and precision oncology is blooming. Nevertheless, more effective methods of Cas protein delivery and the development of more accurate and efficient genome-editing tools are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Weiwen Xue
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
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23
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Hildreth AD, Riggan L, O’Sullivan TE. CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein-Mediated Genomic Editing in Primary Innate Immune Cells. STAR Protoc 2020; 1:100113. [PMID: 33377009 PMCID: PMC7756923 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering can be used to functionally investigate the complex mechanisms of immune system regulation. Decades of work have aimed to genetically reprogram innate immunity, but current approaches are inefficient or nonspecific, limiting their use. Here, we detail an optimized strategy for non-viral CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (cRNP) genomic editing of primary innate lymphocytes (ILCs) and myeloid lineage cells, resulting in high-efficiency editing of target gene expression from a single electroporation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Riggan et al. (2020). Isolation of precursors and mature innate immune cells from peripheral tissues Magnetic purification of group 1 innate lymphoid cells from spleen and liver CRISPR RNP electroporation of primary innate immune cells Analysis of gene editing efficiency via flow cytometry and Sanger sequencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Hildreth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB 245F, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luke Riggan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB 245F, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy E. O’Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB 245F, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author
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