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Xu X, Lu Y, Cao L, Miao Y, Li Y, Cui Y, Han T. Tumor-intrinsic P2RY6 drives immunosuppression by enhancing PGE 2 production. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114469. [PMID: 38996067 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy, many cancer patients remain unresponsive, and reliable predictive biomarkers are lacking. Here, we show that aberrant expression of the pyrimidinergic receptor P2RY6 is frequent in human cancers and causes immune evasion. In mouse syngeneic and human xenograft tumor models, ectopic expression of P2RY6 shapes an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance tumor growth and resistance to immunotherapy, whereas deletion of P2RY6 from tumors with high P2RY6 expression inflames the TME to inhibit tumor growth. As a G protein-coupled receptor, P2RY6 activates Gq/phospholipase C-β signaling and stimulates the synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which is a key mediator of immunosuppression in the TME. In contrast to the essential role of P2RY6 in tumors, global deletion of P2ry6 from mice does not compromise viability. Our study thus nominates P2RY6 as a precision immunotherapy target for patients with high tumor-intrinsic P2RY6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Lu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Longzhi Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yang Miao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; PTN Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yamei Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ting Han
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China.
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2
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Umpierre AD, Li B, Ayasoufi K, Simon WL, Zhao S, Xie M, Thyen G, Hur B, Zheng J, Liang Y, Bosco DB, Maynes MA, Wu Z, Yu X, Sung J, Johnson AJ, Li Y, Wu LJ. Microglial P2Y 6 calcium signaling promotes phagocytosis and shapes neuroimmune responses in epileptogenesis. Neuron 2024; 112:1959-1977.e10. [PMID: 38614103 PMCID: PMC11189754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Microglial calcium signaling is rare in a baseline state but strongly engaged during early epilepsy development. The mechanism(s) governing microglial calcium signaling are not known. By developing an in vivo uridine diphosphate (UDP) fluorescent sensor, GRABUDP1.0, we discovered that UDP release is a conserved response to seizures and excitotoxicity across brain regions. UDP can signal through the microglial-enriched P2Y6 receptor to increase calcium activity during epileptogenesis. P2Y6 calcium activity is associated with lysosome biogenesis and enhanced production of NF-κB-related cytokines. In the hippocampus, knockout of the P2Y6 receptor prevents microglia from fully engulfing neurons. Attenuating microglial calcium signaling through calcium extruder ("CalEx") expression recapitulates multiple features of P2Y6 knockout, including reduced lysosome biogenesis and phagocytic interactions. Ultimately, P2Y6 knockout mice retain more CA3 neurons and better cognitive task performance during epileptogenesis. Our results demonstrate that P2Y6 signaling impacts multiple aspects of myeloid cell immune function during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bohan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | | | - Whitney L Simon
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Grace Thyen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Benjamin Hur
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A Maynes
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jaeyun Sung
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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3
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Cui BC, Aksenova M, Sikirzhytskaya A, Odhiambo D, Korunova E, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Altomare D, Broude E, Frizzell N, Booze R, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Suppression of HIV-TAT and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9. [PMID: 38884890 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) is a serious complication of HIV infection marked by neurotoxicity induced by viral proteins like Tat. Substance abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. There is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies to combat HAND comorbid with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Our analysis of HIV and cocaine-induced transcriptomes in primary cortical cultures revealed significant overexpression of the macrophage-specific gene aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1). The ACOD1 protein converts the tricarboxylic acid intermediate cis-aconitate into itaconate during the activation of inflammation. Itaconate then facilitates cytokine production and activates anti-inflammatory transcription factors, shielding macrophages from infection-induced cell death. However, the immunometabolic function of itaconate was unexplored in HIV and cocaine-exposed microglia. We assessed the potential of 4-octyl-itaconate (4OI), a cell-penetrable ester form of itaconate known for its anti-inflammatory properties. When primary cortical cultures exposed to Tat and cocaine were treated with 4OI, microglial cell number increased and the morphological altercations induced by Tat and cocaine were reversed. Microglial cells also appeared more ramified, resembling the quiescent microglia. 4OI treatment inhibited secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP1-α induced by Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome profiling determined that Nrf2 target genes were significantly activated in Tat and 4OI treated cultures relative to Tat alone. Further, genes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics in inflammatory microglia were downregulated by 4OI treatment. Together, the results strongly suggest 4-octyl-itaconate holds promise as a potential candidate for therapeutic development to treat HAND coupled with CUD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Elizaveta Korunova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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4
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Qiu Y, Hou Y, Gohel D, Zhou Y, Xu J, Bykova M, Yang Y, Leverenz JB, Pieper AA, Nussinov R, Caldwell JZK, Brown JM, Cheng F. Systematic characterization of multi-omics landscape between gut microbial metabolites and GPCRome in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114128. [PMID: 38652661 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shifts in the magnitude and nature of gut microbial metabolites have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the host receptors that sense and respond to these metabolites are largely unknown. Here, we develop a systems biology framework that integrates machine learning and multi-omics to identify molecular relationships of gut microbial metabolites with non-olfactory G-protein-coupled receptors (termed the "GPCRome"). We evaluate 1.09 million metabolite-protein pairs connecting 408 human GPCRs and 335 gut microbial metabolites. Using genetics-derived Mendelian randomization and integrative analyses of human brain transcriptomic and proteomic profiles, we identify orphan GPCRs (i.e., GPR84) as potential drug targets in AD and that triacanthine experimentally activates GPR84. We demonstrate that phenethylamine and agmatine significantly reduce tau hyperphosphorylation (p-tau181 and p-tau205) in AD patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. This study demonstrates a systems biology framework to uncover the GPCR targets of human gut microbiota in AD and other complex diseases if broadly applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Qiu
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yuan Hou
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dhruv Gohel
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jielin Xu
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Marina Bykova
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jessica Z K Caldwell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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5
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Puigdellívol M, Brown GC. Stopping the aged brain from eating itself. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:7508-7510. [PMID: 38728247 PMCID: PMC11132020 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Puigdellívol
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain
| | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Meng J, Zhang L, Zhang YW. Microglial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241252576. [PMID: 38712859 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241252576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in childhood. The molecular mechanisms underlying ASD have not yet been elucidated completely. Evidence has emerged to support a link between microglial dysfunction and the etiology of ASD. This review summarizes current research on microglial dysfunction in neuroinflammation and synaptic pruning, which are associated with altered transcriptomes and autophagy in ASD. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in ASD and its correlation with microglial dysfunction are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingliang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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7
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Castro-Gomez S, Heneka MT. Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunity 2024; 57:790-814. [PMID: 38599171 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system following pattern recognition receptor binding has emerged as one of the major pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease. Experimental, epidemiological, pathological, and genetic evidence underscores the meaning of innate immune activation during the prodromal as well as clinical phases of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia. Importantly, innate immune activation and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators contribute mechanistically to other hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases such as aberrant proteostatis, pathological protein aggregation, cytoskeleton abnormalities, altered energy homeostasis, RNA and DNA defects, and synaptic and network disbalance and ultimately to the induction of neuronal cell death. In this review, we discuss common mechanisms of innate immune activation in neurodegeneration, with particular emphasis on the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and other receptors involved in the detection of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gomez
- Center for Neurology, Department of Parkinson, Sleep and Movement Disorders, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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8
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Brown GC, Heneka MT. The endotoxin hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:30. [PMID: 38561809 PMCID: PMC10983749 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constitutes much of the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, and if LPS enters the human body or brain can induce inflammation and act as an endotoxin. We outline the hypothesis here that LPS may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via peripheral infections or gut dysfunction elevating LPS levels in blood and brain, which promotes: amyloid pathology, tau pathology and microglial activation, contributing to the neurodegeneration of AD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: i) blood and brain levels of LPS are elevated in AD patients, ii) AD risk factors increase LPS levels or response, iii) LPS induces Aβ expression, aggregation, inflammation and neurotoxicity, iv) LPS induces TAU phosphorylation, aggregation and spreading, v) LPS induces microglial priming, activation and neurotoxicity, and vi) blood LPS induces loss of synapses, neurons and memory in AD mouse models, and cognitive dysfunction in humans. However, to test the hypothesis, it is necessary to test whether reducing blood LPS reduces AD risk or progression. If the LPS endotoxin hypothesis is correct, then treatments might include: reducing infections, changing gut microbiome, reducing leaky gut, decreasing blood LPS, or blocking LPS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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9
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Nishiyama K. The role of P2Y 6 receptor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:108-112. [PMID: 38246724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The purinergic receptor P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) family. P2Y6R is widely expressed in various cell types and plays a critical role in physiological processes, where it is activated by extracellular uridine diphosphate (UDP) and mobilizes Ca2+ via the Gαq/11 protein pathway. We have recently discovered the pathophysiological role of P2Y6R in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, we uncovered the redox-dependent internalization of P2Y6R. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological activity of P2Y6R in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Additionally, we discuss the concept of atypical internalization control of GPCRs, which may be applied in the prevention and treatment of intestinal inflammation and cardiovascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Prophylactic Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Veterinary Science, 1-58 Rinku-ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
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10
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Penney J, Ralvenius WT, Loon A, Cerit O, Dileep V, Milo B, Pao PC, Woolf H, Tsai LH. iPSC-derived microglia carrying the TREM2 R47H/+ mutation are proinflammatory and promote synapse loss. Glia 2024; 72:452-469. [PMID: 37969043 PMCID: PMC10904109 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic findings have highlighted key roles for microglia in the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A number of mutations in the microglial protein triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have been associated with increased risk for developing AD, most notably the R47H/+ substitution. We employed gene editing and stem cell models to gain insight into the effects of the TREM2 R47H/+ mutation on human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia. We found transcriptional changes affecting numerous cellular processes, with R47H/+ cells exhibiting a proinflammatory gene expression signature. TREM2 R47H/+ also caused impairments in microglial movement and the uptake of multiple substrates, as well as rendering microglia hyperresponsive to inflammatory stimuli. We developed an in vitro laser-induced injury model in neuron-microglia cocultures, finding an impaired injury response by TREM2 R47H/+ microglia. Furthermore, mouse brains transplanted with TREM2 R47H/+ microglia exhibited reduced synaptic density, with upregulation of multiple complement cascade components in TREM2 R47H/+ microglia suggesting inappropriate synaptic pruning as one potential mechanism. These findings identify a number of potentially detrimental effects of the TREM2 R47H/+ mutation on microglial gene expression and function likely to underlie its association with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Penney
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anjanet Loon
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Oyku Cerit
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vishnu Dileep
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blerta Milo
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ping-Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hannah Woolf
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Brown GC. Cell death by phagocytosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:91-102. [PMID: 37604896 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Cells can die as a consequence of being phagocytosed by other cells - a form of cell death that has been called phagotrophy, cell cannibalism, programmed cell removal and primary phagocytosis. However, these are all different manifestations of cell death by phagocytosis (termed 'phagoptosis' for short). The engulfed cells die as a result of cytotoxic oxidants, peptides and degradative enzymes within acidic phagolysosomes. Cell death by phagocytosis was discovered by Metchnikov in the 1880s, but was neglected until recently. It is now known to contribute to developmental cell death in nematodes, Drosophila and mammals, and is central to innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens. Cell death by phagocytosis mediates physiological turnover of erythrocytes and other leucocytes, making it the most abundant form of cell death in the mammalian body. Immunity against cancer is also partly mediated by macrophage phagocytosis of cancer cells, but cancer cells can also phagocytose host cells and other cancer cells in order to survive. Recent evidence indicates neurodegeneration and other neuropathologies can be mediated by microglial phagocytosis of stressed neurons. Thus, despite cell death by phagocytosis being poorly recognized, it is one of the oldest, commonest and most important forms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Hu Y, Tao W. Current perspectives on microglia-neuron communication in the central nervous system: Direct and indirect modes of interaction. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00006-7. [PMID: 38195039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incessant communication that takes place between microglia and neurons is essential the development, maintenance, and pathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS). As mobile phagocytic cells, microglia serve a critical role in surveilling and scavenging the neuronal milieu to uphold homeostasis. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to discuss the various mechanisms that govern the interaction between microglia and neurons, from the molecular to the organ system level, and to highlight the importance of these interactions in the development, maintenance, and pathogenesis of the CNS. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Recent research has revealed that microglia-neuron interaction is vital for regulating fundamental neuronal functions, such as synaptic pruning, axonal remodeling, and neurogenesis. The review will elucidate the intricate signaling pathways involved in these interactions, both direct and indirect, to provide a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of brain function. Furthermore, gaining insights into these signals could lead to the development of innovative therapies for neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 220023, China; School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 220023, China; School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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13
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Dundee JM, Puigdellívol M, Butler R, Brown GC. P2Y 6 Receptor-Dependent Microglial Phagocytosis of Synapses during Development Regulates Synapse Density and Memory. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8090-8103. [PMID: 37758475 PMCID: PMC10697425 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1089-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain development, excess synapses are pruned (i.e., removed), in part by microglial phagocytosis, and dysregulated synaptic pruning can lead to behavioral deficits. The P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is known to regulate microglial phagocytosis of neurons, and to regulate microglial phagocytosis of synapses in cell culture and in vivo during aging. However, currently it is unknown whether P2Y6R regulates synaptic pruning during development. Here, we show that P2Y6R KO mice of both sexes had strongly reduced microglial internalization of synaptic material, measured as Vglut1 within CD68-staining lysosomes of microglia at postnatal day 30 (P30), suggesting reduced microglial phagocytosis of synapses. Consistent with this, we found an increased density of synapses in the somatosensory cortex and the CA3 region and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus at P30. We also show that adult P2Y6R KO mice have impaired short- and long-term spatial memory and impaired short- and long-term recognition memory compared with WT mice, as measured by novel location recognition, novel object recognition, and Y-maze memory tests. Overall, this indicates that P2Y6R regulates microglial phagocytosis of synapses during development, and this contributes to memory capacity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is activated by uridine diphosphate released by neurons, inducing microglial phagocytosis of such neurons or synapses. We tested whether P2Y6R regulates developmental synaptic pruning in mice and found that P2Y6R KO mice have reduced synaptic material within microglial lysosomes, and increased synaptic density in the brains of postnatal day 30 mice, consistent with reduced synaptic pruning during development. We also found that adult P2Y6R KO mice had reduced memory, consistent with persistent deficits in brain function, resulting from impaired synaptic pruning. Overall, the results suggest that P2Y6R mediates microglial phagocytosis of synapses during development, and the absence of this results in memory deficits in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Dundee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Richard Butler
- The Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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14
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Pérez-Acuña D, Shin SJ, Rhee KH, Kim SJ, Lee SJ. α-Synuclein propagation leads to synaptic abnormalities in the cortex through microglial synapse phagocytosis. Mol Brain 2023; 16:72. [PMID: 37848910 PMCID: PMC10580656 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The major neuropathologic feature of Parkinson's disease is the presence of widespread intracellular inclusions of α-synuclein known as Lewy bodies. Evidence suggests that these misfolded protein inclusions spread through the brain with disease progression. Changes in synaptic function precede neurodegeneration, and this extracellular α-synuclein can affect synaptic transmission. However, whether and how the spreading of α-synuclein aggregates modulates synaptic function before neuronal loss remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of intrastriatal injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) on synaptic activity in the somatosensory cortex using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, histology, and Golgi-Cox staining. Intrastriatal PFF injection was followed by formation of phosphorylated α-synuclein inclusions in layer 5 of the somatosensory cortex, leading to a decrease in synapse density, dendritic spines, and spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents, without apparent neuronal loss. Additionally, three-dimensional reconstruction of microglia using confocal imaging showed an increase in the engulfment of synapses. Collectively, our data indicate that propagation of α-synuclein through neural networks causes abnormalities in synaptic structure and dynamics prior to neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Pérez-Acuña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Hyun Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- , Neuramedy, Seoul, 04796, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Cui BC, Aksenova M, Sikirzhytskaya A, Odhiambo D, Korunova E, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Altomare D, Broude E, Frizzell N, Booze R, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Suppression of HIV and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559154. [PMID: 37808776 PMCID: PMC10557618 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) is a serious complication of HIV infection, marked by neurotoxicity induced by viral proteins like Tat. Substance abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. There is an urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies to combat HAND comorbid with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Our analysis of the HIV and cocaine-induced transcriptomes in primary cortical cultures revealed a significant overexpression of the macrophage-specific gene, aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1), caused by the combined insults of HIV and cocaine. ACOD1 protein converts the tricarboxylic acid intermediate cis-aconitate into itaconate during the activation of inflammation. The itaconate produced facilitates cytokine production and subsequently activates anti-inflammatory transcription factors, shielding macrophages from infection-induced cell death. While the role of itaconate' in limiting inflammation has been studied in peripheral macrophages, its immunometabolic function remains unexplored in HIV and cocaine-exposed microglia. We assessed in this model system the potential of 4-octyl-itaconate (4OI), a cell-penetrable esterified form of itaconate known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties and potential therapeutic applications. We administered 4OI to primary cortical cultures exposed to Tat and cocaine. 4OI treatment increased the number of microglial cells in both untreated and Tat±Cocaine-treated cultures and also reversed the morphological altercations induced by Tat and cocaine. In the presence of 4OI, microglial cells also appeared more ramified, resembling the quiescent microglia. Consistent with these results, 4OI treatment inhibited the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP1-α induced by Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome profiling further determined that Nrf2 target genes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), Glutathione S-transferase Pi (Gstp1), and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (Gclc), were most significantly activated in Tat-4OI treated cultures, relative to Tat alone. Further, genes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics in inflammatory microglia were downregulated by 4OI treatment. Together, the results strongly suggest 4-octyl-itaconate holds promise as a potential candidate for therapeutic development aimed at addressing HAND coupled with CUD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Elizaveta Korunova
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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16
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Pampuscenko K, Morkuniene R, Krasauskas L, Smirnovas V, Brown GC, Borutaite V. Extracellular tau stimulates phagocytosis of living neurons by activated microglia via Toll-like 4 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 signalling axis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10813. [PMID: 37402829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In tauopathies, abnormal deposition of intracellular tau protein followed by gradual elevation of tau in cerebrospinal fluids and neuronal loss has been documented, however, the mechanism how actually neurons die under tau pathology is largely unknown. We have previously shown that extracellular tau protein (2N4R isoform) can stimulate microglia to phagocytose live neurons, i.e. cause neuronal death by primary phagocytosis, also known as phagoptosis. Here we show that tau protein induced caspase-1 activation in microglial cells via 'Toll-like' 4 (TLR4) receptors and neutral sphingomyelinase. Tau-induced neuronal loss was blocked by caspase-1 inhibitors (Ac-YVAD-CHO and VX-765) as well as by TLR4 antibodies. Inhibition of caspase-1 by Ac-YVAD-CHO prevented tau-induced exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of neuronal membranes and reduced microglial phagocytic activity. We also show that suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome, which is down-stream of TLR4 receptors and mediates caspase-1 activation, by a specific inhibitor (MCC550) also prevented tau-induced neuronal loss. Moreover, NADPH oxidase is also involved in tau-induced neurotoxicity since neuronal loss was abolished by its pharmacological inhibitor. Overall, our data indicate that extracellular tau protein stimulates microglia to phagocytose live neurons via Toll-like 4 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 axis and NADPH oxidase, each of which may serve as a potential molecular target for pharmacological treatment of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katryna Pampuscenko
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Ramune Morkuniene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lukas Krasauskas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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Umpierre AD, Li B, Ayasoufi K, Zhao S, Xie M, Thyen G, Hur B, Zheng J, Liang Y, Wu Z, Yu X, Sung J, Johnson AJ, Li Y, Wu LJ. Microglial P2Y 6 calcium signaling promotes phagocytosis and shapes neuroimmune responses in epileptogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544691. [PMID: 37398001 PMCID: PMC10312639 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglial calcium signaling is rare in a baseline state but shows strong engagement during early epilepsy development. The mechanism and purpose behind microglial calcium signaling is not known. By developing an in vivo UDP fluorescent sensor, GRABUDP1.0, we discovered that UDP release is a conserved response to seizures and excitotoxicity across brain regions. UDP signals to the microglial P2Y6 receptor for broad increases in calcium signaling during epileptogenesis. UDP-P2Y6 signaling is necessary for lysosome upregulation across limbic brain regions and enhances production of pro-inflammatory cytokines-TNFα and IL-1β. Failures in lysosome upregulation, observed in P2Y6 KO mice, can also be phenocopied by attenuating microglial calcium signaling in Calcium Extruder ("CalEx") mice. In the hippocampus, only microglia with P2Y6 expression can perform full neuronal engulfment, which substantially reduces CA3 neuron survival and impairs cognition. Our results demonstrate that calcium activity, driven by UDP-P2Y6 signaling, is a signature of phagocytic and pro-inflammatory function in microglia during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Umpierre
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Bohan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, CN 100871
- These authors contributed equally
| | | | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Neuroscience Track, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Neuroscience Track, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Grace Thyen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Benjamin Hur
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Neuroscience Track, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, CN 100871
| | - Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jaeyun Sung
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, CN 100871
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Lead contact
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18
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Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the physiological and pathological brain: From development to aging and disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109541. [PMID: 37062423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic pathway mediates both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, whereas the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is in a critical equilibrium. Under physiological conditions, extracellular ATP is maintained at a nanomolar concentration. Whether released into the medium following tissue damage, inflammation, or hypoxia, ATP is considered a clear indicator of cell damage and a marker of pathological conditions. In this overview, we provide an update on the participation of P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling in normal and pathological brain development, with special emphasis on neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Since purinergic signaling is ubiquitous, it is not surprising that it plays a prominent role in developmental processes and pathological alterations. The main aim of this review is to conceptualize the time-dependent dynamic changes in the participation of different players in the purinome in shaping the normal and aberrant developmental patterns and diseases of the central nervous system over one's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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19
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Saura CA, Deprada A, Capilla-López MD, Parra-Damas A. Revealing cell vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease by single-cell transcriptomics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 139:73-83. [PMID: 35623983 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that by affecting specific brain cell types and regions cause severe pathological and functional changes in memory neural circuits. A comprehensive knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying AD requires a deeper understanding of the cell-specific pathological responses through integrative molecular analyses. Recent application of high-throughput single-cell transcriptomics to postmortem tissue has proved powerful to unravel cell susceptibility and biological networks responding to amyloid and tau pathologies. Here, we review single-cell transcriptomic studies successfully applied to decipher cell-specific gene expression programs and pathways in the brain of AD patients. Transcriptional information reveals both specific and common gene signatures affecting the major cerebral cell types, including astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Cell type-specific transcriptomes associated with AD pathology and clinical symptoms are related to common biological networks affecting, among others pathways, synaptic function, inflammation, proteostasis, cell death, oxidative stress, and myelination. The general picture that emerges from systems-level single-cell transcriptomics is a spatiotemporal pattern of cell diversity and biological pathways, and novel cell subpopulations affected in AD brain. We argue that broader implementation of cell transcriptomics in larger AD human cohorts using standardized protocols is fundamental for reliable assessment of temporal and regional cell-type gene profiling. The possibility of applying this methodology for personalized medicine in clinics is still challenging but opens new roads for future diagnosis and treatment in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Saura
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Angel Deprada
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Capilla-López
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Arnaldo Parra-Damas
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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20
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Zhou W, Zhou Y, He J, Rao Y, Fei P, Li J. TREM2 deficiency in microglia accelerates photoreceptor cell death and immune cell infiltration following retinal detachment. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:219. [PMID: 36977680 PMCID: PMC10050330 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) occurs in several major retinal conditions and often causes irreversible vision loss due to photoreceptor cell death. Retinal residential microglial cells are activated following RD and participate in photoreceptor cell death via direct phagocytosis and the regulation of inflammatory responses. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor exclusively expressed on microglial cells in the retina, and has been reported to affect microglial cell homeostasis, phagocytosis and inflammatory responses in the brain. In this study, increased expression of multiple cytokines and chemokines in the neural retina was observed starting at 3 h following RD. Trem2 knockout (Trem2-/-) mice exhibited significantly more photoreceptor cell death than wild-type controls at 3 days after RD, and the number of TUNEL positive photoreceptor cells progressively decreased from day 3 to day 7 post-RD. A significant thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), with multiple folds was observed in the Trem2-/- mice at 3 days post-RD. Trem2 deficiency reduced microglial cell infiltration and phagocytosis of stressed photoreceptors. There were more neutrophils in Trem2-/- retina following RD than in controls. Using purified microglial cells, we found Trem2 knockout is associated with increased CXCL12 expression. The aggravated photoreceptor cell death was largely reversed by blocking the CXCL12-CXCR4 mediated chemotaxis in Trem2-/- mice after RD. Our findings suggested that retinal microglia are protective in preventing further photoreceptor cell death following RD by phagocytosing presumably stressed photoreceptor cells and by regulating inflammatory responses. TREM2 is largely responsible for such protective effect and CXCL12 plays an important role in regulating neutrophil infiltration after RD. Collectively, our study pinpointed TREM2 as a potential target of microglial cells to ameliorate RD-induced photoreceptor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jincan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuqing Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ping Fei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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21
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Ikzf1 as a novel regulator of microglial homeostasis in inflammation and neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:144-161. [PMID: 36702234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, microglia have emerged as key contributors to disease progression in many neurological disorders, not only by exerting their classical immunological functions but also as extremely dynamic cells with the ability to modulate synaptic and neural activity. This dynamic behavior, together with their heterogeneous roles and response to diverse perturbations in the brain parenchyma has raised the idea that microglia activation is more diverse than anticipated and that understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial states is essential to unravel their role in health and disease from development to aging. The Ikzf1 (a.k.a. Ikaros) gene plays crucial roles in modulating the function and maturation of circulating monocytes and lymphocytes, but whether it regulates microglial functions and states is unknown. Using genetic tools, here we describe that Ikzf1 is specifically expressed in the adult microglia in brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. By characterizing the Ikzf1 deficient mice, we observed that these mice displayed spatial learning deficits, impaired hippocampal CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation, and decreased spine density in pyramidal neurons of the CA1, which correlates with an increased expression of synaptic markers within microglia. Additionally, these Ikzf1 deficient microglia exhibited a severe abnormal morphology in the hippocampus, which is accompanied by astrogliosis, an aberrant composition of the inflammasome, and an altered expression of disease-associated microglia molecules. Interestingly, the lack of Ikzf1 induced changes on histone 3 acetylation and methylation levels in the hippocampus. Since the lack of Ikzf1 in mice appears to induce the internalization of synaptic markers within microglia, and severe gliosis we then analyzed hippocampal Ikzf1 levels in several models of neurological disorders. Ikzf1 levels were increased in the hippocampus of these neurological models, as well as in postmortem hippocampal samples from Alzheimer's disease patients. Finally, over-expressing Ikzf1 in cultured microglia made these cells hyporeactive upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide, and less phagocytic compared to control microglia. Altogether, these results suggest that altered Ikzf1 levels in the adult hippocampus are sufficient to induce synaptic plasticity and memory deficits via altering microglial state and function.
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22
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Simões JL, Sobierai LD, Leal IF, Dos Santos MV, Coiado JV, Bagatini MD. Action of the Purinergic and Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathways on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Neuroscience 2023; 512:110-132. [PMID: 36526078 PMCID: PMC9746135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has affected more than 20 million people in Brazil and caused a global health emergency. This virus has the potential to affect various parts of the body and compromise metabolic functions. The virus-mediated neural inflammation of the nervous system is due to a storm of cytokines and oxidative stress, which are the clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This neurodegenerative disease is aggravated in cases involving SARS-CoV-2 and its inflammatory biomarkers, accelerating accumulation of β-amyloid peptide, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and production of reactive oxygen species, which lead to homeostasis imbalance. The cholinergic system, through neurons and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), modulates various physiological pathways, such as the response to stress, sleep and wakefulness, sensory information, and the cognitive system. Patients with AD have low concentrations of ACh; hence, therapeutic methods are aimed at adjusting the ACh titers available to the body for maintaining functionality. Herein, we focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, responsible for the degradation of ACh in the synaptic cleft, and muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonists of the cholinergic system owing to the therapeutic potential of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in AD associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia L.B. Simões
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Inayá F. Leal
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - João Victor Coiado
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete D. Bagatini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil,Corresponding author
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23
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Nishiyama K, Ariyoshi K, Nishimura A, Kato Y, Mi X, Kurose H, Kim SG, Nishida M. Knockout of Purinergic P2Y 6 Receptor Fails to Improve Liver Injury and Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043800. [PMID: 36835211 PMCID: PMC9963899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease that progresses from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and which is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. The purinergic P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is a pro-inflammatory Gq/G12 family protein-coupled receptor and reportedly contributes to intestinal inflammation and cardiovascular fibrosis, but its role in liver pathogenesis is unknown. Human genomics data analysis revealed that the liver P2Y6R mRNA expression level is increased during the progression from NAFL to NASH, which positively correlates with inductions of C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) and collagen type I α1 chain (Col1a1) mRNAs. Therefore, we examined the impact of P2Y6R functional deficiency in mice crossed with a NASH model using a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Feeding CDAHFD for 6 weeks markedly increased P2Y6R expression level in mouse liver, which was positively correlated with CCL2 mRNA induction. Unexpectedly, the CDAHFD treatment for 6 weeks increased liver weights with severe steatosis in both wild-type (WT) and P2Y6R knockout (KO) mice, while the disease marker levels such as serum AST and liver CCL2 mRNA in CDAHFD-treated P2Y6R KO mice were rather aggravated compared with those of CDAHFD-treated WT mice. Thus, P2Y6R may not contribute to the progression of liver injury, despite increased expression in NASH liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Ariyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Nishimura
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuri Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xinya Mi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-92-642-6556
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24
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Ou-Yang P, Cai ZY, Zhang ZH. Molecular Regulation Mechanism of Microglial Autophagy in the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0106. [PMID: 37163443 PMCID: PMC10389815 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates, neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence has shown that impaired microglial autophagy exerts considerable detrimental impact on the CNS, thus contributing to AD pathogenesis. This review highlights the association between microglial autophagy and AD pathology, with a focus on the inflammatory response, defective clearance, and propagation of Aβ and Tau, and synaptic dysfunction. Mechanistically, several lines of research support the roles of microglial receptors in autophagy regulation during AD. In light of accumulating evidence, a strategy for inducing microglial autophagy has great potential in AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ou-Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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25
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Alves VS, Santos SACS, Leite-Aguiar R, Paiva-Pereira E, dos Reis RR, Calazans ML, Fernandes GG, Antônio LS, de Lima EV, Kurtenbach E, Silva JL, Fontes-Dantas FL, Passos GF, Figueiredo CP, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein alters microglial purinergic signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158460. [PMID: 37114062 PMCID: PMC10126242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite long-term sequelae of COVID-19 are emerging as a substantial public health concern, the mechanism underlying these processes still unclear. Evidence demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein can reach different brain regions, irrespective of viral brain replication resulting in activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and neuroinflammation. Considering that microglia dysfunction, which is regulated by a whole array of purinergic receptors, may be a central event in COVID-19 neuropathology, we investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on microglial purinergic signaling. Here, we demonstrate that cultured microglial cells (BV2 line) exposed to Spike protein induce ATP secretion and upregulation of P2Y6, P2Y12, NTPDase2 and NTPDase3 transcripts. Also, immunocytochemistry analysis shows that spike protein increases the expression of P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y6, and P2Y12 in BV2 cells. Additional, hippocampal tissue of Spike infused animals (6,5ug/site, i.c.v.) presents increased mRNA levels of P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y6, P2Y12, NTPDase1, and NTPDase2. Immunohistochemistry experiments confirmed high expression of the P2X7 receptor in microglial cells in CA3/DG hippocampal regions after spike infusion. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein modulates microglial purinergic signaling and opens new avenues for investigating the potential of purinergic receptors to mitigate COVID-19 consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Santos Alves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine Paiva-Pereira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Rodrigues dos Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana L. Calazans
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Silva Antônio
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle V. de Lima
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Kurtenbach
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jerson Lima Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Lima Fontes-Dantas
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Psicobiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes Institute Biology (IBRAG), Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio,
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26
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Drug-induced microglial phagocytosis in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the underlying mechanisms. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:749-759. [PMID: 36309614 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays a significant role in immune surveillance under physiological conditions. On stimulation by pathogens, microglia change their phenotypes, phagocytize toxic molecules, secrete pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory factors, promotes tissue repair, and maintain the homeostasis in CNS. Accumulation of myelin debris in multiple sclerosis (MS)/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) inhibits remyelination by decreasing the phagocytosis by microglia and prevent the recovery of MS/EAE. Drug induced microglia phagocytosis could be a novel therapeutic intervention for the treatment of MS/EAE. But the abnormal phagocytosis of neurons and synapses by activated microglia will lead to neuronal damage and degeneration. It indicates that the phagocytosis of microglia has many beneficial and harmful effects in central neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, simply promoting or inhibiting the phagocytic activity of microglia may not achieve ideal therapeutic results. However, limited reports are available to elucidate the microglia mediated phagocytosis and its underlying molecular mechanisms. On this basis, the present review describes microglia-mediated phagocytosis, drug-induced microglia phagocytosis, molecular mechanism, and novel approach for MS/EAE treatment.
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27
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Dundee JM, Puigdellívol M, Butler R, Cockram TOJ, Brown GC. P2Y 6 receptor-dependent microglial phagocytosis of synapses mediates synaptic and memory loss in aging. Aging Cell 2022; 22:e13761. [PMID: 36565471 PMCID: PMC9924939 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging causes loss of brain synapses and memory, and microglial phagocytosis of synapses may contribute to this loss. Stressed neurons can release the nucleotide UTP, which is rapidly converted into UDP, that in turn activates the P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6 R) on the surface of microglia, inducing microglial phagocytosis of neurons. However, whether the activation of P2Y6 R affects microglial phagocytosis of synapses is unknown. We show here that inactivation of P2Y6 R decreases microglial phagocytosis of isolated synapses (synaptosomes) and synaptic loss in neuronal-glial co-cultures. In vivo, wild-type mice aged from 4 to 17 months exhibited reduced synaptic density in cortical and hippocampal regions, which correlated with increased internalization of synaptic material within microglia. However, this aging-induced synaptic loss and internalization were absent in P2Y6 R knockout mice, and these mice also lacked any aging-induced memory loss. Thus, P2Y6 R appears to mediate aging-induced loss of synapses and memory by increasing microglial phagocytosis of synapses. Consequently, blocking P2Y6 R has the potential to prevent age-associated memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Dundee
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK,Institute of NeurosciencesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Richard Butler
- The Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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28
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Peng L, Hu G, Yao Q, Wu J, He Z, Law BYK, Hu G, Zhou X, Du J, Wu A, Yu L. Microglia autophagy in ischemic stroke: A double-edged sword. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013311. [PMID: 36466850 PMCID: PMC9708732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the major types of cerebrovascular diseases causing neurological morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the pathophysiological process of IS, microglia play a beneficial role in tissue repair. However, it could also cause cellular damage, consequently leading to cell death. Inflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, and increasing evidence showed that autophagy interacts with inflammation through regulating correlative mediators and signaling pathways. In this paper, we summarized the beneficial and harmful effects of microglia in IS. In addition, we discussed the interplay between microglia autophagy and ischemic inflammation, as along with its application in the treatment of IS. We believe this could help to provide the theoretical references for further study into IS and treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Medicine Imaging, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guangqiang Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qianfang Yao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ziyang He
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guishan Hu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Junrong Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Medicine Imaging, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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29
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Jung YH, Shah Q, Lewicki SA, Pramanik A, Gopinatth V, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J, Jacobson KA. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of multiply substituted 2H-chromene derivatives as P2Y 6 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128981. [PMID: 36089113 PMCID: PMC9555146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) antagonists represent potential drugs for treating cancer, pain, neurodegeneration, asthma, diabetes, colitis and other disorders. However, there are few chemical classes of known competitive antagonists. We recently explored the structure activity relationship (SAR) of 2H-chromene derivatives as P2Y6R antagonists of moderate affinity. New analogues in this series modified at five positions were synthesized and shown to antagonize Ca2+ transients induced by the native agonist UDP in human (h) P2Y6R-expressing (but not turkey P2Y1R-, hP2Y2R- or hP2Y4R-expressing) astrocytoma cells. Alternatives to the reported 2-(trifluoromethyl)- and 3-nitro- substitutions of this scaffold were not identified. However, 6‑fluoro 11 and 6‑chloro 12 analogues displayed enhanced potency compared to other halogens, although still in the 1 - 2 µM range. Similar halogen substitution at 5, 7 or 8 positions reduced affinity. 5- or 8‑Triethylsilylethynyl extension maintained hP2Y6R affinity, with IC50 0.46 µM for 26 (MRS4853). The 6,8‑difluoro analogue 27 (IC50 2.99 µM) lacked off-target activities among 45 sites examined, unlike earlier analogues that bound to biogenic amine receptors. 11 displayed only one weak off-target activity (σ2). Mouse P2Y6R IC50s of 5, 25, 26 and 27 were 4.94, 17.6, 6.15 and 17.8 µM, respectively, but most other analogues had reduced affinity (>20 µM) compared to the hP2Y6R. These analogues are suitable for evaluation in in vivo inflammation and cancer models, which will be performed in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwan Jung
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qasim Shah
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Centre for Advanced Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sarah A Lewicki
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Asmita Pramanik
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Varun Gopinatth
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval CHUL, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval CHUL, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Timmerman R, Zuiderwijk-Sick EA, Bajramovic JJ. P2Y6 receptor-mediated signaling amplifies TLR-induced pro-inflammatory responses in microglia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:967951. [PMID: 36203578 PMCID: PMC9531012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR-induced signaling initiates inflammatory responses in cells of the innate immune system. These responses are amongst others characterized by the secretion of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are tightly regulated and adapted to the microenvironment. Purinergic receptors are powerful modulators of TLR-induced responses, and we here characterized the effects of P2Y6 receptor (P2RY6)-mediated signaling on TLR responses of rhesus macaque primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and microglia, using the selective P2RY6 antagonist MRS2578. We demonstrate that P2RY6-mediated signaling enhances the levels of TLR-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia in particular. TLR1, 2, 4, 5 and 8-induced responses were all enhanced in microglia, whereas such effects were much less pronounced in BMDM from the same donors. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the overall contribution of P2RY6-mediated signaling to TLR-induced responses in microglia leads to an amplification of pro-inflammatory responses. Detailed target gene analysis predicts that P2RY6-mediated signaling regulates the expression of these genes via modulation of the activity of transcription factors NFAT, IRF and NF-κB. Interestingly, we found that the expression levels of heat shock proteins were strongly induced by inhibition of P2RY6-mediated signaling, both under homeostatic conditions as well as after TLR engagement. Together, our results shed new lights on the specific pro-inflammatory contribution of P2RY6-mediated signaling in neuroinflammation, which might open novel avenues to control brain inflammatory responses.
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31
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Liu Q, Huang Y, Duan M, Yang Q, Ren B, Tang F. Microglia as Therapeutic Target for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158286. [PMID: 35955439 PMCID: PMC9368164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) after radiotherapy has become an increasingly important factor affecting the prognosis of patients with head and neck tumor. With the delivery of high doses of radiation to brain tissue, microglia rapidly transit to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, upregulate phagocytic machinery, and reduce the release of neurotrophic factors. Persistently activated microglia mediate the progression of chronic neuroinflammation, which may inhibit brain neurogenesis leading to the occurrence of neurocognitive disorders at the advanced stage of RIBI. Fully understanding the microglial pathophysiology and cellular and molecular mechanisms after irradiation may facilitate the development of novel therapy by targeting microglia to prevent RIBI and subsequent neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan Huang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengyun Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Boxu Ren
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
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32
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Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132091. [PMID: 35805174 PMCID: PMC9266143 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which function as first-line immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), are the central drivers of neuroinflammation. Numerous human postmortem studies and in vivo imaging analyses have shown chronically activated microglia in patients with various acute and chronic neuropathological diseases. While microglial activation is a common feature of many NDs, the exact role of microglia in various pathological states is complex and often contradictory. However, there is a consensus that microglia play a biphasic role in pathological conditions, with detrimental and protective phenotypes, and the overall response of microglia and the activation of different phenotypes depends on the nature and duration of the inflammatory insult, as well as the stage of disease development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current research on the various microglia phenotypes and inflammatory responses in health, aging, and NDs, with a special emphasis on the heterogeneous phenotypic response of microglia in acute and chronic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke (HS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The primary focus is translational research in preclinical animal models and bulk/single-cell transcriptome studies in human postmortem samples. Additionally, this review covers key microglial receptors and signaling pathways that are potential therapeutic targets to regulate microglial inflammatory responses during aging and in NDs. Additionally, age-, sex-, and species-specific microglial differences will be briefly reviewed.
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Long HZ, Zhou ZW, Cheng Y, Luo HY, Li FJ, Xu SG, Gao LC. The Role of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease From the Perspective of Immune Inflammation and Iron Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:888989. [PMID: 35847685 PMCID: PMC9284275 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of senile dementia, includes the complex pathogenesis of abnormal deposition of amyloid beta-protein (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and neuroimmune inflammatory. The neurodegenerative process of AD triggers microglial activation, and the overactivation of microglia produces a large number of neuroimmune inflammatory factors. Microglia dysfunction can lead to disturbances in iron metabolism and enhance iron-induced neuronal degeneration in AD, while elevated iron levels in brain areas affect microglia phenotype and function. In this manuscript, we firstly discuss the role of microglia in AD and then introduce the role of microglia in the immune-inflammatory pathology of AD. Their role in AD iron homeostasis is emphasized. Recent studies on microglia and ferroptosis in AD are also reviewed. It will help readers better understand the role of microglia in iron metabolism in AD, and provides a basis for better regulation of iron metabolism disorders in AD and the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Long
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuo-Guo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Chen Gao,
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Milde S, Brown GC. Knockout of the P2Y 6 Receptor Prevents Peri-Infarct Neuronal Loss after Transient, Focal Ischemia in Mouse Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042304. [PMID: 35216419 PMCID: PMC8879728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
After stroke, there is a delayed neuronal loss in brain areas surrounding the infarct, which may in part be mediated by microglial phagocytosis of stressed neurons. Microglial phagocytosis of stressed or damaged neurons can be mediated by UDP released from stressed neurons activating the P2Y6 receptor on microglia, inducing microglial phagocytosis of such neurons. We show evidence here from a small trial that the knockout of the P2Y6 receptor, required for microglial phagocytosis of neurons, prevents the delayed neuronal loss after transient, focal brain ischemia induced by endothelin-1 injection in mice. Wild-type mice had neuronal loss and neuronal nuclear material within microglia in peri-infarct areas. P2Y6 receptor knockout mice had no significant neuronal loss in peri-infarct brain areas seven days after brain ischemia. Thus, delayed neuronal loss after stroke may in part be mediated by microglial phagocytosis of stressed neurons, and the P2Y6 receptor is a potential treatment target to prevent peri-infarct neuronal loss.
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