1
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Chen XY, Cheng AY, Wang ZY, Jin JM, Lin JY, Wang B, Guan YY, Zhang H, Jiang YX, Luan X, Zhang LJ. Dbl family RhoGEFs in cancer: different roles and targeting strategies. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116141. [PMID: 38499108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Small Ras homologous guanosine triphosphatase (Rho GTPase) family proteins are highly associated with tumorigenesis and development. As intrinsic exchange activity regulators of Rho GTPases, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) have been demonstrated to be closely involved in tumor development and received increasing attention. They mainly contain two families: the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) family and the dedicator of cytokinesis (Dock) family. More and more emphasis has been paid to the Dbl family members for their abnormally high expression in various cancers and their correlation to poor prognosis. In this review, the common and distinctive structures of Dbl family members are discussed, and their roles in cancer are summarized with a focus on Ect2, Tiam1/2, P-Rex1/2, Vav1/2/3, Trio, KALRN, and LARG. Significantly, the strategies targeting Dbl family RhoGEFs are highlighted as novel therapeutic opportunities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ao-Yu Cheng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science&Technology, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jin-Mei Jin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Yun Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Xin Jiang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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2
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Lin WH, Feathers RW, Cooper LM, Lewis-Tuffin LJ, Chen J, Sarkaria JN, Anastasiadis PZ. A Syx-RhoA-Dia1 signaling axis regulates cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and therapy resistance in glioblastoma. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e157491. [PMID: 37427593 PMCID: PMC10371349 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are aggressive tumors that lack effective treatments. Here, we show that the Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor Syx promotes GBM cell growth both in vitro and in orthotopic xenografts derived from patients with GBM. Growth defects upon Syx depletion are attributed to prolonged mitosis, increased DNA damage, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and cell apoptosis, mediated by altered mRNA and protein expression of various cell cycle regulators. These effects are phenocopied by depletion of the Rho downstream effector Dia1 and are due, at least in part, to increased phosphorylation, cytoplasmic retention, and reduced activity of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional coactivators. Furthermore, targeting Syx signaling cooperates with radiation treatment and temozolomide (TMZ) to decrease viability in GBM cells, irrespective of their inherent response to TMZ. The data indicate that a Syx-RhoA-Dia1-YAP/TAZ signaling axis regulates cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and therapy resistance in GBM and argue for its targeting for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ryan W. Feathers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Cooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jiaxiang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Dipankar P, Kumar P, Sarangi PP. In silico identification and characterization of small-molecule inhibitors specific to RhoG/Rac1 signaling pathway. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:560-580. [PMID: 34877916 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2009032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rho family GTPases serve as molecular switches in numerous cellular processes, and their overexpression is involved in disease conditions. RhoG is one of the less explored Rho GTPases with significant sequential and structural homology with Rac1. Experimental mutations in RhoG (i.e., RhoGG12V and RhoGQ61L) are shown to dysregulate cell migration. Thus, targeting upstream activators of RhoG, such as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), maybe an important strategy for inhibiting RhoG activation. In the current study, we have modelled the 3D structure of RhoG with greater accuracy as confirmed through PROCHECK, ProSA, and Verify3D. Our results indicate that 90.4% of residues are in the Ramachandran plots favoured region, with the Z-score of -6.46, and 87.96% of residues had an averaged 3D-1D score ≥0.2. Further, we have evaluated and binding dynamics of ten Rac1 inhibitors to investigate their potential to inhibit RhoG by targeting GEFs binding grooves. To this end, the binding energy of the docked complexes of the wild-type (WT) RhoG and its mutant proteins with inhibitor molecules was calculated using the MM/PBSA method. Our results from docking studies showed that macrolide1 binds efficiently with the GEF site of WT RhoG and the mutants mentioned above. However, an extensive analysis using MD simulations (200 ns) showed that the Rac1 based inhibitor, EHop-016, and NSC23766 might bind with greater affinity to GEF sites of mutants and WT RhoG. Thus, the results from the study indicate that Rac1 inhibitors have the potential for use as therapeutics in conditions involving dysregulation of RhoG.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dipankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pranita P Sarangi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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4
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Hemsing AL, Rye KP, Hatfield KJ, Reikvam H. NPM1-Mutated Patient-Derived AML Cells Are More Vulnerable to Rac1 Inhibition. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081881. [PMID: 36009428 PMCID: PMC9405324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor, especially for the elderly population. Targeted therapy with small molecules may be a potential strategy to overcome chemoresistance and improve survival in AML. We investigated the inhibition of the signaling molecule ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) in leukemia cells derived from 79 consecutive AML patients, using five Rac1 inhibitors: ZINC69391, ITX3, EHOP-016, 1A-116, and NSC23766. In vitro cell proliferation and apoptosis assays and the assessment of cytokine profiles in culture media were conducted. All five inhibitors had an antiproliferative effect; IC50 ranged from 3−24 µM. They induced significant apoptosis and necrosis compared to the untreated controls (p < 0.0001) at concentrations around IC40 and IC80. A high versus an intermediate or low antiproliferative effect was more common in NPM1-mutated (p = 0.002) and CD34-negative (p = 0.008) samples, and when NPM1 and FLT3 (p = 0.027) were combined. Presence of NPM1 mutation was associated with reduced viability after treatment with EHOP-016 (p = 0.014), ITX3 (p = 0.047), and NSC23766 (p = 0.003). Several cytokines crucial for leukemogenesis were reduced after culture, with the strongest effects observed for 1A-116 and NSC23766. Our findings suggest potent effects of Rac1 inhibition in primary AML cells and, interestingly, samples harboring NPM1 mutation seem more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Lodvir Hemsing
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kimberley Joanne Hatfield
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-55975000
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5
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Parapini S, Paone S, Erba E, Cavicchini L, Pourshaban M, Celani F, Contini A, D’Alessandro S, Olivieri A. In Vitro Antimalarial Activity of Inhibitors of the Human GTPase Rac1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0149821. [PMID: 34723630 PMCID: PMC8765435 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01498-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria accounts for millions of cases and thousands of deaths every year. In the absence of an effective vaccine, drugs are still the most important tool in the fight against the disease. Plasmodium parasites developed resistance to all classes of known antimalarial drugs. Thus, the search for antimalarial drugs with novel mechanisms of action is compelling. The human GTPase Rac1 plays a role in parasite invasion of the host cell in many intracellular pathogens. Also, in Plasmodium falciparum, the involvement of Rac1 during both the invasion process and parasite intracellular development was suggested. The aim of this work is to test a panel of Rac1 inhibitors as potential antimalarial drugs. Fourteen commercially available or newly synthesized inhibitors of Rac1 were tested for antimalarial activity. Among these, EHop-016 was the most effective against P. falciparum in vitro, with nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) (138.8 ± 16.0 nM on the chloroquine-sensitive D10 strain and 321.5 ± 28.5 nM on the chloroquine-resistant W2 strain) and a selectivity index of 37.8. EHop-016 did not inhibit parasite invasion of red blood cells but affected parasite growth inside them. Among the tested Rac1 inhibitors, EHop-016 showed promising activity that raises attention to this class of molecules as potential antimalarials and deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Paone
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Erba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Cavicchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Celani
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah D’Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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6
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Lawson CD, Hornigold K, Pan D, Niewczas I, Andrews S, Clark J, Welch HCE. Small-molecule inhibitors of P-Rex guanine-nucleotide exchange factors. Small GTPases 2022; 13:307-326. [PMID: 36342857 PMCID: PMC9645260 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2022.2131313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
P-Rex1 and P-Rex2 are guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that activate Rac small GTPases in response to the stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. P-Rex Rac-GEFs regulate the morphology, adhesion and migration of various cell types, as well as reactive oxygen species production and cell cycle progression. P-Rex Rac-GEFs also have pathogenic roles in the initiation, progression or metastasis of several types of cancer. With one exception, all P-Rex functions are known or assumed to be mediated through their catalytic Rac-GEF activity. Thus, inhibitors of P-Rex Rac-GEF activity would be valuable research tools. We have generated a panel of small-molecule P-Rex inhibitors that target the interface between the catalytic DH domain of P-Rex Rac-GEFs and Rac. Our best-characterized compound, P-Rex inhibitor 1 (PREX-in1), blocks the Rac-GEF activity of full-length P-Rex1 and P-Rex2, and of their isolated catalytic domains, in vitro at low-micromolar concentration, without affecting the activities of several other Rho-GEFs. PREX-in1 blocks the P-Rex1 dependent spreading of PDGF-stimulated endothelial cells and the production of reactive oxygen species in fMLP-stimulated mouse neutrophils. Structure-function analysis revealed critical structural elements of PREX-in1, allowing us to develop derivatives with increased efficacy, the best with an IC50 of 2 µM. In summary, we have developed PREX-in1 and derivative small-molecule compounds that will be useful laboratory research tools for the study of P-Rex function. These compounds may also be a good starting point for the future development of more sophisticated drug-like inhibitors aimed at targeting P-Rex Rac-GEFs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- CD Lawson
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CambridgeCB22 3AT, UK
| | - K Hornigold
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CambridgeCB22 3AT, UK
| | - D Pan
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CambridgeCB22 3AT, UK
| | - I Niewczas
- Biological Chemistry Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CambridgeCB22 3AT, UK
| | - S Andrews
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CambridgeCB22 3AT, UK
| | - J Clark
- Biological Chemistry Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CambridgeCB22 3AT, UK
| | - HCE Welch
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CambridgeCB22 3AT, UK,CONTACT HCE Welch Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CambridgeCB22 3ATUK
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7
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Blaise AM, Corcoran EE, Wattenberg ES, Zhang YL, Cottrell JR, Koleske AJ. In vitro fluorescence assay to measure GDP/GTP exchange of guanine nucleotide exchange factors of Rho family GTPases. Biol Methods Protoc 2021; 7:bpab024. [PMID: 35087952 PMCID: PMC8789339 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are enzymes that promote the activation of GTPases through GTP loading. Whole exome sequencing has identified rare variants in GEFs that are associated with disease, demonstrating that GEFs play critical roles in human development. However, the consequences of these rare variants can only be understood through measuring their effects on cellular activity. Here, we provide a detailed, user-friendly protocol for purification and fluorescence-based analysis of the two GEF domains within the protein, Trio. This analysis offers a straight-forward, quantitative tool to test the activity of GEF domains on their respective GTPases, as well as utilize high-throughput screening to identify regulators and inhibitors. This protocol can be adapted for characterization of other Rho family GEFs. Such analyses are crucial for the complete understanding of the roles of GEF genetic variants in human development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Blaise
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
| | - Ellen E Corcoran
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
| | - Eve S Wattenberg
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Cottrell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
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8
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Yu M, Zhou Z, Liu X, Yin D, Li D, Zhao X, Li X, Li S, Chen R, Lu L, Yang D, Tang D, Zhu L. The OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 defense signaling pathway is shared by two distantly related NLR proteins in rice blast resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2852-2864. [PMID: 34597396 PMCID: PMC8644225 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance (R) proteins are important components of plant innate immunity. Most known R proteins are nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Although a number of signaling components downstream of NLRs have been identified, we lack a general understanding of the signaling pathways. Here, we used the interaction between rice (Oryza sativa) and Magnaporthe oryzae to study signaling of rice NLRs in response to blast infection. We found that in blast resistance mediated by the NLR PIRICULARIA ORYZAE RESISTANCE IN DIGU 3 (PID3), the guanine nucleotide exchange factor OsSPK1 works downstream of PID3. OsSPK1 activates the small GTPase OsRac1, which in turn transduces the signal to the transcription factor RAC IMMUNITY1 (RAI1). Further investigation revealed that the three signaling components also play important roles in disease resistance mediated by the distantly related NLR protein Pi9, suggesting that the OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 signaling pathway could be conserved across rice NLR-induced blast resistance. In addition, we observed changes in RAI1 levels during blast infection, which led to identification of OsRPT2a, a subunit of the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome. OsRPT2a seemed to be responsible for RAI1 turnover in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest a defense signaling route that might be common to NLR proteins in response to blast infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350019, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dedong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shengping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350019, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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9
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Colón-Bolea P, García-Gómez R, Casar B. RAC1 Activation as a Potential Therapeutic Option in Metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1554. [PMID: 34827551 PMCID: PMC8615836 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process by which cancer cells escape from the primary tumor to colonize distant organs. RAC1 is a member of the RHO family of small guanosine triphosphatases that plays an important role in cancer migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. RAC1 activation has been related to most cancers, such as cutaneous melanoma, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. RAC1P29S driver mutation appears in a significant number of cutaneous melanoma cases. Likewise, RAC1 is overexpressed or hyperactivated via signaling through oncogenic cell surface receptors. Thus, targeting RAC1 represents a promising strategy for cutaneous melanoma therapy, as well as for inhibition of other signaling activation that promotes resistance to targeted therapies. In this review, we focus on the role of RAC1 in metastatic cutaneous melanoma emphasizing the anti-metastatic potential of RAC1- targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Colón-Bolea
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
| | - Rocío García-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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10
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The RhoGEF Trio: A Protein with a Wide Range of Functions in the Vascular Endothelium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810168. [PMID: 34576329 PMCID: PMC8467920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes are controlled by small GTPases, which can be activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). The RhoGEF Trio contains two GEF domains that differentially activate the small GTPases such as Rac1/RhoG and RhoA. These small RhoGTPases are mainly involved in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. In the endothelium, they regulate junctional stabilization and play a crucial role in angiogenesis and endothelial barrier integrity. Multiple extracellular signals originating from different vascular processes can influence the activity of Trio and thereby the regulation of the forementioned small GTPases and actin cytoskeleton. This review elucidates how various signals regulate Trio in a distinct manner, resulting in different functional outcomes that are crucial for endothelial cell function in response to inflammation.
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11
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Afanasyeva EA, Gartlgruber M, Ryl T, Decaesteker B, Denecker G, Mönke G, Toprak UH, Florez A, Torkov A, Dreidax D, Herrmann C, Okonechnikov K, Ek S, Sharma AK, Sagulenko V, Speleman F, Henrich KO, Westermann F. Kalirin-RAC controls nucleokinetic migration in ADRN-type neuroblastoma. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e201900332. [PMID: 33658318 PMCID: PMC8017594 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The migrational propensity of neuroblastoma is affected by cell identity, but the mechanisms behind the divergence remain unknown. Using RNAi and time-lapse imaging, we show that ADRN-type NB cells exhibit RAC1- and kalirin-dependent nucleokinetic (NUC) migration that relies on several integral components of neuronal migration. Inhibition of NUC migration by RAC1 and kalirin-GEF1 inhibitors occurs without hampering cell proliferation and ADRN identity. Using three clinically relevant expression dichotomies, we reveal that most of up-regulated mRNAs in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type NB cells are associated with low-risk characteristics. The computational analysis shows that, in a context of overall gene set poverty, the upregulomes in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type cells are a batch of AU-rich element-containing mRNAs, which suggests a link between NUC migration and mRNA stability. Gene set enrichment analysis-based search for vulnerabilities reveals prospective weak points in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type NB cells, including activities of H3K27- and DNA methyltransferases. Altogether, these data support the introduction of NUC inhibitors into cancer treatment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Afanasyeva
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Gartlgruber
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Ryl
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bieke Decaesteker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Denecker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gregor Mönke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Umut H Toprak
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andres Florez
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alica Torkov
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dreidax
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carl Herrmann
- Group of Cancer Regulatory Genomics B086, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Department of Pediatric Neurooncology, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Ek
- Department of Immunotechnology, CREATE Health, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashwini Kumar Sharma
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vitaliya Sagulenko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kai-Oliver Henrich
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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RhoG deficiency abrogates cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes and causes hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood 2021; 137:2033-2045. [PMID: 33513601 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis of cytotoxic granules (CG) by lymphocytes is required for the elimination of infected and malignant cells. Impairments in this process underly a group of diseases with dramatic hyperferritinemic inflammation termed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Although genetic and functional studies of HLH have identified proteins controlling distinct steps of CG exocytosis, the molecular mechanisms that spatiotemporally coordinate CG release remain partially elusive. We studied a patient exhibiting characteristic clinical features of HLH associated with markedly impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell exocytosis functions, who beared biallelic deleterious mutations in the gene encoding the small GTPase RhoG. Experimental ablation of RHOG in a model cell line and primary CTLs from healthy individuals uncovered a hitherto unappreciated role of RhoG in retaining CGs in the vicinity of the plasma membrane (PM), a fundamental prerequisite for CG exocytotic release. We discovered that RhoG engages in a protein-protein interaction with Munc13-4, an exocytosis protein essential for CG fusion with the PM. We show that this interaction is critical for docking of Munc13-4+ CGs to the PM and subsequent membrane fusion and release of CG content. Thus, our study illuminates RhoG as a novel essential regulator of human lymphocyte cytotoxicity and provides the molecular pathomechanism behind the identified here and previously unreported genetically determined form of HLH.
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13
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Bircher JE, Koleske AJ. Trio family proteins as regulators of cell migration and morphogenesis in development and disease - mechanisms and cellular contexts. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs248393. [PMID: 33568469 PMCID: PMC7888718 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-studied members of the Trio family of proteins are Trio and kalirin in vertebrates, UNC-73 in Caenorhabditis elegans and Trio in Drosophila Trio proteins are key regulators of cell morphogenesis and migration, tissue organization, and secretion and protein trafficking in many biological contexts. Recent discoveries have linked Trio and kalirin to human disease, including neurological disorders and cancer. The genes for Trio family proteins encode a series of large multidomain proteins with up to three catalytic activities and multiple scaffolding and protein-protein interaction domains. As such, Trio family proteins engage a wide array of cell surface receptors, substrates and interaction partners to coordinate changes in cytoskeletal regulatory and protein trafficking pathways. We provide a comprehensive review of the specific mechanisms by which Trio family proteins carry out their functions in cells, highlight the biological and cellular contexts in which they occur, and relate how alterations in these functions contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie E Bircher
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
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14
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Targeting the cytoskeleton against metastatic dissemination. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:89-140. [PMID: 33471283 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a pathology characterized by a loss or a perturbation of a number of typical features of normal cell behaviour. Indeed, the acquisition of an inappropriate migratory and invasive phenotype has been reported to be one of the hallmarks of cancer. The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic network of highly ordered interlinking filaments playing a key role in the control of fundamental cellular processes, like cell shape maintenance, motility, division and intracellular transport. Moreover, deregulation of this complex machinery contributes to cancer progression and malignancy, enabling cells to acquire an invasive and metastatic phenotype. Metastasis accounts for 90% of death from patients affected by solid tumours, while an efficient prevention and suppression of metastatic disease still remains elusive. This results in the lack of effective therapeutic options currently available for patients with advanced disease. In this context, the cytoskeleton with its regulatory and structural proteins emerges as a novel and highly effective target to be exploited for a substantial therapeutic effort toward the development of specific anti-metastatic drugs. Here we provide an overview of the role of cytoskeleton components and interacting proteins in cancer metastasis with a special focus on small molecule compounds interfering with the actin cytoskeleton organization and function. The emerging involvement of microtubules and intermediate filaments in cancer metastasis is also reviewed.
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15
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Stress-Sensitive Protein Rac1 and Its Involvement in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8894372. [PMID: 33299404 PMCID: PMC7707960 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8894372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a small GTPase that is well known for its sensitivity to the environmental stress of a cell or an organism. It senses the external signals which are transmitted from membrane-bound receptors and induces downstream signaling cascades to exert its physiological functions. Rac1 is an important regulator of a variety of cellular processes, such as cytoskeletal organization, generation of oxidative products, and gene expression. In particular, Rac1 has a significant influence on certain brain functions like neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation via regulation of actin dynamics in neurons. Abnormal Rac1 expression and activity have been observed in multiple neurological diseases. Here, we review recent findings to delineate the role of Rac1 signaling in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with abnormal spine morphology, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, certain novel inhibitors of Rac1 and related pathways are discussed as potential avenues toward future treatment for these diseases.
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16
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Parnell E, Shapiro LP, Voorn RA, Forrest MP, Jalloul HA, Loizzo DD, Penzes P. KALRN: A central regulator of synaptic function and synaptopathies. Gene 2020; 768:145306. [PMID: 33189799 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synaptic regulator, kalirin, plays a key role in synaptic plasticity and formation of dendritic arbors and spines. Dysregulation of the KALRN gene has been linked to various neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, addiction and intellectual disabilities. Both genetic and molecular studies highlight the importance of normal KALRN expression for healthy neurodevelopment and function. This review aims to give an in-depth analysis of the structure and molecular mechanisms of kalirin function, particularly within the brain. These data are correlated to genetic evidence of patient mutations within KALRN and animal models of Kalrn that together give insight into the manner in which this gene may be involved in neurodevelopment and the etiology of disease. The emerging links to human disease from post-mortem, genome wide association (GWAS) and exome sequencing studies are examined to highlight the disease relevance of kalirin, particularly in neurodevelopmental diseases. Finally, we will discuss efforts to pharmacologically regulate kalirin protein activity and the implications of such endeavors for the treatment of human disease. As multiple disease states arise from deregulated synapse formation and altered KALRN expression and function, therapeutics may be developed to provide control over KALRN activity and thus synapse dysregulation. As such, a detailed understanding of how kalirin regulates neuronal development, and the manner in which kalirin dysfunction promotes neurological disease, may support KALRN as a valuable therapeutic avenue for future pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Parnell
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Lauren P Shapiro
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Roos A Voorn
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Hiba A Jalloul
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Daniel D Loizzo
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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17
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Klems A, van Rijssel J, Ramms AS, Wild R, Hammer J, Merkel M, Derenbach L, Préau L, Hinkel R, Suarez-Martinez I, Schulte-Merker S, Vidal R, Sauer S, Kivelä R, Alitalo K, Kupatt C, van Buul JD, le Noble F. The GEF Trio controls endothelial cell size and arterial remodeling downstream of Vegf signaling in both zebrafish and cell models. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5319. [PMID: 33087700 PMCID: PMC7578835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial networks enlarge in response to increase in tissue metabolism to facilitate flow and nutrient delivery. Typically, the transition of a growing artery with a small diameter into a large caliber artery with a sizeable diameter occurs upon the blood flow driven change in number and shape of endothelial cells lining the arterial lumen. Here, using zebrafish embryos and endothelial cell models, we describe an alternative, flow independent model, involving enlargement of arterial endothelial cells, which results in the formation of large diameter arteries. Endothelial enlargement requires the GEF1 domain of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio and activation of Rho-GTPases Rac1 and RhoG in the cell periphery, inducing F-actin cytoskeleton remodeling, myosin based tension at junction regions and focal adhesions. Activation of Trio in developing arteries in vivo involves precise titration of the Vegf signaling strength in the arterial wall, which is controlled by the soluble Vegf receptor Flt1. Arterial flow regulates artery diameter but other mechanisms may also affect this. Here, the authors show that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio and GTPases Rac1 and RhoG, triggers F-actin remodeling in arterial endothelial cells, independent of flow, to enhance lumen diameter in zebrafish and cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Klems
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jos van Rijssel
- Molecular Cell Biology lab, Department Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Ramms
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Raphael Wild
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Hammer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melanie Merkel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laura Derenbach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laetitia Préau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rabea Hinkel
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, Leibnitz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Suarez-Martinez
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration WWU Münster, Münster, Germany & Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany & Cells in Motion Cluster of Excellence, Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration WWU Münster, Münster, Germany & Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany & Cells in Motion Cluster of Excellence, Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ramon Vidal
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin Institute of Medical Systems Biology & Berlin Institute of Health, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin Institute of Medical Systems Biology & Berlin Institute of Health, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, and Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, and Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Kupatt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin I, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM Munich, Germany, and DZHK, (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Molecular Cell Biology lab, Department Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand le Noble
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Experimental Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Rho GTPases in Gynecologic Cancers: In-Depth Analysis toward the Paradigm Change from Reactive to Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Medical Approach Benefiting the Patient and Healthcare. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051292. [PMID: 32443784 PMCID: PMC7281750 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphospatases (GTPases) resemble a conserved family of GTP-binding proteins regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and several signaling pathways central for the cell. Rho GTPases create a so-called Ras-superfamily of GTPases subdivided into subgroups comprising at least 20 members. Rho GTPases play a key regulatory role in gene expression, cell cycle control and proliferation, epithelial cell polarity, cell migration, survival, and apoptosis, among others. They also have tissue-related functions including angiogenesis being involved in inflammatory and wound healing processes. Contextually, any abnormality in the Rho GTPase function may result in severe consequences at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Rho GTPases also play a key role in tumorigenesis and metastatic disease. Corresponding mechanisms include a number of targets such as kinases and scaffold/adaptor-like proteins initiating GTPases-related signaling cascades. The accumulated evidence demonstrates the oncogenic relevance of Rho GTPases for several solid malignancies including breast, liver, bladder, melanoma, testicular, lung, central nervous system (CNS), head and neck, cervical, and ovarian cancers. Furthermore, Rho GTPases play a crucial role in the development of radio- and chemoresistance e.g. under cisplatin-based cancer treatment. This article provides an in-depth overview on the role of Rho GTPases in gynecological cancers, highlights relevant signaling pathways and pathomechanisms, and sheds light on their involvement in tumor progression, metastatic spread, and radio/chemo resistance. In addition, insights into a spectrum of novel biomarkers and innovative approaches based on the paradigm shift from reactive to predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine are provided.
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Gray JL, von Delft F, Brennan PE. Targeting the Small GTPase Superfamily through Their Regulatory Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6342-6366. [PMID: 30869179 PMCID: PMC7204875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Ras superfamily of small GTPases are guanine-nucleotide-dependent switches essential for numerous cellular processes. Mutations or dysregulation of these proteins are associated with many diseases, but unsuccessful attempts to target the small GTPases directly have resulted in them being classed as "undruggable". The GTP-dependent signaling of these proteins is controlled by their regulators; guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), and in the Rho and Rab subfamilies, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). This review covers the recent small molecule and biologics strategies to target the small GTPases through their regulators. It seeks to critically re-evaluate recent chemical biology practice, such as the presence of PAINs motifs and the cell-based readout using compounds that are weakly potent or of unknown specificity. It highlights the vast scope of potential approaches for targeting the small GTPases in the future through their regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine L. Gray
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0QXUK
| | - Frank von Delft
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0QXUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland Park2006South Africa
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Alzheimer's Research (UK) Oxford Drug Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
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20
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Maldonado MDM, Medina JI, Velazquez L, Dharmawardhane S. Targeting Rac and Cdc42 GEFs in Metastatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:201. [PMID: 32322580 PMCID: PMC7156542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 have emerged as key players in cancer metastasis, due to their essential roles in regulating cell division and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements; and thus, cell growth, migration/invasion, polarity, and adhesion. This review will focus on the close homologs Rac and Cdc42, which have been established as drivers of metastasis and therapy resistance in multiple cancer types. Rac and Cdc42 are often dysregulated in cancer due to hyperactivation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), belonging to both the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) and dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) families. Rac/Cdc42 GEFs are activated by a myriad of oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, cytokine receptors, and integrins; consequently, a number of Rac/Cdc42 GEFs have been implicated in metastatic cancer. Hence, inhibiting GEF-mediated Rac/Cdc42 activation represents a promising strategy for targeted metastatic cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on the role of oncogenic Rac/Cdc42 GEFs and discuss the recent advancements in the development of Rac and Cdc42 GEF-interacting inhibitors as targeted therapy for metastatic cancer, as well as their potential for overcoming cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Julia Isabel Medina
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis Velazquez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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21
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Gray JL, Delft F, Brennan PE. Targeting der kleinen GTPasen über ihre regulatorischen Proteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine L. Gray
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
| | - Frank Delft
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Johannesburg Auckland Park 2006 Südafrika
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
- Alzheimer's Research (UK) Oxford Drug Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
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22
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Tao T, Sun J, Peng Y, Li Y, Wang P, Chen X, Zhao W, Zheng YY, Wei L, Wang W, Zhou Y, Liu J, Shi YS, Zhu MS. Golgi-resident TRIO regulates membrane trafficking during neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10954-10968. [PMID: 31152060 PMCID: PMC6635450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth requires coordinated cytoskeletal rearrangements in the growth cone and directional membrane delivery from the neuronal soma. As an essential Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), TRIO is necessary for cytoskeletal dynamics during neurite outgrowth, but its participation in the membrane delivery is unclear. Using co-localization studies, live-cell imaging, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis, along with neurite outgrowth assay and various biochemical approaches, we here report that in mouse cerebellar granule neurons, TRIO protein pools at the Golgi and regulates membrane trafficking by controlling the directional maintenance of both RAB8 (member RAS oncogene family 8)- and RAB10-positive membrane vesicles. We found that the spectrin repeats in Golgi-resident TRIO confer RAB8 and RAB10 activation by interacting with and activating the RAB GEF RABIN8. Constitutively active RAB8 or RAB10 could partially restore the neurite outgrowth of TRIO-deficient cerebellar granule neurons, suggesting that TRIO-regulated membrane trafficking has an important functional role in neurite outgrowth. Our results also suggest cross-talk between Rho GEF and Rab GEF in controlling both cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking during neuronal development. They further highlight how protein pools localized to specific organelles regulate crucial cellular activities and functions. In conclusion, our findings indicate that TRIO regulates membrane trafficking during neurite outgrowth in coordination with its GEF-dependent function in controlling cytoskeletal dynamics via Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Jie Sun
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yajing Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yeqiong Li
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Pei Wang
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xin Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Wei Zhao
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yan-Yan Zheng
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Lisha Wei
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Wei Wang
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Jianghuai Liu
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and.
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23
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Tao T, Sun J, Peng Y, Wang P, Chen X, Zhao W, Li Y, Wei L, Wang W, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhu MS. Distinct functions of Trio GEF domains in axon outgrowth of cerebellar granule neurons. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Durand-Onaylı V, Haslauer T, Härzschel A, Hartmann TN. Rac GTPases in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124041. [PMID: 30558116 PMCID: PMC6321480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that crosstalk between hematologic tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment contributes to leukemia and lymphoma cell migration, survival, and proliferation. The supportive tumor cell-microenvironment interactions and the resulting cellular processes require adaptations and modulations of the cytoskeleton. The Rac subfamily of the Rho family GTPases includes key regulators of the cytoskeleton, with essential functions in both normal and transformed leukocytes. Rac proteins function downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases, chemokine receptors, and integrins, orchestrating a multitude of signals arising from the microenvironment. As such, it is not surprising that deregulation of Rac expression and activation plays a role in the development and progression of hematological malignancies. In this review, we will give an overview of the specific contribution of the deregulation of Rac GTPases in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Durand-Onaylı
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Disease, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Theresa Haslauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Disease, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Härzschel
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Disease, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Tanja Nicole Hartmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Disease, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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25
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Kruse K, Lee QS, Sun Y, Klomp J, Yang X, Huang F, Sun MY, Zhao S, Hong Z, Vogel SM, Shin JW, Leckband DE, Tai LM, Malik AB, Komarova YA. N-cadherin signaling via Trio assembles adherens junctions to restrict endothelial permeability. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:299-316. [PMID: 30463880 PMCID: PMC6314553 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes a role for endothelial N-cadherin in the regulation of endothelial permeability in the brain and lung. N-cadherin adhesions formed between endothelial cells and pericytes increase the abundance of VE-cadherin at adherens junctions through the RhoGEF Trio-dependent activation of RhoA and Rac1. Vascular endothelial (VE)–cadherin forms homotypic adherens junctions (AJs) in the endothelium, whereas N-cadherin forms heterotypic adhesion between endothelial cells and surrounding vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Here we addressed the question whether both cadherin adhesion complexes communicate through intracellular signaling and contribute to the integrity of the endothelial barrier. We demonstrated that deletion of N-cadherin (Cdh2) in either endothelial cells or pericytes increases junctional endothelial permeability in lung and brain secondary to reduced accumulation of VE-cadherin at AJs. N-cadherin functions by increasing the rate of VE-cadherin recruitment to AJs and induces the assembly of VE-cadherin junctions. We identified the dual Rac1/RhoA Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Trio as a critical component of the N-cadherin adhesion complex, which activates both Rac1 and RhoA signaling pathways at AJs. Trio GEF1-mediated Rac1 activation induces the recruitment of VE-cadherin to AJs, whereas Trio GEF2-mediated RhoA activation increases intracellular tension and reinforces Rac1 activation to promote assembly of VE-cadherin junctions and thereby establish the characteristic restrictive endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kruse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Quinn S Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeff Klomp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Mitchell Y Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shuangping Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Zhigang Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen M Vogel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jae-Won Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Yulia A Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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26
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Dufurrena Q, Bäck N, Mains R, Hodgson L, Tanowitz H, Mandela P, Eipper B, Kuliawat R. Kalirin/Trio Rho GDP/GTP exchange factors regulate proinsulin and insulin secretion. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 62:JME-18-0048.R2. [PMID: 30407917 PMCID: PMC6494717 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Key features for progression to pancreatic β-cell failure and disease are loss of glucose responsiveness and an increased ratio of secreted proinsulin to insulin. Proinsulin and insulin are stored in secretory granules (SGs) and the fine-tuning of hormone output requires signal mediated recruitment of select SG populations according to intracellular location and age. The GTPase Rac1 coordinates multiple signaling pathways that specify SG release and Rac1 activity is controlled in part by GDP/GTP exchange factors (GEFs). To explore the function of two large multidomain GEFs, Kalirin and Trio in β-cells, we manipulated their Rac1-specific GEF1 domain activity by using small molecule inhibitors and by genetically ablating Kalirin. We examined age related secretory granule behavior employing radiolabeling protocols. Loss of Kalirin/Trio function attenuated radioactive proinsulin release by reducing constitutive-like secretion and exocytosis of 2-hour old granules. At later chase times or at steady state, Kalirin/Trio manipulations decreased glucose stimulated insulin output. Finally, use of a Rac1 FRET biosensor with cultured β-cell lines, demonstrated that Kalirin/Trio GEF1 activity was required for normal rearrangement of Rac1 to the plasma membrane in response to glucose. Rac1 activation can be evoked by both glucose metabolism and signaling through the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor. GLP-1 addition restored Rac1 localization/activity and insulin secretion in the absence of Kalirin, thereby assigning Kalirin's participation to stimulatory glucose signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Dufurrena
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Nils Bäck
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Herbert Tanowitz
- Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Betty Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Regina Kuliawat
- Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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27
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Maldonado MDM, Dharmawardhane S. Targeting Rac and Cdc42 GTPases in Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3101-3111. [PMID: 29858187 PMCID: PMC6004249 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rac and Cdc42 are small GTPases that have been linked to multiple human cancers and are implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cell-cycle progression, migration/invasion, tumor growth, angiogenesis, and oncogenic transformation. With the exception of the P29S driver mutation in melanoma, Rac and Cdc42 are not generally mutated in cancer, but are overexpressed (gene amplification and mRNA upregulation) or hyperactivated. Rac and Cdc42 are hyperactivated via signaling through oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, which converge on the guanine nucleotide exchange factors that regulate their GDP/GTP exchange. Hence, targeting Rac and Cdc42 represents a promising strategy for precise cancer therapy, as well as for inhibition of bypass signaling that promotes resistance to cell surface receptor-targeted therapies. Therefore, an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of these pivotal signaling intermediates is key for the development of effective inhibitors. In this review, we focus on the role of Rac and Cdc42 in cancer and summarize the regulatory mechanisms, inhibitory efficacy, and the anticancer potential of Rac- and Cdc42-targeting agents. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3101-11. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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28
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Kumar AP, Lukman S. Allosteric binding sites in Rab11 for potential drug candidates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198632. [PMID: 29874286 PMCID: PMC5991966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab11 is an important protein subfamily in the RabGTPase family. These proteins physiologically function as key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking processes. Pathologically, Rab11 proteins are implicated in many diseases including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes. Although they are medically important, no previous study has found Rab11 allosteric binding sites where potential drug candidates can bind to. In this study, by employing multiple clustering approaches integrating principal component analysis, independent component analysis and locally linear embedding, we performed structural analyses of Rab11 and identified eight representative structures. Using these representatives to perform binding site mapping and virtual screening, we identified two novel binding sites in Rab11 and small molecules that can preferentially bind to different conformations of these sites with high affinities. After identifying the binding sites and the residue interaction networks in the representatives, we computationally showed that these binding sites may allosterically regulate Rab11, as these sites communicate with switch 2 region that binds to GTP/GDP. These two allosteric binding sites in Rab11 are also similar to two allosteric pockets in Ras that we discovered previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammu Prasanna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suryani Lukman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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29
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Olson MF. Rho GTPases, their post-translational modifications, disease-associated mutations and pharmacological inhibitors. Small GTPases 2018; 9:203-215. [PMID: 27548350 PMCID: PMC5927519 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1218407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 20 members of the Rho GTPase family are key regulators of a wide-variety of biological activities. In response to activation, they signal via downstream effector proteins to induce dynamic alterations in the organization of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. In this review, post-translational modifications, mechanisms of dysregulation identified in human pathological conditions, and the ways that Rho GTPases might be targeted for chemotherapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
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30
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Arnst JL, Hein AL, Taylor MA, Palermo NY, Contreras JI, Sonawane YA, Wahl AO, Ouellette MM, Natarajan A, Yan Y. Discovery and characterization of small molecule Rac1 inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34586-34600. [PMID: 28410221 PMCID: PMC5470993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Rho GTPase Rac1 has been observed in various tumor types, including pancreatic cancer. Rac1 activates multiple signaling pathways that lead to uncontrolled proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Thus, inhibition of Rac1 activity is a viable therapeutic strategy for proliferative disorders such as cancer. Here we identified small molecule inhibitors that target the nucleotide-binding site of Rac1 through in silico screening. Follow up in vitro studies demonstrated that two compounds blocked active Rac1 from binding to its effector PAK1. Fluorescence polarization studies indicate that these compounds target the nucleotide-binding site of Rac1. In cells, both compounds blocked Rac1 binding to its effector PAK1 following EGF-induced Rac1 activation in a dose-dependent manner, while showing no inhibition of the closely related Cdc42 and RhoA activity. Furthermore, functional studies indicate that both compounds reduced cell proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner in multiple pancreatic cancer cell lines. Additionally, the two compounds suppressed the clonogenic survival of pancreatic cancer cells, while they had no effect on the survival of normal pancreatic ductal cells. These compounds do not share the core structure of the known Rac1 inhibitors and could serve as additional lead compounds to target pancreatic cancers with high Rac1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Arnst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ashley L Hein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Margaret A Taylor
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Nick Y Palermo
- Holland Computing Center University of Nebraska-Lincoln Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jacob I Contreras
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Yogesh A Sonawane
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Andrew O Wahl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michel M Ouellette
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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31
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Pizza FX, Martin RA, Springer EM, Leffler MS, Woelmer BR, Recker IJ, Leaman DW. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 augments myoblast adhesion and fusion through homophilic trans-interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5094. [PMID: 28698658 PMCID: PMC5506053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall objective of the study was to identify mechanisms through which intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) augments the adhesive and fusogenic properties of myogenic cells. Hypotheses were tested using cultured myoblasts and fibroblasts, which do not constitutively express ICAM-1, and myoblasts and fibroblasts forced to express full length ICAM-1 or a truncated form lacking the cytoplasmic domain of ICAM-1. ICAM-1 mediated myoblast adhesion and fusion were quantified using novel assays and cell mixing experiments. We report that ICAM-1 augments myoblast adhesion to myoblasts and myotubes through homophilic trans-interactions. Such adhesive interactions enhanced levels of active Rac in adherent and fusing myoblasts, as well as triggered lamellipodia, spreading, and fusion of myoblasts through the signaling function of the cytoplasmic domain of ICAM-1. Rac inhibition negated ICAM-1 mediated lamellipodia, spreading, and fusion of myoblasts. The fusogenic property of ICAM-1-ICAM-1 interactions was restricted to myogenic cells, as forced expression of ICAM-1 by fibroblasts did not augment their fusion to ICAM-1+ myoblasts/myotubes. We conclude that ICAM-1 augments myoblast adhesion and fusion through its ability to self-associate and initiate Rac-mediated remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Pizza
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| | - Ryan A Martin
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Evan M Springer
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Maxwell S Leffler
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryce R Woelmer
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Isaac J Recker
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas W Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.,Wright State University, 4035 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Suite 300, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
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32
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Marei H, Malliri A. Rac1 in human diseases: The therapeutic potential of targeting Rac1 signaling regulatory mechanisms. Small GTPases 2017; 8:139-163. [PMID: 27442895 PMCID: PMC5584733 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1211398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal Rac1 signaling is linked to a number of debilitating human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. As such, Rac1 represents an attractive therapeutic target, yet the search for effective Rac1 inhibitors is still underway. Given the adverse effects associated with Rac1 signaling perturbation, cells have evolved several mechanisms to ensure the tight regulation of Rac1 signaling. Thus, characterizing these mechanisms can provide invaluable information regarding major cellular events that lead to aberrant Rac1 signaling. Importantly, this information can be utilized to further facilitate the development of effective pharmacological modulators that can restore normal Rac1 signaling. In this review, we focus on the pathological role of Rac1 signaling, highlighting the benefits and potential drawbacks of targeting Rac1 in a clinical setting. Additionally, we provide an overview of available compounds that target key Rac1 regulatory mechanisms and discuss future therapeutic avenues arising from our understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadir Marei
- Cell Signaling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signaling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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33
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Goedhart J, van Unen J. Molecular perturbation strategies to examine spatiotemporal features of Rho GEF and Rho GTPase activity in living cells. Small GTPases 2017; 10:178-186. [PMID: 28521592 PMCID: PMC6548299 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1302551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our current knowledge of Rho GTPase networks and the regulation by Rho guanine exchange factors (Rho GEFs) and Rho GTPase activating proteins (Rho GAPs) is based on population-based techniques. Over the last decades, technologies that enable single cell analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution have revealed that Rho GTPase activity in cells is regulated on second timescales and at submicrometer length scales. Therefore, perturbation methods with matching spatial and temporal resolution are crucial to further our understanding of Rho GTPase signaling. Here, we give a brief overview of the components of Rho GTPase signaling networks and review a range of existing perturbation strategies that target a specific component of the Rho GTPase signaling module. The advantages and limitations of each perturbation method are discussed. Several recommendations are formulated to guide future studies aimed at addressing spatiotemporal aspects of Rho GEF and Rho GTPase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Goedhart
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jakobus van Unen
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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34
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Kroon J, Heemskerk N, Kalsbeek MJT, de Waard V, van Rijssel J, van Buul JD. Flow-induced endothelial cell alignment requires the RhoGEF Trio as a scaffold protein to polarize active Rac1 distribution. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1745-1753. [PMID: 28515142 PMCID: PMC5491183 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term flow conditions promote endothelial cells to align in the direction of flow. The endothelial RhoGEF Trio keeps active Rac1 at the downstream side rather than exchanging GTP. Thus Trio acts as a scaffold protein to regulate endothelial cell polarization under long-term flow conditions. Endothelial cells line the lumen of the vessel wall and are exposed to flow. In linear parts of the vessel, the endothelial cells experience laminar flow, resulting in endothelial cell alignment in the direction of flow, thereby protecting the vessel wall from inflammation and permeability. In order for endothelial cells to align, they undergo rapid remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton by local activation of the small GTPase Rac1. However, it is not clear whether sustained and local activation of Rac1 is required for long-term flow-induced cell alignment. Using a FRET-based DORA Rac1 biosensor, we show that local Rac1 activity remains for 12 h upon long-term flow. Silencing studies show that the RhoGEF Trio is crucial for keeping active Rac1 at the downstream side of the cell and, as a result, for long-term flow-induced cell alignment. Surprisingly, Trio appears to be not involved in flow-induced activation of Rac1. Our data show that flow induces Rac1 activity at the downstream side of the cell in a Trio-dependent manner and that Trio functions as a scaffold protein rather than a functional GEF under long-term flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Plasma Proteins and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Niels Heemskerk
- Department of Plasma Proteins and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Martin J T Kalsbeek
- Department of Plasma Proteins and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Jos van Rijssel
- Department of Plasma Proteins and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Plasma Proteins and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
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Valdivia A, Goicoechea SM, Awadia S, Zinn A, Garcia-Mata R. Regulation of circular dorsal ruffles, macropinocytosis, and cell migration by RhoG and its exchange factor, Trio. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1768-1781. [PMID: 28468978 PMCID: PMC5491185 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoG and its exchange factor, Trio, regulate the formation and size of circular dorsal ruffles and associated functions, including macropinocytosis and cell migration. Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are actin-rich structures that form on the dorsal surface of many mammalian cells in response to growth factor stimulation. CDRs represent a unique type of structure that forms transiently and only once upon stimulation. The formation of CDRs involves a drastic rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the Rho family of GTPases. So far, only Rac1 has been consistently associated with CDR formation, whereas the role of other GTPases in this process is either lacking or inconclusive. Here we show that RhoG and its exchange factor, Trio, play a role in the regulation of CDR dynamics, particularly by modulating their size. RhoG is activated by Trio downstream of PDGF in a PI3K- and Src-dependent manner. Silencing RhoG expression decreases the number of cells that form CDRs, as well as the area of the CDRs. The regulation of CDR area by RhoG is independent of Rac1 function. In addition, our results show the RhoG plays a role in the cellular functions associated with CDR formation, including macropinocytosis, receptor internalization, and cell migration. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for RhoG in the regulation of CDRs and the cellular processes associated with their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Valdivia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606.,Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Sahezeel Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Ashtyn Zinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606
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NK cells are biologic and biochemical targets of 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn's disease patients. Clin Immunol 2016; 175:82-90. [PMID: 28011186 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NK cells, which contribute to immune defense against certain viral infections and neoplasia, are emerging as modifiers of chronic immunologic diseases including transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology and genetic studies have implicated NK cells as a modifier of Crohn's disease, a condition often treated with thiopurine agents such as 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). Here, we demonstrate that thiopurines mediate NK cell apoptosis via a caspase 3 and 9 inclusive pathway, and that this process is triggered by thiopurine-mediated inhibition of Rac1. We also show that CD patients in clinical remission maintained on 6-MP have decreased NK cell Rac1 activity, and decreased NK cell numbers in their intestinal biopsies. These observations suggest that thiopurine targeting of NK cells may be a previously unappreciated therapeutic action of these agents in IBD.
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Diviani D, Raimondi F, Del Vescovo CD, Dreyer E, Reggi E, Osman H, Ruggieri L, Gonano C, Cavin S, Box CL, Lenoir M, Overduin M, Bellucci L, Seeber M, Fanelli F. Small-Molecule Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor of Oncogenic Rho Signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1135-1146. [PMID: 27593112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled activation of Rho signaling by RhoGEFs, in particular AKAP13 (Lbc) and its close homologs, is implicated in a number of human tumors with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Structure predictions and alanine scanning mutagenesis of Lbc identified a circumscribed hot region for RhoA recognition and activation. Virtual screening targeting that region led to the discovery of an inhibitor of Lbc-RhoA interaction inside cells. By interacting with the DH domain, the compound inhibits the catalytic activity of Lbc, halts cellular responses to activation of oncogenic Lbc pathways, and reverses a number of prostate cancer cell phenotypes such as proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. This study provides insights into the structural determinants of Lbc-RhoA recognition. This is a successful example of structure-based discovery of a small protein-protein interaction inhibitor able to halt oncogenic Rho signaling in cancer cells with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Diviani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cosmo D Del Vescovo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Dreyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erica Reggi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Halima Osman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Ruggieri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Gonano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Cavin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clare L Box
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marc Lenoir
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Luca Bellucci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Seeber
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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RAC-LATS1/2 signaling regulates YAP activity by switching between the YAP-binding partners TEAD4 and RUNX3. Oncogene 2016; 36:999-1011. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Smithers CC, Overduin M. Structural Mechanisms and Drug Discovery Prospects of Rho GTPases. Cells 2016; 5:E26. [PMID: 27304967 PMCID: PMC4931675 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases regulate cellular morphology and dynamics, and some are key drivers of cancer progression. This superfamily offers attractive potential targets for therapeutic intervention, with RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 being prime examples. The challenges in developing agents that act on these signaling enzymes include the lack of obvious druggable pockets and their membrane-bound activities. However, progress in targeting the similar Ras protein is illuminating new strategies for specifically inhibiting oncogenic GTPases. The structures of multiple signaling and regulatory states of Rho proteins have been determined, and the post-translational modifications including acylation and phosphorylation points have been mapped and their functional effects examined. The development of inhibitors to probe the significance of overexpression and mutational hyperactivation of these GTPases underscores their importance in cancer progression. The ability to integrate in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations of drug-like molecules indicates the growing tractability of GTPase systems for lead optimization. Although no Rho-targeted drug molecules have yet been clinically approved, this family is clearly showing increasing promise for the development of precision medicine and combination cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C Smithers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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40
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Kalirin is required for BDNF-TrkB stimulated neurite outgrowth and branching. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:227-238. [PMID: 27036892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), acting through TrkB, is known to promote neurite formation and branching. This response to BDNF was eliminated by inhibition of TrkB kinase and by specific inhibition of the GEF1 domain of Kalirin, which activates Rac1. Neurons from Kalrn knockout mice were unable to activate Rac1 in response to BDNF. BDNF-triggered neurite outgrowth was abolished when Kalrn expression was reduced using shRNA that targets all of the major Kalrn isoforms, and reduced in neurons from Kalrn knockout mice. The Kalrn isoforms expressed early in development also include a GEF2 domain that activates RhoA. However, BDNF-stimulated neurite outgrowth in Kalrn knockout neurons was rescued by expression of Kalirin-7, which includes only the GEF1 domain but lacks the GEF2 domain. Dendritic morphogenesis, which requires spatially restricted, coordinated changes in the actin cytoskeleton and in the organization of microtubules, involves essential contributions from multiple Rho GEFs. Since Tiam1, another Rho GEF, is also required for BDNF-stimulated neurite outgrowth, an inhibitory fragment of Tiam1 (PHn-CC-EX) was tested and found to interfere with both Kalirin and Tiam1 GEF activity. The prolonged TrkB activation observed in response to BDNF in Kalrn knockout neurons and the altered time course and extent of ERK, CREB and Akt activation observed in the absence of Kalrn would be expected to alter the response of these neurons to other regulatory factors.
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41
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López-Benito S, Lillo C, Hernández-Hernández Á, Chao MV, Arévalo JC. ARMS/Kidins220 and synembryn-B levels regulate NGF-mediated secretion. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1866-77. [PMID: 26966186 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the nervous system requires a temporally and spatially orchestrated set of events including differentiation, synapse formation and neurotransmission. Nerve growth factor (NGF) acting through the TrkA neurotrophin receptor (also known as NTRK1) regulates many of these events. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for NGF-regulated secretion are not completely understood. Here, we describe a new signaling pathway involving TrkA, ARMS (also known as Kidins220), synembryn-B and Rac1 in NGF-mediated secretion in PC12 cells. Whereas overexpression of ARMS blocked NGF-mediated secretion, without affecting basal secretion, a decrease in ARMS resulted in potentiation. Similar effects were observed with synembryn-B, a protein that interacts directly with ARMS. Downstream of ARMS and synembryn-B are Gαq and Trio proteins, which modulate the activity of Rac1 in response to NGF. Expression of dominant-negative Rac1 rescued the secretion defects of cells overexpressing ARMS or synembryn-B. Thus, this neurotrophin pathway represents a new mechanism responsible for NGF-regulated secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray López-Benito
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Concepción Lillo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Ángel Hernández-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca 37007, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Moses V Chao
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Neural Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juan C Arévalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca 37007, Spain
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Timmerman I, Heemskerk N, Kroon J, Schaefer A, van Rijssel J, Hoogenboezem M, van Unen J, Goedhart J, Gadella TWJ, Yin T, Wu Y, Huveneers S, van Buul JD. A local VE-cadherin and Trio-based signaling complex stabilizes endothelial junctions through Rac1. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3041-54. [PMID: 26116572 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.168674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell junctions maintain a restrictive barrier that is tightly regulated to allow dynamic responses to permeability-inducing angiogenic factors, as well as to inflammatory agents and adherent leukocytes. The ability of these stimuli to transiently remodel adherens junctions depends on Rho-GTPase-controlled cytoskeletal rearrangements. How the activity of Rho-GTPases is spatio-temporally controlled at endothelial adherens junctions by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) is incompletely understood. Here, we identify a crucial role for the Rho-GEF Trio in stabilizing junctions based around vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin (also known as CDH5). Trio interacts with VE-cadherin and locally activates Rac1 at adherens junctions during the formation of nascent contacts, as assessed using a novel FRET-based Rac1 biosensor and biochemical assays. The Rac-GEF domain of Trio is responsible for the remodeling of junctional actin from radial into cortical actin bundles, a crucial step for junction stabilization. This promotes the formation of linear adherens junctions and increases endothelial monolayer resistance. Collectively, our data show the importance of spatio-temporal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton through Trio and Rac1 at VE-cadherin-based cell-cell junctions in the maintenance of the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Timmerman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Heemskerk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Antje Schaefer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jos van Rijssel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Hoogenboezem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jakobus van Unen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Taofei Yin
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modelling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modelling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are critical for platelet function. Although the roles of RhoA, Rac and Cdc42 are characterized, platelets express other Rho GTPases, whose activities are less well understood. This review summarizes our understanding of the roles of platelet Rho GTPases and focuses particularly on the functions of Rif and RhoG. In human platelets, Rif interacts with cytoskeleton regulators including formins mDia1 and mDia3, whereas RhoG binds SNARE-complex proteins and cytoskeletal regulators ELMO and DOCK1. Knockout mouse studies suggest that Rif plays no critical functions in platelets, likely due to functional overlap with other Rho GTPases. In contrast, RhoG is essential for normal granule secretion downstream of the collagen receptor GPVI. The central defect in RhoG-/- platelets is reduced dense granule secretion, which impedes integrin activation and aggregation and limits platelet recruitment to growing thrombi under shear, translating into reduced thrombus formation in vivo. Potential avenues for future work on Rho GTPases in platelets are also highlighted, including identification of the key regulator for platelet filopodia formation and investigation of the role of the many Rho GTPase regulators in platelet function in both health and disease.
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Mikelis CM, Simaan M, Ando K, Fukuhara S, Sakurai A, Amornphimoltham P, Masedunskas A, Weigert R, Chavakis T, Adams RH, Offermanns S, Mochizuki N, Zheng Y, Gutkind JS. RhoA and ROCK mediate histamine-induced vascular leakage and anaphylactic shock. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6725. [PMID: 25857352 PMCID: PMC4394241 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine-induced vascular leakage is an integral component of many highly prevalent human diseases, including allergies, asthma, and anaphylaxis. Yet, how histamine induces the disruption of the endothelial barrier is not well defined. By using genetically modified animal models, pharmacologic inhibitors, and a synthetic biology approach, here we show that the small GTPase RhoA mediates histamine-induced vascular leakage. Histamine causes the rapid formation of focal adherens junctions, disrupting the endothelial barrier by acting on H1R Gαq-coupled receptors, which is blunted in endothelial Gαq/11 KO mice. Interfering with RhoA and ROCK function abolishes endothelial permeability, while phospholipase Cβ plays a limited role. Moreover, endothelial-specific RhoA gene deletion prevents vascular leakage and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo, and ROCK inhibitors protect from lethal systemic anaphylaxis. This study supports a key role for the RhoA signaling circuitry in vascular permeability, thereby identifying novel pharmacological targets for many human diseases characterized by aberrant vascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos M Mikelis
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - May Simaan
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Cell Biology, CREST-JST, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Cell Biology, CREST-JST, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sakurai
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Panomwat Amornphimoltham
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- 1] Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster D-48149, Germany [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, CREST-JST, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yi Zheng
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Cardama GA, Comin MJ, Hornos L, Gonzalez N, Defelipe L, Turjanski AG, Alonso DF, Gomez DE, Menna PL. Preclinical development of novel Rac1-GEF signaling inhibitors using a rational design approach in highly aggressive breast cancer cell lines. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2015; 14:840-51. [PMID: 24066799 PMCID: PMC4104455 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113136660334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases play a key role in the regulation of multiple essential cellular processes, including actin dynamics, gene transcription and cell cycle progression. Aberrant activation of Rac1, a member of Rho family of small GTPases, is associated with tumorigenesis, cancer progression, invasion and metastasis. Particularly, Rac1 is overexpressed and hyperactivated in highly aggressive breast cancer. Thus, Rac1 appears to be a promising and relevant target for the development of novel anticancer drugs. We identified the novel Rac1 inhibitor ZINC69391 through a docking-based virtual library screening targeting Rac1 activation by GEFs. This compound was able to block Rac1 interaction with its GEF Tiam1, prevented EGF-induced Rac1 activation and inhibited cell proliferation, cell migration and cell cycle progression in highly aggressive breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, ZINC69391 showed an in vivo antimetastatic effect in a syngeneic animal model. We further developed the novel analog 1A-116 by rational design and showed to be specific and more potent than the parental compound in vitro and interfered Rac1-P-Rex1 interaction. We also showed an enhanced in vivo potency of 1A-116 analog. These results show that we have developed novel Rac1 inhibitors that may be used as a novel anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Lorenzano Menna
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Pena 352, Bernal B1876BXD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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46
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Chevalier C, Cannet A, Descamps S, Sirvent A, Simon V, Roche S, Benistant C. ABL tyrosine kinase inhibition variable effects on the invasive properties of different triple negative breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118854. [PMID: 25803821 PMCID: PMC4372365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase ABL drives myeloid progenitor expansion in human chronic myeloid leukemia. ABL inhibition by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib is a first-line treatment for this disease. Recently, ABL has also been implicated in the transforming properties of solid tumors, including triple negative (TN) breast cancer. TN breast cancers are highly metastatic and several cell lines derived from these tumors display high invasive activity in vitro. This feature is associated with the activation of actin-rich membrane structures called invadopodia that promote extracellular matrix degradation. Here, we investigated nilotinib effect on the invasive and migratory properties of different TN breast cancer cell lines. Nilotinib decreased both matrix degradation and invasion in the TN breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB 231 and MDA-MB 468. However, and unexpectedly, nilotinib increased by two-fold the invasive properties of the TN breast cancer cell line BT-549 and of Src-transformed fibroblasts. Both display much higher levels of ABL kinase activity compared to MDA-MB 231. Similar effects were obtained by siRNA-mediated down-regulation of ABL expression, confirming ABL central role in this process. ABL anti-tumor effect in BT-549 cells and Src-transformed fibroblasts was not dependent on EGF secretion, as recently reported in neck and squamous carcinoma cells. Rather, we identified the TRIO-RAC1 axis as an important downstream element of ABL activity in these cancer cells. In conclusion, the observation that TN breast cancer cell lines respond differently to ABL inhibitors could have implications for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Chevalier
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire CNRS UMR5237, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Aude Cannet
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire CNRS UMR5237, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Simon Descamps
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire CNRS UMR5237, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Audrey Sirvent
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire CNRS UMR5237, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Valérie Simon
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire CNRS UMR5237, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Serge Roche
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire CNRS UMR5237, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
- * E-mail: (SR); (CB)
| | - Christine Benistant
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, INSERM UMR 1054, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34090, France
- * E-mail: (SR); (CB)
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Vives V, Cres G, Richard C, Busson M, Ferrandez Y, Planson AG, Zeghouf M, Cherfils J, Malaval L, Blangy A. Pharmacological inhibition of Dock5 prevents osteolysis by affecting osteoclast podosome organization while preserving bone formation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6218. [PMID: 25645278 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is caused by excessive activity of bone-degrading osteoclasts over bone-forming osteoblast. Standard antiosteolytic treatments inhibit bone resorption by inducing osteoclast loss, with the adverse effect of hindering also bone formation. Formation of the osteoclast sealing zone requires Dock5, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase Rac, and C21, a chemical inhibitor of Dock5, decreases bone resorption by cultured osteoclasts. Here we show that C21 directly inhibits the exchange activity of Dock5 and disrupts osteoclast podosome organization. Remarkably, C21 administration protects mice against bone degradation in models recapitulating major osteolytic diseases: menopause, rheumatoid arthritis and bone metastasis. Furthermore, C21 administration does not affect bone formation and is not toxic. Our results validate the pharmacological inhibition of Dock5 as a novel therapeutic route for fighting osteolytic diseases while preserving bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vives
- 1] Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France [2] Montpellier University, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Gaëlle Cres
- 1] Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France [2] Montpellier University, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Richard
- 1] Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France [2] Montpellier University, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Muriel Busson
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, U896 INSERM, 34298 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Yann Ferrandez
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Gaelle Planson
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mahel Zeghouf
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacqueline Cherfils
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luc Malaval
- INSERM U1059, Université Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint-Etienne cedex 02, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- 1] Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France [2] Montpellier University, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Cannet A, Schmidt S, Delaval B, Debant A. Identification of a mitotic Rac-GEF, Trio, that counteracts MgcRacGAP function during cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:4063-71. [PMID: 25355950 PMCID: PMC4263449 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of Rac1 by MgcRacGAP at the cleavage plane is essential to ensure cytokinesis. Trio activates Rac1 in dividing cells, and its depletion rescues the cytokinesis failure induced by MgcRacGAP. This work identifies for the first time a GEF-activating Rac1 in dividing cells that counteracts MgcRacGAP function in cytokinesis. The Rho GTPases RhoA and Rac1 function as master regulators of cytokinesis by controlling the actomyosin cytoskeleton. RhoA and Rac1 have to be respectively activated and inactivated at the division plane for cytokinesis to occur properly. The inactivation of Rac1 at the cleavage furrow is controlled by MgcRacGAP. However, the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates Rac1 during cell division remains unknown. Here, using a siRNA screening approach in HeLa cells, we identify Trio as a mitotic GEF of Rac1. We demonstrate that Trio controls Rac1 activation and subsequent F-actin remodeling in dividing cells. Moreover, Trio depletion specifically rescues the cytokinesis failure induced by MgcRacGAP depletion. Of importance, we demonstrate that this rescue is mediated by the Trio-Rac1 pathway, using GEF-dead mutants of Trio and a specific inhibitor of Rac1 activation by Trio. Overall this work identifies for the first time a GEF controlling Rac1 activation in dividing cells that counteracts MgcRacGAP function in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Cannet
- Signaling and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Susanne Schmidt
- Signaling and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Bénédicte Delaval
- Centrosome, Cilia and Pathology Group, CRBM-CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Debant
- Signaling and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Morin A, Cordelières FP, Cherfils J, Olofsson B. RhoGDI3 and RhoG: Vesicular trafficking and interactions with the Sec3 Exocyst subunit. Small GTPases 2014; 1:142-156. [PMID: 21686268 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.3.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoGDIs are negative regulators of small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family, which have essential cellular functions in most aspects of actin-based morphology and motility processes. They extract Rho proteins from membranes, keep them in inactive rhoGDI/Rho complexes and eventually deliver them again to specific membranes in response to cellular signals. RhoGDI3, the most divergent member of the rhoGDI family, is well suited to document the underlying molecular mechanisms, since the active and inactive forms of its cellular target, RhoG, have well-separated subcellular localizations. In this study, we investigate trafficking structures and molecular interactions involved in rhoGDI3-mediated shuttling of RhoG between the Golgi and the plasma membrane.Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and acceptor-photobleaching FRET experiments suggest that rhoGDI3 and RhoG form complexes on Golgi and vesicular structures in mammalian cells. 4D-videomicroscopy confirms this localization, and show that RhoG/rhoGDI3-labelled structures are less dynamic than RhoG and rhoGDI3-labeled vesicles, consistent with the inhibitory function of rhoGDI3. Next, we identify the Exocyst subunit Sec3 as a candidate rhoGDI3 partner in cells. RhoGDI3 relocates a subcomplex of the Exocyst (Sec3 and Sec8) from the cytoplasm to the Golgi, while Sec6 is unaffected. Remarkably, Sec3 increases the level of GTP-bound endogenous RhoG, the RhoG-dependent induction of membrane ruffles, and the formation of intercellular tunneling nanotube-like protrusions.Altogether, our study identifies a novel link between vesicular traffic and the regulation of Rho proteins by rhoGDIs. It also suggests that components of the Exocyst machinery may be involved in RhoG functions, possibly regulated by rhoGDI3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Morin
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales; Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette; CNRS; Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Milara J, Peiró T, Serrano A, Artigues E, Aparicio J, Tenor H, Sanz C, Cortijo J. Simvastatin Increases the Ability of Roflumilast N-oxide to Inhibit Cigarette Smoke-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Well-differentiated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells in vitro. COPD 2014; 12:320-31. [PMID: 25207459 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2014.948995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in COPD small bronchi as part of the lung remodeling process. We recently observed that roflumilast N-oxide (RNO), the active metabolite of the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast, prevents cigarette smoke-induced EMT in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells. Further, statins were shown to protect renal and alveolar epithelial cells from EMT. OBJECTIVES To analyze how RNO and simvastatin (SIM) interact on CSE-induced EMT in well-differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells (WD-HBEC) from small bronchi in vitro. METHODS WD-HBEC were stimulated with CSE (2.5%). The mesenchymal markers vimentin, collagen type I and α-SMA, the epithelial markers E-cadherin and ZO-1, as well as β-catenin were quantified by real time quantitative PCR or Western blotting. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using the H2DCF-DA probe. GTP-Rac1 and pAkt were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS The combination of RNO at 2 nM and SIM at 100 nM was (over) additive to reverse CSE-induced EMT. CSE-induced EMT was partially mediated by the generation of ROS and the activation of the PI3K/Akt/β-catenin pathway. Both RNO at 2 nM and SIM at 100 nM partially abrogated this pathway, and its combination almost abolished ROS/ PI3K/Akt/β-catenin signaling and therefore EMT. CONCLUSIONS The PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast N-oxide acts (over)additively with simvastatin to prevent CSE-induced EMT in WD-HBEC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- 1Clinical Research Unit (UIC), University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia , Spain
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