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Wu Y, Zhang Z, Huang W, Liu H, Zhang R, Jiao H, Sun A, Chen J, Shi X. Environmental profile, potential sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a typical coastal bay and outer bay area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27885-3. [PMID: 37264168 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As a class of persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present and accumulate in multimedia environments. The pollution characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, potential sources, influencing factors, and ecological risks of 16 PAHs were investigated in the water-sediment system of the Hangzhou Bay and outer bay area (HZB and OBA, respectively). The total concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) were 220 ± 97.0 and 130 ± 36.0 ng/L in the seawater and 343 ± 179 and 505 ± 415 μg/kg (dry weight) in the sediments of the HZB and OBA, respectively. The pollution level of PAHs in the HZB seawater was higher than that in the OBA seawater, but the opposite result was found in the sediments. Moreover, ∑PAHs exhibited high temporal variability in the HZB seawater (rainy season > dry season), whereas ∑PAHs in the sediments showed no significant difference between seasons. The molecular diagnostic ratio method was used to identify pollution sources and showed that the PAHs in seawater came from different pollution sources (fuel combustion and petroleum), whereas the PAHs in the sediments originated from coincident sources (mixed combustion). Correlation analysis revealed that temperature was positively related to ∑PAHs, whereas salinity was negatively related to seawater ∑PAHs values. Ecological risk assessment demonstrated that the potential for adverse ecological effects was low to moderate in seawater but moderate to high in the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Jiao
- College of Biological and Environment Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Aili Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China.
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Kocak TK, Kocak GO, Stuart AL. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic media of Turkey: A systematic review of cancer and ecological risk. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114671. [PMID: 36860025 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have gathered worldwide attention due to their carcinogenicity and toxicity. This paper aims to review and extend current knowledge on PAHs in aquatic environments in Turkey, where expansion of the marine industry has caused contamination concerns. To assess cancer and ecological risks associated with PAHs, we systematically reviewed 39 research articles. Mean measured concentrations of total PAHs ranged from 61 to 249,900 ng L-1 in surface waters, 1 to 209,400 ng g-1 in sediments, and 4 to 55,000 ng g-1 in organisms. Estimated cancer risks from concentrations in organisms were higher than those from surface waters and sediments. Negative ecosystem impacts of petrogenic PAHs were estimated to be larger than those of pyrogenic origin, despite the predominance of the latter. Overall, the Marmara, Aegean, and Black seas are highly-polluted and need remedial action, while further study is needed to confirm the status of other water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Kemal Kocak
- Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey.
| | - Goze Ozlem Kocak
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Languages and History-Geography, Ankara University, Ankara 06430, Turkey
| | - Amy L Stuart
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Wang MH, Chen CW, Chen CF, Wang LC, Liu TK, Dong CD. Occurrence and emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water treatment plant sludge in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1190-1200. [PMID: 34694956 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1998227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations level and distribution of 16 US EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) from the water treatment plant (WTP), sewage treatment plant (STP), and industrial water treatment plant (ITP) sludge in Taiwan were determined and then assessed the sources, and potential toxicity (carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [CPAHs] and toxic BaP equivalent [TEQ]). Results indicated that the total concentrations of PAHs ranged between 58 and 16,436 μg/kg dw. Among the 17 samples, the 2-4 ring of total PAHs were the predominant compound in three kinds of treatment plant (> 60%). Especially, ITP1 owns 95.8% of 2-4 ring of total PAHs and ITP3 owns 54% of five- and six-ring of total PAHs. The molecular indices and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to determine the source contributions, with the results showing that the contributions of combustion/grass, coal or wood combustion and combustion/ liquid (oil) fossil fuel combustion. A PAH toxicity indicated by TEQ was 2.5-506 μg TEQ/g dw. Although, the results indicated that these were not recommended for land applications, but analyses are beneficial to develop effective management strategies for controlling PAH discharge in treatment plants and establishing strategies for its reuse in managing pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huang Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Kang Liu
- Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Gözel F, Belivermiş M, Sezer N, Kurt MA, Sıkdokur E, Kılıç Ö. Chronology of trace elements and radionuclides using sediment cores in Golden Horn Estuary, Sea of Marmara. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120359. [PMID: 36216182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements and radionuclides are substantial pollutants in marine environment since they are non-biodegradable and can be harmful even in minute concentrations. The Golden Horn estuary, where is an inlet of Bosphorus and two creeks, has been seriously polluted by untreated municipal and industrial dischargers for several decades. Since 1998, a large restoration and rehabilitation efforts have been undertaken in the estuary to mitigate the pollution. In the present study, four sediment cores were taken from the Golden Horn estuary to assess the historical accumulation of trace elements and radionuclides. Radiometric dating was implemented by 210Pb and 137Cs radionuclides and CRS model. Sedimentation rates were calculated in the range of 0.92-0.97 cm yr-1 in the estuary. The distribution of radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, and 228Ra) indicated some slight variations which ascribes to the geological characteristics of sediment along the cores. The concentrations of the anthropogenic elements were relatively higher in the intensive industrialization period. Their concentrations reduced in the latest 15-20 years thanks to the large-scale rehabilitation project in the estuary. The pollution indices, namely EF, Igeo, CF, and PLI showed that the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Sn were above the world averages. Our results provide an insight on the long-term accumulation trends of trace element in the Golden Horn, which revealed that the estuary remains moderately polluted. We suggest that preventive countermeasures are much more important than post pollution remediation in the case of metallic pollution in the estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Gözel
- Vocational School of Health Services, Bahçeşehir University, Beşiktaş, 34353, Istanbul, Türkiye; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Murat Belivermiş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Narin Sezer
- Medical Services and Techniques Department, Istanbul Arel University, 34295, Sefaköy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Ali Kurt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 33343, Mersin University, Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Ercan Sıkdokur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Önder Kılıç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Chen CF, Ju YR, Lim YC, Wang MH, Albarico FPJB, Chen CW, Dong CD. Potential sources and toxicity risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of commercial ports in Taiwan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113924. [PMID: 35841673 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of pollutants in the semi-enclosed waters of ports has long been a concern. This study assessed the pollution status, sources, and toxicity risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of 7 major ports in Taiwan. Total PAHs concentrations in sediments ranged between 8.4 and 572.5 ng/g dw, with an average of 112.4 ± 136.5 ng/g dw. The 3- and 4-ring PAHs (63 %) were the major constituents of PAHs in the sediments. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analyses indicated that PAHs in sediments were mainly contributed by biomass combustion (45.0 %), coal combustion (31.5 %), and vehicle emissions and related fossil fuels (23.5 %). The results of ecological risk assessment showed a low-medium risk of PAHs in the sediments outside the port, whereas most of the sediments within the port presented a medium-high risk. An assessment of the possible human health risks indicated that PAHs were present at acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Frank Paolo Jay B Albarico
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Fisheries and Marine Research Station, College of Fisheries and Allied Sciences, Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Sagay City 6122, Philippines
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
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Influence of Source Apportionment of PAHs Occurrence in Aquatic Suspended Particulate Matter at a Typical Post-Industrial City: A Case Study of Freiberger Mulde River. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have received extensive attention because of their widespread presence in various environmental media and their high environmental toxicity. Thus, figuring out the long-term variances of their occurrence and driving force in the environment is helpful for environmental pollution control. This study investigates the concentration levels, spatial variance, and source apportionment of PAHs in suspended particulate matter of Freiberger Mulde river, Germany. Results show that the concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs suggested by USEPA (Σ16PAHs) were in the range of 707.0–17,243.0 μg kg−1 with a mean value of 5258.0 ± 2569.2 μg kg−1 from 2002 to 2016. The relatively high average concentrations of Σ16PAHs were found in the midstream and upstream stations of the given river (7297.5 and 6096.9 μg kg−1 in Halsbrucke and Hilbersdorf, respectively). In addition, the annual average concentration of Σ16PAHs showed an obvious decreasing pattern with time. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model identified three potential sources: coke ovens (7.6–23.0%), vehicle emissions (35.9–47.7%), and coal and wood combustion (34.5–47.3%). The source intensity variation and wavelet coherence analysis indicated that the use of clean energy played a key role in reducing PAHs pollution levels in suspended sediments. The risk assessment of ecosystem and human health suggested that the Σ16PAHs in the given area posed a non-negligible threat to aquatic organisms and humans. The data provided herein could assist the subsequent management of PAHs in the aquatic environment.
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Tsuji H, Akiyoshi Y, Asakawa D, Nakashita S, Iwamoto Y, Sakugawa H, Takeda K. Dynamics and Mass Balance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in and Around the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:467-480. [PMID: 35320377 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed to elucidate the distribution, ecological risk, pathways, and fluxes of these pollutants in and around the Seto Inland Sea, an industrialized coastal region of Japan. High molecular weight PAHs (5-6 rings) were primarily found in regions close to the bay estuaries, and their proportions decreased at distances further from the estuaries (offshore areas), where low molecular weight PAHs (2-4 rings) were more ubiquitous. Screening-level risk assessments revealed that the PAHs found in the sediments should have no adverse effects on benthic communities. A mass balance for PAHs in the Seto Inland Sea, calculated based on data collected in the field and published literature findings, showed the PAH flux into the Seto Inland Sea from atmospheric deposition were ca. 6 times higher than that from riverine inflows. Comparison of the amount of the PAH mass flux between the Seto Inland Sea and the sea of the Europe and Asian countries indicated that the Seto Inland Sea is less polluted than the Gulf of Lion, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Bohai Sea, China and more polluted than the Yellow Sea. This paper is the first to determine the fluxes of PAHs in the coastal region of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Mie Prefecture Environmental Conservation Agency, 3258 Ueno, Kawage-cho, Tsu, Mie, 510-0304, Japan
| | - Yuta Akiyoshi
- School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Daichi Asakawa
- Osaka City Research Center of Environmental Science, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakashita
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yoko Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Takeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
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Korkmaz NE, Savun-Hekimoğlu B, Aksu A, Burak S, Caglar NB. Occurrence, sources and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:152996. [PMID: 35031378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the occurrence and spatial distribution of selected eleven pharmaceuticals were investigated in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Samples were collected from different depths of the nine stations in April and October 2019. Pharmaceuticals were analyzed using liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All target pharmaceutical compounds were detected at least once in the study area. Gemfibrozil, which belongs to the lipid regulatory group, was the most frequently detected in seawater at high concentrations (<0.016-9.71 μg/L). Ibuprofen (<0.015-2.13 μg/L) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (<0.010-3.55 μg/L) were identified as the other frequently detected pharmaceuticals. In addition, the presence of these selected compounds in April was higher than in October. According to the risk assessment results, naproxen, diclofenac, clofibric acid, gemfibrozil, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethynylestradiol represent a high risk to aquatic organisms in the Sea of Marmara. These findings underline the importance of continued monitoring of these compounds as relevant organic contaminants in the study area to take appropriate measures to protect the ecosystem and, ultimately, human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan E Korkmaz
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Başak Savun-Hekimoğlu
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Marine Environment, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Aksu
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selmin Burak
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Marine Environment, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuray Balkis Caglar
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Dai C, Han Y, Duan Y, Lai X, Fu R, Liu S, Leong KH, Tu Y, Zhou L. Review on the contamination and remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal soil and sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112423. [PMID: 34838568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid economic and population growth in coastal areas is causing increasingly serious polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in these regions. This review compared the PAHs pollution characteristics of different coastal areas, including industrial zones, commercial ports, touristic cities, aquacultural & agricultural areas, oil & gas exploitation areas and megacities. Currently there are various treatment methods to remediate soils and sediments contaminated with PAHs. However, it is necessary to provide a comprehensive overview of all the available remediation technologies up to date, so appropriate technologies can be selected to remediate PAHs pollution. In view of that, we analyzed the characteristics of the remediation mechanism, summarized the remediation methods for soil or sediments in coastal areas, which were physical repair, chemical oxidation, bioremediation and integrated approaches. Besides, this review also reported the development of new multi-functional green and sustainable systems, namely, micro-nano bubble (MNB), biochar, reversible surfactants and peracetic acid. While physical repair, expensive but efficient, was regarded as a suitable method for the PAHs remediation in coastal areas because of land shortage, integrated approaches would produce better results. The ultimate aim of the review was to ensure the successful restructuring of PAHs contaminated soil and sediments in coastal areas. Due to the environment heterogeneity, PAHs pollution in coastal areas remains as a daunting challenge. Therefore, new and suitable technologies are still needed to address the environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomeng Dai
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yueming Han
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yanping Duan
- Institute of Urban Studies, School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai, 200234, PR China; Yangtze River Delta Urban Wetland Ecosystem National Field Observation and Research Station, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Xiaoying Lai
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Rongbing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Kah Hon Leong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yaojen Tu
- Institute of Urban Studies, School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai, 200234, PR China; Yangtze River Delta Urban Wetland Ecosystem National Field Observation and Research Station, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Lang Zhou
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Kawser Ahmed M, Hossain A, Masunaga S. Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Surficial Sediments from the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:178-190. [PMID: 30259080 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The surficial sediments were collected in winter and summer (2015) from the coastal areas of Bangladesh and analyzed for 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total concentration of PAHs (∑PAHs) were 349.8-11,058.8 and 199.9-17,089.1 ng/g dry weight (dw) in winter and summer, respectively. Sediements from the areas with recent urbanization and industrialization (Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, and Sundarbans) were more contaminated with PAHs than the unindustrialized area (Meghna Estuary). The concentrations of ∑PAHs were slightly higher in summer than those in winter, but the seasonal variations were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Molecular ratios suggested mixed sources of PAHs in the Bangladeshi coastal areas with a slight imposition of pyrolytic inputs closely related to shipping and fishing activities as well as industrial and municipal sewage discharge. According to ecological risk assessment, the measured levels of sedimentary PAHs exceeded some of the existing national and international environmental quality guidelines/standards, and thus might cause acute biological damage in the studied areas of the Bay of Bengal coast of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, Earth and Environmental Science Faculty, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar Hossain
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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Gdara I, Zrafi I, Balducci C, Cecinato A, Ghrabi A. Seasonal Distribution, Source Identification, and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments from Wadi El Bey Watershed in Tunisia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:488-510. [PMID: 28801706 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments were collected from the Watershed of Wadi El Bey in Tunisia to evaluate the degree of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination. Sediments were collected during different seasons in 14 sites that received wastes from domestic effluent, industrial discharge, and agricultural drainage wastes. Twenty-six individual PAHs were analyzed. The total PAH contents (Σ PAHs) in surface sediments showed wide variability, ranging from 6.89 ± 0.05 to 340 ± 0.1 ng g-1. The 4-, 5-, and 6-ring compounds were the most abundant PAHs detected at the majority of sites. Diagnostic concentration ratios between pairs of PAHs and molecular indices, calculated with the purpose of drawing information about pollution sources, indicated that PAHs were of both petrogenic and pyrolytic origins. Toxic contaminants concentrations were determined according to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). PAH levels did not exceed the SQGs, indicating that PAHs seem to pose low and occasional toxicity risks. Total carcinogenicity and mutagenicity (TEQBaP and MEQBaP) ranged from 0.08 to 65 ng and from 0.02 to 135.0 ng g-1 of dry weight, respectively. Among the seven carcinogenic PAHs, BaP accounted for the majority of the potency and could potentially be used as a unique indicator of PAH toxicity. This study provides a baseline to promote environmental protection programs and pollution monitoring/control in Watershed and coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Gdara
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Science of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Zrafi
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 1000015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 1000015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Ahmed Ghrabi
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia
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12
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Giuliani S, Bellucci LG, Çağatay MN, Polonia A, Piazza R, Vecchiato M, Pizzini S, Gasperini L. The impact of the 1999 Mw 7.4 event in the İzmit Bay (Turkey) on anthropogenic contaminant (PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs) concentrations recorded in a deep sediment core. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:799-808. [PMID: 28291610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The 1999 Mw 7.4 earthquake triggered a tremendous human tragedy and had a great social impact over the population of the İzmit Bay, one of the most industrialized area of Turkey. Although the successive environmental disasters were well documented, information on its sedimentary record is lacking. The present research aims at filling this gap, through the analysis of organic contaminants (PCBs, PAHs, and PBDEs) in a dated sediment core collected in the depocenter of the Karamürsel Basin in 2005. Profiles of total PCBs and total PAHs overlap the timing of industrialization in the area (starting in the 1960s) with values increasing as the population and the number of industrial plants grew larger. Profiles for PBDEs are in accordance with increasing urban inputs but are probably affected by processes of natural formation and post-depositional mixing. The continuous sedimentary record is interrupted at a level dating back to 1980 due to the erosion caused by the 1999 earthquake, having removed a 5-7cm thick sediment layer. Contaminant concentrations in the deepest 10-15cm of a 30cm thick seismo-turbidite unit, triggered by the 1999 event, increase with the progressive fining up and evidence massive transport of sediments from coastal, more polluted sites of the north-eastern Karamürsel shelves and shores. Additional inputs of PAHs are also evident, originating from a fire at the oil refinery that followed the shaking. The effects of the earthquake generated tsunami, its backwash fluxes and the following seiches are not uniquely displayed by each class of contaminants, and they could probably reflect successive inputs deriving from different parts of the basin that are subject to anthropogenic impacts of different nature. Concentrations measured at the top of the core are consistent with an unvaried input of pollutants in the period 1980-2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giuliani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy.
| | - L G Bellucci
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - M N Çağatay
- ITÜ, EMCOL, Maden Fakültesi, Ayazağa, 8062, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Polonia
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - M Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - S Pizzini
- CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - L Gasperini
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Oyo-Ita IO, Oyo-Ita OE, Ugim SU, Nnaji NNJ, Elarbaoui S. Source and Toxicological Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Imo River, Southeastern Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inyang O. Oyo-Ita
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Orok E. Oyo-Ita
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Samuel U. Ugim
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka N. J. Nnaji
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University, Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Soumaya Elarbaoui
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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14
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Oyo-Ita IO, Oyo-Ita OE, Dosunmu MI, Domínguez C, Bayona JM, Albaigés J. Distribution and Sources of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Recent Sediments of the Imo River, SE Nigeria. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:372-382. [PMID: 26546420 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the lower course of the Imo River (Nigeria) was investigated to determine the sources and fate of these compounds. The aliphatic fraction is characterized by a widespread contribution of highly weathered/biodegraded hydrocarbon residues (reflected in the absence of prominent n-alkane peaks coupled with the presence of 17α(H),21β(H)-25-norhopane, an indicator of heavy hydrocarbon biodegradation) of Nigerian crude oils (confirmed by the occurrence of 18α(H)-oleanane, a compound characteristic of oils of deltaic origin). The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranging from 48 to 117 ng/g dry weight (dw; ∑13PAHs) indicate a moderate pollution, possibly lowered by the sandy lithology and low organic carbon (OC) content of the sediments. Concentrations slightly decrease towards the estuary of the river, probably due to the fact that these stations are affected by tidal flushing of pollutants adsorbed on sediment particles and carried away by occasional storm to the Atlantic Ocean. A number of PAH ratios, including parent/alkylated and isomeric compounds, indicates a predominance of petrogenic sources, with a low contribution of pyrolytic inputs, particularly of fossil fuel combustion. On the basis of OC/ON (>10) and Per/ΣPAHpenta- (>10) values, a diagenetic terrigenous OC was proposed as a source of perylene to the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyang O Oyo-Ita
- Environmental/Petroleum Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Orok E Oyo-Ita
- Environmental/Petroleum Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Miranda I Dosunmu
- Environmental/Petroleum Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Carmen Domínguez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep M Bayona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albaigés
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Raeisi A, Arfaeinia H, Seifi M, Shirzad-Siboni M, Keshtkar M, Dobaradaran S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal sediments from urban and industrial areas of Asaluyeh Harbor, Iran: distribution, potential source and ecological risk assessment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:957-73. [PMID: 27533870 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and toxicity levels of 16 EPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Asaluyeh shore, Iran were investigated. The total concentrations of the PAHs in surface sediments ranged from 1,054 to 17,448 ng/g dry weights with a mean concentration of 8,067 ng/g. The spatial distribution of PAHs showed that PAH levels are much higher in the industrial areas in comparison with urban areas. Based on diagnostic ratios, pyrogenic activities were dominant sources of PAHs pollution in sediments comparing petroleum sources. The toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ Carc) of PAHs ranged from 172 to 2,235 ng TEQ/g with mean value of 997.9. Toxicity levels were evaluated using sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and toxic equivalent factors. Samples were collected from industrial and urban stations in Asaluyeh shores. According to SQGs, ΣPAHs concentrations in sediments of urban areas were below the ERL (effects range low), but the industrial samples had ΣPAHs concentrations between ERL and ERM (effects range median). Furthermore, ΣHPAHs (heavy PAHs) and some individual PAHs in some industrial stations exceeded ERM, indicating adverse ecological risk effects frequently occur. Findings demonstrate that the surface sediment from Asaluyeh shore is highly to very highly contaminated with PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Raeisi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Seifi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shirzad-Siboni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Keshtkar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Systems Environmental Health, Oil, Gas and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; and The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr 7514763448, Iran E-mail:
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16
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Wang X, Xu H, Zhou Y, Wu C, Kanchanopas-Barnette P. Distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Zhoushan Archipelago and Xiangshan Harbor, East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:895-902. [PMID: 26563544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zhoushan Archipelago and the adjacent Xiangshan Harbor are important commercial, tourism, fishing, and mariculture areas. Considering the concern on the effects of anthropogenic activities on the environment, the level and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments were investigated. The sum of 16 PAH (∑16 PAH) concentrations in the Zhoushan Archipelago ranged from 3.67 to 31.30 ng g(-1) d.w., with a mean of 15.01 ± 1.21 ng g(-1) d.w., and that in Xiangshan Harbor varied from 11.58 to 481.44 ng g(-1) d.w., with a mean of 62.52 ± 32.85 ng g(-1) d.w. Diagnostic ratios and factor analysis were performed to identify PAH sources. Results show that PAHs have mixed origins (i.e., traffic-related sources, coal combustion, petrogenic sources, and biomass burning), with pyrolytic-related pollution as the dominant source. This study provided a baseline to promote environmental protection and pollution episode monitoring in the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, PR China; Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
| | - Huanzhi Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, PR China.
| | - Yongdong Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, PR China; Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316004, PR China.
| | - Changwen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, PR China.
| | - Praparsiri Kanchanopas-Barnette
- Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand; The Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok, Thailand.
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17
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Sakellariadou F. Maritime pollutants in shipping and commercial European ports based on relevant physical and biogeochemical environmental parameters (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2014-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPorts are closed or semi-closed coastal systems with limited water circulation, poor flushing and weak tidal exchange. They are characterized as pollution hotspots or areas of stagnation with a variety of maritime pollutants. Nowadays, shipping and port managers aim to address environmental risk in their operations, striving to achieve suitable environmental management systems and environmental policies. In that way, environmental impacts are thoroughly considered, actions to minimize and prevent these effects are identified while human activities for prevention, reduction and mitigation of harmful consequences are managed. The current project provides details of quality and performance indicators, based on physical and biogeochemical environmental parameters required to monitor and audit the effectiveness of environmental management system and environmental policy applied in ports. These indicators will be used as powerful tools strengthening sound decisions when developing, shaping and evaluating national and local environmental management systems and policies. The selected indicators are described and their monitoring processes are presented and discussed. Examples of selected best environmental practice from various port authorities are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Sakellariadou
- 1Department of Maritime Studies, University of Piraeus, Piraeus 18532, Greece
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18
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Zamani M, Khorasani N, Bakhtiari AR, Rezaei K. Source identification of perylene in surface sediments and waterbird eggs in the Anzali Wetland, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:23-32. [PMID: 26000756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Following the marked increase of perylene concentration in southern coast of Caspian Sea, waterbird eggs were used as biomonitoring agents. Surface sediments and eggs of five bird species were collected from colonies in Anzali Wetland in the above coast for perylene analysis. The perylene concentrations in sediment and egg samples ranged within 70.6-204.4 and 25.5-43.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Diagnostic perylene ratios showed that the perylene found in all samples was of biogenic origin, possibly developing from terrestrial materials. The combination pattern of perylene was found to be similar in all samples. Conclusively, perylene observed in the area was transmitted from sediments in breeding areas into the eggs, so the eggs are biomonitoring agents and the prevalence of oxic conditions in surface sediments limits formation of perylene, reflecting perylene formation in the catchment area. We found that perylene distribution in surface sediments follows irregular patterns, representing significant effects from local inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Zamani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Nematollah Khorasani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 64414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Karamatollah Rezaei
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
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19
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Dong CD, Chen CW, Chen CF. Seasonal and spatial distribution of 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol in the sediment of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:588-597. [PMID: 25548036 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) were investigated in the surface sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. The concentrations were between 18 and 27,882 ng g(-1)dw (average 101 ± 3,580 ng g(-1)dw) and 1.1 and 1,150 ng g(-1)dw (average 44 ± 174 ng g(-1)dw) for 4-NP and 4-t-OP, respectively. The concentrations of 4-NP and 4-t-OP in the river mouths' sediments are apparently higher and gradually decrease nearer the Harbor. The results showed that the river mouths' alkylphenol (AP) concentration in the wet season was higher than that in the dry season; in the channels and Harbor entrances, the AP values in the dry season were similar or even higher than those in the wet season. The correlation analysis indicated that total organic carbon (TOC) and organic matter (OM) played an important role in controlling the concentration level of 4-NP and 4-t-OP in the sediments. However, in the pollution hotspot, the direct inflow of pollutants would be the crucial factor that determines the concentration and distribution of organic pollutants in sediments. According to the evaluation of the potential ecological risk, the 4-NP concentration in the harbor had an 87% probability of exceed PNEC (39 ng g(-1), predicted no effect concentration) which means that the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor probably pose a potential ecological risk to aquatic life, as is especially the case with those in the river mouths with relatively high EEQ values (estrogen equivalent concentration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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20
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Giuliani S, Piazza R, El Moumni B, Polo FP, Vecchiato M, Romano S, Zambon S, Frignani M, Bellucci LG. Recognizing different impacts of human and natural sources on the spatial distribution and temporal trends of PAHs and PCBs (including PCB-11) in sediments of the Nador Lagoon (Morocco). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 526:346-357. [PMID: 25967480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Nador Lagoon holds a major interest in present-day Moroccan socioeconomic development. This environment is exposed to a number of potential polluting sources, such as mine tailings, urban and industrial dumping, and untreated wastewater inputs from surrounding cities. The aim of this study was to assess concentrations and trends of persistent contaminants such as PCBs and PAHs and to identify their origin. The non-Aroclor PCB-11 was determined for the first time in the lagoon sediments. Chronology and source assessment helped identifying the timing and nature of inputs and post-depositional processes controlling the two classes of contaminants: PAHs present a typical mixed petrogenic signature, with the exception of sediments deposited in the period 1930-1960 near the city of Nador, when pyrogenic inputs prevailed; PCBs show signs of microbial anaerobic degradation from 1950 to 1990, probably linked to changing hydrodynamic conditions in the South-Western part of the lagoon where agricultural inputs are dominant. The presence of PCB-11 is linked to specific productions and might be affected by degradation processes. Presently, different land uses (e.g., urban and agricultural areas) appear to be the key factors in controlling the level and composition of PAHs and PCBs in lagoon sediments. Total PAH and PCB levels are low (from 21.6 to 108 ng g(-1) and from 2.50 to 20.7 ng g(-1), respectively) but recent increasing values and the potential threat to humans and biota require continuous and constant monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giuliani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Bouchta El Moumni
- Dept. of Earth Sciences and Oceanography, Univ. of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, BP 745 Route de Rabat, Larache, Morocco
| | - Fabio Paolo Polo
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; Dept of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Univ. of Siena, Via Laterina 8, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Romano
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zambon
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Frignani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
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Oliva AL, Quintas PY, La Colla NS, Arias AH, Marcovecchio JE. Distribution, Sources, and Potential Ecotoxicological Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments from Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:163-172. [PMID: 26044929 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-four surface sediment samples were collected from Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina, to evaluate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination and ecotoxicity risk by applying sediment-quality guidelines (SQGs) and toxic equivalent factors (TEQ). Total concentrations of 17 parent PAHs, including the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs, were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and their levels ranged from 19.7 to 30,054.5 ng/g dry weight. The greatest values were found near the urban/industrial core and decreasing as the distance from that site increased. Molecular ratios determined mixed sources of PAHs with a slight imposition of pyrolitic over the petrogenic inputs. The ecotoxicological evaluation, based on the SQG model, showed that some of the individual PAHs were in excess of the effects range low (ERL) and the effects range median's threshold; then, predicted occasional (ERL) and frequent adverse effects over the surrounding biota at the area of study were determined. Total PAH levels were expressed as benzo-a-pyrene TEQ and compared with literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Oliva
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CCT-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, C.C.Nº 804, Florida 8000 (Camino La Carrindanga km 7,5), B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina,
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Bozcaarmutlu A, Sapmaz C, Kaleli G, Turna S, Yenisoy-Karakaş S. Combined use of PAH levels and EROD activities in the determination of PAH pollution in flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus) caught from the West Black Sea coast of Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2515-2525. [PMID: 25339526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the extent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution by measuring PAH levels and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities in flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus) samples caught from the West Black Sea coast of Turkey. The fish samples were caught in August 2008-2011. The levels of 13 PAHs were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the liver of fish. Most of the measured PAHs had three rings (low molecular weight). The frequencies of detection of PAHs were higher in fish samples caught from Zonguldak Harbour and Gülüç Stream Mouth than those from Sakarya River Mouth, Amasra and Kefken. EROD activities and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) protein level were also measured in the fish liver microsomes. Highly elevated EROD activities and CYP1A levels were measured in the mullet samples caught from Zonguldak Harbour and Gülüç Stream than those from Amasra and Kefken. The detection of PAHs in the liver of fish samples shows recent exposure to PAHs. The chemical analyses of PAHs and EROD activity results together reflected the extent of PAH pollution in the livers of fish caught from the West Black Sea coast of Turkey. The results indicate that Zonguldak Harbour is the most polluted site in the West Black Sea coast of Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Bozcaarmutlu
- Department of Chemistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey,
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Ščančar J, Heath E, Zuliani T, Horvat M, Kotnik J, Perko S, Milačič R. Elements and Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Sediments of the Sava River. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44034-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Varnosfaderany MN, Bakhtiari AR, Gu Z, Chu G. Perylene as an indicator of land-based plant biomarkers in the southwest Caspian Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 80:124-131. [PMID: 24486042 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 84 surface sediment samples, from 28 Iranian rivers, 45 surface sediment samples and 31 samples from one core in the southwest of the Caspian Sea were collected and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results showed high variability of perylene in coastal surface sediments (1.3-123.6 ng g⁻¹ dw) and river sediments (0.5-111.1 ng g⁻¹ dw). Core samples revealed high levels of perylene which increased with depth. Three diagnostic ratios (DRs) for source identification of perylene (Per/TPAH, Per/PAI and Py/Per) revealed a dominance of biogenic inputs to the surface layers (coasts and rivers) and diagenetic production of perylene in the sediment core. Hyrcanian forests with humid climates favor wood-degrading fungi and the production of perylene and its precursors. Biogenic production of perylene as a land plant derived biomarker can be used for the reconstruction of paleoclimatic conditions of the southwest Caspian Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nemati Varnosfaderany
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 64414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 64414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Zhaoyan Gu
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guoqiang Chu
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Karaca G, Tasdemir Y. Temporal and spatial variations in PAH concentrations in the sediment from the Nilufer Creek in Bursa, Turkey. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:900-912. [PMID: 24766591 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.894330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the temporal variations in PAH concentrations in the sediment at different locations on the Nilufer Creek moving along an industrial city. The distribution of various PAH species and their possible sources were determined. Sediment samples were taken from at eight different locations on the Nilufer Creek for a one-year period. Temporal concentration profiles were in the range of 15-9600 ng g(-1) dry matter (dm). PAH concentrations reached their maximum values in the winter (9600 ng g(-1) dm). Molecular diagnostic ratios of PAHs showed that the pollution in the Nilufer Creek in the fall, winter and summer seasons was mostly pyrolytic. It was observed that 3-4 ring species predominated in all seasons in the Nilufer Creek sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Karaca
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Uludag University , Nilufer / Bursa , Turkey
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26
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El Nemr A, El-Sadaawy MM, Khaled A, Draz SO. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:4571-4589. [PMID: 23054267 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Coastal marine sediment samples were collected from ten sampling stations along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast in April 2010. All sediment samples were analyzed for aliphatic (C7 to C34) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as total organic carbon (TOC) contents and grain size analysis. Total aliphatic hydrocarbons ranged from 1621.82 to 9069.99 ng/g (dry weight), while aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) varied between 208.69 and 1020.02 ng/g with an average of 530.68 ± 225.86 ng/g dwt. Good correlations observed between certain PAH concentrations allowed to identify its origin. The average TOC percent was varied from 0.13 to 1.46 %. Principal component analysis was used to determine the sources of hydrocarbon pollutants in sediments of Mediterranean. Additionally, special PAHs compound ratios suggest the petrogenic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Nemr
- Environmental Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt.
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27
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Oyo-Ita OE, Oyo-Ita IO, Ugim SU. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and sterols in termite nest, soil, and sediment from Great Kwa River, SE Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:1413-1426. [PMID: 22544040 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Costal sediment samples from Great Kwa River as well as adjoining termite nest and soil samples were analyzed for quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and sterols using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to access the possibility of transport of biologically produced PAHs/sterols from termite nest to the sediments. The total PAH concentrations (sum of parent and alkyl) for the sediments ranged between 131.96 and 139.35 ng/g dry weight (dw) while those for the nest and soil samples were in the range 9.51-9.71 and 71.85-77.26 ng/g dw, respectively. These levels of PAHs in sediments were relatively low compared to other urban/industrial Asian and American countries. No evidence of the usual biologically produced PAHs was found, thus reducing the likelihood of transport of these compounds from the nest to the sediments. The absence of parent and alkyl PAHs in central compartment of the nest may reflect the selective fern leaves feeding pattern of the dominant termite species prevalent in the vicinity of the study site. Utilization of six selected PAH ratios such as Fla/(Fla + Pyr) (0.4-0.5), Ant/(Ant + Phe) (0.25-0.90), BaA/(BaA + Chrys) (0.45-0.61), MP/P (0.05-6.81), 1,7/(1,7 + 2,6)-DMP (0.61-0.95), and LPAH/HPAH ( 2.80-3.80) allows discrimination of PAH sources for the samples to be made with a mixed source dominance observed. Examination of sterol distributions in the samples shows relatively high abundance of cholest-5-en-3β-ol in central compartment of the nest, considered here as a consequence of metabolic conversion of phyto-/fungi sterols in the tissues of the termite species. The relatively reduced levels of stanol compounds in central compartment of the nest may be associated with their utilization by the termites for growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orok Esu Oyo-Ita
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
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Gómez-Alvarez M, Poznyak T, Ríos-Leal E, Silva-Sánchez C. Anthracene decomposition in soils by conventional ozonation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 113:545-551. [PMID: 22494822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene decomposition in solid phase by conventional ozonation was investigated employing model and real soil samples. Reaction in a two-phase system (soil-ozone) and a three-phase system (soil-water-ozone) was studied. The total anthracene decomposition in the two studied systems (sand-ozone and burned soil-ozone) was obtained at 15 and 30 min of treatment by ozone, respectively, and the efficiency of ozonation was depended on the water content in treated soil samples. The anthracene degradation in an agricultural soil (free water) was carried up slower (only 30% after 90 min of ozonation), because the real solid samples content organic matter that provokes the additionally ozone consuming. The pre-ozonation of free anthracene agricultural soil depicts the content of the organic matter fraction, which have the ozone reactivity orders as aromatic>aliphatic>polar. In all cases, the ozonation by-products were identified partiality; the majority of by-products formatted react with ozone. Actually some of them were decomposed totally, while others were accumulated. Some products identified in all systems such as anthrone, 9,10-anthraquinone and phthalic acid, are less toxic than the anthracene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gómez-Alvarez
- Superior School of Chemical Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, Edif 7, UPALM, CP 07738 Mexico DF, Mexico
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Huang W, Wang Z, Yan W. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Zhanjiang Bay and Leizhou Bay, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:1962-1969. [PMID: 22738466 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been investigated in two adjacent bays of Zhanjiang and Leizhou, China. The total concentrations of the 16 USEPA priority PAHs were ranged from 41.96 to 933.90 ng/g dry weight with an average concentration of 315.98 ng/g and ranged from 21.72 to 319.61 ng/g with an average concentration of 103.91 ng/g in Zhanjiang and Leizhou Bays, respectively. The spatial distribution of PAHs was site-specific and appeared to be somewhat positively correlated with TOC and negatively correlated with sediment grain size in the two bays. The values of Phe/Ant, BaA/228 and InP/276 were higher than 10, less than 0.2, and from 0.2 to 0.5, respectively, indicating that the sources of PAHs in the two bays were mainly from petroleum and its combustion, which predominantly originated from those ships and boats coming and going in the two bays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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Commendatore MG, Nievas ML, Amin O, Esteves JL. Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments from the Ushuaia Bay (Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, Argentina). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 74:20-31. [PMID: 22189069 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The environmental quality of Ushuaia Bay, located at the southernmost tip of South America, is affected by the anthropogenic pressure of Ushuaia city. In this study, levels and sources of hydrocarbons in coastal sediments were assessed. Aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions ranged between 5.5 and 1185.3 μg/g dry weight and PAHs from not detected to 360 ng/g. Aliphatic diagnostic indices, the nalkanes homologous series occurrence, Aliphatic Unresolved Complex Mixtures (AliUCMs), and pristane and phytane isoprenoids indicated a petrogenic input. Some sites showed biogenic features masked by the anthropogenic signature. Particularly in port areas biodegradation processes were evident. PAH ratios showed a mixture of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Aliphatic and aromatic UCMs were strongly correlated, reflecting chronic pollution. Three areas were distinguished inside the bay: (1) east, with low hydrocarbons impact; (2) central, where hydrocarbons accumulation was related to source proximity and sediment characteristics; (3) south-west, where sediment characteristics and current circulation favour hydrocarbons accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Commendatore
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT-CONICET), Bv. Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
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31
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Sarkar SK, Binelli A, Chatterjee M, Bhattacharya BD, Parolini M, Riva C, Jonathan MP. Distribution and Ecosystem Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Core Sediments of Sundarban Mangrove Wetland, India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2011.633592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ekpo BO, Oyo-Ita OE, Oros DR, Simoneit BRT. Distributions and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Cross River estuary, S.E. Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1037-1047. [PMID: 21472387 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) analyses of surface sediments from the Cross River estuary by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated natural diagenetically derived PAHs in the upper estuary, with minor and variable amounts of petrogenic and combustion-derived PAHs from human activities (lower estuary). The occurrence of significant amounts of perylene (average 23% of all PAHs) with the diagenetic natural PAHs in the middle estuary bordered by mangrove forests supports its origin from terrestrial organic matter. The natural PAHs represent the highest percentage (average 76%) of the total PAHs in this tropical environment. The traditional geochemical parameters, including the petrogenic PAHs, confirmed trace petroleum contamination in the estuary. Specific PAH ratios such as Fl/Py and Fl/(Fl+Py) also support this source contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassey Offiong Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 3766, Calabar, C.R. State, Nigeria.
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33
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Chen CW, Chen CF, Dong CD, Tu YT. Composition and source apportionment of PAHs in sediments at river mouths and channel in Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 14:105-15. [PMID: 22072144 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10557d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-eight sediment samples were collected in 2009 from the bottom of river mouths near Kaohsiung Harbor (Taiwan) and the harbor channel for the analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concentrations of total PAHs varied from 39 to 30,521 ng g(-1) (dry weight); samples collected from the mouths of Love River, Canon River, Jen-Gen River, and Salt River showed the highest PAHs concentrations. This indicates that the major sources of sediment PAHs come from those polluted urban rivers and the harbor channel. In samples collected from the Salt River mouth, approximately 43% of the PAHs are identified as PAHs with 2 or 3 rings. However, samples collected from other locations contain predominantly PAHs with 4 rings (32 to 42%) or 5 and 6 rings (36 to 44%). Emissions from traffic-related sources and waste incineration contribute to the majority of PAHs found in most channel and river mouth sediments. However, coal/oil combustion is the main cause of high concentrations of PAHs observed in the Salt River mouth sediments. Principal component analyses with multivariate linear regression (PCA/MLR) have been used to further quantify the source contributions, and the results show that the contributions of coal/oil combustion, traffic-related and waste incineration are 37%, 33% and 30%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 81143 Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Kolukirik M, Ince O, Cetecioglu Z, Celikkol S, Ince BK. Spatial and temporal changes in microbial diversity of the Marmara Sea sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2384-2394. [PMID: 21962921 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spatial (10 different locations) and temporal (2 years) changes in characteristics of the Marmara Sea Sediments were monitored to determine interactions between the chemical and microbial diversity. The sediments were rich in terms of hydrocarbon, nitrate, Ni and microbial cell content. Denitrifying, sulfate reducing, fermentative and methanogenic organisms were co-abundant in 15 cm below the sea floor. The local variations in the sediments' characteristics were more distinctive than the temporal ones. The sulfate and nitrate contents were the main drivers of the changes in the microbial community compositions. N and P were limited for microbial growth in the sediments, and their levels determined the total cell abundance and activity. Seasonal shifts in temperatures of the shallow sediments were also reflected in the active cell abundances. It was concluded that the Marmara Sea is a promising ecosystem for the further investigation of the ecologically important microbial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kolukirik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
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35
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Taşkın ÖS, Aksu A, Balkıs N. Metal (Al, Fe, Mn and Cu) distributions and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of the Marmara Sea and the coast of Istanbul, Turkey. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2568-2570. [PMID: 21903226 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, total metal (Al, Fe, Mn and Cu) and PAHs analyses have been done in the surface sediments. Sediment samples have been collected from seven parts of the Marmara Sea and the coast of Istanbul during 2009. Total Al, Fe, Mn and Cu contents vary between 1.8% and 5.4%; 1.1% and 2.8%; 122 and 259 μg g(-1); 27 and 416 μg g(-1), respectively. EF and CF values of Fe and Mn are lower than 1.5 and 1, respectively, in all the stations. Total PAH contents range between 135 and 6009 ng g(-1) in the surface sediments. The origin of PAHs has been found pyrolitic according to the Phe/Ant ratio in the all stations. Contrastingly, at K0, MKC and MY1 Stations, PAH origins have been observed petrogenic according to the Flu/Pyr ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ö S Taşkın
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Vefa 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kolukirik M, Ince O, Ince BK. Increment in anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation activity of Halic Bay sediments via nutrient amendment. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 61:871-884. [PMID: 21390532 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrocarbon (HC) degradation activity of a HC-rich marine sediment was assessed in anaerobic microcosms during a 224 days incubation period. Natural TOC/N/P ratio of the sediment porewater (1,000/5/1) was gradually decreased to 1,000/40/6 which resulted in approximately ninefold increase in gas production (CH(4)+CO(2)) and HC removal. Addition of external HCs to the microcosms was also resulted in approximately twofold higher gas production and HC removal. A high proportion (92%) of aromatic HCs and all n-alkanes were removed from the microcosms under unlimited nutrient supply conditions without external HC addition. The microorganisms of the sediment degraded a wide range of aliphatic (n-C(9-31) alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids) and aromatic (18 different one- to five-ring aromatics) HCs. Monitoring functional gene and transcript abundances revealed that methanogenesis and dissimilatory sulfate reduction took place simultaneously during the first 126 days, afterwards, only the syntrophic methanogenic consortium was active. Genes and transcripts related to initial activation of HCs were highly abundant throughout the incubation period showing that fumarate addition was the main pathway of anaerobic HC degradation. In conclusion, biostimulation of highly polluted anoxic marine sediments via nutrient amendment is effective and may constitute a suitable and cost-effective field-scale bioremediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kolukirik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Opel O, Palm WU, Steffen D, Ruck WKL. Inside-sediment partitioning of PAH, PCB and organochlorine compounds and inferences on sampling and normalization methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:924-931. [PMID: 21237542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Comparability of sediment analyses for semivolatile organic substances is still low. Neither screening of the sediments nor organic-carbon based normalization is sufficient to obtain comparable results. We are showing the interdependency of grain-size effects with inside-sediment organic-matter distribution for PAH, PCB and organochlorine compounds. Surface sediment samples collected by Van-Veen grab were sieved and analyzed for 16 PAH, 6 PCB and 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCP) as well as organic-matter content. Since bulk concentrations are influenced by grain-size effects themselves, we used a novel normalization method based on the sum of concentrations in the separate grain-size fractions of the sediments. By calculating relative normalized concentrations, it was possible to clearly show underlying mechanisms throughout a heterogeneous set of samples. Furthermore, we were able to show that, for comparability, screening at < 125 μm is best suited and can be further improved by additional organic-carbon normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Opel
- Leuphana University of Lueneburg, Institute for Ecology and Environmental Chemistry, Lueneburg, Germany.
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38
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Chen CW, Chen CF. Distribution, origin, and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:417-23. [PMID: 21616510 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples were collected from 12 locations of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total PAH concentrations varied from 472 to 16,201 ng g(-1) dry weight. The highest PAH concentrations were from the industrial zone docks situated in south Kaohsiung Harbor. Diagnostic ratios showed that the possible source of PAHs in the industrial zone dock could be coal combustion while in the other zones it could be petroleum combustion. The toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQcarc) of PAHs varied from 55 to 1964 ng TEQ g(-1) dry weight. Higher total TEQcarc values were found at industrial zone docks (from 1404 to 1964 ng TEQ g(-1) dry weight). As compared with the US Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), the observed levels of PAHs at industrial zone docks exceeded the effects range low (ERL), and could thus cause acute biological damage. However, the lower levels of PAHs at the other zones would probably not exert adverse biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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39
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Unlü S, Alpar B, Oztürk K, Vardar D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surficial sediments from Lake Iznik (Turkey): spatial distributions and sources. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 85:573-580. [PMID: 21069284 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined from 28 sediment samples taken from the Lake Iznik located in the north-west area in Turkey. Total concentration of the PAHs was observed as in the range of 17-835 ng g⁻¹ dry weight, with the highest values recorded offshore the cities of Iznik and Orhangazi, and the Sölöz creek. According to the molecular indices, contamination of the PAHs in the lake was a mixture of the atmospheric input of high temperature pyrolytic processes and the petrogenic sources transported by the creeks. Further, the higher proportion of high molecular-weight PAHs (> 85%) suggests the domination of combustion-related sources. Compared to the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for PAHs, there are no harmful biological effects on the short term to aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Unlü
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Hsieh CY, Lee CL, Miaw CL, Wang YK, Gau HS. Characteristics and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Donggang river and its tributaries, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:1689-1701. [PMID: 20859821 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2010.513226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of environmental xenobiotic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were an important worldwide issue because of their detrimental effects on aquatic biota. In this study, we had investigated the distribution, origin and toxicity of PAHs in the Donggang watershed sediments in southwestern Taiwan. The study results showed that the sixteen representative PAHs were detected in all collected samples with concentrations ranging from 23 to 2534 ngg(-1) dw. The highest concentration was detected in the downstream end at near the estuarine portion of the river. The mean ± standard deviation and median of ΣPAH concentrations were 528.5 ± 72.3 and 156 ngg(-1) of dry matrix in collected samples. The highest and lowest concentrations of Σ16 PAHs samples differed significantly (p < 0.05) and naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene were detected in all sediment samples. The random variations between sampling sites were consistent with watershed land use. The present study showed that the ratios of phenanthrene/anthracene (Phe/Ant) and fluoranthane/pyrene (FLu/Pyr) in samples suggested that PAHs sources exhibited mixed pattern of petrogenic and pyrolytic inputs. The PAHs with high molecular weight (5-6 ring) accounted for 95.5% of total-BaPeq while the low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 ring) only appeared 0.20%. There was a high correlation (R(2)= 0.967) between mean concentrations and the BaPeq of the PAHs within the sediments. In summary, the adverse biological effect was low according to the effects-range-low (ERL) values of the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) in sediments from Donggang river and its tributaries in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Y Hsieh
- Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Ping-Tung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Ameur WB, Trabelsi S, Driss MR. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in superficial sediments from Ghar El Melh lagoon, Tunisia. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 85:184-189. [PMID: 20571761 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 12 superficial sediments collected from the Ghar El Melh lagoon. Sediment samples were extracted by Soxhlet, and analyzed by Gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector (FID). PAH concentrations, ranged from 39.59 to 655.28 ng/g on a dry weight. Total PAH concentrations were not correlated with organic carbon (OC) content or grain size (% <63 microm). Special PAH compound ratios, such as Ft/Py and Ft/Ft + Py were calculated to evaluate different hydrocarbon origins and showed that PAHs are derived from pyrolytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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Cong L, Fang Y, He M, Wang X, Kannan N, Li D. Ice phase as an important factor on the seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Tumen River, Northeastern of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 17:1379-1387. [PMID: 20352352 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE The climatic characteristic is a major parameter affecting on the distribution variation of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Tumen River is located in Northeastern of China. The winter era lasts for more than 5 months in a year, and the river water was frozen and covered by ice phase. Coal combustion is an essential heating source in the Tumen River Basin. The objective of this research is to study ice phase effect on the seasonal variation of PAHs in the Tumen River environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were collected from 13 sites along the River in March, July, October, and December of 2008. In addition, the ice sample, under ice water and air particulate were also collected in winter. The samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, beazo[a]anthene, chrysene, beazo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(ghi)perylene). The compounds were extracted from the water samples and solid samples using LLE and Soxhlet extraction technique, respectively, and it is determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among 16 PAHs, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were found to be present in high concentrations and at high detection frequencies. The total concentration of PAHs in the water, particulate, sediment and ice phase ranged from 35.1-1.05 x 10(3) ng L(-1), 25.4-817 ng L(-1), 117-562 ng g(-1)and 62.8-136 ng g(-1), respectively. The levels of PAHs were generally higher in spring than other seasons. The ice phase in winter acts like a major reservoir of the pollutants and it is major contributor on the seasonal variation of PAHs in Tumen River. The PAHs found in water, particulate, and sediment in the Tumen River were possibly derived from similar pollution sources a proposition based on the compositions and isomer ratios of PAHs. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of PAHs was showed clear seasonal variation in the Tumen River environment, the ice phase and air pollution look like an important factor affecting on the seasonal variation. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The ice phase as an important factor affecting on the seasonal variation of PAHs in Tumen River environment. Further studies regarding the effects of air pollution on the river and the mechanisms of migration and transformation of them in the environment are currently being conducted in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource, Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
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Heath E, Scancar J, Zuliani T, Milacic R. A complex investigation of the extent of pollution in sediments of the Sava River: part 2: persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 163:277-293. [PMID: 19259775 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sediment pollution of the biggest Danube tributary, the Sava River, was investigated within the sixth framework European Union project "Sava River Basin: Sustainable Use, Management and Protection of Resources" (SARIB). The extent of pollution was estimated by determining the amount of inorganic and persistent organic pollutants in sediment samples at 20 selected sampling sites along the Sava River. For the purpose of clarity, the findings are presented and published separately (part I: selected elements and part II: persistent organic pollutants). This study presents an investigation into the presence of organic pollutants in the Sava River sediment. According to the Water Framework Directive, the following persistent organic pollutants were investigated: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), selected chlorinated pesticides and organotin compounds. The results reveal that PAHs were present in moderate concentrations (sum of 16 PAHs: up to 4,000 ng g(-1)) and their concentrations increased downstream. Concentrations of PCB were low (sum of seven indicator PCBs: below 4 ng g(-1)) and among the pesticides analyzed only p,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was found in moderate concentrations at two sampling sites in Croatia (up to 3 ng g(-1)) and hexachlorobenzene was found in a high concentration in the city of Belgrade (91 ng g(-1)), although the use of these persistent pesticides has been banned for decades. Repeated sampling at the same location revealed point pollution near Belgrade. Among the organic pollutants surveyed, organotin compounds were not detected. Overall results reveal the presence of persistent organic pollutants in 20 of the Sava River sediments tested that is, in general, comparable or lower than the levels in the Danube River and other moderately polluted European rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Karacik B, Okay OS, Henkelmann B, Bernhöft S, Schramm KW. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and effects on marine organisms in the Istanbul Strait. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:599-606. [PMID: 19128832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surficial sediments and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Istanbul Strait and Marmara Sea were analysed for sixteen parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) employing isotope dilution technique. Microalgae toxicity testing was applied to sediment elutriates and biological responses in terms of filtration rate and lysosomal stability were measured in mussels. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 3152 ng g(-1) dry wt in sediments and from 43-601 ng g(-1) wet weight in mussels. Molecular indices of phenanthrene/ anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene/chrysene were used to differentiate between pyrolytic and petroleum origin. Results showed that most of the contamination originates from high temperature pyrolytic inputs with some slight contribution of petrogenic PAH. PAH in sediments were frequently lower than the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-ERM (Effects Range Medium) index. Results of sediment elutriate toxicity testing and biomarkers indicate that the cause of negative effects in sediments may result from different classes of pollutants and does not only relate with PAH contamination. Mussels from most of the stations showed both reduced lysosomal membrane stability and filtration rate indicating disturbed health although the two biomarker results did not always complement each other. The effect studies showed that the pollutants in the strait ecosystem have more pronounced effects in the middle parts than those at the Black Sea entrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Karacik
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ying ZHU, Wenjing WU, Junjun WANG, Ning QIN, Yin WANG, Yan WANG, Qishuang HE, Fuliu XU. Distribution, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water-sediment system in Lake Small Baiyangdian. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.18307/2009.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Unlü S, Topçuoğlu S, Alpar B, Kirbaşoğlu C, Yilmaz YZ. Heavy metal pollution in surface sediment and mussel samples in the Gulf of Gemlik. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2008; 144:169-78. [PMID: 17899411 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sediment quality data provide essential information for evaluating ambient environmental quality conditions. An evaluation is presented of heavy metal pollution, on the basis of statistical analysis of metal concentrations from the sediments of the Gulf of Gemlik, southeastern Marmara Sea, Turkey, which has been subject to high levels of pollution. The ranges for heavy metal concentrations (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) at the <63 microm grain size were higher when compared with those obtained from >63 microm fractions. Not only large industrialized seaports but also resort areas throughout the Gulf are flagged as hotspots for elevated concentrations, generally higher compared to those from the other Turkish marine environment. The highest concentrations of Cr, Pb and Ni were measured in the outer part of the Gulf, while the highest concentrations of Cu were documented offshore the main rivers. While the concentrations of Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni in some stations approach the severe effect level given in various sediment quality guidelines, the concentrations of the most human-related metals (Cd and Zn) in the mussels collected from the Port Mudanya were higher than the acceptable values for human consumption set by various healthy organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Unlü
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey
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