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Lin J, Sun Y, Xia B, Wang Y, Xie C, Wang J, Hu J, Zhu L. Mertk Reduces Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Permeability Through the Rhoa/Rock1/P-MLC Pathway After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1230-1244. [PMID: 38592581 PMCID: PMC11365875 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is a critical event in the secondary injury following spinal cord injury (SCI). Mertk has been reported to play an important role in regulating inflammation and cytoskeletal dynamics. However, the specific involvement of Mertk in BSCB remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated a distinct role of Mertk in the repair of BSCB. Mertk expression is decreased in endothelial cells following SCI. Overexpression of Mertk upregulated tight junction proteins (TJs), reducing BSCB permeability and subsequently inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. Ultimately, this led to enhanced neural regeneration and functional recovery. Further experiments revealed that the RhoA/Rock1/P-MLC pathway plays a key role in the effects of Mertk. These findings highlight the role of Mertk in promoting SCI recovery through its ability to mitigate BSCB permeability and may provide potential targets for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhao Lin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yuanfang Sun
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital (Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chengdu Medical College), Chengdu, 610299, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Changnan Xie
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jinwei Hu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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2
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Wilkins JM, Mangalaparthi KK, Netzel BC, Sherman WA, Guo Y, Kalinowska-Lyszczarz A, Pandey A, Lucchinetti CF. Proteomics analysis of periplaque and chronic inactive multiple sclerosis lesions. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1448215. [PMID: 39234409 PMCID: PMC11371774 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1448215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by increased inflammation and immune responses, oxidative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and iron dyshomeostasis leading to demyelination and axonal damage. In MS, incomplete remyelination results in chronically demyelinated axons and degeneration coinciding with disability. This suggests a failure in the ability to remyelinate in MS, however, the precise underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to identify proteins whose expression was altered in chronic inactive white matter lesions and periplaque white matter in MS tissue to reveal potential pathophysiological mechanisms. Methods Laser capture microdissection coupled to proteomics was used to interrogate spatially altered changes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain tissue from three chronic MS individuals and three controls with no apparent neurological complications. Histopathological maps guided the capture of inactive lesions, periplaque white matter, and cortex from chronic MS individuals along with corresponding white matter and cortex from control tissue. Label free quantitation by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to discover differentially expressed proteins between the various brain regions. Results In addition to confirming loss of several myelin-associated proteins known to be affected in MS, proteomics analysis of chronic inactive MS lesions revealed alterations in myelin assembly, metabolism, and cytoskeletal organization. The top altered proteins in MS inactive lesions compared to control white matter consisted of PPP1R14A, ERMN, SIRT2, CARNS1, and MBLAC2. Conclusion Our findings highlight proteome changes in chronic inactive MS white matter lesions and periplaque white matter, which may be crucial for proper myelinogenesis, bioenergetics, focal adhesions, and cellular function. This study highlights the importance and feasibility of spatial approaches such as laser capture microdissection-based proteomics analysis of pathologically distinct regions of MS brain tissue. Identification of spatially resolved changes in the proteome of MS brain tissue should aid in the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Brian C Netzel
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - William A Sherman
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alicja Kalinowska-Lyszczarz
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurochemistry and Neuropathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Claudia F Lucchinetti
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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3
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Asadian N, Aprico A, Chen M, Yuen D, Johnston APR, Kilpatrick TJ, Binder MD. The therapeutic effect of GAS6 in remyelination is dependent upon Tyro3. Glia 2024; 72:1392-1401. [PMID: 38572807 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination, axonal damage and, for the majority of people, a decline in neurological function in the long-term. Remyelination could assist in the protection of axons and their functional recovery, but such therapies are not, as yet, available. The TAM (Tyro3, Axl, and MERTK) receptor ligand GAS6 potentiates myelination in vitro and promotes recovery in pre-clinical models of MS. However, it has remained unclear which TAM receptor is responsible for transducing this effect and whether post-translational modification of GAS6 is required. In this study, we show that the promotion of myelination requires post-translational modification of the GLA domain of GAS6 via vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation. We also confirmed that the intracerebroventricular provision of GAS6 for 2 weeks to demyelinated wild-type (WT) mice challenged with cuprizone increased the density of myelinated axons in the corpus callosum by over 2-fold compared with vehicle control. Conversely, the provision of GAS6 to Tyro3 KO mice did not significantly improve the density of myelinated axons. The improvement in remyelination following the provision of GAS6 to WT mice was also accompanied by an increased density of CC1+ve mature oligodendrocytes compared with vehicle control, whereas this improvement was not observed in the absence of Tyro3. This effect occurs independent of any influence on microglial activation. This work therefore establishes that the remyelinative activity of GAS6 is dependent on Tyro3 and includes potentiation of oligodendrocyte numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asadian
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Aprico
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moore Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Yuen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele D Binder
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Chen M, Chu YH, Yu WX, You YF, Tang Y, Pang XW, Zhang H, Shang K, Deng G, Zhou LQ, Yang S, Wang W, Xiao J, Tian DS, Qin C. Serum LDL Promotes Microglial Activation and Exacerbates Demyelinating Injury in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1104-1114. [PMID: 38227181 PMCID: PMC11306683 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) accompanied by blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Dysfunction in microglial lipid metabolism is believed to be closely associated with the neuropathology of NMOSD. However, there is limited evidence on the functional relevance of circulating lipids in CNS demyelination, cellular metabolism, and microglial function. Here, we found that serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was positively correlated with markers of neurological damage in NMOSD patients. In addition, we demonstrated in a mouse model of NMOSD that LDL penetrates the CNS through the leaky BBB, directly activating microglia. This activation leads to excessive phagocytosis of myelin debris, inhibition of lipid metabolism, and increased glycolysis, ultimately exacerbating myelin damage. We also found that therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing circulating LDL effectively reversed the lipid metabolic dysfunction in microglia and mitigated the demyelinating injury in NMOSD. These findings shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the positive correlation between serum LDL and neurological damage, highlighting the potential therapeutic target for lowering circulating lipids to alleviate the acute demyelinating injury in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Yun-Hui Chu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yun-Fan You
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Pang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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5
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Gao R, Song SJ, Tian MY, Wang LB, Zhang Y, Li X. Myelin debris phagocytosis in demyelinating disease. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39073200 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases are often caused by a variety of triggers, including immune responses, viral infections, malnutrition, hypoxia, or genetic factors, all of which result in the loss of myelin in the nervous system. The accumulation of myelin debris at the lesion site leads to neuroinflammation and inhibits remyelination; therefore, it is crucial to promptly remove the myelin debris. Initially, Fc and complement receptors on cellular surfaces were the primary clearance receptors responsible for removing myelin debris. However, subsequent studies have unveiled the involvement of additional receptors, including Mac-2, TAM receptors, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, in facilitating the removal process. In addition to microglia and macrophages, which serve as the primary effector cells in the disease phase, a variety of other cell types such as astrocytes, Schwann cells, and vascular endothelial cells have been demonstrated to engage in the phagocytosis of myelin debris. Furthermore, we have concluded that oligodendrocyte precursor cells, as myelination precursor cells, also exhibit this phagocytic capability. Moreover, our research group has innovatively identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor as a potential phagocytic receptor for myelin debris. In this article, we discuss the functional processes of various phagocytes in demyelinating diseases. We also highlight the alterations in signaling pathways triggered by phagocytosis, and provide a comprehensive overview of the various phagocytic receptors involved. Such insights are invaluable for pinpointing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Song
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Tian
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital/Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Li
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Olveda GE, Barasa MN, Hill RA. Microglial phagocytosis of single dying oligodendrocytes is mediated by CX3CR1 but not MERTK. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114385. [PMID: 38935500 PMCID: PMC11304498 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte death is common in aging and neurodegenerative disease. In these conditions, dying oligodendrocytes must be efficiently removed to allow remyelination and to prevent a feedforward degenerative cascade. Removal of this cellular debris is thought to primarily be carried out by resident microglia. To investigate the cellular dynamics underlying how microglia do this, we use a single-cell cortical demyelination model combined with longitudinal intravital imaging of dual-labeled transgenic mice. Following phagocytosis, single microglia clear the targeted oligodendrocyte and its myelin sheaths in one day via a precise, rapid, and stereotyped sequence. Deletion of the fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, delays the microglial phagocytosis of the cell soma but has no effect on clearance of myelin sheaths. Unexpectedly, deletion of the phosphatidylserine receptor, MERTK, has no effect on oligodendrocyte or myelin sheath clearance. Thus, separate molecular signals are used to detect, engage, and clear distinct sub-compartments of dying oligodendrocytes to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro E Olveda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Maryanne N Barasa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Beiter RM, Sheehan PW, Schafer DP. Microglia phagocytic mechanisms: Development informing disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 86:102877. [PMID: 38631077 PMCID: PMC11162951 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages and professional phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). In development, microglia-mediated phagocytosis is important for sculpting the cellular architecture. This includes the engulfment of dead/dying cells, pruning extranumerary synapses and axons, and phagocytosing fragments of myelin sheaths. Intriguingly, these developmental phagocytic mechanisms by which microglia sculpt the CNS are now appreciated as important for eliminating synapses, myelin, and proteins during neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss parallels between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, which highlights how development is informing disease. We further discuss recent advances and challenges towards therapeutically targeting these phagocytic pathways and how we can leverage development to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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8
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Edvinsson JCA, Ran C, Olofsgård FJ, Steinberg A, Edvinsson L, Belin AC. MERTK in the rat trigeminal system: a potential novel target for cluster headache? J Headache Pain 2024; 25:85. [PMID: 38783191 PMCID: PMC11119394 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The trigeminal system is key to the pathophysiology of migraine and cluster headache, two primary headache disorders that share many features. Recently, MER proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MERTK), a cell surface receptor, was strongly associated with cluster headache through genetic studies. Further, the MERTK ligand galectin-3 has been found to be elevated in serum of migraine patients. In this study, MERTK and MERTK ligands were investigated in key tissue to better understand their potential implication in the pathophysiology of primary headache disorders. Immunohistochemistry was used to map MERTK and galectin-3 expression in rat trigeminal ganglia. RT-qPCR was used to assess MERTK gene expression in blood, and ELISA immunoassays were used for MERTK ligand quantification in serum from study participants with and without cluster headache. MERTK gene expression was elevated in blood samples from study participants with cluster headache compared to controls. In addition, MERTK ligand galectin-3 was found at increased concentration in the serum of study participants with cluster headache, whereas the levels of MERTK ligands growth arrest specific 6 and protein S unaffected. MERTK and galectin-3 were both expressed in rat trigeminal ganglia. Galectin-3 was primarily localized in smaller neurons and to a lesser extent in C-fibres, while MERTK was found in satellite glia cells and in the outer membrane of Schwann cells. Interestingly, a strong MERTK signal was found specifically in the region proximal to the nodes of Ranvier. The overexpression of MERTK and galectin-3 in tissue from study participants with cluster headache, as well as the presence of MERTK in rat peripheral satellite glia cells and Schwann cells in the trigeminal ganglia, further highlights MERTK signalling as an interesting potential future therapeutic target in primary headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C A Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, Lund, 22184, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Ran
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Steinberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Andrea Carmine Belin
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
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Xu Y, Tang L, Zhou C, Sun L, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Xia S, Bao X, Yang H, Xu Y. Inhibition of ADORA3 promotes microglial phagocytosis and alleviates chronic ischemic white matter injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14742. [PMID: 38715283 PMCID: PMC11076989 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine A3 receptor (ADORA3) belongs to the adenosine receptor families and the role of ADORA3 in vascular dementia (VaD) is largely unexplored. The present study sought to determine the therapeutic role of ADORA3 antagonist in a mouse model of VaD. METHODS The GSE122063 dataset was selected to screen the differential expression genes and pathways between VaD patients and controls. A mouse model of bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) was established. The cognitive functions were examined by the novel object recognition test, Y maze test, and fear of conditioning test. The white matter injury (WMI) was examined by 9.4 T MRI, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. The mechanisms of ADORA3-regulated phagocytosis by microglia were examined using qPCR, western blot, dual immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression of ADORA3 was elevated in brain tissues of VaD patients and ADORA3 was indicated as a key gene for VaD in the GSE122063. In BCAS mice, the expression of ADORA3 was predominantly elevated in microglia in the corpus callosum. ADORA3 antagonist promotes microglial phagocytosis to myelin debris by facilitating cAMP/PKA/p-CREB pathway and thereby ameliorates WMI and cognitive impairment in BCAS mice. The therapeutic effect of ADORA3 antagonist was partially reversed by the inhibition of the cAMP/PKA pathway. CONCLUSIONS ADORA3 antagonist alleviates chronic ischemic WMI by modulating myelin clearance of microglia, which may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Limoran Tang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical DiseasesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical CenterNanjingChina
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10
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Catalano AA, Yoon J, Fertuzinhos S, Reisert H, Walsh H, Kosana P, Wilson M, Gisslen M, Zetterberg H, Marra CM, Farhadian SF. Neurosyphilis is characterized by a compartmentalized and robust neuroimmune response but not by neuronal injury. MED 2024; 5:321-334.e3. [PMID: 38513660 PMCID: PMC11216317 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosyphilis is increasing in prevalence but its pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. This study assessed for CNS-specific immune responses during neurosyphilis compared to syphilis without neurosyphilis and compared these immune profiles to those observed in other neuroinflammatory diseases. METHODS Participants with syphilis were categorized as having neurosyphilis if their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test was reactive and as having syphilis without neurosyphilis if they had a non-reactive CSF-VDRL test and a white blood cell count <5/μL. Neurosyphilis and syphilis without neurosyphilis participants were matched by rapid plasma reagin titer and HIV status. CSF and plasma were assayed for markers of neuronal injury and glial and immune cell activation. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on CSF cells, with results stratified by the presence of neurological symptoms. FINDINGS CSF neopterin and five CSF chemokines had levels significantly higher in individuals with neurosyphilis compared to those with syphilis without neurosyphilis, but no markers of neuronal injury or astrocyte activation were significantly elevated. The CSF transcriptome in neurosyphilis was characterized by genes involved in microglial activation and lipid metabolism and did not differ in asymptomatic versus symptomatic neurosyphilis cases. CONCLUSIONS The CNS immune response observed in neurosyphilis was comparable to other neuroinflammatory diseases and was present in individuals with neurosyphilis regardless of neurological symptoms, yet there was minimal evidence for neuronal or astrocyte injury. These findings support the need for larger studies of the CSF inflammatory response in asymptomatic neurosyphilis. FUNDING This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health, grants K23MH118999 (S.F.F.) and R01NS082120 (C.M.M.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Catalano
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sofia Fertuzinhos
- Bioinformatics Support Hub, Cushing/Whitney Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hailey Reisert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hannah Walsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Priya Kosana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina M Marra
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shelli F Farhadian
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Zhu M, Lan Z, Park J, Gong S, Wang Y, Guo F. Regulation of CNS pathology by Serpina3n/SERPINA3: The knowns and the puzzles. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2024; 50:e12980. [PMID: 38647003 PMCID: PMC11131959 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, neuron and glia injury/death and myelin damage are common central nervous system (CNS) pathologies observed in various neurological diseases and injuries. Serine protease inhibitor (Serpin) clade A member 3n (Serpina3n), and its human orthologue SERPINA3, is an acute-phase inflammatory glycoprotein secreted primarily by the liver into the bloodstream in response to systemic inflammation. Clinically, SERPINA3 is dysregulated in brain cells, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in various neurological conditions. Although it has been widely accepted that Serpina3n/SERPINA3 is a reliable biomarker of reactive astrocytes in diseased CNS, recent data have challenged this well-cited concept, suggesting instead that oligodendrocytes and neurons are the primary sources of Serpina3n/SERPINA3. The debate continues regarding whether Serpina3n/SERPINA3 induction represents a pathogenic or a protective mechanism. Here, we propose possible interpretations for previously controversial data and present perspectives regarding the potential role of Serpina3n/SERPINA3 in CNS pathologies, including demyelinating disorders where oligodendrocytes are the primary targets. We hypothesise that the 'good' or 'bad' aspects of Serpina3n/SERPINA3 depend on its cellular sources, its subcellular distribution (or mis-localisation) and/or disease/injury types. Furthermore, circulating Serpina3n/SERPINA3 may cross the BBB to impact CNS pathologies. Cell-specific genetic tools are critically important to tease out the potential roles of cell type-dependent Serpina3n in CNS diseases/injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Zhu
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Zhaohui Lan
- Center for Brain Health and Brain Technology, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joohyun Park
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
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12
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Kim T, James BT, Kahn MC, Blanco-Duque C, Abdurrob F, Islam MR, Lavoie NS, Kellis M, Tsai LH. Gamma entrainment using audiovisual stimuli alleviates chemobrain pathology and cognitive impairment induced by chemotherapy in mice. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadf4601. [PMID: 38446899 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf4601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy frequently experience a neurological condition known as chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment, or "chemobrain," which can persist for the remainder of their lives. Despite the growing prevalence of chemobrain, both its underlying mechanisms and treatment strategies remain poorly understood. Recent findings suggest that chemobrain shares several characteristics with neurodegenerative diseases, including chronic neuroinflammation, DNA damage, and synaptic loss. We investigated whether a noninvasive sensory stimulation treatment we term gamma entrainment using sensory stimuli (GENUS), which has been shown to alleviate aberrant immune and synaptic pathologies in mouse models of neurodegeneration, could also mitigate chemobrain phenotypes in mice administered a chemotherapeutic drug. When administered concurrently with the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, GENUS alleviated cisplatin-induced brain pathology, promoted oligodendrocyte survival, and improved cognitive function in a mouse model of chemobrain. These effects persisted for up to 105 days after GENUS treatment, suggesting the potential for long-lasting benefits. However, when administered to mice 90 days after chemotherapy, GENUS treatment only provided limited benefits, indicating that it was most effective when used to prevent the progression of chemobrain pathology. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the effects of GENUS in mice were not limited to cisplatin-induced chemobrain but also extended to methotrexate-induced chemobrain. Collectively, these findings suggest that GENUS may represent a versatile approach for treating chemobrain induced by different chemotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHyun Kim
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin T James
- Computer Science and Artificial intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin C Kahn
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Blanco-Duque
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fatema Abdurrob
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas S Lavoie
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Computer Science and Artificial intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Jacobs BM, Vickaryous N, Giovannoni G, Proitsi P, Waters S, Dobson R. Plasma proteomic profiles of UK Biobank participants with multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:698-709. [PMID: 38282238 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe plasma protein biomarkers of multiple sclerosis risk and to explore protein biomarkers of disease severity using radiological outcome measures. METHODS Multiple sclerosis cases and controls were identified in UK Biobank, a longitudinal cohort study of ~500,000 British adults. Plasma proteins were assayed in ~50,000 UK Biobank participants using the Olink proximity extension assay. We performed case-control association testing to examine the association between 2911 proteins and multiple sclerosis, using linear models adjusted for confounding covariates. Associations with radiological lesion burden and brain volume were determined in a subset of the cohort with available magnetic resonance imaging, using normalized T2-hyperintensity volume or whole brain volume as the outcome measure. RESULTS In total, 407 prevalent multiple sclerosis cases and 39,979 healthy controls were included. We discovered 72 proteins associated with multiple sclerosis at a Bonferroni-adjusted p value of 0.05, including established markers such as neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein. We observed a decrease in plasma Granzyme A, a marker of T cell and NK cell degranulation, which was specific to multiple sclerosis. Higher levels of plasma proteins involved in coagulation were associated with lower T2 lesion burden and preserved brain volume. INTERPRETATION We report the largest plasma proteomic screen of multiple sclerosis, replicating important known associations and suggesting novel markers, such as the reduction in granzyme A. While these findings require external validation, they demonstrate the power of biobank-scale datasets for discovering new biomarkers for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Jacobs
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicola Vickaryous
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sheena Waters
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Dobson
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
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14
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Miao YR, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Therapeutic targeting of the functionally elusive TAM receptor family. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:201-217. [PMID: 38092952 PMCID: PMC11335090 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The TAM receptor family of TYRO3, AXL and MERTK regulates tissue and immune homeostasis. Aberrant TAM receptor signalling has been linked to a range of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and viral infections. Specifically, the dysregulation of TAM receptors can enhance tumour growth and metastasis due to their involvement in multiple oncogenic pathways. For example, TAM receptors have been implicated in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, maintaining the stem cell phenotype, immune modulation, proliferation, angiogenesis and resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. Therapeutically, multiple TAM receptor inhibitors are in preclinical and clinical development for cancers and other indications, with those targeting AXL being the most clinically advanced. Although there has been notable clinical advancement in recent years, challenges persist. This Review aims to provide both biological and clinical insights into the current therapeutic landscape of TAM receptor inhibitors, and evaluates their potential for the treatment of cancer and non-malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Goldberg G, Coelho L, Mo G, Adang LA, Patne M, Chen Z, Garcia-Bassets I, Mesci P, Muotri AR. TREX1 is required for microglial cholesterol homeostasis and oligodendrocyte terminal differentiation in human neural assembloids. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:566-579. [PMID: 38129659 PMCID: PMC11153041 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02348-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Three Prime Repair Exonuclease 1 (TREX1) gene mutations have been associated with Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome (AGS) - a rare, severe pediatric autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the brain and has a poorly understood etiology. Microglia are brain-resident macrophages indispensable for brain development and implicated in multiple neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the role of TREX1 - a DNase that cleaves cytosolic nucleic acids, preventing viral- and autoimmune-related inflammatory responses - in microglia biology remains to be elucidated. Here, we leverage a model of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived engineered microglia-like cells, bulk, and single-cell transcriptomics, optical and transmission electron microscopy, and three-month-old assembloids composed of microglia and oligodendrocyte-containing organoids to interrogate TREX1 functions in human microglia. Our analyses suggest that TREX1 influences cholesterol metabolism, leading to an active microglial morphology with increased phagocytosis in the absence of TREX1. Notably, regulating cholesterol metabolism with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, FDA-approved atorvastatin, rescues these microglial phenotypes. Functionally, TREX1 in microglia is necessary for the transition from gliogenic intermediate progenitors known as pre-oligodendrocyte precursor cells (pre-OPCs) to precursors of the oligodendrocyte lineage known as OPCs, impairing oligodendrogenesis in favor of astrogliogenesis in human assembloids. Together, these results suggest routes for therapeutic intervention in pathologies such as AGS based on microglia-specific molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Luisa Coelho
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Guoya Mo
- Universal Sequencing Technology Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, 92011, USA
| | - Laura A Adang
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meenakshi Patne
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhoutao Chen
- Universal Sequencing Technology Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, 92011, USA
| | | | - Pinar Mesci
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Axiom Space, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) and Archealization (ArchC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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16
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Kent SA, Miron VE. Microglia regulation of central nervous system myelin health and regeneration. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:49-63. [PMID: 37452201 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system that have key functions in its development, homeostasis and response to damage and infection. Although microglia have been increasingly implicated in contributing to the pathology that underpins neurological dysfunction and disease, they also have crucial roles in neurological homeostasis and regeneration. This includes regulation of the maintenance and regeneration of myelin, the membrane that surrounds neuronal axons, which is required for axonal health and function. Myelin is damaged with normal ageing and in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease. Given the lack of approved therapies targeting myelin maintenance or regeneration, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms by which microglia support and restore myelin health to identify potential therapeutic approaches. However, the mechanisms by which microglia regulate myelin loss or integrity are still being uncovered. In this Review, we discuss recent work that reveals the changes in white matter with ageing and neurodegenerative disease, how this relates to microglia dynamics during myelin damage and regeneration, and factors that influence the regenerative functions of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Kent
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Liu Y, Huang Z, Zhang TX, Han B, Yang G, Jia D, Yang L, Liu Q, Lau AYL, Paul F, Verkhratsky A, Shi FD, Zhang C. Bruton's tyrosine kinase-bearing B cells and microglia in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:309. [PMID: 38129902 PMCID: PMC10740299 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that involves B-cell receptor signaling as well as astrocyte-microglia interaction, which both contribute to evolution of NMOSD lesions. MAIN BODY Through transcriptomic and flow cytometry analyses, we found that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a crucial protein of B-cell receptor was upregulated both in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of NMOSD patients. Blockade of BTK with zanubrutinib, a highly specific BTK inhibitor, mitigated the activation and maturation of B cells and reduced production of causal aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibodies. In a mouse model of NMO, we found that both BTK and pBTK expression were significantly increased in microglia. Transmission electron microscope scan demonstrated that BTK inhibitor ameliorated demyelination, edema, and axonal injury in NMO mice. In the same mice colocalization of GFAP and Iba-1 immunofluorescence indicated a noticeable increase of astrocytes-microglia interaction, which was alleviated by zanubrutinib. The smart-seq analysis demonstrated that treatment with BTK inhibitor instigated microglial transcriptome changes including downregulation of chemokine-related genes and genes involved in the top 5 biological processes related to cell adhesion and migration, which are likely responsible for the reduced crosstalk of microglia and astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that BTK activity is enhanced both in B cells and microglia and BTK inhibition contributes to the amelioration of NMOSD pathology. These data collectively reveal the mechanism of action of BTK inhibition and corroborate BTK as a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhenning Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Tian-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Guili Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Dongmei Jia
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Center of Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Alexander Y L Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Health and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Center of Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- Center of Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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18
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Tawbeh A, Raas Q, Tahri-Joutey M, Keime C, Kaiser R, Trompier D, Nasser B, Bellanger E, Dessard M, Hamon Y, Benani A, Di Cara F, Cunha Alves T, Berger J, Weinhofer I, Mandard S, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Andreoletti P, Gondcaille C, Savary S. Immune response of BV-2 microglial cells is impacted by peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1299314. [PMID: 38164407 PMCID: PMC10757945 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1299314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are crucial for brain homeostasis, and dysfunction of these cells is a key driver in most neurodegenerative diseases, including peroxisomal leukodystrophies. In X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a neuroinflammatory disorder, very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) accumulation due to impaired degradation within peroxisomes results in microglial defects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of key genes in peroxisomal VLCFA breakdown (Abcd1, Abcd2, and Acox1), we recently established easily accessible microglial BV-2 cell models to study the impact of dysfunctional peroxisomal β-oxidation and revealed a disease-associated microglial-like signature in these cell lines. Transcriptomic analysis suggested consequences on the immune response. To clarify how impaired lipid degradation impacts the immune function of microglia, we here used RNA-sequencing and functional assays related to the immune response to compare wild-type and mutant BV-2 cell lines under basal conditions and upon pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. A majority of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, as well as genes involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and co-stimulation of T lymphocytes, were found differentially overexpressed. The transcriptomic alterations were reflected by altered phagocytic capacity, inflammasome activation, increased release of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF, and upregulated response of T lymphocytes primed by mutant BV-2 cells presenting peptides. Together, the present study shows that peroxisomal β-oxidation defects resulting in lipid alterations, including VLCFA accumulation, directly reprogram the main cellular functions of microglia. The elucidation of this link between lipid metabolism and the immune response of microglia will help to better understand the pathogenesis of peroxisomal leukodystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tawbeh
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Quentin Raas
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Mounia Tahri-Joutey
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Céline Keime
- Plateforme GenomEast, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Romain Kaiser
- Plateforme GenomEast, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Emma Bellanger
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Dessard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tânia Cunha Alves
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Weinhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Mandard
- LipSTIC LabEx, University of Bourgogne, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Stéphane Savary
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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19
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Olveda GE, Barasa MN, Hill RA. Microglial phagocytosis of single dying oligodendrocytes is mediated by CX3CR1 but not MERTK. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.570620. [PMID: 38168326 PMCID: PMC10760041 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.570620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte death is common in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In these conditions, single dying oligodendrocytes must be efficiently removed to allow remyelination and prevent a feed-forward degenerative cascade. Here we used a single-cell cortical demyelination model combined with longitudinal intravital imaging of dual-labeled transgenic mice to investigate the cellular dynamics underlying how brain resident microglia remove these cellular debris. Following phagocytic engagement, single microglia cleared the targeted oligodendrocyte and its myelin sheaths in one day via a precise, rapid, and stereotyped sequence. Deletion of the fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, delayed microglia engagement with the cell soma but unexpectedly did not affect the clearance of myelin sheaths. Furthermore, and in contrast to previous reports in other demyelination models, deletion of the phosphatidylserine receptor, MERTK, did not affect oligodendrocyte or myelin sheath clearance. Thus, distinct molecular signals are used to detect, engage, and clear sub-compartments of dying oligodendrocytes to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro E. Olveda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Maryanne N. Barasa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Robert A. Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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20
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Nguyen LT, Aprico A, Nwoke E, Walsh AD, Blades F, Avneri R, Martin E, Zalc B, Kilpatrick TJ, Binder MD. Mertk-expressing microglia influence oligodendrogenesis and myelin modelling in the CNS. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:253. [PMID: 37926818 PMCID: PMC10626688 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia, an immune cell found exclusively within the CNS, initially develop from haematopoietic stem cell precursors in the yolk sac and colonise all regions of the CNS early in development. Microglia have been demonstrated to play an important role in the development of oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the CNS, as well as in myelination. Mertk is a receptor expressed on microglia that mediates immunoregulatory functions, including myelin efferocytosis. FINDINGS Here we demonstrate an unexpected role for Mertk-expressing microglia in both oligodendrogenesis and myelination. The selective depletion of Mertk from microglia resulted in reduced oligodendrocyte production in early development and the generation of pathological myelin. During demyelination, mice deficient in microglial Mertk had thinner myelin and showed signs of impaired OPC differentiation. We established that Mertk signalling inhibition impairs oligodendrocyte repopulation in Xenopus tadpoles following demyelination. CONCLUSION These data highlight the importance of microglia in myelination and are the first to identify Mertk as a regulator of oligodendrogenesis and myelin ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda T Nguyen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Aprico
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eze Nwoke
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Crux Biolabs, Bayswater, VIC, 3153, Australia
| | - Alexander D Walsh
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Cognitive Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Farrah Blades
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Solar Biotechnology, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raphael Avneri
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Elodie Martin
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michele D Binder
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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21
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Chen H, Fan L, Guo Q, Wong MY, Yu F, Foxe N, Wang W, Nessim A, Carling G, Liu B, Lopez-Lee C, Huang Y, Amin S, Patel T, Mok SA, Song WM, Zhang B, Ma Q, Fu H, Gan L, Luo W. DAP12 deficiency alters microglia-oligodendrocyte communication and enhances resilience against tau toxicity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.563970. [PMID: 37961594 PMCID: PMC10634844 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.563970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic tau accumulation fuels neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Enhancing aging brain's resilience to tau pathology would lead to novel therapeutic strategies. DAP12 (DNAX-activation protein 12) is critically involved in microglial immune responses. Previous studies have showed that mice lacking DAP12 in tauopathy mice exhibit higher tau pathology but are protected from tau-induced cognitive deficits. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive. Our current study uncovers a novel resilience mechanism via microglial interaction with oligodendrocytes. Despite higher tau inclusions, Dap12 deletion curbs tau-induced brain inflammation and ameliorates myelin and synapse loss. Specifically, removal of Dap12 abolished tau-induced disease-associated clusters in microglia (MG) and intermediate oligodendrocytes (iOli), which are spatially correlated with tau pathology in AD brains. Our study highlights the critical role of interactions between microglia and oligodendrocytes in tau toxicity and DAP12 signaling as a promising target for enhancing resilience in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Man Ying Wong
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fangmin Yu
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nessa Foxe
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Aviram Nessim
- The State University of New York at Stony Brook, Long Island, New York, USA
| | - Gillian Carling
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bangyan Liu
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chloe Lopez-Lee
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yige Huang
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sadaf Amin
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tark Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Sue-Ann Mok
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Won-min Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Millburn High School, New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Tripathi A, Rai N, Perles A, Jones C, Dutta R. Dicer deficiency in microglia leads to accelerated demyelination and failed remyelination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562812. [PMID: 37905110 PMCID: PMC10614879 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and are important regulators of normal brain functions. In CNS demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), the functions of these cells are of particular interest. Here we probed the impact of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation using a mouse model lacking microglia/macrophage-specific Dicer expression during demyelination and remyelination. Conditional Dicer ablation and loss of miRNAs in adult microglia led to extensive demyelination and impaired myelin processing. Interestingly, demyelination was accompanied by increased apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) and arresting OL progenitor cells (OPCs) in the precursor stage. At the transcriptional level, Dicer -deficient microglia led to downregulation of microglial homeostatic genes, increased cell proliferation, and a shift towards a disease-associated phenotype. Loss of remyelination efficiency in these mice was accompanied by stalling of OPCs in the precursor stage. Collectively, these results highlight a new role of microglial miRNAs in promoting a pro-regenerative phenotype in addition to promoting OPC maturation and differentiation during demyelination and remyelination.
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23
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Ellen O, Ye S, Nheu D, Dass M, Pagnin M, Ozturk E, Theotokis P, Grigoriadis N, Petratos S. The Heterogeneous Multiple Sclerosis Lesion: How Can We Assess and Modify a Degenerating Lesion? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11112. [PMID: 37446290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease of the central nervous system that is governed by neural tissue loss and dystrophy during its progressive phase, with complex reactive pathological cellular changes. The immune-mediated mechanisms that promulgate the demyelinating lesions during relapses of acute episodes are not characteristic of chronic lesions during progressive MS. This has limited our capacity to target the disease effectively as it evolves within the central nervous system white and gray matter, thereby leaving neurologists without effective options to manage individuals as they transition to a secondary progressive phase. The current review highlights the molecular and cellular sequelae that have been identified as cooperating with and/or contributing to neurodegeneration that characterizes individuals with progressive forms of MS. We emphasize the need for appropriate monitoring via known and novel molecular and imaging biomarkers that can accurately detect and predict progression for the purposes of newly designed clinical trials that can demonstrate the efficacy of neuroprotection and potentially neurorepair. To achieve neurorepair, we focus on the modifications required in the reactive cellular and extracellular milieu in order to enable endogenous cell growth as well as transplanted cells that can integrate and/or renew the degenerative MS plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ellen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sining Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Danica Nheu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mary Dass
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Maurice Pagnin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ezgi Ozturk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Stilponos Kiriakides Str. 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Stilponos Kiriakides Str. 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
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24
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Whitelaw BS, Stoessel MB, Majewska AK. Movers and shakers: Microglial dynamics and modulation of neural networks. Glia 2023; 71:1575-1591. [PMID: 36533844 PMCID: PMC10729610 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are multifaceted cells that act as immune sentinels, with important roles in pathological events, but also as integral contributors to the normal development and function of neural circuits. In the last decade, our understanding of the contributions these cells make to synaptic health and dysfunction has expanded at a dizzying pace. Here we review the known mechanisms that govern the dynamics of microglia allowing these motile cells to interact with synapses, and recruit microglia to specific sites on neurons. We then review the molecular signals that may underlie the function of microglia in synaptic remodeling. The emerging picture from the literature suggests that microglia are highly sensitive cells, reacting to neuronal signals with dynamic and specific actions tuned to the need of specific synapses and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Steven Whitelaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark Blohm Stoessel
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ania Katarzyna Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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25
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Packer D, Fresenko EE, Harrington EP. Remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis: finding the elusive grail of regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1207007. [PMID: 37448959 PMCID: PMC10338073 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1207007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Remyelination biology and the therapeutic potential of restoring myelin sheaths to prevent neurodegeneration and disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) has made considerable gains over the past decade with many regeneration strategies undergoing tested in MS clinical trials. Animal models used to investigate oligodendroglial responses and regeneration of myelin vary considerably in the mechanism of demyelination, involvement of inflammatory cells, neurodegeneration and capacity for remyelination. The investigation of remyelination in the context of aging and an inflammatory environment are of considerable interest for the potential translation to progressive multiple sclerosis. Here we review how remyelination is assessed in mouse models of demyelination, differences and advantages of these models, therapeutic strategies that have emerged and current pro-remyelination clinical trials.
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26
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Distéfano-Gagné F, Bitarafan S, Lacroix S, Gosselin D. Roles and regulation of microglia activity in multiple sclerosis: insights from animal models. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41583-023-00709-6. [PMID: 37268822 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critical immune effectors of inflammatory lesions and associated neural dysfunctions. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models, chronic microglial inflammatory activity damages myelin and disrupts axonal and synaptic activity. In contrast to these detrimental effects, the potent phagocytic and tissue-remodelling capabilities of microglia support critical endogenous repair mechanisms. Although these opposing capabilities have long been appreciated, a precise understanding of their underlying molecular effectors is only beginning to emerge. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the roles of microglia in animal models of MS and demyelinating lesions and the mechanisms that underlie their damaging and repairing activities. We also discuss how the structured organization and regulation of the genome enables complex transcriptional heterogeneity within the microglial cell population at demyelinating lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Distéfano-Gagné
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - David Gosselin
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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27
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Motavallihaghi S, Ghaemipanaeian M, Soleimani Asl S, Foroughi-Parvar F, Maghsood AH. Toxoplasma gondii attenuates the ethidium bromide induced demyelination lesions in multiple sclerosis model rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110379. [PMID: 37245301 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease. Since the modulation of the immune system by parasites has been proven, and there have been reports of a reduction in the clinical symptoms of MS in people with toxoplasmosis, this study aimed to investigate the effect of toxoplasmosis on MS in an animal model. MS model was induced by the ethidium bromide injection in the areas specified in the Rat's brain in the stereotaxic device and Toxoplasma gondii RH strain injection of the rat's peritoneal for creation of toxoplasmosis. The effect of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis on the MS model was evaluated by examining the development of clinical symptoms of MS, body weight, changes in the levels of inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory cell infiltration, cell density, and spongy tissue in the brain. The body weight in the acute toxoplasmosis with MS was the same as the MS group, and a significant decrease was observed, but no weight loss was observed in the chronic toxoplasmosis with MS. In the chronic toxoplasmosis, the progress of clinical signs such as Immobility of limbs, including tail, hands, and feet, was observed less compared to other groups. The histology results in the group of chronic toxoplasmosis showed high cell density and inhibition of spongy tissue formation, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in this group was less. TNF-α and INF-γ decreased in MS with chronic toxoplasmosis compared to the MS group. Our findings showed that chronic toxoplasmosis with inhibition of spongy tissue formation and prevention of cell infiltration and. As a result, the reduction of inflammatory cytokines could reduce clinical symptoms in MS in the animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmousa Motavallihaghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Ghaemipanaeian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Faeze Foroughi-Parvar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Maghsood
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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28
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Wang Y, Kyauk RV, Shen YAA, Xie L, Reichelt M, Lin H, Jiang Z, Ngu H, Shen K, Greene JJ, Sheng M, Yuen TJ. TREM2-dependent microglial function is essential for remyelination and subsequent neuroprotection. Glia 2023; 71:1247-1258. [PMID: 36625077 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is driven in part by the failure of remyelination and progressive neurodegeneration. Microglia, and specifically triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a factor highly expressed in microglia, have been shown to play an important role in remyelination. Here, using a focal demyelination model in the brain, we demonstrate that demyelination is persistent in TREM2 knockout mice, lasting more than 6 weeks after lysolecithin injection and resulting in substantial neurodegeneration. We also find that TREM2 knockout mice exhibit an altered glial response following demyelination. TREM2 knockout microglia demonstrate defects in migration and phagocytosis of myelin debris. In addition, human monocyte-derived macrophages from subjects with a TREM2 mutation prevalent in human disease also show a defect in myelin debris phagocytosis. Together, we highlight the central role of TREM2 signaling in remyelination and neuroprotection. These findings provide insights into how chronic demyelination might lead to axonal damage and could help identify novel neuroprotective therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roxanne V Kyauk
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yun-An A Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luke Xie
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhiyu Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kimberle Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob J Greene
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tracy J Yuen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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29
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Hou J, Zhou Y, Cai Z, Terekhova M, Swain A, Andhey PS, Guimaraes RM, Ulezko Antonova A, Qiu T, Sviben S, Strout G, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Chen Y, Gilfillan S, Kim DH, Van Dyken SJ, Artyomov MN, Colonna M. Transcriptomic atlas and interaction networks of brain cells in mouse CNS demyelination and remyelination. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112293. [PMID: 36952346 PMCID: PMC10511667 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis, leukoencephalopathies, cerebral vasculopathies, and several neurodegenerative diseases. The cuprizone mouse model is widely used to simulate demyelination and remyelination occurring in these diseases. Here, we present a high-resolution single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) analysis of gene expression changes across all brain cells in this model. We define demyelination-associated oligodendrocytes (DOLs) and remyelination-associated MAFBhi microglia, as well as astrocytes and vascular cells with signatures of altered metabolism, oxidative stress, and interferon response. Furthermore, snRNA-seq provides insights into how brain cell types connect and interact, defining complex circuitries that impact demyelination and remyelination. As an explicative example, perturbation of microglia caused by TREM2 deficiency indirectly impairs the induction of DOLs. Altogether, this study provides a rich resource for future studies investigating mechanisms underlying demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Terekhova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amanda Swain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Prabhakar S Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rafaela M Guimaraes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alina Ulezko Antonova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory Strout
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven J Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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30
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Zhao X, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Demyelination and Remyelination Strategies for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076373. [PMID: 37047344 PMCID: PMC10093908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
All currently licensed medications for multiple sclerosis (MS) target the immune system. Albeit promising preclinical results demonstrated disease amelioration and remyelination enhancement via modulating oligodendrocyte lineage cells, most drug candidates showed only modest or no effects in human clinical trials. This might be due to the fact that remyelination is a sophistically orchestrated process that calls for the interplay between oligodendrocyte lineage cells, neurons, central nervous system (CNS) resident innate immune cells, and peripheral immune infiltrates and that this process may somewhat differ in humans and rodent models used in research. To ensure successful remyelination, the recruitment and activation/repression of each cell type should be regulated in a highly organized spatio–temporal manner. As a result, drug candidates targeting one single pathway or a single cell population have difficulty restoring the optimal microenvironment at lesion sites for remyelination. Therefore, when exploring new drug candidates for MS, it is instrumental to consider not only the effects on all CNS cell populations but also the optimal time of administration during disease progression. In this review, we describe the dysregulated mechanisms in each relevant cell type and the disruption of their coordination as causes of remyelination failure, providing an overview of the complex cell interplay in CNS lesion sites.
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31
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Wang Y, Sun J, Zhu K, Wang D, Zhao X, Zhang H, Wu S, Wang Y, Wang J. Microglial aryl hydrocarbon receptor enhances phagocytic function via SYK and promotes remyelination in the cuprizone mouse model of demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:83. [PMID: 36966295 PMCID: PMC10040134 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although studies have demonstrated that microglia facilitate remyelination in demyelinating diseases, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully characterized. We found that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an environment sensor, was upregulated within the corpus callosum in the cuprizone model of CNS demyelination, and upregulated AhR was mainly confined to microglia. Deletion of AhR in adult microglia inhibited efficient remyelination. Transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq revealed that AhR-deficient microglia displayed impaired gene expression signatures associated with lysosome and phagocytotic pathways. Furthermore, AhR-deficient microglia showed impaired clearance of myelin debris and defected phagocytic capacity. Further investigation of target genes of AhR revealed that spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is the downstream effector of AhR and mediated the phagocytic capacity of microglia. Additionally, AhR deficiency in microglia aggravated CNS inflammation during demyelination. Altogether, our study highlights an essential role for AhR in microglial phagocytic function and suggests the therapeutic potential of AhR in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxian Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danjie Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhao
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Poppell M, Hammel G, Ren Y. Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5925. [PMID: 36982999 PMCID: PMC10059890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can be characterized as a very multifunctional cell type with a spectrum of phenotypes and functions being observed spatially and temporally in various disease states. Ample studies have now demonstrated a possible causal link between macrophage activation and the development of autoimmune disorders. How these cells may be contributing to the adaptive immune response and potentially perpetuating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries is not fully understood. Within this review, we hope to illustrate the role that macrophages and microglia play as initiators of adaptive immune response in various CNS diseases by offering evidence of: (1) the types of immune responses and the processes of antigen presentation in each disease, (2) receptors involved in macrophage/microglial phagocytosis of disease-related cell debris or molecules, and, finally, (3) the implications of macrophages/microglia on the pathogenesis of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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33
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Xu T, Liu C, Deng S, Gan L, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tian H, Tang Y. The roles of microglia and astrocytes in myelin phagocytosis in the central nervous system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:325-340. [PMID: 36324281 PMCID: PMC9941857 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221137762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is an important process in the central nervous system (CNS). Oligodendrocytes (OLs) extend multiple layers to densely sheath on axons, composing the myelin to achieve efficient electrical signal conduction. The myelination during developmental stage maintains a balanced state. However, numerous CNS diseases including neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases cause demyelination and disrupt the homeostasis, resulting in inflammation and white matter deficits. Effective clearance of myelin debris is needed in the region of demyelination, which is a key step for remyelination and tissue regeneration. Microglia and astrocytes are the major resident phagocytic cells in the brain, which may play different or collaborative roles in myelination. Microglia and astrocytes participate in developmental myelination through engulfing excessive unneeded myelin. They are also involved in the clearance of degenerated myelin debris for accelerating remyelination, or engulfing healthy myelin sheath for inhibiting remyelination. This review focuses on the roles of microglia and astrocytes in phagocytosing myelin in the developmental brain and diseased brain. In addition, the interaction between microglia and astrocytes to mediate myelin engulfment is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Xu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Deng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Hengli Tian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
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34
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Gao YH, Li X. Cholesterol metabolism: Towards a therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105501. [PMID: 36803679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the importance of cholesterol in preserving brain homeostasis. Cholesterol makes up the main component of myelin in the brain, and myelin integrity is vital in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Because of the connection between myelin and cholesterol, the interest in cholesterol in the central nervous system increased during the last decade. In this review, we provide a detailed overview on brain cholesterol metabolism in multiple sclerosis and its role in promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China.
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35
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Charabati M, Wheeler MA, Weiner HL, Quintana FJ. Multiple sclerosis: Neuroimmune crosstalk and therapeutic targeting. Cell 2023; 186:1309-1327. [PMID: 37001498 PMCID: PMC10119687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune interactions between glial, neural, and immune cells play important roles in MS pathology and offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review underlying risk factors, mechanisms of MS pathogenesis, available disease modifying therapies, and examine the value of emerging technologies, which may address unmet clinical needs and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Charabati
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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36
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Niraula A, Fasnacht RD, Ness KM, Frey JM, Cuschieri SA, Dorfman MD, Thaler JP. Prostaglandin PGE2 Receptor EP4 Regulates Microglial Phagocytosis and Increases Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes 2023; 72:233-244. [PMID: 36318114 PMCID: PMC10090268 DOI: 10.2337/db21-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, susceptibility to diet-induced obesity requires microglial activation, but the molecular components of this pathway remain incompletely defined. Prostaglandin PGE2 levels increase in the mediobasal hypothalamus during high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding, and the PGE2 receptor EP4 regulates microglial activation state and phagocytic activity, suggesting a potential role for microglial EP4 signaling in obesity pathogenesis. To test the role of microglial EP4 in energy balance regulation, we analyzed the metabolic phenotype in a microglia-specific EP4 knockout (MG-EP4 KO) mouse model. Microglial EP4 deletion markedly reduced weight gain and food intake in response to HFD feeding. Corresponding with this lean phenotype, insulin sensitivity was also improved in HFD-fed MG-EP4 KO mice, though glucose tolerance remained surprisingly unaffected. Mechanistically, EP4-deficient microglia showed an attenuated phagocytic state marked by reduced CD68 expression and fewer contacts with pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron processes. These cellular changes observed in the MG-EP4 KO mice corresponded with an increased density of POMC neurites extending into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). These findings reveal that microglial EP4 signaling promotes body weight gain and insulin resistance during HFD feeding. Furthermore, the data suggest that curbing microglial phagocytic function may preserve POMC cytoarchitecture and PVN input to limit overconsumption during diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzela Niraula
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rachael D. Fasnacht
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kelly M. Ness
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeremy M. Frey
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sophia A. Cuschieri
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mauricio D. Dorfman
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joshua P. Thaler
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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37
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McNamara NB, Munro DAD, Bestard-Cuche N, Uyeda A, Bogie JFJ, Hoffmann A, Holloway RK, Molina-Gonzalez I, Askew KE, Mitchell S, Mungall W, Dodds M, Dittmayer C, Moss J, Rose J, Szymkowiak S, Amann L, McColl BW, Prinz M, Spires-Jones TL, Stenzel W, Horsburgh K, Hendriks JJA, Pridans C, Muramatsu R, Williams A, Priller J, Miron VE. Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity. Nature 2023; 613:120-129. [PMID: 36517604 PMCID: PMC9812791 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is required for the function of neuronal axons in the central nervous system, but the mechanisms that support myelin health are unclear. Although macrophages in the central nervous system have been implicated in myelin health1, it is unknown which macrophage populations are involved and which aspects they influence. Here we show that resident microglia are crucial for the maintenance of myelin health in adulthood in both mice and humans. We demonstrate that microglia are dispensable for developmental myelin ensheathment. However, they are required for subsequent regulation of myelin growth and associated cognitive function, and for preservation of myelin integrity by preventing its degeneration. We show that loss of myelin health due to the absence of microglia is associated with the appearance of a myelinating oligodendrocyte state with altered lipid metabolism. Moreover, this mechanism is regulated through disruption of the TGFβ1-TGFβR1 axis. Our findings highlight microglia as promising therapeutic targets for conditions in which myelin growth and integrity are dysregulated, such as in ageing and neurodegenerative disease2,3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh B McNamara
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A D Munro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nadine Bestard-Cuche
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Akiko Uyeda
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Centre, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Alana Hoffmann
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca K Holloway
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene Molina-Gonzalez
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katharine E Askew
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Mitchell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, King's Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Mungall
- Biological and Veterinary Services, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Dodds
- Biological and Veterinary Services, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carsten Dittmayer
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Moss
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan Szymkowiak
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lukas Amann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Centre for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Centre for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Centre, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rieko Muramatsu
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Anna Williams
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronique E Miron
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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38
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Leo H, Kipp M. Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis: Findings in the Cuprizone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416093. [PMID: 36555733 PMCID: PMC9783537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination therapies, which are currently under development, have a great potential to delay, prevent or even reverse disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Several models are available to study the effectiveness of novel compounds in vivo, among which is the cuprizone model. This model is characterized by toxin-induced demyelination, followed by endogenous remyelination after cessation of the intoxication. Due to its high reproducibility and ease of use, this model enjoys high popularity among various research and industrial groups. In this review article, we will summarize recent findings using this model and discuss the potential of some of the identified compounds to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Kipp
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-381-494-8400
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39
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Huang H, Jiang J, Chen R, Lin Y, Chen H, Ling Q. The role of macrophage TAM receptor family in the acute-to-chronic progression of liver disease: From friend to foe? Liver Int 2022; 42:2620-2631. [PMID: 35900248 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages, the key cellular components of the liver, emerge as essential players in liver inflammation, tissue repair and subsequent fibrosis, as well as tumorigenesis. Recently, the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family, consisting of Tyro3, Axl and MerTK, was found to be a pivotal modulator of macrophages. Activation of macrophage TAM receptor signalling promotes the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells and skews the polarization of macrophages. After briefly reviewing the mechanisms of TAM receptor signalling in macrophage polarization, we focus on their role in liver diseases from acute injury to chronic inflammation, fibrosis and then to tumorigenesis. Notably, macrophage TAM receptor signalling seems to be a two-edged sword for liver diseases. On one hand, the activation of TAM receptor signalling inhibits inflammation and facilitates tissue repair during acute liver injury. On the other hand, continuous activation of the signalling contributes to the process of chronic inflammation into fibrosis and tumorigenesis by evoking hepatic stellate cells and inhibiting anti-tumour immunity. Therefore, targeting macrophage TAM receptors and clarifying its downstream pathways will be exciting prospects for the precaution and treatment of liver diseases, particularly at different stages or statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Huang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruihan Chen
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimou Lin
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Ling
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China
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40
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Deciphering the Genetic Crosstalk between Microglia and Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells during Demyelination and Remyelination Using Transcriptomic Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314868. [PMID: 36499195 PMCID: PMC9738937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating disorders show impaired remyelination due to failure in the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into mature myelin-forming oligodendrocytes, a process driven by microglia-OPC crosstalk. Through conducting a transcriptomic analysis of microarray studies on the demyelination-remyelination cuprizone model and using human samples of multiple sclerosis (MS), we identified molecules involved in this crosstalk. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of specific regions/cell types were detected in GEO transcriptomic raw data after cuprizone treatment and in MS samples, followed by functional analysis with GO terms and WikiPathways. Additionally, microglia-OPC crosstalk between microglia ligands, OPC receptors and target genes was examined with the NicheNet model. We identified 108 and 166 DEGs in the demyelinated corpus callosum (CC) at 2 and 4 weeks of cuprizone treatment; 427 and 355 DEGs in the remyelinated (4 weeks of cuprizone treatment + 14 days of normal diet) compared to 2- and 4-week demyelinated CC; 252 DEGs in MS samples and 2730 and 12 DEGs in OPC and microglia of 4-week demyelinated CC. At this time point, we found 95 common DEGs in the CC and OPCs, and one common DEG in microglia and OPCs, mostly associated with myelin and lipid metabolism. Crosstalk analysis identified 47 microglia ligands, 43 OPC receptors and 115 OPC target genes, all differentially expressed in cuprizone-treated samples and associated with myelination. Our differential expression pipeline identified demyelination/remyelination transcriptomic biomarkers in studies using diverse platforms and cell types/tissues. Cellular crosstalk analysis yielded novel markers of microglia ligands, OPC receptors and target genes.
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Molina-Gonzalez I, Miron VE, Antel JP. Chronic oligodendrocyte injury in central nervous system pathologies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1274. [PMID: 36402839 PMCID: PMC9675815 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin, the membrane surrounding neuronal axons, is critical for central nervous system (CNS) function. Injury to myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OL) in chronic neurological diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis) ranges from sublethal to lethal, leading to OL dysfunction and myelin pathology, and consequent deleterious impacts on axonal health that drive clinical impairments. This is regulated by intrinsic factors such as heterogeneity and age, and extrinsic cellular and molecular interactions. Here, we discuss the responses of OLs to injury, and perspectives for therapeutic targeting. We put forward that targeting mature OL health in neurological disease is a promising therapeutic strategy to support CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Molina-Gonzalez
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Veronique E. Miron
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.415502.7Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jack P. Antel
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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Franklin RJM, Simons M. CNS remyelination and inflammation: From basic mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Neuron 2022; 110:3549-3565. [PMID: 36228613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, the myelin regenerative response that follows demyelination, restores saltatory conduction and function and sustains axon health. Its declining efficiency with disease progression in the chronic autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) contributes to the currently untreatable progressive phase of the disease. Although some of the bona fide myelin regenerative medicine clinical trials have succeeded in demonstrating proof-of-principle, none of these compounds have yet proceeded toward approval. There therefore remains a need to increase our understanding of the fundamental biology of remyelination so that existing targets can be refined and new ones discovered. Here, we review the role of inflammation, in particular innate immunity, in remyelination, describing its many and complex facets and discussing how our evolving understanding can be harnessed to translational goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs - Cambridge Institute of Science, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK.
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany.
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43
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Ma S, Skarica M, Li Q, Xu C, Risgaard RD, Tebbenkamp AT, Mato-Blanco X, Kovner R, Krsnik Ž, de Martin X, Luria V, Martí-Pérez X, Liang D, Karger A, Schmidt DK, Gomez-Sanchez Z, Qi C, Gobeske KT, Pochareddy S, Debnath A, Hottman CJ, Spurrier J, Teo L, Boghdadi AG, Homman-Ludiye J, Ely JJ, Daadi EW, Mi D, Daadi M, Marín O, Hof PR, Rasin MR, Bourne J, Sherwood CC, Santpere G, Girgenti MJ, Strittmatter SM, Sousa AM, Sestan N. Molecular and cellular evolution of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Science 2022; 377:eabo7257. [PMID: 36007006 PMCID: PMC9614553 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The granular dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is an evolutionary specialization of primates that is centrally involved in cognition. We assessed more than 600,000 single-nucleus transcriptomes from adult human, chimpanzee, macaque, and marmoset dlPFC. Although most cell subtypes defined transcriptomically are conserved, we detected several that exist only in a subset of species as well as substantial species-specific molecular differences across homologous neuronal, glial, and non-neural subtypes. The latter are exemplified by human-specific switching between expression of the neuropeptide somatostatin and tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine production in certain interneurons. The above molecular differences are also illustrated by expression of the neuropsychiatric risk gene FOXP2, which is human-specific in microglia and primate-specific in layer 4 granular neurons. We generated a comprehensive survey of the dlPFC cellular repertoire and its shared and divergent features in anthropoid primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mario Skarica
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ryan D. Risgaard
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Xoel Mato-Blanco
- Neurogenomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), MELIS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rothem Kovner
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Xabier de Martin
- Neurogenomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), MELIS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Luria
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xavier Martí-Pérez
- Neurogenomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), MELIS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Amir Karger
- IT-Research Computing, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle K. Schmidt
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zachary Gomez-Sanchez
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cai Qi
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kevin T. Gobeske
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sirisha Pochareddy
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ashwin Debnath
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cade J. Hottman
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joshua Spurrier
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony G. Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jihane Homman-Ludiye
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - John J. Ely
- MAEBIOS, Alamogordo, NM 88310, USA
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Etienne W. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Da Mi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Marcel Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, Radiology, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio
- NeoNeuron LLC, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mladen-Roko Rasin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - James Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gabriel Santpere
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Neurogenomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), MELIS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Matthew J. Girgenti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - Stephen M. Strittmatter
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - André M.M. Sousa
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Comparative Medicine, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Gu Y, Lawrence T, Mohamed R, Liang Y, Yahaya BH. The emerging roles of interstitial macrophages in pulmonary fibrosis: A perspective from scRNA-seq analyses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923235. [PMID: 36211428 PMCID: PMC9536737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible and progressive disease affecting the lungs, and the etiology remains poorly understood. This disease can be lethal and currently has no specific clinical therapeutic regimen. Macrophages, the most common type of immune cell in the lungs, have been reported to play a key role in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. The lung macrophage population is mostly composed of alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages, both of which have not been thoroughly studied in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Interstitial macrophages have recently been recognised for their participation in lung fibrosis due to new technology arising from a combination of bioinformatics and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. This paper reviews recent developments regarding lung macrophage classification and summarizes the origin and replenishment of interstitial macrophages and their function in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Gu
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Lung Stem Cells and Gene Therapy Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Toby Lawrence
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Cancer Research UK King’s Health Partners Centre, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafeezul Mohamed
- Lung Stem Cells and Gene Therapy Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Yinming Liang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yinming Liang, ; Badrul Hisham Yahaya,
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Lung Stem Cells and Gene Therapy Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Yinming Liang, ; Badrul Hisham Yahaya,
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Pandey S, Shen K, Lee SH, Shen YAA, Wang Y, Otero-García M, Kotova N, Vito ST, Laufer BI, Newton DF, Rezzonico MG, Hanson JE, Kaminker JS, Bohlen CJ, Yuen TJ, Friedman BA. Disease-associated oligodendrocyte responses across neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111189. [PMID: 36001972 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, so understanding oligodendrocyte activation states would shed light on disease processes. We identify three distinct activation states of oligodendrocytes from single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS): DA1 (disease-associated1, associated with immunogenic genes), DA2 (disease-associated2, associated with genes influencing survival), and IFN (associated with interferon response genes). Spatial analysis of disease-associated oligodendrocytes (DAOs) in the cuprizone model reveals that DA1 and DA2 are established outside of the lesion area during demyelination and that DA1 repopulates the lesion during remyelination. Independent meta-analysis of human single-nucleus RNA-seq datasets reveals that the transcriptional responses of MS oligodendrocytes share features with mouse models. In contrast, the oligodendrocyte activation signature observed in human AD is largely distinct from those observed in mice. This catalog of oligodendrocyte activation states (http://research-pub.gene.com/OligoLandscape/) will be important to understand disease progression and develop therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Pandey
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Kimberle Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Seung-Hye Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yun-An A Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen T Vito
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin I Laufer
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dwight F Newton
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Roche Global IT Solution Centre, Hoffman-La Roche Canada, 7070 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Mitchell G Rezzonico
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joshua S Kaminker
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christopher J Bohlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tracy J Yuen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Brad A Friedman
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Kolos EA, Korzhevskii DE. Age-Related Changes in Microglia of the Rat Spinal Cord. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pengo M, Miante S, Franciotta S, Ponzano M, Torresin T, Bovis F, Rinaldi F, Perini P, Saiani M, Margoni M, Bertoldo A, Sormani MP, Pilotto E, Midena E, Gallo P, Puthenparampil M. Retinal Hyperreflecting Foci Associate With Cortical Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY - NEUROIMMUNOLOGY NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/4/e1180. [PMID: 35606113 PMCID: PMC9128002 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesMicroglia, the resident immune cell of the brain and retina, is widespread activated in the white and gray matter (GM) in multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence and number of hyperreflecting foci (HRF), considered clusters of activated and proliferating retinal microglia, and their association with clinical and radiologic disease parameters in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).MethodsAt baseline, 80 patients with RRMS underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) and 3T-MRI (including 3-dimensional T1, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and double inversion recovery sequences), closed to their disease onset (6.3 ± 5.1 months). These patients were then clinically and radiologically followed up for a mean of 43 months, evaluating the no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) condition, further divided into clinical (cNEDA) and radiologic (rNEDA). Patients with a clinical history or MRI/OCT findings suggestive of optic neuritis (ON) were excluded from the study.ResultsCompared with healthy controls, the HRF number was significantly higher in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of patients with RRMS (19.55 ± 5.65 vs 13.84 ± 2.57, p < 0.001) and associated with INL volume (β: 1.21, p < 0.001). GM lesion volume significantly correlated with the INL HRF count (p = 0.008). Survival analysis revealed a significant association between INL HRF and both cNEDA (p = 0.017) and rNEDA (p = 0.002).DiscussionWe found a strong association between retinal microglial proliferation and cortical pathology in RRMS, a finding suggesting a possible underlying common immunopathologic mechanism. Furthermore, microglial activation at baseline was observed to predict subsequent inflammatory events, indicating that HRF might be a candidate prognostic biomarker worthy of further investigation.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class II evidence that in patients with early RRMS but without ON, the number of HRF on OCT of the retinal inner nuclear layer is associated with cNEDA and rNEDA.
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48
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Khan S. Endoplasmic Reticulum in Metaplasticity: From Information Processing to Synaptic Proteostasis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5630-5655. [PMID: 35739409 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is a Ca2+ reservoir and the unique protein-synthesizing machinery which is distributed throughout the neuron and composed of multiple different structural domains. One such domain is called EMC (endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex), pleiotropic nature in cellular functions. The ER/EMC position inside the neurons unmasks its contribution to synaptic plasticity via regulating various cellular processes from protein synthesis to Ca2+ signaling. Since presynaptic Ca2+ channels and postsynaptic ionotropic receptors are organized into the nanodomains, thus ER can be a crucial player in establishing TMNCs (transsynaptic molecular nanocolumns) to shape efficient neural communications. This review hypothesized that ER is not only involved in stress-mediated neurodegeneration but also axon regrowth, remyelination, neurotransmitter switching, information processing, and regulation of pre- and post-synaptic functions. Thus ER might not only be a protein-synthesizing and quality control machinery but also orchestrates plasticity of plasticity (metaplasticity) within the neuron to execute higher-order brain functions and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumsuzzaman Khan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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49
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Hammer C, Mellman I. Coming of Age: Human Genomics and the Cancer-Immune Set Point. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:674-679. [PMID: 35471657 PMCID: PMC9306278 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is largely a disease of the tumor cell genome. As a result, the majority of genetics research in oncology has concentrated on the role of tumor somatic mutations, as well as inherited risk variants, in disease susceptibility and response to targeted treatments. The advent and success of cancer immunotherapies, however, have opened new perspectives for the investigation of the role of inherited genetic variation in codetermining outcome and safety. It is increasingly likely that the entirety of germline genetic variation involved in regulating immune responses accounts for a significant fraction of the observed variability in responses to cancer immunotherapies. Although germline genetic data from patients treated with cancer immunotherapies are still scarce, this line of research benefits from a vast body of knowledge derived from studies into autoimmune and infectious disease phenotypes, thus not requiring a start from a blank slate. Here, we discuss how a thorough investigation of genomic variation relevant for individuals' variability in (auto)immune responses can contribute to the discovery of novel treatment approaches and drug targets, and yield predictive biomarkers to stratify cancer patient populations in precision and personalized medicine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hammer
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California.,Corresponding Author: Christian Hammer, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080. Phone: 650-452-9622; E-mail:
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50
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Zheng L, Jia J, Chen Y, Liu R, Cao R, Duan M, Zhang M, Xu Y. Pentoxifylline alleviates ischemic white matter injury through up-regulating Mertk-mediated myelin clearance. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:128. [PMID: 35642056 PMCID: PMC9153105 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia (VAD) is the second most common type of dementia lacking effective treatments. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, displays protective effects in multiple cerebral diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of PTX in VAD. METHODS Bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) mouse model was established to mimic VAD. Mouse behavior was tested by open field test, novel object recognition test, Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Histological staining, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electron microscopy were used to define white matter integrity. The impact of PTX on microglia phagocytosis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPAR-γ) activation and Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (Mertk) expression was assessed by immunofluorescence, western blotting and flow cytometry with the application of microglia-specific Mertk knockout mice, Mertk inhibitor and PPAR-γ inhibitor. RESULTS Here, we found that PTX treatment alleviated cognitive impairment in novel object recognition test, Y-maze and Morris water maze tests. Furthermore, PTX alleviated white matter injury in corpus callosum (CC) and internal capsule (IC) areas as shown by histological staining and MRI analysis. PTX-treatment group presented thicker myelin sheath than vehicle group by electron microscopy. Mechanistically, PTX facilitated microglial phagocytosis of myelin debris by up-regulating the expression of Mertk in BCAS model and primary cultured microglia. Importantly, microglia-specific Mertk knockout blocked the therapeutic effects of PTX in BCAS model. Moreover, Mertk expression was regulated by the nuclear translocation of PPAR-γ. Through modulating PPAR-γ, PTX enhanced Mertk expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results demonstrated that PTX showed therapeutic potentials in VAD and alleviated ischemic white matter injury via modulating Mertk-mediated myelin clearance in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 ZhongShan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junqiu Jia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 ZhongShan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 ZhongShan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Renyuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Runjing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 ZhongShan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manlin Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 ZhongShan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 ZhongShan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China.
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