1
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Aghdam MS, Razavi F, Jia H. TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation for improving postharvest fruits and vegetables marketability. Food Chem 2024; 456:139987. [PMID: 38852461 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
During postharvest life, intracellular sugar insufficiency accompanied by insufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH supply, intracellular ROS overaccumulation along with intracellular ABA accumulation arising from water shortage could be responsible for accelerating fruits and vegetables deterioration through promoting SnRK1 and SnRK2 signaling pathways while preventing TOR signaling pathway. By TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation, sufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH providing, supporting phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins accumulation accompanied by improving DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS scavenging capacity by enhancing phenylpropanoid pathway activity, stimulating endogenous salicylic acid accumulation and NPR1-TGA-PRs signaling pathway, enhancing fatty acids biosynthesis, elongation and unsaturation, suppressing intracellular ROS overaccumulation, and promoting endogenous sucrose accumulation could be responsible for chilling injury palliating, fungal decay alleviating, senescence delaying and sensory and nutritional quality preservation in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation during postharvest shelf life by employing eco-friendly approaches such as exogenous trehalose and ATP application or engaging biotechnological approaches such as genome editing CRISPR-Cas9 or sprayable double-stranded RNA-based RNA interference would be applicable for improving fruits and vegetables marketability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhang Razavi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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2
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Smiles WJ, Ovens AJ, Kemp BE, Galic S, Petersen J, Oakhill JS. New developments in AMPK and mTORC1 cross-talk. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20240007. [PMID: 38994736 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20240007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis and the ability to link energy supply to demand are essential requirements for all living cells to grow and proliferate. Key to metabolic homeostasis in all eukaryotes are AMPK and mTORC1, two kinases that sense nutrient levels and function as counteracting regulators of catabolism (AMPK) and anabolism (mTORC1) to control cell survival, growth and proliferation. Discoveries beginning in the early 2000s revealed that AMPK and mTORC1 communicate, or cross-talk, through direct and indirect phosphorylation events to regulate the activities of each other and their shared protein substrate ULK1, the master initiator of autophagy, thereby allowing cellular metabolism to rapidly adapt to energy and nutritional state. More recent reports describe divergent mechanisms of AMPK/mTORC1 cross-talk and the elaborate means by which AMPK and mTORC1 are activated at the lysosome. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of current understanding in this exciting area and comment on new evidence showing mTORC1 feedback extends to the level of the AMPK isoform, which is particularly pertinent for some cancers where specific AMPK isoforms are implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumour Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ashley J Ovens
- Protein Engineering in Immunity and Metabolism, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Vic. Australia
| | - Sandra Galic
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Metabolic Physiology, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Janni Petersen
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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3
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Sun J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Hu L, Zhao L, Wang H, Yuan Y, Niu H, Wang D, Zhang H, Liu J, Feng X, Su X, Qiu J, Sun J, Xu H, Zhang C, Wang K, Bi Y, Engleman EG, Shen L. Metabolic regulator LKB1 controls adipose tissue ILC2 PD-1 expression and mitochondrial homeostasis to prevent insulin resistance. Immunity 2024; 57:1289-1305.e9. [PMID: 38772366 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) help maintain metabolic homeostasis by sustaining type 2 immunity and promoting adipose beiging. Although impairment of the ILC2 compartment contributes to obesity-associated insulin resistance, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here, we found that ILC2s in obese mice and humans exhibited impaired liver kinase B1 (LKB1) activation. Genetic ablation of LKB1 disrupted ILC2 mitochondrial metabolism and suppressed ILC2 responses, resulting in exacerbated insulin resistance. Mechanistically, LKB1 deficiency induced aberrant PD-1 expression through activation of NFAT, which in turn enhanced mitophagy by suppressing Bcl-xL expression. Blockade of PD-1 restored the normal functions of ILC2s and reversed obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice. Collectively, these data present the LKB1-PD-1 axis as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Sun
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qingbing Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Linfeng Zhao
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hongshen Niu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dongdi Wang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huasheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianyue Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xujiao Feng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Catherine Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Shen
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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4
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Hu Y, Lin Y, Bai J, Xu X, Wang Z, Ding C, Ding Y, Chen L. AMPK activator 991 specifically activates SnRK1 and thereby affects seed germination in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2917-2932. [PMID: 38465908 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are highly conserved. Compound 991 is an AMPK activator in mammals. However, whether 991 also activates SnRK1 remains unknown. The addition of 991 significantly increased SnRK1 activity in desalted extracts from germinating rice seeds in vitro. To determine whether 991 has biological activity, rice seeds were treated with different concentrations of 991. Germination was promoted at low concentrations but inhibited at high concentrations. The effects of 991 on germination were similar to those of OsSnRK1a overexpression. To explore whether 991 affects germination by specifically affecting SnRK1, germination of an snrk1a mutant and the wild type under 1 μM 991 treatment was compared. The snrk1a mutant was insensitive to 991. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that the differential phosphopeptides induced by 991 and OsSnRK1a overexpression largely overlapped. Furthermore, SnRK1 might regulate rice germination in a dosage-dependent manner by regulating the phosphorylation of three phosphosites, namely S285-PIP2;4, S1013-SOS1, and S110-ABI5. These results indicate that 991 is a specific SnRK1 activator in rice. The promotion and inhibition of germination by 991 also occurred in wheat seeds. Thus, 991 is useful for exploring SnRK1 function and the chemical regulation of growth and development in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Bai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziteng Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
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5
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Achanta LB, Thomas DS, Housley GD, Rae CD. AMP-activated protein kinase activators have compound and concentration-specific effects on brain metabolism. J Neurochem 2024; 168:677-692. [PMID: 36977628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor of energy balance playing important roles in the balancing of anabolic and catabolic activities. The high energy demands of the brain and its limited capacity to store energy indicate that AMPK may play a significant role in brain metabolism. Here, we activated AMPK in guinea pig cortical tissue slices, both directly with A769662 and PF 06409577 and indirectly with AICAR and metformin. We studied the resultant metabolism of [1-13C]glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate using NMR spectroscopy. We found distinct activator concentration-dependent effects on metabolism, which ranged from decreased metabolic pool sizes at EC50 activator concentrations with no expected stimulation in glycolytic flux to increased aerobic glycolysis and decreased pyruvate metabolism with certain activators. Further, activation with direct versus indirect activators produced distinct metabolic outcomes at both low (EC50) and higher (EC50 × 10) concentrations. Specific direct activation of β1-containing AMPK isoforms with PF 06409577 resulted in increased Krebs cycle activity, restoring pyruvate metabolism while A769662 increased lactate and alanine production, as well as labelling of citrate and glutamine. These results reveal a complex metabolic response to AMPK activators in brain beyond increased aerobic glycolysis and indicate that further research is warranted into their concentration- and mechanism-dependent impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya B Achanta
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Donald S Thomas
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
- School of Psychology, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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6
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Shen R, Qin S, Lv Y, Liu D, Ke Q, Shi C, Jiang L, Yang J, Zhou Y. GLP-1 receptor agonist attenuates tubular cell ferroptosis in diabetes via enhancing AMPK-fatty acid metabolism pathway through macropinocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167060. [PMID: 38354757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Kidney tubules are mostly responsible for pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Actively reabsorption of iron, high rate of lipid metabolism and exposure to concentrated redox-active compounds constructed the three main pillars of ferroptosis in tubular cells. However, limited evidence has indicated that ferroptosis is indispensable for diabetic tubular injury. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) processed strong benefits on kidney outcomes in people with diabetes. Moreover, GLP-1RA may have additive effects by improving dysmetabolism besides glucose control and weight loss. Therefore, the present study aimed at exploring the benefits of exendin-4, a high affinity GLP-1RA on kidney tubular dysregulation in diabetes and the possible mechanisms involved, with focus on ferroptosis and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mitochondrial lipid metabolism pathway. Our data revealed that exendin-4 treatment markedly improved kidney structure and function by reducing iron overload, oxidative stress, and ACSL4-driven lipid peroxidation taken place in diabetic kidney tubules, along with reduced GPX4 expression and GSH content. AMPK signaling was identified as the downstream target of exendin-4, and enhancement of AMPK triggered the transmit of its downstream signal to activate fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria and suppress lipid synthesis and glycolysis, and ultimately alleviated toxic lipid accumulation and ferroptosis. Further study suggested that exendin-4 was taken up by tubular cells via macropinocytosis. The protective effect of exendin-4 on tubular ferroptosis was abolished by macropinocytosis blockade. Taken together, present work demonstrated the beneficial effects of GLP-1RA treatment on kidney tubular protection in diabetes by suppressing ferroptosis through enhancing AMPK-fatty acid metabolic signaling via macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shen
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Songyan Qin
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yunhui Lv
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Qingqing Ke
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Caifeng Shi
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.
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7
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Rahman AA, Butcko AJ, Songyekutu E, Granneman JG, Mottillo EP. Direct effects of adipocyte lipolysis on AMPK through intracellular long-chain acyl-CoA signaling. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19. [PMID: 38167670 PMCID: PMC10761689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoAs (LC-acyl-CoAs) are important intermediary metabolites and are also thought to function as intracellular signaling molecules; however, the direct effects of LC-acyl-CoAs have been difficult to determine in real-time and dissociate from Protein Kinase A (PKA) signaling. Here, we examined the direct role of lipolysis in generating intracellular LC-acyl-CoAs and activating AMPK in white adipocytes by pharmacological activation of ABHD5 (also known as CGI-58), a lipase co-activator. Activation of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes independent of PKA with synthetic ABHD5 ligands, resulted in greater activation of AMPK compared to receptor-mediated activation with isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist. Importantly, the effect of pharmacological activation of ABHD5 on AMPK activation was blocked by inhibiting ATGL, the rate-limiting enzyme for triacylglycerol hydrolysis. Utilizing a novel FRET sensor to detect intracellular LC-acyl-CoAs, we demonstrate that stimulation of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes increased the production of LC-acyl-CoAs, an effect which was blocked by inhibition of ATGL. Moreover, ATGL inhibition blocked AMPKβ1 S108 phosphorylation, a site required for allosteric regulation. Increasing intracellular LC-acyl-CoAs by removal of BSA in the media and pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 and 2 resulted in greater activation of AMPK. Finally, inhibiting LC-acyl-CoA generation reduced activation of AMPK; however, did not lower energy charge. Overall, results demonstrate that lipolysis in white adipocytes directly results in allosteric activation of AMPK through the generation of LC-acyl-CoAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir A Rahman
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Andrew J Butcko
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Emmanuel Songyekutu
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Emilio P Mottillo
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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8
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Hawley SA, Russell FM, Ross FA, Hardie DG. BAY-3827 and SBI-0206965: Potent AMPK Inhibitors That Paradoxically Increase Thr172 Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:453. [PMID: 38203624 PMCID: PMC10778976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the central component of a signalling pathway that senses energy stress and triggers a metabolic switch away from anabolic processes and towards catabolic processes. There has been a prolonged focus in the pharmaceutical industry on the development of AMPK-activating drugs for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as Type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, recent findings suggest that AMPK inhibitors might be efficacious for treating certain cancers, especially lung adenocarcinomas, in which the PRKAA1 gene (encoding the α1 catalytic subunit isoform of AMPK) is often amplified. Here, we study two potent AMPK inhibitors, BAY-3827 and SBI-0206965. Despite not being closely related structurally, the treatment of cells with either drug unexpectedly caused increases in AMPK phosphorylation at the activating site, Thr172, even though the phosphorylation of several downstream targets in different subcellular compartments was completely inhibited. Surprisingly, the two inhibitors appear to promote Thr172 phosphorylation by different mechanisms: BAY-3827 primarily protects against Thr172 dephosphorylation, while SBI-0206965 also promotes phosphorylation by LKB1 at low concentrations, while increasing cellular AMP:ATP ratios at higher concentrations. Due to its greater potency and fewer off-target effects, BAY-3827 is now the inhibitor of choice for cell studies, although its low bioavailability may limit its use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D. Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; (S.A.H.); (F.A.R.)
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9
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Göransson O, Kopietz F, Rider MH. Metabolic control by AMPK in white adipose tissue. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:704-717. [PMID: 37673765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) plays an important role in the integration of whole-body metabolism by storing fat and mobilizing triacylglycerol when needed. The released free fatty acids can then be oxidized by other tissues to provide ATP. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of metabolic pathways, and can be targeted by a new generation of direct, small-molecule activators. AMPK activation in WAT inhibits insulin-stimulated lipogenesis and in some situations also inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, but AMPK-induced inhibition of β-adrenergic agonist-stimulated lipolysis might need to be re-evaluated in vivo. The lack of dramatic effects of AMPK activation on basal metabolism in WAT could be advantageous when treating type 2 diabetes with pharmacological pan-AMPK activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Göransson
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Franziska Kopietz
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark H Rider
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) and de Duve Institute, Avenue Hippocrate 75, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Muema FW, Nanjala C, Oulo MA, Wangchuk P. Phytochemical Content and Antidiabetic Properties of Most Commonly Used Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants of Kenya. Molecules 2023; 28:7202. [PMID: 37894680 PMCID: PMC10609527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicinal plants have been used for decades in folk medicines in the treatment and management of several ailments and diseases including diabetes, pain, ulcers, cancers, and wounds, among others. This study focused on the phytochemical and antidiabetic activity of the commonly used antidiabetic medicinal species in Kenya. Phytochemical profiling of these species revealed flavonoids and terpenoids as the major chemical classes reported which have been linked with strong biological activities against the aforementioned diseases, among others. However, out of the selected twenty-two species, many of the natural product isolation studies have focused on only a few species, as highlighted in the study. All of the examined crude extracts from thirteen antidiabetic species demonstrated strong antidiabetic activities by inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase among other mechanisms, while nine are yet to be evaluated for their antidiabetic activities. Isolated compounds S-Methylcysteine sulfoxide, quercetin, alliuocide G, 2-(3,4-Dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxy-3 (2H)-benzofuranone, Luteolin-7-O-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin, 1,3,11α-Trihydroxy-9-(3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-7-on-2-yl)-5α-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-5,6,11-hexahydro-5,6,11-trioxanaphthacene-12-one and [1,3,11α-Trihydroxy-9-(3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-7-on-2-yl)-5α-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-5,6,11-hexahydro-5,6,11-trioxanaphthacene-12-one]-4'-O-D-gluco-pyranoside from Allium cepa have been found to exhibit significant antidiabetic activities. With the huge number of adults living with diabetes in Kenya and the available treatment methods being expensive yet not so effective, this study highlights alternative remedies by documenting the commonly used antidiabetic medicinal plants. Further, the study supports the antidiabetic use of these plants with the existing pharmacological profiles and highlights research study gaps. Therefore, it is urgent to conduct natural products isolation work on the selected antidiabetic species commonly used in Kenya and evaluate their antidiabetic activities, both in vitro and in vivo, to validate their antidiabetic use and come up with new antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wambua Muema
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (F.W.M.); (M.A.O.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Consolata Nanjala
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia;
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Millicent Akinyi Oulo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (F.W.M.); (M.A.O.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd., Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
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11
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Kvandova M, Puzserova A, Balis P. Sexual Dimorphism in Cardiometabolic Diseases: The Role of AMPK. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11986. [PMID: 37569362 PMCID: PMC10418890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and disability among both males and females. The risk of cardiovascular diseases is heightened by the presence of a risk factor cluster of metabolic syndrome, covering obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factors such as hypertension, glucose, and lipid metabolism dysregulation primarily. Sex hormones contribute to metabolic regulation and make women and men susceptible to obesity development in a different manner, which necessitates sex-specific management. Identifying crucial factors that protect the cardiovascular system is essential to enhance primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and should be explicitly studied from the perspective of sex differences. It seems that AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) may be such a factor since it has the protective role of AMPK in the cardiovascular system, has anti-diabetic properties, and is regulated by sex hormones. Those findings highlight the potential cardiometabolic benefits of AMPK, making it an essential factor to consider. Here, we review information about the cross-talk between AMPK and sex hormones as a critical point in cardiometabolic disease development and progression and a target for therapeutic intervention in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kvandova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (P.B.)
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Sharma A, Anand SK, Singh N, Dwivedi UN, Kakkar P. AMP-activated protein kinase: An energy sensor and survival mechanism in the reinstatement of metabolic homeostasis. Exp Cell Res 2023; 428:113614. [PMID: 37127064 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells are programmed to favorably respond towards the nutrient availability by adapting their metabolism to meet energy demands. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved serine/threonine energy-sensing kinase. It gets activated upon a decrease in the cellular energy status as reflected by an increased AMP/ATP ratio, ADP, and also during the conditions of glucose starvation without change in the adenine nucelotide ratio. AMPK functions as a centralized regulator of metabolism, acting at cellular and physiological levels to circumvent the metabolic stress by restoring energy balance. This review intricately highlights the integrated signaling pathways by which AMPK gets activated allosterically or by multiple non-canonical upstream kinases. AMPK activates the ATP generating processes (e.g., fatty acid oxidation) and inhibits the ATP consuming processes that are non-critical for survival (e.g., cell proliferation, protein and triglyceride synthesis). An integrated signaling network with AMPK as the central effector regulates all the aspects of enhanced stress resistance, qualified cellular housekeeping, and energy metabolic homeostasis. Importantly, the AMPK mediated amelioration of cellular stress and inflammatory responses are mediated by stimulation of transcription factors such as Nrf2, SIRT1, FoxO and inhibition of NF-κB serving as main downstream effectors. Moreover, many lines of evidence have demonstrated that AMPK controls autophagy through mTOR and ULK1 signaling to fine-tune the metabolic pathways in response to different cellular signals. This review also highlights the critical involvement of AMPK in promoting mitochondrial health, and homeostasis, including mitophagy. Loss of AMPK or ULK1 activity leads to aberrant accumulation of autophagy-related proteins and defective mitophagy thus, connecting cellular energy sensing to autophagy and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sharma
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Post Office Mati, Lucknow, 226002, India.
| | - Sumit Kr Anand
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Department of Pathology, LSU Health, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
| | - Neha Singh
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | | | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Huynh C, Ryu J, Lee J, Inoki A, Inoki K. Nutrient-sensing mTORC1 and AMPK pathways in chronic kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:102-122. [PMID: 36434160 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and lipids are fundamental sources for the maintenance of essential cellular processes and homeostasis in all organisms. The nutrient-sensing kinases mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are expressed in many cell types and have key roles in the control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and survival, ultimately contributing to the physiological development and functions of various organs, including the kidney. Dysregulation of these kinases leads to many human health problems, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders and kidney diseases. In the kidney, physiological levels of mTOR and AMPK activity are required to support kidney cell growth and differentiation and to maintain kidney cell integrity and normal nephron function, including transport of electrolytes, water and glucose. mTOR forms two functional multi-protein kinase complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Hyperactivation of mTORC1 leads to podocyte and tubular cell dysfunction and vulnerability to injury, thereby contributing to the development of chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease, obesity-related kidney disease and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting mTOR and/or AMPK could be an effective therapeutic approach to controlling or preventing these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Huynh
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaewhee Ryu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jooho Lee
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ayaka Inoki
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ken Inoki
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Blocking AMPK β1 myristoylation enhances AMPK activity and protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111862. [PMID: 36543129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis and a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Co/post-translational N-myristoylation of glycine-2 (Gly2) of the AMPK β subunit has been suggested to regulate the distribution of the kinase between the cytosol and membranes through a "myristoyl switch" mechanism. However, the relevance of AMPK myristoylation for metabolic signaling in cells and in vivo is unclear. Here, we generated knockin mice with a Gly2-to-alanine point mutation of AMPKβ1 (β1-G2A). We demonstrate that non-myristoylated AMPKβ1 has reduced stability but is associated with increased kinase activity and phosphorylation of the Thr172 activation site in the AMPK α subunit. Using proximity ligation assays, we show that loss of β1 myristoylation impedes colocalization of the phosphatase PPM1A/B with AMPK in cells. Mice carrying the β1-G2A mutation have improved metabolic health with reduced adiposity, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance under conditions of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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15
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Chiang CH, Li SJ, Zhang TR, Chen CY. Long-term dietary restriction ameliorates ageing-related renal fibrosis in male mice by normalizing mitochondrial functions and autophagy. Biogerontology 2022; 23:731-740. [PMID: 36183304 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the kidneys age, gradual changes in the structures and functions of mitochondria occur. Dietary restriction (DR) can play a protective role in ageing-associated renal decline, however the exact mechanisms involved are still unclear. This study aims to clarify the beneficial effects of long-term DR on renal ageing and to explore the potential mechanisms of mitochondrial homeostasis. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice (n = 30) were randomly divided into three groups, Young-AL (AL, ad libitum), Aged-AL, and Aged-DR (60% intake of AL). Mice were sacrificed at age of 7 months (Young) or 22 months (Aged). Heavier body and kidney weights were associated with ageing, but DR reduced these increases in aged mice. Ageing caused extensive tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis in the kidney. Giant mitochondria with looser and irregular crista were observed in Aged-AL kidneys. DR retarded these morphological alterations in aged kidneys. In addition, DR reversed the increase of MDA caused by ageing. Renal ATP level was elevated by DR treatment. Mitochondrial-related proteins were analysed to elucidate this association. Ageing downregulated the renal levels of VDAC, FOXO1, SOD2, LC3I and II, and upregulated the renal levels of MFN2 and PINK1. In contrast, DR elevated the levels of VDAC, FOXO1, and LC3I and reduced the ratio of LC3II to LC3I in aged kidneys. To conclude, impaired mitochondria, increased oxidative stress, and severe fibrosis were noticed in the aged kidneys, and DR improved these changes by increasing functional mitochondria and promoting autophagic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Chiang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jin Li
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Rui Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan.
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Teng M, Young DW, Tan Z. The Pursuit of Enzyme Activation: A Snapshot of the Gold Rush. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14289-14304. [PMID: 36265019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A range of enzymes drive human physiology, and their activities are tightly regulated through numerous signaling pathways. Depending on the context, these pathways may activate or inhibit an enzyme as a way to ensure proper execution of cellular functions. From a drug discovery and development perspective, pharmacological inhibition of enzymes has been a focus of interest, as many diseases are associated with the upregulation of enzyme function. On the other hand, however, pharmacological activation of enzymes such as kinases and phosphatases has been of increasing interest. In this review, we discuss seven case studies that highlight pharmacological activation strategy, describe the binding modes and pharmacology of the activators, and comment on how this on-demand activation strategy complements the commonly pursued inhibition strategy, thus jointly enabling bidirectional modulation of specific target of interest. Going forward, we expect activators to play important roles as chemical probes and drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Teng
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Damian W Young
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Hu Y, Bai J, Xia Y, Lin Y, Ma L, Xu X, Ding Y, Chen L. Increasing SnRK1 activity with the AMPK activator A-769662 accelerates seed germination in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:155-166. [PMID: 35696890 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a key role in rice germination. The small molecule drug, A-769662, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, a mammalian homolog of SnRK1. However, it is unknown whether A-769662 activates SnRK1, thereby affecting germination. SnRK1 in desalted extracts from germinating rice seeds was strongly activated by adding A-769662 in vitro. Applying 50 or 100 μM A-769662 accelerated germination and increased the root length, shoot length, and seedling fresh weight. 50 μM A-769662 treatment increased the catalytic activity and phosphorylation of SnRK1 during germination. Transcriptome analysis and biochemical validation were performed to investigate the mechanism whereby A-769662 treatment promoted rice germination. A-769662 treatment promoted starch hydrolysis by increasing the expression and activity of amylase and inhibited starch biosynthesis by decreasing the expression of OsAGPL2, OsAGPS2a, Wx, and SSIIa. The abscisic acid (ABA) level and gene expression of ABA-induced transcription factors, including OsNF-YC9, OsNF-YC12, OsWRKY24, OsPYL8, OsMKKK62, and OsMKKK63, which reduced the inhibition of germination by ABA were decreased under 50 μM A-769662 treatment. The increased expression of the OsACO3 and OsACO5 genes and increased ethylene levels under A-769662 treatment, which counteracted the inhibition of ABA on germination and, thus, promoted germination. These results demonstrate the activation of A-769662 on SnRK1 and further reveal the regulatory mechanism of A-769662 in rice seed germination and nutrient remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Bai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Xia
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China.
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Yang AJT, Mohammad A, Tsiani E, Necakov A, MacPherson REK. Chronic AMPK Activation Reduces the Expression and Alters Distribution of Synaptic Proteins in Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152354. [PMID: 35954198 PMCID: PMC9367429 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal growth and synaptic function are dependent on precise protein production and turnover at the synapse. AMPK-activated protein kinase (AMPK) represents a metabolic node involved in energy sensing and in regulating synaptic protein homeostasis. However, there is ambiguity surrounding the role of AMPK in regulating neuronal growth and health. This study examined the effect of chronic AMPK activation on markers of synaptic function and growth. Retinoic-acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were treated with A-769662 (100 nM) or Compound C (30 nM) for 1, 3, or 5 days before AMPK, mTORC1, and markers for synapse function were examined. Cell morphology, neuronal marker content, and location were quantified after 5 days of treatment. AMPK phosphorylation was maintained throughout all 5 days of treatment with A-769662 and resulted in chronic mTORC1 inhibition. Lower total, soma, and neuritic neuronal marker contents were observed following 5 d of AMPK activation. Neurite protein abundance and distribution was lower following 5 days of A-769662 treatment. Our data suggest that chronic AMPK activation impacts synaptic protein content and reduces neurite protein abundance and distribution. These results highlight a distinct role that metabolism plays on markers of synapse health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. T. Yang
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.J.T.Y.); (A.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Ahmad Mohammad
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.J.T.Y.); (A.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.J.T.Y.); (A.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Aleksandar Necakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E. K. MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.J.T.Y.); (A.M.); (E.T.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Tarasiuk O, Miceli M, Di Domizio A, Nicolini G. AMPK and Diseases: State of the Art Regulation by AMPK-Targeting Molecules. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071041. [PMID: 36101419 PMCID: PMC9312068 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an enzyme that regulates cellular energy homeostasis, glucose, fatty acid uptake, and oxidation at low cellular ATP levels. AMPK plays an important role in several molecular mechanisms and physiological conditions. It has been shown that AMPK can be dysregulated in different chronic diseases, such as inflammation, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Due to its fundamental role in physiological and pathological cellular processes, AMPK is considered one of the most important targets for treating different diseases. Over decades, different AMPK targeting compounds have been discovered, starting from those that activate AMPK indirectly by altering intracellular AMP:ATP ratio to compounds that activate AMPK directly by binding to its activation sites. However, indirect altering of intracellular AMP:ATP ratio influences different cellular processes and induces side effects. Direct AMPK activators showed more promising results in eliminating side effects as well as the possibility to engineer drugs for specific AMPK isoforms activation. In this review, we discuss AMPK targeting drugs, especially concentrating on those compounds that activate AMPK by mimicking AMP. These compounds are poorly described in the literature and still, a lot of questions remain unanswered about the exact mechanism of AMP regulation. Future investigation of the mechanism of AMP binding will make it possible to develop new compounds that, in combination with others, can activate AMPK in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tarasiuk
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Miceli
- SPILLOproject—Innovative In Silico Solutions for Drug R&D and Pharmacology, 20037 Paderno Dugnano, Italy; (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Alessandro Di Domizio
- SPILLOproject—Innovative In Silico Solutions for Drug R&D and Pharmacology, 20037 Paderno Dugnano, Italy; (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Gabriella Nicolini
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
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Structure-function analysis of the AMPK activator SC4 and identification of a potent pan AMPK activator. Biochem J 2022; 479:1181-1204. [PMID: 35552369 PMCID: PMC9317966 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) αβγ heterotrimer is a primary cellular energy sensor and central regulator of energy homeostasis. Activating skeletal muscle AMPK with small molecule drugs improves glucose uptake and provides an opportunity for new strategies to treat type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, with recent genetic and pharmacological studies indicating the α2β2γ1 isoform combination as the heterotrimer complex primarily responsible. With the goal of developing α2β2-specific activators, here we perform structure/function analysis of the 2-hydroxybiphenyl group of SC4, an activator with tendency for α2-selectivity that is also capable of potently activating β2 complexes. Substitution of the LHS 2-hydroxyphenyl group with polar-substituted cyclohexene-based probes resulted in two AMPK agonists, MSG010 and MSG011, which did not display α2-selectivity when screened against a panel of AMPK complexes. By radiolabel kinase assay, MSG010 and MSG011 activated α2β2γ1 AMPK with one order of magnitude greater potency than the pan AMPK activator MK-8722. A crystal structure of MSG011 complexed to AMPK α2β1γ1 revealed a similar binding mode to SC4 and the potential importance of an interaction between the SC4 2-hydroxyl group and α2-Lys31 for directing α2-selectivity. MSG011 induced robust AMPK signalling in mouse primary hepatocytes and commonly used cell lines, and in most cases this occurred in the absence of changes in phosphorylation of the kinase activation loop residue α-Thr172, a classical marker of AMP-induced AMPK activity. These findings will guide future design of α2β2-selective AMPK activators, that we hypothesise may avoid off-target complications associated with indiscriminate activation of AMPK throughout the body.
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21
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Qing T, Liu J, Liu F, Mitchell DC, Beresis RT, Gordan JD. Methods to assess small molecule allosteric modulators of the STRAD pseudokinase. Methods Enzymol 2022; 667:427-453. [PMID: 35525550 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the increased appreciation of the biological relevance of pseudokinase (PSK) allostery, the broadening of small molecule strategies to target PSK function is of particular importance. We and others have pursued the development of small molecule allosteric modulators of the STRAD pseudokinase by targeting its ATP binding pocket. The purpose of this effort is to modulate the function of the LKB1 tumor suppressor kinase, which exists in a trimer with the STRAD PSK and the adaptor protein MO25. Here we provide detailed guidance regarding the different methods we have used for medium throughput screening to identify STRAD ligands and measure their impact on LKB1 kinase activity. Our experience supports preferential use of direct measurements of LKB1 kinase activity, and demonstrates the limitations of indirect assessment methods in the development trans-acting allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qing
- Chempartner Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China; Chempartner Co, Ltd., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jin Liu
- Chempartner Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China; Chempartner Co, Ltd., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fen Liu
- Chempartner Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China; Chempartner Co, Ltd., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dom C Mitchell
- Division of Hematology Oncology and Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Richard T Beresis
- Chempartner Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China; Chempartner Co, Ltd., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John D Gordan
- Division of Hematology Oncology and Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States.
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22
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Morrison KR, Smiles WJ, Ling NXY, Hoque A, Shea G, Ngoei KRW, Yu D, Murray-Segal L, Scott JW, Galic S, Kemp BE, Petersen J, Oakhill JS. An AMPKα2-specific phospho-switch controls lysosomal targeting for activation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110365. [PMID: 35172150 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) are metabolic kinases that co-ordinate nutrient supply with cell growth. AMPK negatively regulates mTORC1, and mTORC1 reciprocally phosphorylates S345/7 in both AMPK α-isoforms. We report that genetic or torin1-induced loss of α2-S345 phosphorylation relieves suppression of AMPK signaling; however, the regulatory effect does not translate to α1-S347 in HEK293T or MEF cells. Dephosphorylation of α2-S345, but not α1-S347, transiently targets AMPK to lysosomes, a cellular site for activation by LKB1. By mass spectrometry, we find that α2-S345 is basally phosphorylated at 2.5-fold higher stoichiometry than α1-S347 in HEK293T cells and, unlike α1, phosphorylation is partially retained after prolonged mTORC1 inhibition. Loss of α2-S345 phosphorylation in endogenous AMPK fails to sustain growth of MEFs under amino acid starvation conditions. These findings uncover an α2-specific mechanism by which AMPK can be activated at lysosomes in the absence of changes in cellular energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R Morrison
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Naomi X Y Ling
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Shea
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Dingyi Yu
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Lisa Murray-Segal
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - John W Scott
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sandra Galic
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Janni Petersen
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia.
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23
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Gluais‐Dagorn P, Foretz M, Steinberg GR, Batchuluun B, Zawistowska‐Deniziak A, Lambooij JM, Guigas B, Carling D, Monternier P, Moller DE, Bolze S, Hallakou‐Bozec S. Direct AMPK Activation Corrects NASH in Rodents Through Metabolic Effects and Direct Action on Inflammation and Fibrogenesis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:101-119. [PMID: 34494384 PMCID: PMC8710801 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
No approved therapies are available for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of cell metabolism; its activation has been suggested as a therapeutic approach to NASH. Here we aimed to fully characterize the potential for direct AMPK activation in preclinical models and to determine mechanisms that could contribute to efficacy for this disease. A novel small-molecule direct AMPK activator, PXL770, was used. Enzyme activity was measured with recombinant complexes. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) was quantitated in vivo and in mouse and human primary hepatocytes. Metabolic efficacy was assessed in ob/ob and high-fat diet-fed mice. Liver histology, biochemical measures, and immune cell profiling were assessed in diet-induced NASH mice. Direct effects on inflammation and fibrogenesis were assessed using primary mouse and human hepatic stellate cells, mouse adipose tissue explants, and human immune cells. PXL770 directly activated AMPK in vitro and reduced DNL in primary hepatocytes. In rodent models with metabolic syndrome, PXL770 improved glycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. In mice with NASH, PXL770 reduced hepatic steatosis, ballooning, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. PXL770 exhibited direct inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of primary hepatic stellate cells. Conclusion: In rodent models, direct activation of AMPK is sufficient to produce improvements in all core components of NASH and to ameliorate related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Novel properties of direct AMPK activation were also unveiled: improved insulin resistance and direct suppression of inflammation and fibrogenesis. Given effects also documented in human cells (reduced DNL, suppression of inflammation and stellate cell activation), these studies support the potential for direct AMPK activation to effectively treat patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinCNRSINSERMParisFrance
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress GroupMedical Research CouncilLondon Institute of Medical SciencesHammersmith HospitalImperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
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24
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Abdallah BM, Alzahrani AM. A-769662 stimulates the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts via AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. J Appl Biomed 2021; 19:159-169. [PMID: 34907759 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2021.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling shows an important role in energy metabolism and has recently been involved in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. In this study we aimed to investigate the role of AMPK activator, A-769662, in regulating the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BMSCs) into osteoblastic and adipocytic cell lineage. The effect of A-769662 on osteogenesis was assessed by quantitative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, matrix mineralization stained with Alizarin red, and gene expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Adipogenesis was determined by Oil Red O staining for fat droplets and qPCR analysis of adipogenic markers. A-769662 activated the phosphorylation of AMPKα1 during the osteogenesis of mBMSCs as revealed by western blot analysis. A-769662 promoted the early stage of the commitment of mouse (m) BMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts, while inhibiting their differentiation into adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of A-769662 on stimulating osteogenesis and inhibiting adipogenesis of mBMSCs were significantly eliminated in the presence of either AMPKα1 siRNA or Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK pathway. In conclusion, we identified A-769662 as a new compound that promotes the commitment of BMSCs into osteoblasts versus adipocytes via AMPK-dependent mechanism. Thus our data show A-769662 as a potential osteo-anabolic drug for treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah M Alzahrani
- King Faisal University, College of Science, Biological Sciences Department, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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25
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AMPK activation by SC4 inhibits noradrenaline-induced lipolysis and insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in white adipose tissue. Biochem J 2021; 478:3869-3889. [PMID: 34668531 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of small-molecule AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators in rat epididymal adipocytes were compared. SC4 was the most effective and submaximal doses of SC4 and 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide (AICA) riboside were combined to study the effects of AMPK activation in white adipose tissue (WAT). Incubation of rat adipocytes with SC4 + AICA riboside inhibited noradrenaline-induced lipolysis and decreased hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) Ser563 phosphorylation, without affecting HSL Ser565 phosphorylation. Preincubation of fat pads from wild-type (WT) mice with SC4 + AICA riboside inhibited insulin-stimulated lipogenesis from glucose or acetate and these effects were lost in AMPKα1 knockout (KO) mice, indicating AMPKα1 dependency. Moreover, in fat pads from acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)1/2 S79A/S212A double knockin versus WT mice, the effect of SC4 + AICA riboside to inhibit insulin-stimulated lipogenesis from acetate was lost, pinpointing ACC as the main AMPK target. Treatment with SC4 + AICA riboside decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, an effect that was still observed in fat pads from AMPKα1 KO versus WT mice, suggesting the effect was partly AMPKα1-independent. SC4 + AICA riboside treatment had no effect on the insulin-induced increase in palmitate esterification nor on sn-glycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase activity. Therefore in WAT, AMPK activation inhibits noradrenaline-induced lipolysis and suppresses insulin-stimulated lipogenesis primarily by inactivating ACC and by inhibiting glucose uptake.
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26
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Hunter KS, Miller A, Mentink-Kane M, Davies SJ. Schistosome AMPK Is Required for Larval Viability and Regulates Glycogen Metabolism in Adult Parasites. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726465. [PMID: 34539616 PMCID: PMC8440919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
On entering the mammalian host, schistosomes transition from a freshwater environment where resources are scarce, to an environment where there is an unlimited supply of glucose, their preferred energy substrate. Adult schistosome glycolytic activity consumes almost five times the parasite's dry weight in glucose per day to meet the parasite's energy demands, and the schistosome glycolytic enzymes and mechanisms for glucose uptake that sustain this metabolic activity have previously been identified. However, little is known of the parasite processes that regulate schistosome glucose metabolism. We previously described the Schistosoma mansoni ortholog of 5' AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), which is a central regulator of energy metabolism in eukaryotes, and characterized the developmental regulation of its expression and activity in S. mansoni. Here we sought to explore the function of AMPK in schistosomes and test whether it regulates parasite glycolysis. Adult schistosomes mounted a compensatory response to chemical inhibition of AMPK α, resulting in increased AMPK α protein abundance and activity. RNAi inhibition of AMPK α expression, however, suggests that AMPK α is not required for adult schistosome viability in vitro. Larval schistosomula, on the other hand, are sensitive to chemical AMPK α inhibition, and this correlates with inactivity of the AMPK α gene in this life cycle stage that precludes a compensatory response to AMPK inhibition. While our data indicate that AMPK is not essential in adult schistosomes, our results suggest that AMPK regulates adult worm glycogen stores, influencing both glycogen utilization and synthesis. AMPK may therefore play a role in the ability of adult schistosomes to survive in vivo stressors such as transient glucose deprivation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that AMPK warrants further investigation as a potential drug target, especially for interventions aimed at preventing establishment of a schistosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasandra S Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - André Miller
- Schistosomiasis Resource Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Margaret Mentink-Kane
- Schistosomiasis Resource Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Stephen J Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
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27
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Yan Y, Mukherjee S, Harikumar KG, Strutzenberg TS, Zhou XE, Suino-Powell K, Xu TH, Sheldon RD, Lamp J, Brunzelle JS, Radziwon K, Ellis A, Novick SJ, Vega IE, Jones RG, Miller LJ, Xu HE, Griffin PR, Kossiakoff AA, Melcher K. Structure of an AMPK complex in an inactive, ATP-bound state. Science 2021; 373:413-419. [PMID: 34437114 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates metabolism in response to the cellular energy states. Under energy stress, AMP stabilizes the active AMPK conformation, in which the kinase activation loop (AL) is protected from protein phosphatases, thus keeping the AL in its active, phosphorylated state. At low AMP:ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ratios, ATP inhibits AMPK by increasing AL dynamics and accessibility. We developed conformation-specific antibodies to trap ATP-bound AMPK in a fully inactive, dynamic state and determined its structure at 3.5-angstrom resolution using cryo-electron microscopy. A 180° rotation and 100-angstrom displacement of the kinase domain fully exposes the AL. On the basis of the structure and supporting biophysical data, we propose a multistep mechanism explaining how adenine nucleotides and pharmacological agonists modulate AMPK activity by altering AL phosphorylation and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Timothy S Strutzenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kelly Suino-Powell
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ting-Hai Xu
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jared Lamp
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids Research Center, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Katarzyna Radziwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Abigail Ellis
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Scott J Novick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Irving E Vega
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids Research Center, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Institute of Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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28
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Townsend LK, Weber AJ, Day EA, Shamshoum H, Shaw SJ, Perry CGR, Kemp BE, Steinberg GR, Wright DC. AMPK mediates energetic stress-induced liver GDF15. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21218. [PMID: 33337559 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000954r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiating factor-15 (GDF15) is an emerging target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disease partly due to its ability to suppress food intake. GDF15 expression and secretion are thought to be regulated by a cellular integrated stress response, which involves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. AMPK is another cellular stress sensor, but the relationship between AMPK, ER stress, and GDF15 has not been assessed in vivo. Wildtype (WT), AMPK β1 deficient (AMPKβ1-/- ), and CHOP-/- mice were treated with three distinct AMPK activators; AICAR, which is converted to ZMP mimicking the effects of AMP on the AMPKγ isoform, R419, which indirectly activates AMPK through inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, or A769662, a direct AMPK activator which binds the AMPKβ1 isoform ADaM site causing allosteric activation. Following treatments, liver Gdf15, markers of ER-stress, AMPK activity, adenine nucleotides, circulating GDF15, and food intake were assessed. AICAR and R419 caused ER and energetic stress, increased GDF15 expression and secretion, and suppressed food intake. Direct activation of AMPK β1 containing complexes by A769662 increased hepatic Gdf15 expression, circulating GDF15, and suppressed food intake, independent of ER stress. The effects of AICAR, R419, and A769662 on GDF15 were attenuated in AMPKβ1-/- mice. AICAR and A769662 increased GDF15 to a similar extent in WT and CHOP-/- mice. Herein, we provide evidence that AMPK plays a role in mediating the induction of GDF15 under conditions of energetic stress in mouse liver in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa J Weber
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emily A Day
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J Shaw
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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29
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Regulation of AMPK Activity by CRBN Is Independent of the Thalidomide-CRL4 CRBN Protein Degradation Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060512. [PMID: 34073624 PMCID: PMC8228114 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN), a primary target of immune-modulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), functions as a substrate receptor in the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-CRBN (known as CRL4CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Binding of IMiDs to CRBN redirects the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase to recruit or displace its substrates. Interaction between CRBN and the AMPK α subunit leads to CRL4CRBN-dependent degradation of the γ subunit and inhibits AMPK activity. However, the effect of thalidomide on the function of CRBN as a negative regulator of AMPK through interaction with the α subunit remains unclear. Here, we show that thalidomide does not affect AMPK activation or the binding affinity between CRBN and the AMPK α subunit. Thalidomide had no effect on AMPK activity independent of CRBN expression. The N-terminal region and C-terminal tail of CRBN, which is distinct from the IMiD binding site, were critical for interaction with the AMPK α subunit. The present results suggest that CRL4CRBN negatively regulates AMPK through a pathway independent from the CRBN-IMiD binding region.
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30
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Protein kinase A negatively regulates VEGF-induced AMPK activation by phosphorylating CaMKK2 at serine 495. Biochem J 2021; 477:3453-3469. [PMID: 32869834 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in endothelial cells by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) represents a pro-angiogenic pathway, whose regulation and function is incompletely understood. This study investigates whether the VEGF/AMPK pathway is regulated by cAMP-mediated signalling. We show that cAMP elevation in endothelial cells by forskolin, an activator of the adenylate cyclase, and/or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, triggers protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of CaMKK2 (serine residues S495, S511) and AMPK (S487). Phosphorylation of CaMKK2 by PKA led to an inhibition of its activity as measured in CaMKK2 immunoprecipitates of forskolin/IBMX-treated cells. This inhibition was linked to phosphorylation of S495, since it was not seen in cells expressing a non-phosphorylatable CaMKK2 S495C mutant. Phosphorylation of S511 alone in these cells was not able to inhibit CaMKK2 activity. Moreover, phosphorylation of AMPK at S487 was not sufficient to inhibit VEGF-induced AMPK activation in cells, in which PKA-mediated CaMKK2 inhibition was prevented by expression of the CaMKK2 S495C mutant. cAMP elevation in endothelial cells reduced basal and VEGF-induced acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation at S79 even if AMPK was not inhibited. Together, this study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of VEGF-induced AMPK activation by cAMP/PKA, which may explain, in part, inhibitory effects of PKA on angiogenic sprouting and play a role in balancing pro- and anti-angiogenic mechanisms in order to ensure functional angiogenesis.
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31
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Strobel P, Galaz A, Villaroel-Espíndola F, Apaoblaza A, Slebe JC, Jerez-Timaure N, Gallo C, Ramírez-Reveco A. Temperature, but not excess of glycogen, regulates "in vitro" AMPK activity in muscle samples of steer carcasses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0229480. [PMID: 33507943 PMCID: PMC7842895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem muscle temperature affects the rate of pH decline in a linear manner from 37.5°C to 0-2°C. The pH decline is correlated with the enzymatic degradation of glycogen to lactate and this process includes the metabolic coupling between glycogenolysis and glycolysis, and that are strongly upregulated by the AMPK. In this study, we used 12 samples previously characterized by have different muscle glycogen concentration, lactate and AMPK activity, selected from 38 steers that produced high final pH (>5.9) and normal final pH (<5.8) carcasses at 24 h postmortem. Moreover, we evaluated changes in the AMPK activity in samples from both categories incubated at 37, 25, 17 and 5°C and supplemented with exogenous glycogen. Finally, we analysed if there were structural differences between polymers from both categories. Our results showed that "in vitro" enzymatic AMPK activity evaluated at both 0.5 or 24 h was greater in samples from normal then high pH categories (p <0.01), and in all temperature of incubation analysed (17, 25 and 37°C). For other hand, a greater AMPK activity were obtained in samples incubated at 17 that 25 or 37°C, in normal carcasses at both 0.5 or 24 h (p < 0.01), as also in samples from carcasses categorized as high pH, but at 24 h (p < 0.05). Interestingly, AMPK activity was totally abolished at 5°C, independent of final pH category of carcasses, and was confirmed that the incubation temperature at which the maximum activity was obtained (p < 0.01), at least in carcasses with a normal pH is at 17°C. The enzymatic AMPK activity did not change in relation to excess glycogen (p > 0.05) and we did not detect structural differences in the polymers present in samples from both categories (p > 0.05), suggesting that postmortem AMPK activity may be highly sensitive to temperature and not to in vitro changes in glycogen concentration (p > 0.05). Our results allow concluding that normal concentrations of muscle glycogen immediately at the time of slaughter (0.5 h) and an adequate cooling managing of carcasses are relevant to let an efficient glycogenolytic/glycolytic flow required for lactate accumulation and pH decline, through the postmortem AMPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Strobel
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alex Galaz
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Franz Villaroel-Espíndola
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Arturo López Pérez Cancer Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Apaoblaza
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Slebe
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nancy Jerez-Timaure
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carmen Gallo
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alfredo Ramírez-Reveco
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Ovens AJ, Scott JW, Langendorf CG, Kemp BE, Oakhill JS, Smiles WJ. Post-Translational Modifications of the Energy Guardian AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031229. [PMID: 33513781 PMCID: PMC7866021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise elicits physiological metabolic perturbations such as energetic and oxidative stress; however, a diverse range of cellular processes are stimulated in response to combat these challenges and maintain cellular energy homeostasis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved enzyme that acts as a metabolic fuel sensor and is central to this adaptive response to exercise. The complexity of AMPK’s role in modulating a range of cellular signalling cascades is well documented, yet aside from its well-characterised regulation by activation loop phosphorylation, AMPK is further subject to a multitude of additional regulatory stimuli. Therefore, in this review we comprehensively outline current knowledge around the post-translational modifications of AMPK, including novel phosphorylation sites, as well as underappreciated roles for ubiquitination, sumoylation, acetylation, methylation and oxidation. We provide insight into the physiological ramifications of these AMPK modifications, which not only affect its activity, but also subcellular localisation, nutrient interactions and protein stability. Lastly, we highlight the current knowledge gaps in this area of AMPK research and provide perspectives on how the field can apply greater rigour to the characterisation of novel AMPK regulatory modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
| | - John W. Scott
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Langendorf
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
| | - Bruce E. Kemp
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
| | - Jonathan S. Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
| | - William J. Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Alghamdi F, Alshuweishi Y, Salt IP. Regulation of nutrient uptake by AMP-activated protein kinase. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy Reveals the Effects of Hedysarum multijugum Maxim.- Radix Salviae Compound on Oxidative Capacity and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in Rats with Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8260703. [PMID: 33134388 PMCID: PMC7591987 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8260703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of the Hedysarum multijugum Maxim.-Radix Salviae compound (Huangqi-Danshen Compound (HDC)) on oxidative capacity and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy by a network pharmacology-based strategy. Methods Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)@Taiwan, TCM Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), TCM Integrated Database (TCMID), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technology were used to obtain and screen HDC's active components, and the PharmMapper database was used to predict HDC human target protein targets. The DCM genes were collected from the GeneCards and OMIM databases, and the network was constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape 3.7.1 and the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Finally, HDC was used to intervene in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) model rats, and important biological processes and signaling pathways were verified using techniques such as immunohistochemistry. Results A total of 176 of HDC's active components and 442 potential targets were obtained. The results of network analysis show that HDC can regulate DCM-related biological processes (such as negative regulation of the apoptotic process, response to hypoxia, the steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathway, cellular iron ion homeostasis, and positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling) and signaling pathways (such as the HIF-1 signaling pathway, the estrogen signaling pathway, insulin resistance, the PPAR signaling pathway, the VEGF signaling pathway, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway). Animal experiments show that HDC can reduce fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (P < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemistry showed that HDC can regulate the protein expression of apoptosis-related signaling pathways in DCM rats (P < 0.05). Conclusion It was initially revealed that HDC improves DCM through its antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. HDC may play a therapeutic role by improving cardiomyocyte apoptosis in DCM rats.
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Phosphoproteomics of Acute Cell Stressors Targeting Exercise Signaling Networks Reveal Drug Interactions Regulating Protein Secretion. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1524-1538.e6. [PMID: 31693893 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise engages signaling networks to control the release of circulating factors beneficial to health. However, the nature of these networks remains undefined. Using high-throughput phosphoproteomics, we quantify 20,249 phosphorylation sites in skeletal muscle-like myotube cells and monitor their responses to a panel of cell stressors targeting aspects of exercise signaling in vivo. Integrating these in-depth phosphoproteomes with the phosphoproteome of acute aerobic exercise in human skeletal muscle suggests that co-administration of β-adrenergic and calcium agonists would activate complementary signaling relevant to this exercise context. The phosphoproteome of cells treated with this combination reveals a surprising divergence in signaling from the individual treatments. Remarkably, only the combination treatment promotes multisite phosphorylation of SERBP1, a regulator of Serpine1 mRNA stability, a pro-fibrotic secreted protein. Secretome analysis reveals that the combined treatments decrease secretion of SERPINE1 and other deleterious factors. This study provides a framework for dissecting phosphorylation-based signaling relevant to acute exercise.
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Pinkosky SL, Scott JW, Desjardins EM, Smith BK, Day EA, Ford RJ, Langendorf CG, Ling NXY, Nero TL, Loh K, Galic S, Hoque A, Smiles WJ, Ngoei KRW, Parker MW, Yan Y, Melcher K, Kemp BE, Oakhill JS, Steinberg GR. Long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters regulate metabolism via allosteric control of AMPK β1 isoforms. Nat Metab 2020; 2:873-881. [PMID: 32719536 PMCID: PMC7502547 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) play important roles in cellular energy metabolism, acting as both an important energy source and signalling molecules1. LCFA-CoA esters promote their own oxidation by acting as allosteric inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which reduces the production of malonyl-CoA and relieves inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1, thereby promoting LCFA-CoA transport into the mitochondria for β-oxidation2-6. Here we report a new level of regulation wherein LCFA-CoA esters per se allosterically activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) β1-containing isoforms to increase fatty acid oxidation through phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Activation of AMPK by LCFA-CoA esters requires the allosteric drug and metabolite site formed between the α-subunit kinase domain and the β-subunit. β1 subunit mutations that inhibit AMPK activation by the small-molecule activator A769662, which binds to the allosteric drug and metabolite site, also inhibit activation by LCFA-CoAs. Thus, LCFA-CoA metabolites act as direct endogenous AMPK β1-selective activators and promote LCFA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Pinkosky
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W Scott
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brennan K Smith
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily A Day
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher G Langendorf
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naomi X Y Ling
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracy L Nero
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Structural Biology and Computational Design Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Loh
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra Galic
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Structural Biology and Computational Design Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Yan
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Two isoprenylated flavonoids from Dorstenia psilurus activate AMPK, stimulate glucose uptake, inhibit glucose production and lower glycemia. Biochem J 2020; 476:3687-3704. [PMID: 31782497 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Root extracts of a Cameroon medicinal plant, Dorstenia psilurus, were purified by screening for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in incubated mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Two isoprenylated flavones that activated AMPK were isolated. Compound 1 was identified as artelasticin by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 2D-NMR while its structural isomer, compound 2, was isolated for the first time and differed only by the position of one double bond on one isoprenyl substituent. Treatment of MEFs with purified compound 1 or compound 2 led to rapid and robust AMPK activation at low micromolar concentrations and increased the intracellular AMP:ATP ratio. In oxygen consumption experiments on isolated rat liver mitochondria, compound 1 and compound 2 inhibited complex II of the electron transport chain and in freeze-thawed mitochondria succinate dehydrogenase was inhibited. In incubated rat skeletal muscles, both compounds activated AMPK and stimulated glucose uptake. Moreover, these effects were lost in muscles pre-incubated with AMPK inhibitor SBI-0206965, suggesting AMPK dependency. Incubation of mouse hepatocytes with compound 1 or compound 2 led to AMPK activation, but glucose production was decreased in hepatocytes from both wild-type and AMPKβ1-/- mice, suggesting that this effect was not AMPK-dependent. However, when administered intraperitoneally to high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice, compound 1 and compound 2 had blood glucose-lowering effects. In addition, compound 1 and compound 2 reduced the viability of several human cancer cells in culture. The flavonoids we have identified could be a starting point for the development of new drugs to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Genetic loss of AMPK-glycogen binding destabilises AMPK and disrupts metabolism. Mol Metab 2020; 41:101048. [PMID: 32610071 PMCID: PMC7393401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen is a major energy reserve in liver and skeletal muscle. The master metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) associates with glycogen via its regulatory β subunit carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). However, the physiological role of AMPK-glycogen binding in energy homeostasis has not been investigated in vivo. This study aimed to determine the physiological consequences of disrupting AMPK-glycogen interactions. METHODS Glycogen binding was disrupted in mice via whole-body knock-in (KI) mutation of either the AMPK β1 (W100A) or β2 (W98A) isoform CBM. Systematic whole-body, tissue and molecular phenotyping was performed in KI and respective wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS While β1 W100A KI did not affect whole-body metabolism or exercise capacity, β2 W98A KI mice displayed increased adiposity and impairments in whole-body glucose handling and maximal exercise capacity relative to WT. These KI mutations resulted in reduced total AMPK protein and kinase activity in liver and skeletal muscle of β1 W100A and β2 W98A, respectively, versus WT mice. β1 W100A mice also displayed loss of fasting-induced liver AMPK total and α-specific kinase activation relative to WT. Destabilisation of AMPK was associated with increased fat deposition in β1 W100A liver and β2 W98A skeletal muscle versus WT. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that glycogen binding plays critical roles in stabilising AMPK and maintaining cellular, tissue and whole-body energy homeostasis.
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Huet C, Boudaba N, Guigas B, Viollet B, Foretz M. Glucose availability but not changes in pancreatic hormones sensitizes hepatic AMPK activity during nutritional transition in rodents. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5836-5849. [PMID: 32184359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic regulator that mediates adaptation to nutritional variations to maintain a proper energy balance in cells. We show here that suckling-weaning and fasting-refeeding transitions in rodents are associated with changes in AMPK activation and the cellular energy state in the liver. These nutritional transitions were characterized by a metabolic switch from lipid to glucose utilization, orchestrated by modifications in glucose levels and the glucagon/insulin ratio in the bloodstream. We therefore investigated the respective roles of glucose and pancreatic hormones on AMPK activation in mouse primary hepatocytes. We found that glucose starvation transiently activates AMPK, whereas changes in glucagon and insulin levels had no impact on AMPK. Challenge of hepatocytes with metformin-induced metabolic stress strengthened both AMPK activation and cellular energy depletion under limited-glucose conditions, whereas neither glucagon nor insulin altered AMPK activation. Although both insulin and glucagon induced AMPKα phosphorylation at its Ser485/491 residue, they did not affect its activity. Finally, the decrease in cellular ATP levels in response to an energy stress was additionally exacerbated under fasting conditions and by AMPK deficiency in hepatocytes, revealing metabolic inflexibility and emphasizing the importance of AMPK for maintaining hepatic energy charge. Our results suggest that nutritional changes (i.e. glucose availability), rather than the related hormonal changes (i.e. the glucagon/insulin ratio), sensitize AMPK activation to the energetic stress induced by the dietary transition during fasting. This effect is critical for preserving the cellular energy state in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Huet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Boudaba
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France.
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González A, Hall MN, Lin SC, Hardie DG. AMPK and TOR: The Yin and Yang of Cellular Nutrient Sensing and Growth Control. Cell Metab 2020; 31:472-492. [PMID: 32130880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and TOR (target-of-rapamycin) pathways are interlinked, opposing signaling pathways involved in sensing availability of nutrients and energy and regulation of cell growth. AMPK (Yin, or the "dark side") is switched on by lack of energy or nutrients and inhibits cell growth, while TOR (Yang, or the "bright side") is switched on by nutrient availability and promotes cell growth. Genes encoding the AMPK and TOR complexes are found in almost all eukaryotes, suggesting that these pathways arose very early during eukaryotic evolution. During the development of multicellularity, an additional tier of cell-extrinsic growth control arose that is mediated by growth factors, but these often act by modulating nutrient uptake so that AMPK and TOR remain the underlying regulators of cellular growth control. In this review, we discuss the evolution, structure, and regulation of the AMPK and TOR pathways and the complex mechanisms by which they interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier González
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael N Hall
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sheng-Cai Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
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Dohmen M, Krieg S, Agalaridis G, Zhu X, Shehata SN, Pfeiffenberger E, Amelang J, Bütepage M, Buerova E, Pfaff CM, Chanda D, Geley S, Preisinger C, Sakamoto K, Lüscher B, Neumann D, Vervoorts J. AMPK-dependent activation of the Cyclin Y/CDK16 complex controls autophagy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1032. [PMID: 32098961 PMCID: PMC7042329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master sensor of the cellular energy status that is crucial for the adaptive response to limited energy availability. AMPK is implicated in the regulation of many cellular processes, including autophagy. However, the precise mechanisms by which AMPK controls these processes and the identities of relevant substrates are not fully understood. Using protein microarrays, we identify Cyclin Y as an AMPK substrate that is phosphorylated at Serine 326 (S326) both in vitro and in cells. Phosphorylation of Cyclin Y at S326 promotes its interaction with the Cyclin-dependent kinase 16 (CDK16), thereby stimulating its catalytic activity. When expressed in cells, Cyclin Y/CDK16 is sufficient to promote autophagy. Moreover, Cyclin Y/CDK16 is necessary for efficient AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. This functional interaction is mediated by AMPK phosphorylating S326 of Cyclin Y. Collectively, we define Cyclin Y/CDK16 as downstream effector of AMPK for inducing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dohmen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Translational & Clinical Research Aachen (CTC-A), Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Krieg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georgios Agalaridis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, P.O. box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth Pfeiffenberger
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Amelang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Bütepage
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elena Buerova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolina M Pfaff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- AstraZeneca GmbH, Tinsdaler Weg 183, 22880, Wedel, Germany
| | - Dipanjan Chanda
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, P.O. box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Preisinger
- Proteomics Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Aachen, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dietbert Neumann
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, P.O. box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Maastricht, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jörg Vervoorts
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Steinberg GR, Carling D. AMP-activated protein kinase: the current landscape for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 18:527-551. [PMID: 30867601 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a central regulator of energy homeostasis, many exciting insights into its structure, regulation and physiological roles have been revealed. While exercise, caloric restriction, metformin and many natural products increase AMPK activity and exert a multitude of health benefits, developing direct activators of AMPK to elicit beneficial effects has been challenging. However, in recent years, direct AMPK activators have been identified and tested in preclinical models, and a small number have entered clinical trials. Despite these advances, which disease(s) represent the best indications for therapeutic AMPK activation and the long-term safety of such approaches remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress Group, Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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Novel antioxidant astaxanthin-s-allyl cysteine biconjugate diminished oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to triumph diabetes in rat model. Life Sci 2020; 245:117367. [PMID: 32001265 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study determines the effect of administration of novel antioxidant astaxanthin-s-allyl cysteine biconjugate (AST-SAC) against streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats. MAIN METHODS AST-SAC (1 mg/kg/day) was treated against DM in rats for 45 days. The oxidative stress, antioxidants level, insulin secretion, activities of various carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes were studied. The glucose uptake in L6 myotubes was studied. In addition, in silico analysis of interaction of AST-SAC with proteins such as insulin receptor (IR) and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were carried out. KEY FINDINGS Administration of AST-SAC in DM rats has protected the mitochondrial function (decreased oxidative stress and normalized oxidative phosphorylation activities) and antioxidant capacity of the pancreas which has resulted in beta cells rejuvenation and insulin secretion restoration. AST-SAC decreased the alpha-glucosidases activities to bring glycemic control in DM rats. Due to these effects the glycoprotein components and lipids were restored to near normalcy in DM rats. AST-SAC protected the antioxidant status of liver, kidney and plasma; and curbed the progression of secondary complications of DM. AST-SAC treatment stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes in in vitro. To support this observation, AST-SAC interacted with proteins such as IR and AMPK in silico. SIGNIFICANCE AST-SAC can be considered as "multi-target-directed ligand", that is, through these manifold effects, AST-SAC has been able to prevail over DM in rats.
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Ling NXY, Kaczmarek A, Hoque A, Davie E, Ngoei KRW, Morrison KR, Smiles WJ, Forte GM, Wang T, Lie S, Dite TA, Langendorf CG, Scott JW, Oakhill JS, Petersen J. mTORC1 directly inhibits AMPK to promote cell proliferation under nutrient stress. Nat Metab 2020; 2:41-49. [PMID: 31993556 PMCID: PMC6986917 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Central to cellular metabolism and cell proliferation are highly conserved signalling pathways controlled by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)1,2, dysregulation of which are implicated in pathogenesis of major human diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. AMPK pathways leading to reduced cell proliferation are well established and, in part, act through inhibition of TOR complex-1 (TORC1) activity. Here we demonstrate reciprocal regulation, specifically that TORC1 directly down-regulates AMPK signalling by phosphorylating the evolutionarily conserved residue Ser367 in the fission yeast AMPK catalytic subunit Ssp2, and AMPK α1Ser347/α2Ser345 in the mammalian homologs, which is associated with reduced phosphorylation of activation loop Thr172. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TORC1 signalling led to AMPK activation in the absence of increased AMP:ATP ratios; under nutrient stress conditions this was associated with growth limitation in both yeast and human cell cultures. Our findings reveal fundamental, bi-directional regulation between two major metabolic signalling networks and uncover new opportunity for cancer treatment strategies aimed at suppressing cell proliferation in the nutrient-poor tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi X Y Ling
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian Kaczmarek
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Davie
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaitlin R Morrison
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Tingting Wang
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shervi Lie
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Toby A Dite
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Christopher G Langendorf
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John W Scott
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Janni Petersen
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Vyas V, Guerra DD, Bok R, Powell T, Jansson T, Hurt KJ. Adiponectin links maternal metabolism to uterine contractility. FASEB J 2019; 33:14588-14601. [PMID: 31665924 PMCID: PMC6894045 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901646r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is secreted by adipose tissue and promotes insulin sensitivity. Low circulating adiponectin is associated with increased risk for preterm labor, but the influence of adiponectin on uterine myometrial physiology is unknown. We hypothesized that adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) decrease myometrial contractility via AMPK to promote uterine quiescence in pregnancy. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we found that nonpregnant or pregnant human and mouse myometrium express AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNAs. We confirmed AdipoR2 protein expression in human and mouse myometrium, with increased abundance in late mouse pregnancy. Both recombinant adiponectin and a pharmacologic AdipoR agonist, AdipoRon, potently inhibited uterine myometrial strip contractions in physiologic organ bath. The relaxation was independent of contractile stimulus (oxytocin, KCl, U46619). AdipoR agonists increased AMPK phosphorylation in pregnant mouse myometrium, and the direct AMPK activator A769662 also relaxed myometrial strips. However, the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (compound C) blocked AMPK phosphorylation but did not abolish relaxation with either AdipoRon or A769662. In summary, adiponectin inhibits myometrial contractility consistent with the possibility that it is a previously unrecognized link between maternal metabolism and pregnancy maintenance. We also identify a separate role for AMPK regulating myometrial contractions that may influence labor onset.-Vyas, V., Guerra, D. D., Bok, R., Powell, T., Jansson, T., Hurt, K. J. Adiponectin links maternal metabolism to uterine contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Vyas
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Damian D. Guerra
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachael Bok
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Theresa Powell
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - K. Joseph Hurt
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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The Exploration of Natural Compounds for Anti-Diabetes from Distinctive Species Garcinia linii with Comprehensive Review of the Garcinia Family. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110641. [PMID: 31652794 PMCID: PMC6920772 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 400 Garcinia species are distributed around the world. Previous studies have reported the extracts from bark, seed, fruits, peels, leaves, and stems of Garcinia mangostana, G. xanthochymus, and G. cambogia that were used to treat adipogenesis, inflammation, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Moreover, the hypoglycemic effects and underlined actions of different species such as G. kola, G. pedunculata, and G. prainiana have been elucidated. However, the anti-hyperglycemia of G. linii remains to be verified in this aspect. In this article, the published literature was collected and reviewed based on the medicinal characteristics of the species Garcinia, particularly in diabetic care to deliberate the known constituents from Garcinia and further focus on and isolate new compounds of G. linii (Taiwan distinctive species) on various hypoglycemic targets including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) via the molecular docking approach with Gold program to explore the potential candidates for anti-diabetic treatments. Accordingly, benzopyrans and triterpenes are postulated to be the active components in G. linii for mediating blood glucose. To further validate the potency of those active components, in vitro enzymatic and cellular function assays with in vivo animal efficacy experiments need to be performed in the near future.
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Momtaz S, Salek-Maghsoudi A, Abdolghaffari AH, Jasemi E, Rezazadeh S, Hassani S, Ziaee M, Abdollahi M, Behzad S, Nabavi SM. Polyphenols targeting diabetes via the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway; future approach to drug discovery. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:472-492. [PMID: 31418340 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1648376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the widespread progression of diabetes, its related complications and detrimental effects on human health, investigations on this subject seems compulsory. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine kinase and a key player in energy metabolism regulation. AMPK is also considered as a prime target for pharmaceutical and therapeutic studies on disorders such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity, where the body energy homeostasis is imbalanced. Following the activation of AMPK (physiological or pharmacological), a cascade of metabolic events that improve metabolic health is triggered. While there are several publications on this subject, this is the first report that has focused solely on polyphenols targeting diabetes via AMPK pathway. The multiple characteristics of polyphenolic compounds and their favorable influence on diabetes pathogenesis, as well as their intersections with the AMPK signaling pathway, indicate that these compounds have a beneficial effect on the regulation of glucose homeostasis. PPs could potentially occupy a significant position in the future anti-diabetic drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR , Karaj , Iran.,Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Armin Salek-Maghsoudi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR , Karaj , Iran.,Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Eghbal Jasemi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR , Karaj , Iran
| | - Shamsali Rezazadeh
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR , Karaj , Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sahar Behzad
- Evidence-Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran.,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Lieberthal W, Tang M, Abate M, Lusco M, Levine JS. AMPK-mediated activation of Akt protects renal tubular cells from stress-induced apoptosis in vitro and ameliorates ischemic AKI in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1-F11. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00553.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that preconditioning renal tubular cells (RTCs) with A-769662 [a pharmacological activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)] reduces apoptosis of RTCs induced by subsequent stress and ameliorates the severity of ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. In the present study, we examined the role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in mediating these effects. Using shRNA, we developed knockdown (KD) RTCs to confirm that any novel effects of A-769662 are mediated specifically by AMPK. We reduced expression of the total β-domain of AMPK in KD RTCs by >80%. Control RTCs were transfected with “scrambled” shRNA. Preconditioning control RTCs with A-769662 increased both the phosphorylation (activity) of AMPK and survival of these cells when exposed to subsequent stress, but neither effect was observed in KD cells. These data demonstrate that activation of AMPK by A-769662 is profoundly impaired in KD cells. A-769662 activated PI3K and Akt in control but not KD RTCs. These data provide novel evidence that activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by A-769662 is mediated specifically through activation of AMPK and not by a nonspecific mechanism. We also demonstrate that, in control RTCs, Akt plays a role in mediating the antiapoptotic effects of A-769662. In addition, we provide evidence that AMPK ameliorates the severity of ischemic AKI in mice and that this effect is also partially mediated by Akt. Finally, we provide evidence that AMPK activates PI3K by inhibiting mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and preventing mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor substrate-1-associated activation of PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Lieberthal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Northport Veterans Affairs Hospital, Northport, New York
| | - Meiyi Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Mersema Abate
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Mark Lusco
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jerrold S. Levine
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
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Xu D, Ning N, Xu Y, Wang B, Cui Q, Liu Z, Wang X, Liu D, Chen H, Kong MG. Effect of cold atmospheric plasma treatment on the metabolites of human leukemia cells. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:135. [PMID: 31130824 PMCID: PMC6525389 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a typically fatal malignancy and new drug and treatment need to be developed for a better survival outcome. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a novel technology, which has been widely applied in biomedicine, especially in various of cancer treatment. However, the changes in cell metabolism after CAP treatment of leukemia cells have been rarely studied. Methods In this study, we investigated the metabolite profiling of plasma treatment on leukemia cells based on Gas Chromatography Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). Simultaneously, we conducted a series of bioinformatics analysis of metabolites and metabolic pathways with significant differences after basic data analysis. Results 800 signals were detected by GC–TOF mass-spectrometry and then evaluated using PCA and OPLS-DA. All the differential metabolites were listed and the related metabolic pathways were analyzed by KEGG pathway. The results showed that alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism had a significant change after plasma treatment. Meanwhile, d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism were significantly changed by CAP. Glutaminase activity was decreased after plasma treatment, which might lead to glutamine accumulation and leukemia cells death. Conclusions We found the above two metabolic pathways vulnerable to plasma treatment, which might result in leukemia cells death and might be the cornerstone of further exploration of plasma treatment targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0856-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Xu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ning
- 2The School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Xu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Bingchuan Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Cui
- 2The School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Dingxin Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Hailan Chen
- 3Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508 USA
| | - Michael G Kong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi People's Republic of China.,3Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508 USA.,4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
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50
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Allosteric regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by adenylate nucleotides and small-molecule drugs. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:733-741. [PMID: 31000529 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The AMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis that co-ordinates metabolic processes to ensure energy supply meets demand. At the cellular level, AMPK is activated by metabolic stresses that increase AMP or adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) coupled with falling adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and acts to restore energy balance by choreographing a shift in metabolism in favour of energy-producing catabolic pathways while inhibiting non-essential anabolic processes. AMPK also regulates systemic energy balance and is activated by hormones and nutritional signals in the hypothalamus to control appetite and body weight. Failure to maintain energy balance plays an important role in chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and inflammatory disorders, which has prompted a major drive to develop pharmacological activators of AMPK. An array of small-molecule allosteric activators has now been developed, several of which can activate AMPK by direct allosteric activation, independently of Thr172 phosphorylation, which was previously regarded as indispensable for AMPK activity. In this review, we summarise the state-of-the-art regarding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern direct allosteric activation of AMPK by adenylate nucleotides and small-molecule drugs.
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