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de Brito Anton L, Silverman AI, Apell JN. Determining wavelength-dependent quantum yields of photodegradation: importance of experimental setup and reference values for actinometers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1052-1063. [PMID: 38713490 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Accurate quantum yields are crucial for modeling photochemical reactions in natural and engineered treatment systems. Quantum yields are usually determined using a single representative light source such as xenon lamps to mimic sunlight or UVC light for water treatment. However, photodegradation modeling can be improved by understanding the wavelength dependence of quantum yields and the potential errors introduced by the experimental setup. In this study, we investigated the effects of experimental setup on measured quantum yields using four photoreactor systems and up to 11 different light sources. When using a calibrated spectroradiometer to measure incident irradiance on an open solution surface, apparent quantum yields were up to two times higher if light reflection and light screening were not accounted for in the experimental setup. When the experimental setup was optimized to allow for accurate irradiance measurements, quantum yields were reproducible across photoreactors. The optimized experimental setup was then used to determine quantum yields of uridine, atrazine, p-nitroanisole (PNA), sulfamethoxazole, and diclofenac across the UV spectrum. No significant wavelength dependence of quantum yields was observed for sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac, in contrast to wavelength-dependent quantum yields for uridine, atrazine, and PNA. These reference values can be used for determining wavelength-dependent quantum yields of other compounds of interest. Additionally, more accurate results can be obtained when using (1) an actinometer with similar light absorption and photoreactivity compared to that of the target chemical, (2) optically transparent actinometer solutions that can account for light reflection within reaction vessels, and (3) a quantum yield that corresponds to the spectrum of the selected light source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana de Brito Anton
- Civil and Urban Engineering Department, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA.
| | - Andrea I Silverman
- Civil and Urban Engineering Department, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Apell
- Civil and Urban Engineering Department, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA.
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Cescon M, Stevanin C, Ardit M, Orlandi M, Martucci A, Chenet T, Pasti L, Caramori S, Cristino V. Solvothermally Grown Oriented WO 3 Nanoflakes for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals in a Flow Reactor. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:860. [PMID: 38786816 PMCID: PMC11124514 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Contamination by pharmaceuticals adversely affects the quality of natural water, causing environmental and health concerns. In this study, target drugs (oxazepam, OZ, 17-α-ethinylestradiol, EE2, and drospirenone, DRO), which have been extensively detected in the effluents of WWTPs over the past decades, were selected. We report here a new photoactive system, operating under visible light, capable of degrading EE2, OZ and DRO in water. The photocatalytic system comprised glass spheres coated with nanostructured, solvothermally treated WO3 that improves the ease of handling of the photocatalyst and allows for the implementation of a continuous flow process. The photocatalytic system based on solvothermal WO3 shows much better results in terms of photocurrent generation and photocatalyst stability with respect to state-of-the-art WO3 nanoparticles. Results herein obtained demonstrate that the proposed flow system is a promising prototype for enhanced contaminant degradation exploiting advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Cescon
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Claudia Stevanin
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Matteo Ardit
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Michele Orlandi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Martucci
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.C.); (V.C.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Ferrara Research Unit, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vito Cristino
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.C.); (V.C.)
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Jia Y, Zhang C, Zheng H, Zhang G, Zhang S. Organic peroxyl radicals from biacetyl accelerated the visible-light degradation of steroid estrogens in aqueous solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141195. [PMID: 38242516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Indirect photodegradation is an important pathway for the reduction of steroid estrogens in sunlit surface waters. Nevertheless, the kinetics and mechanisms governing the interaction between coexisting carbonyl compounds and estrogens under visible light (Vis) remain unexplored. This study systematically investigates the Vis-induced photodegradation of 17β-estradiol (E2) in the presence of five specific carbonyl compounds-biacetyl (BD), acetone, glyoxal, pyruvic acid, and benzoquinone. The results demonstrate that, among these compounds, only BD significantly enhanced the photodegradation of E2 under Vis irradiation (λ > 400 nm). The pseudo-first order photodegradation rate constants (k1) of E2 in the Vis/BD system were 0.025 min-1 and 0.076 min-1 in ultrapure water and river water, respectively. The enhancing effect of BD was found to be pH-dependent, increasing the pH from 3.0 to 11.0 resulted in a 76% reduction in the k1 value of E2 in the Vis/BD system. Furthermore, the presence of humic acid, NO3-, or HCO3- led to an increase of more than 35% in the k1 value of E2, while NO2- exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect, resulting in a 92% decrease. Peroxyacetyl and peroxymethyl radicals, derived from BD in a yield ratio of 9, played a crucial role in the degradation of E2. These peroxyl radicals primarily targeted electron-rich hydroxyl sites of E2, initiating hydroxylation and ring-opening reactions that culminated in the formation of acidic byproducts. Notably, toxicity evaluation indicates that these hydroxylated and acidic products exhibited lower toxicity than the parent compound E2. This study highlights the important role of peroxyl radicals in estrogen degradation within aquatic environment, and also helps to design efficient visible light-responsive photo-activators for the treatment of estrogen-contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chengyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongcen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Xiao Y, Han D, Currell M, Song X, Zhang Y. Review of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in China's water environments: Implications for environmental fate, transport and health risks. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120645. [PMID: 37769420 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) are ubiquitous in soil and water system and have become a great issue of environmental and public health concern since the 1990s. However, the occurrence and mechanism(s) of EDCs' migration and transformation at the watershed scale are poorly understood. A review of EDCs pollution in China's major watersheds (and comparison to other countries) has been carried out to better assess these issues and associated ecological risks, compiling a large amount of data. Comparing the distribution characteristics of EDCs in water environments around the world and analyzing various measures and systems for managing EDCs internationally, the significant insights of the review are: 1) There are significant spatial differences and concentration variations of EDCs in surface water and groundwater in China, yet all regions present non-negligible ecological risks. 2) The hyporheic zone, as a transitional zone of surface water and groundwater interaction, can effectively adsorb and degrade EDCs and prevent the migration of high concentrations of EDCs from surface water to groundwater. This suggests that more attention needs to be paid to the role played by critical zones in water environments, when considering the removal of EDCs in water environments. 3) In China, there is a lack of comprehensive and effective regulations to limit and reduce EDCs generated during human activities and their discharge into the water environment. 4) To prevent the deterioration of surface water and groundwater quality, the monitoring and management of EDCs in water environments should be strengthened in China. This review provides a thorough survey of scientifically valid data and recommendations for the development of policies for the management of EDCs in China's water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Matthew Currell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, SA; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, SA
| | - Xianfang Song
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing, 100036, China
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Yang L, Su W, He Y, Yan B, Luo L, Luan T. Dark transformation from 17β-estradiol to estrone initiated by hydroxyl radical in dissolved organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119570. [PMID: 36621273 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of 17β-estradiol (E2) in natural water have gained extensive attention owing to its high ecotoxic risk to wildlife. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a ubiquitous water constituent and contributes significantly to E2 removal, although the reaction mechanism is rarely clarified. The present study aims to investigate E2 transformation in water containing fresh or aged DOM surrogates at environmentally relevant concentrations in the dark. Experiments along with radical probes of benzene and furfuryl alcohol reveal that reactive radicals, particularly hydroxyl radical (·OH), formed non-photochemically at higher concentrations in aged DOM than in fresh DOM. The contribution of ·OH in E2 removal is indicated by the decreases in the removal of radical probes in the presence of E2; moreover, E2 removal is inhibited in the presence of radical scavengers. The dose-dependent inhibitive effect of substrate concentrations, including E2 and coexistent propylparaben, shows that the radical concentration is a limiting factor for E2 removal, which could be enhanced by increasing DOM concentration, dissolved oxygen, and light supply. As the main byproduct, estrone (E1) is persistent in the current DOM water in the dark, but it can be easily photodegraded when exposed to light. Theoretical analysis reveals that the initial step is ·OH-initiated H- abstraction on the hydroxyl group in the cyclopentane ring of E2. The formed singlet excited state of E2 undergoes further intramolecular rearrangement and oxidative dehydrogenation to generate E1 and the hydroperoxy radical (·HO2). Considering the universal occurrence of E2 in DOM-rich aquatic matrices, the present findings have special implications for the biogeochemical cycle and risk assessment of this pollutant in natural aquatic environments, particularly those beyond the photic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiqi Su
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yingyao He
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Binhua Yan
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Odinga ES, Zhou X, Mbao EO, Ali Q, Waigi MG, Shiraku ML, Ling W. Distribution, ecological fate, and risks of steroid estrogens in environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136370. [PMID: 36113656 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, steroidal estrogens (SEs) such as 17α-ethylestradiol (EE2), 17β-estradiol (E2),17α-estradiol (17α-E2), estriol (E3) and estrone (E1) have elicited worldwide attention due to their potentially harmful effects on human health and aquatic organisms even at low concentration ng/L. Natural steroidal estrogens exhibit greater endocrine disruption potency due to their high binding effect on nuclear estrogen receptors (ER). However, less has been explored regarding their associated environmental risks and fate. A comprehensive bibliometric study of the current research status of SEs was conducted using the Web of Science to assess the development trends and current knowledge of SEs in the last two decades, from 2001 to 2021 October. The number of publications has tremendously increased from 2003 to 2021. We summarized the contamination status and the associated ecological risks of SEs in different environmental compartments. The results revealed that SEs are ubiquitous in surface waters and natural SEs are most studied. We further carried out an in-depth evaluation and synthesis of major research hotspots and the dominant SEs in the matrices were E1, 17β-E2, 17α-E2, E3 and EE2. Nonetheless, investigations of SEs in soils, groundwater, and sediments remain scarce. This study elucidates SEs distribution, toxicological risks, ecological fate and mitigation measures, which will be beneficial for future monitoring, management, and risk assessment. Further studies are recommended to assess the toxicological risks of different SEs in complex environmental matrices to pursue a more precise and holistic quantitative estimation of estrogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen Odinga
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Evance Omondi Mbao
- Department of Geosciences and the Environment, The Technical University of Kenya, PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Margaret L Shiraku
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Huang F, Gao F, Li C, Campos LC. Photodegradation of free estrogens driven by UV light: Effects of operation mode and water matrix. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155515. [PMID: 35489505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are endocrine disrupting chemicals that have been frequently detected in diverse water matrices (e.g. surface water, wastewater and drinking water) and caused a series of health risks. This study was aimed at investigating the photochemical degradation of free estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethyl estradiol (EE2) upon the monochromatic irradiation (253.7 nm). Concerning the practical installation of photolysis treatment, exposing the impacts of photoreactor operation mode (stationary or up-flow) and the water matrix (ultrapure water or natural surface water) on the photolytic behaviour of estrogens was of high importance. The pseudo-first-order rate constants showed that E1 was the most susceptible to UV radiation among chosen estrogens due to its high molar absorption coefficient of 402.4 M-1 cm-1 and quantum yield of 0.065 mol E-1 at λ = 253.7 nm. Moreover, the up-flow mode and the surface water matrix collected from a lake in Regent's Park (London) were found to favour the photodegradation of estrogens due to the introduction of more dissolved oxygens and promotion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. These findings may shed light on the photochemical behaviour of estrogens in some specific scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Chaoran Li
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Gomes FBR, Fernandes PAA, Bottrel SEC, Brandt EMF, Pereira RDO. Fate, occurrence, and removal of estrogens in livestock wastewaters. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:814-833. [PMID: 36038979 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, livestock and animal feeding operations have been expanded. In parallel, these activities are among the major sources of estrogens in the environment. Thus, considering the environmental and health risks associated with estrogenic compounds, this work reviews the fate, occurrence, and removal of free and conjugated E1, E2, and E3 in livestock wastewaters. A systematic literature review was carried out, and after applying the eligibility criteria, 66 peer-reviewed papers were selected. Results suggest high estrogen concentrations and, consequently, high estrogenic activity, especially in samples from swine farming. E1 and E2 are frequently found in wastewaters from bovine, swine, and other livestock effluents. Aerobic treatment processes were more efficient for estrogen removal, whereas anaerobic systems seem poorly effective. Removal efficiencies of estrogens and estrogenic activity of up to 90% were reported for constructed wetlands, advanced pond systems, trickling filters, membrane bioreactors, aerated and nitrifying reactors, combined air flotation, and vegetable oil capture processes. High concentrations found in wastewaters from livestock allied to the removal efficiencies reported for anaerobic processes (usually used to treat livestock wastewaters) evidence the importance of monitoring these compounds in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Bento Rosa Gomes
- Civil Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Jose Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Pedro Antônio Alves Fernandes
- Department of Sanitary and vpEnvironmental Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Jose Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Sue Ellen Costa Bottrel
- Civil Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Jose Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil E-mail: ; Department of Sanitary and vpEnvironmental Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Jose Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Manfred Freire Brandt
- Civil Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Jose Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Renata de Oliveira Pereira
- Civil Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Jose Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil E-mail: ; Department of Sanitary and vpEnvironmental Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Jose Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
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Wan YP, Chai BW, Wei Q, Hayat W, Dang Z, Liu ZH. 17α-ethynylestradiol and its two main conjugates in seven municipal wastewater treatment plants: Analytical method, their occurrence, removal and risk evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152489. [PMID: 34942255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work shows the existence of both 17-ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate (EE2-3S) and 17-ethinylestradiol-3-glucuronide (EE2-3G) in seven municipal WWTPs with substantial concentrations (n.d-50.10 ng/L). The calculated removal efficiencies of 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the seven municipal WWTPs ranged from 40.8%-100% with an average removal efficiency of 83.3%. However, upon the inclusion of EE2 concentration transformed from EE2-3S and EE2-3G, the corresponding removal efficiencies were increased to 91.4%-100% with an average removal efficiency of 97.3%. This work is the first to clearly illustrate that EE2 conjugates in raw wastewater could greatly underestimate the removal effectiveness of municipal WWTPs on EE2, indicating the importance of the EE2 conjugates in municipal wastewater having been hardly paid with attention. The EE2-derived estrogen equivalence (EEQ) values in the effluents of seven WWTPs ranged from 0 to 0.98 ng E2/L having an average level of 0.45 ng E2/L, which were relatively low. However, upon the inclusion of EE2 transformable from EE2-3S and EE2-3G in effluents, the EE2-derived EEQ values in effluents would be increased to 0.77-4.85 ng E2/L having an average level of 2.71 ng E2/L, which clearly suggested that ignorance of EE2 conjugates in effluent would largely underestimate EE2's environmental risk to receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Wen Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Medical Devices Research and Testing Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Waseem Hayat
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Hu J, Li T, Zhang X, Ren H, Huang H. Degradation of steroid estrogens by UV/peracetic acid: Influencing factors, free radical contribution and toxicity analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132261. [PMID: 34555579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Steroid estrogens (SEs) are a group of refractory organic micropollutants detected in secondary effluent frequently. The advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are usually used to deep remove the SEs from the secondary effluent. Herein, we first investigated the UV/peracetic acid (PAA), a PAA-based AOP, to degrade SEs. Using estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) as representatives, the results showed that UV can effectively activate PAA to enhance the degradation of the four SEs, which degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.99), and the rate constant (kobs) of degradation increased with increasing the PAA dosage in the range investigated. Little pH dependence was also observed in the degradation of SEs by UV/PAA. Furthermore, the degradation of SEs was improved in the presence of coexisting substrates (Cl-, HCO- 3, NO- 3, and HA) in relatively low concentrations. Quenching experiments revealed that the carbon-centered radicals (R-C•) produced from the UV/PAA process were recognized as the predominant contributors to the degradation of the four SEs. Also, we found that the estrogenic activity decreased by more than 94%, but the acute toxicity inhibition increased to 37% in the solution after 30 min UV/PAA treatment. In addition, the 130% additional total organic carbon (TOC) was generated after UV/PAA process. These findings obtained in this work will facilitate the development of the UV/PAA process as a promising strategy for the deep removal of SEs in secondary effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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11
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Adriano N, Ahearn C, Black C, Cracchiolo M, Ghere D, Nuñez A, Olivan L, Patel R, Saner S, Smith KR, Watkins B, Hare PM. Solvent- and Wavelength-Dependent Photolysis of Estrone. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:783-797. [PMID: 34664279 DOI: 10.1111/php.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct photolysis of estrone in solvents ranging from water to cyclohexane is reported. The photodegradation is dominated by lumiestrone, an epimer of estrone resulting from the inversion of the methyl group at carbon 13, regardless of solvent and photolysis wavelength in the range 254-320 nm. Solvent addition products are also observed in lesser amounts. The photodegradation rate in water is an order of magnitude slower than in nonaqueous solvents. Short wavelength excitation enhances photodegradation. Together, these results suggest complicated photophysics underlie the photochemistry with implications for the remediation of environmental estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Adriano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Ceilidh Ahearn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Cory Black
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Michael Cracchiolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Daniel Ghere
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Alexandra Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Lars Olivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Raj Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Stephanie Saner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Krista R Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Barbie Watkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Patrick M Hare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
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12
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Zhu Y, Shao Y, Wei M, Yu K, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yin X. Degradation of 17β-estradiol by UV/persulfate in different water samples. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:796-807. [PMID: 34665772 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical (•SO4-)-based advanced oxidation processes are widely used for wastewater treatment. This study explored the potential use of UV/persulfate (UV/PS) system for the degradation of 17β-estradiol (E2). The pH of the reaction system can affect the degradation rate of E2 by UV/PS and the optimum pH was 7.0; Br- and Cl- in water can promote the degradation rate, HCO3- has an inhibitory effect on the reaction, SO42- and cations (Na+, Mg2+, K+) have no effect on the degradation rate. The degradation of E2 by UV/PS was a mineralization process, with the mineralization rate reaching 90.97% at 8 h. E2 in the UV/PS system was mainly degraded by hydroxylation, deoxygenation, and hydrogenation. E2 reaction sites were mainly located on benzene rings, mainly carbonylation on quinary rings, and bond breakage between C10 and C5 resulted in the removal of benzene rings and carboxyl at C2 and C3 sites. In the presence of halogen ions, halogenated disinfection by-products were not formed in the degradation process of E2 by UV/PS. E2 in the UV/PS system could inhibit the formation of bromate. The results of this study suggest that UV/PS is a safe and reliable method to degrade E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail:
| | - Yanan Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail: ; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail:
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail: ; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail: ; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail:
| | - Xinyue Yin
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail:
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13
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Application and ecotoxicological evaluation of UV-assisted peroxidation for degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol in aqueous media. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Menon NG, George L, Tatiparti SSV, Mukherji S. Efficacy and reusability of mixed-phase TiO 2-ZnO nanocomposites for the removal of estrogenic effects of 17β-Estradiol and 17α-Ethinylestradiol from water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112340. [PMID: 33823437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic removal of estrogenic compounds (ECs), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were assessed using a TiO2-ZnO nanocomposite (NC) over a range of initial EC concentration (Co; 10 mg/L - 0.05 mg/L). Photocatalytic removal was evaluated under UV and visible irradiation using 10 mg/L NC over 240 min duration. After 240 min, analysis using GCxGC TOF MS revealed 100% transformation at Co ≤ 1 mg/L and ≥25% transformation at Co ≤ 10 mg/L under visible irradiation. Degradation was accompanied by breakdown of the fused ring structure of E2, generating smaller molecular weight by-products which were subsequently mineralized as revealed through TOC removal. With UV photocatalysis, ~30% and ~20% mineralization was attained for E2 and EE2, respectively, for Co of 10 mg/L. Under visible irradiation, ~25% and ~10% mineralization was achieved for E2 and EE2, respectively. Estrogenicity variation was estimated using the E-screen assay conducted with estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Complete removal of estrogenicity of ECs was confirmed after 240 min of photocatalysis under UV and visible irradiation. FTIR spectroscopy-based analysis of the NC after E2 photocatalysis revealed the presence of sorbed organics. Desorption, followed by GC × GC TOF-MS analysis revealed these organics as by-products of photocatalysis. Desorption of sorbed organics followed by recalcination at 600 °C for 1 h regenerated the active sites on the NC, enabling its efficient reuse for 3 cycles under visible irradiation without loss in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gayathri Menon
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Liya George
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sankara Sarma V Tatiparti
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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15
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Boudissa F, Zekkari M, Arus VA, Ouargli-Saker R, Nabil B, Roy R, Azzouz A. Clay-catalyzed ozonation of endocrine-disrupting compounds in solvent-free media - to better understand soil catalytic capacity. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16693-16706. [PMID: 33073818 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02776f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An original approach never tackled so far allowed correlating the basicity and hydrophilic character of clay catalysts to surface interaction with 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) during ozonation in water. The clay catalysts were found to behave specifically according to their silica/alumina ratio like soils in natural oxidative processes. Acid-activated bentonites (HMt) and ion-exchanged montmorillonite (NaMt and Fe(ii)Mt) showed catalytic activity in the ozonation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in aqueous media. In the absence of catalysts, the degradation of (EE2) reached 72% after one minute of ozonation and 99.5% after 60 minutes. In the presence of Fe(ii)Mt, EE2 degradation (96%) was achieved after only one minute of ozonation. Under similar conditions, almost total degradation to 99.99% was registered in 15 minutes of ozonation but without total mineralization of the intermediates. Moderately acid-activated bentonites exhibited higher activity affording total mineralization within a short period of ozonation. The catalytic activity of clay catalysts was found to correlate with their surface basicity and hydrophilic character. The results obtained herein allow understanding soil behavior in natural oxidative degradation of organic molecules and envisaging effective soil-based catalysts with surface properties judiciously tailored according to the nature of organic pollutants in solvent free media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Boudissa
- Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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16
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Lomefloxacin—Occurrence in the German River Erft, Its Photo-Induced Elimination, and Assessment of Ecotoxicity. CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cleantechnol2010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in waters represent a worldwide problem of today. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are being researched for elimination of the ecological hazard. Among the substances, the fluoroquinolone antibiotic lomefloxacin was selected for investigation in this study. Lomefloxacin (LOM) was found in the German river Erft. Near and far ultraviolet (UVA, UVC) radiation were used as AOPs and compared for efficiency depending on pH, water matrix, and catalysts. Chemical kinetics description revealed that UVC at pH 8–9 led to the fastest degradation of LOM. The catalysts hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide had only limited influence on the degradation rate. Seven novel transformation products were structurally identified by high-resolution higher-order mass spectrometry. Ecotoxicity of the novel and known compounds was assessed by quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. In addition, irradiation time dependent minimal, and half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (MIC, IC50) of LOM solutions were determined and suggested as ecotoxicological hazard indicators. From MIC and kinetic rate constants, the irradiation time required for compound and activity removal could be predicted.
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17
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Zhao X, Grimes KL, Colosi LM, Lung WS. Attenuation, transport, and management of estrogens: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:462-478. [PMID: 31121510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Overabundance of endocrine disruptors (EDs), such as steroid estrogens, in the natural environment disrupts hormone synthesis in aquatic organisms. Livestock and wastewater outflows contribute measurable quantities of steroid estrogens into the environment where they are picked up and transported via surface runoff and feedlot effluents into water matrices. E1, E2β, E2α, E3 and EE2 are the most prevalent estrogens in these environmental systems. Estrogens in soils and water undergo several concurrent attenuation processes including sorption to particles, biotransformation, photo-transformation, and plant uptake. This review summarizes current studies on the attenuation and transport of steroid estrogens with a focus on estrogen attenuation and transport modeling. The authors use this information to synthesize appropriate strategies for reducing estrogenicity in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Kassandra L Grimes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lisa M Colosi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wu-Seng Lung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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18
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A review on structural elucidation of metabolites of environmental steroid hormones via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Ma L, Yates SR. Dissolved organic matter and estrogen interactions regulate estrogen removal in the aqueous environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:529-542. [PMID: 29874629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the characterization and quantification of interactions between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and estrogens as well as the effects of DOM on aquatic estrogen removal. DOM interacts with estrogens via binding or sorption mechanisms like π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding. The binding affinity is evaluated in terms of organic-carbon-normalized sorption coefficient (Log KOC) which varies with types and composition of DOM. DOM has been suggested to be a more efficient sorbent compared with other matrices, such as suspended particulate matter, sediment and soil; likely associated with its large surface area and concentrated carbon content. As a photosensitizer, DOM enhanced estrogen photodegradation when the concentration of DOM was below a threshold value, and when above, the acceleration effect was not observed. DOM played a dual role in affecting biodegradation of estrogens depending on the recalcitrance of the DOM and the nutrition status of the degraders. DOM also acted as an electron shuttle (redox mediator) mediating the degradation of estrogens. DOM hindered enzyme-catalyzed removal of estrogens while enhanced their transformation during the simultaneous photo-enzymatic process. Membrane rejection of estrogens was pronounced for hydrophobic DOM with high aromaticity and phenolic moiety content. Elimination of estrogens via photolysis, biodegradation, enzymolysis and membrane rejection in the presence of DOM is initiated by sorption, accentuating the role of DOM as a mediator in regulating aquatic estrogen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States; Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Scott R Yates
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California 92507, United States.
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20
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Milstead RP, Nance KT, Tarnas KS, Egelhofer KE, Griffith DR. Photochemical degradation of halogenated estrogens under natural solar irradiance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1350-1360. [PMID: 30211921 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated estrogens are thought to be moderately potent endocrine-disrupting compounds that are formed during chlorine-based wastewater disinfection processes and may represent a significant fraction of the total amount of estrogen delivered from wastewater treatment plants to receiving waters. Yet we lack key information about the photochemical degradation of halogenated estrogens, a process that has important implications for UV-based wastewater treatment and environmental fate modeling. To better understand halogenated estrogen degradation in aquatic environments, we studied the direct photolysis of 17β-estradiol (E2), 2-bromo-17β-estradiol (monoBrE2), 2,4-dibromo-17β-estradiol (diBrE2), and 2,4-dichloro-17β-estradiol (diClE2) as well as the indirect photolysis of diBrE2 under natural solar irradiance. We found that direct photolysis rate constants increased with halogenation as pKa values decreased and molar absorptivity spectra shifted toward higher wavelengths. Compared to E2, quantum yields were threefold larger for monoBrE2, but 15-32% smaller for the dihalogenated forms. The rate of diBrE2 (pKa ∼ 7.5) photolysis was strongly influenced by pH. At pH 7, diBrE2 degraded on minute time scales due to the large red-shifted molar absorptivity values and greater quantum yields of the phenolate form. Degradation rates were only slightly different in the presence of Suwannee River Humic Acid (5 mg L-1), and quenching experiments pointed to excited triplet state dissolved organic matter (3DOM*) as the dominant reactive intermediate responsible for the indirect photolysis of diBrE2. Overall, our data suggest that halogenated estrogens are particularly susceptible to photochemical degradation at environmentally relevant pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid P Milstead
- Department of Chemistry, Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA.
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21
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Zhou Z, Chen B, Qu X, Fu H, Zhu D. Dissolved Black Carbon as an Efficient Sensitizer in the Photochemical Transformation of 17β-Estradiol in Aqueous Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10391-10399. [PMID: 30130961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved black carbon (DBC) is an important component of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Nonetheless, little is known about its role in the photochemical processes of organic contaminants. This study investigated the effect of DBC on the phototransformation of 17β-estradiol in aqueous solutions under simulated sunlight. Four well-studied dissolved humic substances (DHS) were included as comparisons. DBC acted as a very effective sensitizer to facilitate the phototransformation of 17β-estradiol. The apparent quantum yield for 17β-estradiol phototransformation mediated by DBC was approximately six times higher than that by DHS at the same carbon concentration. Quenching experiments suggested that direct reaction with triplet-excited state DBC (3DBC*) was the predominant pathway of 17β-estradiol phototransformation. The higher mediation efficiency of DBC than DHS is likely due to the higher contents of aromatic groups and smaller molecular sizes, which facilitated the generation of 3DBC*. The apparent quantum yield of triplet-excited states production for DBC was 4-8 times higher than that for DHS. The results suggest that 3DBC* may have a considerable contribution to the overall photoreactivity of triplet-excited state DOM in aquatic systems. Our findings also imply that DBC can play an important role in the phototransformation of organic contaminants in the environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210046 , China
| | - Beining Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210046 , China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210046 , China
| | - Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210046 , China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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22
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Moradi N, Ashrafi-Kooshk MR, Chamani J, Shackebaei D, Norouzi F. Separate and simultaneous binding of tamoxifen and estradiol to human serum albumin: Spectroscopic and molecular modeling investigations. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Karim S, Bae S, Greenwood D, Hanna K, Singhal N. Degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by nano zero valent iron under different pH and dissolved oxygen levels. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:32-41. [PMID: 28826034 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic properties of nanoparticles (e.g., nano zero valent iron, nZVI) have been used to effectively treat a wide range of environmental contaminants. Emerging contaminants such as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are susceptible to degradation by nanoparticles. Despite extensive investigations, questions remain on the transformation mechanism on the nZVI surface under different environmental conditions (redox and pH). Furthermore, in terms of the large-scale requirement for nanomaterials in field applications, the effect of polymer-stabilization used by commercial vendors on the above processes is unclear. To address these factors, we investigated the degradation of a model EDC, the steroidal estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), by commercially sourced nZVI at pH 3, 5 and 7 under different oxygen conditions. Following the use of radical scavengers, an assessment of the EE2 transformation products shows that under nitrogen purging direct reduction of EE2 by nZVI occurred at all pHs. The radicals transforming EE2 in the absence of purging and upon air purging were similar for a given pH, but the dominant radical varied with pH. Upon air purging, EE2 was transformed by the same radical species as the non-purged system at the same respective pH, but the degradation rate was lower with more oxygen - most likely due to faster nZVI oxidation upon aeration, coupled with radical scavenging. The dominant radicals were OH at pH 3 and O2- at pH 5, and while neither radical was involved at pH 7, no conclusive inferences could be made on the actual radical involved at pH 7. Similar transformation products were observed without purging and upon air purging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Karim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur - Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bio-Engineering Technology, Malaysia
| | - Sungjun Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - David Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Khalil Hanna
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, France
| | - Naresh Singhal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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Nejedly T, Klimes J. A model of natural degradation of 17-α-ethinylestradiol in surface water and identification of degradation products by GC-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23196-23206. [PMID: 28831755 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the environment has been polluted by a wide spectrum of exogenous chemicals and environmental analysis has become one of the most progressive parts of analytical research. The aim of this work was to determine the kinetics of natural degradation, and to identify the degradation products of the massively used estrogenic drug, 17-α-ethinylestradiol. The photodegradation, oxidation and thermostability conditions were selected according to ICH requirements for pharmaceutical stability testing. A simple 72-h photodegradation study in purified water exhibited significant first-order kinetics with the kinetic constant k = 0.0303 h-1, and degradation halftime 22.8 h. The basic halftime could be reduced to 17.1 h by the addition of sea salt, and increase in temperature. Monohydroxy, dihydroxy and dehydrogenated derivatives of ethinylestradiol with intact steroidal structure were identified as major degradation products resulting from simple photodegradation. The addition of an oxidative agent significantly accelerated the degradation rate; combined with higher temperature, the degradation halftime was reduced to 1.1 h with the first-order kinetic constant k = 0.632 h-1. TOC analysis showed a notable decrease of organic mass (18% in 3 days) during oxidation experiments, and confirmed the degradation of steroidal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Nejedly
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Klimes
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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25
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Mukherjee I, Mishrra A, Saha R, Chatterjee S. Efficient Degradation of Endocrine Disruptors Using 1D and 3D Copper (I) Oxide Nanostructures. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Mukherjee
- Colloids and Materials Chemistry Department; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology; Bhubaneswar- 751 013 India
- Department of Chemistry; National institute of Technology; Durgapur- 713 209 India
| | - Anushka Mishrra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Tiruchirapalli- 620015 India
| | - Rajnarayan Saha
- Department of Chemistry; National institute of Technology; Durgapur- 713 209 India
| | - Sriparna Chatterjee
- Colloids and Materials Chemistry Department; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology; Bhubaneswar- 751 013 India
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26
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Yang Y, Li J, Lu K, Shi H, Gao S. Transformation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by simultaneous photo-enzymatic process in Humic water. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:432-438. [PMID: 28342991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate of estrogens in surface water is mainly dependent on two processes, i.e. photodegradation and biotransformation. Each of the separate process is invariably of interest, but research on the combination of the two processes has rarely been explored. In the present work, the transformation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) by simultaneous photochemical and enzymatic process in water was systematically investigated. The combined transformation rate of EE2 (0.057 h-1) in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) under simulated sunlight irradiation was markedly faster than that in the presence of NOM only (0.032 h-1). Similar pattern was also observed in real water matrix sampled from Taihu Lake. Further study revealed that the photodegradation and enzymatic transformation of EE2 were dramatically affected by NOM concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mgC L-1. NOM was found to invariably accelerate the photodegradation of EE2 with increasing concentration. On the contrary, the transformation rate of EE2 mediated by HRP was decreased along with the increase of NOM concentration. The reason may be that HRP was prone to be inactivated in solution with high NOM concentration. The transformation experiment of EE2 at ambient level under sunlight confirmed the significant contribution of HRP to the degradation of EE2 in the presence of NOM. The results indicated that oxidation mediated by HRP was an essential fate of EE2 and other congener contaminants in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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Li C, Dong F, Crittenden JC, Luo F, Chen X, Zhao T. Kinetics and mechanism of 17β-estradiol chlorination in a pilot-scale water distribution systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:73-79. [PMID: 28319744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms of 17β-estradiol (E2) chlorination in water distribution systems (WDS) were studied. We examined the impacts of different factors, including pH, temperature, humic acid concentration and type, and flow velocity. The experimental results showed that the rate constants in beaker tests and WDS were described by a pseudo-first-order model. pH had the greatest impact on E2 chlorination in the beaker tests. However, temperature had the greatest impact on E2 chlorination in WDS. Mechanistic analysis of E2 chlorination showed that chlorine attacked E2 in three stages: 1) halogenation of the aromatic ring, 2) cleavage of the benzene moiety and chlorine or bromine substitution formation, and 3) formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) from phenolic intermediates through benzene ring opening with chlorine and/or bromine substitution of hydrogen on the carbon atoms. In the third stage, the concentrations of THMs and HAAs increased rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - John C Crittenden
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
| | - Feng Luo
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xinbo Chen
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Taotao Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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28
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Li J, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Shi H, Yang Y, Gao S, Mao L, Yang X. Degradation of organic pollutants mediated by extracellular peroxidase in simulated sunlit humic waters: A case study with 17β-estradiol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 331:123-131. [PMID: 28249181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research indicated that natural processes such as photolysis, biotransformation and sorption contribute to natural attenuation of organic compounds in natural waters. Here we report another potential natural reaction involving induction by extracellular peroxidase (POD) in sunlit humic waters. The degradation behavior of a natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) in waters containing both horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) were studied under simulated sunlight. Significant enhancement of E2 degradation was observed in the presence of HRP as compared to direct and SRHA-inducted photolysis, resulting from the efficient degradation of E2 induced by HRP using photoproduced H2O2. The contribution of direct photolysis, indirect photolysis and enzymatic degradation to E2 degradation was calculated as 36.6, 31.7 and 31.7%, respectively. Lower yields of hydroxylation products and several new dimer products in E2+SRHA+HRP system relative to E2+SRHA system indicated that E2 degradation was primarily mediated by HRP, revealing the presence of HRP strongly affected the degradation pathway of E2. Take naturally occurring POD into consideration, enzymatic degradation may be an important attenuation pathway of E2 and other contaminants that are sensitive to peroxidases in certain waters such as humic rich freshwater system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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29
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Ren D, Huang B, Xiong D, He H, Meng X, Pan X. Photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in dissolved humic substances solution: Kinetics, mechanism and estrogenicity variation. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 54:196-205. [PMID: 28391929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2) in natural waters may cause adverse effects on organisms due to its high estrogenic potency. Laboratory studies were performed to study the effects of a local humic acid (LHA), fulvic acid (LFA) and Aldrich humic acid (AHA) on the photochemical behavior and estrogenic potency of EE2. Here photolytic experiments demonstrated that pure aqueous EE2 could undergo direct and self-sensitized photodegradation at a global rate of 0.0068hr-1. Photodegradation rate of EE2 in 5.0mg/L dissolved humic substances (DHS) was determined to be 0.0274, 0.0296 and 0.0254hr-1 for LHA, LFA and AHA, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triplet dissolved humic substances (3DHS*) scavenging experiments indicated that the promotion effect of DHS on EE2 photodegradation was mainly aroused by the reactions of HO (35%-50%), 1O2 (<10%) and 3DHS* (22%-34%). However, the photodegradation of EE2 could also be inhibited when DHS exceeded the threshold of 10mg/L. Three hydroxylation products of EE2 were identified using GC-MS and their formation pathways were also proposed. In vitro estrogenicity tests showed that EE2 was transformed into chemicals without estrogenic potency. These findings could extend our knowledge on the photochemical behaviors of steroid estrogens in sunlit natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Dan Xiong
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Li S, Liu J, Sun M, Ling W, Zhu X. Isolation, Characterization, and Degradation Performance of the 17β-Estradiol-Degrading Bacterium Novosphingobium sp. E2S. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E115. [PMID: 28125060 PMCID: PMC5334669 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 17β-estradiol (E2)-degrading bacterium E2S was isolated from the activated sludge in a sewage treatment plant (STP). The morphology, biological characteristics, and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence of strain E2S indicated that it belonged to the genus Novosphingobium. The optimal degrading conditions were 30 °C and pH 7.0. The ideal inoculum volume was 5% (v/v), and a 20-mL degradation system was sufficient to support the removal ability of strain E2S. The addition of extra NaCl to the system did not benefit the E2 degradation in batch culture by this strain. Strain E2S exhibited high degradation efficiency with initial substrate concentrations of 10-50 mg·L-1. For example, in mineral salt medium containing 50 mg·L-1 of E2, the degradation efficiency was 63.29% after seven days. In cow manure samples supplemented with 50 mg·L-1 of E2, strain E2S exhibited 66.40% degradation efficiency after seven days. The finding of the E2-degrading strain E2S provided a promising method for removing E2 from livestock manure in order to reduce the potential environmental risks of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Minxia Sun
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xuezhu Zhu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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31
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Kumar A, Kumar A, Sharma G, Naushad M, Veses RC, Ghfar AA, Stadler FJ, Khan MR. Solar-driven photodegradation of 17-β-estradiol and ciprofloxacin from waste water and CO2 conversion using sustainable coal-char/polymeric-g-C3N4/RGO metal-free nano-hybrids. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a polymeric g-C3N4/RGO nano-photocatalyst for the degradation of ciprofloxacin and β-estradiol and conversion of CO2 into CH4, CO & O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- School of Chemistry
- Shoolini University
- Solan
- India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- School of Chemistry
- Shoolini University
- Solan
- India
| | | | - Mu. Naushad
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ayman A. Ghfar
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Florian J. Stadler
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- Nanshan District Key Laboratory for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation
- Shenzhen University
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32
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Dzieweczynski TL, LaMonica HJ. Court Like You Mean It: Male Siamese Fighting Fish are Less Attentive to Courting Males that Have Been Exposed to an Estrogen Mimic. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley J. LaMonica
- Department of Psychology; University of New England; Biddeford ME USA
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33
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In vitro influence of light radiation on hair steroid concentrations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 73:109-116. [PMID: 27494069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hair cortisol concentrations (hairF) are considered to be relatively robust to various confounding influences. However, a potentially important covariate factor that has received little attention in this context is hair exposure to ultraviolet/sunlight radiation. We conducted a detailed experimental investigation to examine the effects of light exposure on hair cortisol. In study I, a hydrocortisone-containing solution was subjected to short-term artificial light irradiation for 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 30min to evaluate the stability of cortisol molecules due to radiant energy. In study II, hair samples (N=12) were subjected to single short-term artificial light irradiation for 0, 1, or 5h to examine light-induced effects in the hair matrix. In study III, hair samples (N=25) were subjected to long-term naturalistic sunlight radiation over a period of two months (during summer) with daily exposure times of 0, 1, 3, or 6h, respectively. Besides cortisol, studies II & III also examined concentrations of cortisone (hairE), dehydroepiandrosterone (hairDHEA) and progesterone (hairP) in hair, quantified using LC-MS/MS technology. Results across the three studies consistently revealed effects of light irradiation on hair steroid concentrations: Longer light exposure resulted in a decrease of dissolved hydrocortisone (study I) as well as of hairF and hairE (studies II and III). Conversely, hairDHEA and hairP increased with longer natural sunlight exposure times (study III), while this effect was not observed for short-term artificial light irradiation (study II). Combined, our findings imply sunlight exposure as a potential confound in hair steroid research. Given the experimental character of this investigation, the magnitude of this effect under real-life testing conditions is difficult to estimate. To support future investigation into this, we designed a 'sunlight-exposure' questionnaire to share with the research community. The assessment and statistical accounting for sunlight exposure-related effects in future hair steroid research (using this or a similar questionnaire) may help to reduce the potential influence of this unwanted error source and could thus lead to more valid and reliable results. In addition, our data strongly suggest that hair samples for steroid analyses need to be stored in a dark environment.
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34
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Cédat B, de Brauer C, Métivier H, Dumont N, Tutundjan R. Are UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 process efficient to treat estrogens in waters? Chemical and biological assessment at pilot scale. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:357-366. [PMID: 27214348 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, UV based treatments were implemented at pilot scale to assess their ability to remove hormones from treated wastewater, especially with the view to equip small and medium size Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs). To this end, the degradation of a mixture of estrogenic hormones (Estrone (E1), β-Estradiol (E2), and 17α-Ethinyl Estradiol (EE2)) in waters by UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 process was investigated in real conditions. A particular attention was paid at designing a well validated laboratory scale pilot in order to optimise oxidant concentrations and UV fluence. A Low pressure lamp (254 nm) was used in a flow through commercial reactor. The effects of water matrices (drinking water and treated wastewater) and H2O2 concentrations (10, 40, and 90 mg/L) on the pilot efficiency were first determined. Only E1 could be partially degraded by UV photolysis whereas hormones were all well removed by UV/H2O2 process in both matrices. The second part of the study focused on a chemical and biological assessment of UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 process (30 and 50 mg/L). Degradation rate constants of hormones as well as changes in estrogenic activity (YES bioassay) and toxicity (Vibrio fischeri) were followed at the same time. UV photolysis could not remove neither estrogens nor estrogenic activity at relevant UV fluence in waters. However 80% of initial estrogenic compounds and estrogenic activity could be removed from treated wastewater by combining UV fluence of 423 and 520 mJ/cm(2) with 50 and 30 mg/L of H2O2, respectively. No high estrogenic or toxic by-products were detected by the two bioassays following UV photolysis or UV/H2O2 process. Operating costs were estimated for a full scale pilot. H2O2 was the major cost. By combining the appropriate concentration of H2O2 and UV fluence, it could be possible to design a cost effective treatment for treating estrogens in small and medium size WTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cédat
- COMAP WT, Z.A les petis champs, 26120 Montélier, France; INSA Lyon, DEEP, 34 Avenue des Arts, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | | | - Hélène Métivier
- INSA Lyon, DEEP, 34 Avenue des Arts, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Dumont
- INSA Lyon, DEEP, 34 Avenue des Arts, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Tutundjan
- IRSTEA Lyon-Villeurbanne, UR MAEP, Laboratoire écotoxicologie, 5 rue de la Doua CS 70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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35
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Nanopillars TiO2 thin film photocatalyst application in the remediation of aquatic environment. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Sun K, Liang S, Kang F, Gao Y, Huang Q. Transformation of 17β-estradiol in humic acid solution by ε-MnO2 nanorods as probed by high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with (13)C labeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:211-218. [PMID: 27086077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal estrogens (SEs), widespread in aquatic systems, have a potential to disrupt the endocrine system of wildlife species and humans. In our experiments, the performance of ε-MnO2 nanorods in transforming 17β-estradiol (E2) was investigated, and the effect of humic acid (HA) on the reaction behaviors was systematically characterized. Reconfiguration of humic molecules was also investigated by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Results indicated that ε-MnO2 nanomaterials ensured efficient removal of E2 from the aqueous solution. The presence of HA hindered the transformation of E2, while enhanced the cross-coupling between E2 and humic molecules. In particular, we used a mixture of un-labeled E2 and (13)C3-labeled E2 at a 1: 1 set ratio (w/w) to probe the reaction products via high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The combination of HRMS and (13)C3-labeling revealed the intermediate products including estrone (E1), and hydroxylated, quinone-like, and ring-opened species, as well as E2 dimer and trimer. More importantly, possible cross-coupling products between E2 and HA were also identified. A reaction mechanism including two-electron oxidation and single-electron oxidation was proposed. The applied analytical approach using HRMS along with (13)C3-labeling for reaction-product identification is crucial to understanding the role of HA in the transformation of SEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Shangtao Liang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Fuxing Kang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qingguo Huang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA.
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37
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Sornalingam K, McDonagh A, Zhou JL. Photodegradation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting steroidal hormones in aqueous systems: Progress and future challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:209-224. [PMID: 26815298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews different photodegradation technologies used for the removal of four endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The degradation efficiency is greater under UV than visible light; and increases with light intensity up to when mass transfer becomes the rate limiting step. Substantial rates are observed in the environmentally relevant range of pH7-8, though higher rates are obtained for pH above the pKa (~10.4) of the EDCs. The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on EDC photodegradation are complex with both positive and negative impacts being reported. TiO2 remains the best catalyst due to its superior activity, chemical and photo stability, cheap commercial availability, capacity to function at ambient conditions and low toxicity. The optimum TiO2 loading is 0.05-1gl(-1), while higher loadings have negative impact on EDC removal. The suspended catalysts prove to be more efficient in photocatalysis compared to the immobilised catalysts, while the latter are considered more suitable for commercial scale applications. Photodegradation mostly follows 1st or pseudo 1st order kinetics. Photodegradation typically eradicates or moderates estrogenic activity, though some intermediates are found to exhibit higher estrogenicity than the parent EDCs; the persistence of estrogenic activity is mainly attributed to the presence of the phenolic moiety in intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kireesan Sornalingam
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew McDonagh
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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38
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Khadgi N, Li Y, Upreti AR, Zhang C, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang D. Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of 17α-Ethinylestradiol Exhibited by Multifunctional ZnFe 2 O 4 -Ag/rGO Nanocomposite Under Visible Light. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:238-246. [PMID: 26756203 DOI: 10.1111/php.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, ZnFe2 O4 , a visible light active photocatalyst, was comodified by graphene oxide (GO) and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) to form ZnFe2 O4 -Ag/rGO nanocomposite (NC) by facile one-pot hydrothermal method. Reduction of GO and formation of ZnFe2 O4 and Ag nanoparticles occurred simultaneously during hydrothermal reaction. The photocatalytic activity of the NC was investigated under visible light, for the degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a nondye compound, which also is an emerging pollutant with endocrine-disrupting activity. The pseudo rate constant (k') of as-synthesized ZnFe2 O4 -Ag/rGO NC was higher by the factor of 14.6 and 5.6 times than the corresponding ZnFe2 O4 and ZnFe2 O4 /rGO respectively. The synergistic interactions between ZnFe2 O4 , Ag and rGO leading to decreased aggregation of the NPs, increased surface area, better absorption in visible region, effective electron-hole generation transfer. However, in the presence of humic acid (HA), the photosensitization effect was predominated by competitive interaction resulting in only 80% removal of EE2 within the same time. Moreover, the composite can easily be magnetically separated for reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirina Khadgi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Akhanda Raj Upreti
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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39
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Silva CP, Lima DLD, Groth MB, Otero M, Esteves VI. Effect of natural aquatic humic substances on the photodegradation of estrone. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:249-255. [PMID: 26688261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation of estrone (E1) was investigated under simulated solar radiation in absence and presence of the different fractions of humic substances (HS), namely humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and XAD-4 fraction. The pseudo-first order photodegradation rate constants increased from 0.1137 h(-1), in ultrapure (MQ) water, to 0.1774, 0.1943 and 0.3109 h(-1), in presence of HA, FA and XAD-4, respectively. Half-life time decreased from 6.10 h in MQ water to 3.91, 3.57 and 2.23 h in presence of HA, FA and XAD-4, respectively. These results evidence the relevant photosensitizing effect of XAD-4 fraction of HS on the degradation of E1, which, to the best of our knowledge have never been studied. Photodegradation studies were also conducted in organic matter-rich environmental aquatic matrices, namely fresh, estuarine and waste water. After 2 h, photodegradation achieved values ranged between 35.6 and 57.1% in natural water samples, compared with 26.4% in ultrapure water. The higher photodegradation occurred in an estuarine water sample, known to be rich in XAD-4 fraction and poor in HA, indicating that not only the presence of organic matter, but also its type, are determinant in the E1 photodegradation rate. Finally, the use of sodium azide as singlet oxygen ((1)O2) scavenger during the phototransformation of E1 in ultrapure and in two wastewater samples allowed to conclude that (1)O2 has an important role in the E1 photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Patrícia Silva
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana L D Lima
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Complementary Sciences, Rua 5 de Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Milena B Groth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Otero
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Physics, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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40
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Johnson EL, Weinersmith KL, Earley RL. Changes in reproductive physiology of mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus following exposure to environmentally relevant doses of ethinyl oestradiol. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:774-786. [PMID: 26563824 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Kryptolebias marmoratus exposed to 4 ng l(-1) of ethinyl oestradiol (EE2) for 30 days experienced significant changes in endogenous 17β-oestradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (KT) and qualitative changes in gonad morphology. Both hermaphrodites and males showed a significant decrease in E2, whereas only males exhibited a significant decrease in KT. Exposure to EE2 resulted in a decrease in spermatid and spermatocyte density in males and an increase in the number of early stage oocytes in hermaphrodites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, U.S.A
| | - K L Weinersmith
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-140, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A
| | - R L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, U.S.A
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41
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Ren D, Huang B, Bi T, Xiong D, Pan X. Effects of pH and dissolved oxygen on the photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in dissolved humic acid solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:78-86. [PMID: 26611276 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00502g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To probe the mechanisms responsible for pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) affecting the photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in dissolved humic acid (HA) solution, EE2 aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 3.0 to 11.0 and different DO conditions were irradiated by using a 300 W mercury lamp equipped with 290 nm light cutoff filters. In 5.0 mg L(-1) HA solutions (pH 8.0), EE2 was degraded at a rate of 0.0739 h(-1) which was about 4-fold faster than that in Milli-Q water. The degradation of EE2 was mainly caused by the oxidation of photogenerated reactive species (RS), and the contribution of direct photodegradation to EE2 degradation was always lower than 27%. Both the direct and indirect photodegradation of EE2 were closely dependent on the EE2 initial concentration, pH value and DO concentration. The photodegradation rate of EE2 decreased with increased initial concentration of EE2 due to the limitation of photon flux. With pH and DO increasing, the degradation rate of EE2 increased significantly due to the increase in the yields of excited EE2 and RS. Among the photogenerated RS, HO˙ and (3)HA* were determined to be the key contributors, and their global contribution to EE2 photodegradation was about 50%. Although HA could generate more (1)O2 than HO˙, the contribution of (1)O2 to EE2 degradation was lower than 13% due to its low reactivity towards EE2. This study could enlarge our knowledge on the photochemical behaviors of steroid estrogens in natural sunlit waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Tingting Bi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Dan Xiong
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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42
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Liu Y, Guo H, Zhang Y, Tang W. Feasible oxidation of 17β-estradiol using persulfate activated by Bi2WO6/Fe3O4 under visible light irradiation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bismuth tungstate magnetic composites (BTMCs, Bi2WO6/Fe3O4) were synthesized by a template-free hydrothermal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Hongguang Guo
- College of Architecture and Environment
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture
| | - Yongli Zhang
- College of Architecture and Environment
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Weihong Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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43
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Simultaneous Degradation of Estrone, 17β-Estradiol and 17α-Ethinyl Estradiol in an Aqueous UV/H₂O₂ System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:12016-29. [PMID: 26404330 PMCID: PMC4626952 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121012016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UV/H₂O₂, which is an advanced treatment technology used to reduce multiple contaminants, is effective in potable water treatment. Simultaneous degradation effects and kinetics of three types of coexisting micropollutant estrogens (steroid estrogens, SEs), including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), in deionized water were studied. Experiments were carried out with ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation, together with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), in a cylinder photoreactor. The results demonstrated that the degradation processes of all of the estrogens strongly fit first-order kinetics. Single solutions of E1, E2 and EE2 showed higher degradation rates and removal efficiencies under the same reaction conditions compared with those under mixed conditions. Coexisting combinations of estrogens were put into the UV/H₂O₂ system to estimate their possible competitive influences on each other by examining their removal efficiencies and reaction rate constant, k, values. E1 is predominantly reduced rapidly during the competition, while the presence of other estrogens has negligible impacts on E1; however, the degradation of E2 and EE2 is affected by the competitive background, not in relation to the types but to the existing amounts. In the UV/H₂O₂ system, photocatalysis of the estrogens can stably produce an intermediate X, with the highest quantity coming from E1, while considerably lower quantities are obtained from E2 and EE2.
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Frontistis Z, Kouramanos M, Moraitis S, Chatzisymeon E, Hapeshi E, Fatta-Kassinos D, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Mantzavinos D. UV and simulated solar photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in secondary-treated wastewater by hydrogen peroxide or iron addition. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Grzybowski W, Szydłowski J. The impact of chromophoric dissolved organic matter on the photodegradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in natural waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:13-17. [PMID: 24997894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), the potent estrogen which forms the basic constituent of the contraceptive pill, can undergo degradation in natural waters by sunlight and via secondary reactions initiated by photo-excited dissolved organic matter. The current paper presents the findings of an investigation into the irradiation process of EE2 when dissolved in natural waters. This investigation was carried out under simulated sunlight in samples of sea, river and distilled water at a 17α-ethinylestradiol concentration of 300ngL(-1). Several notes of significance may be made on the basis of these results. Firstly, an enhancement of the degradation, observed in the presence of co-absorbing dissolved organic matter, was shown to be proportional to the absorbance of the sample. Secondly, the kinetics of the process obtained during this investigation were within the range of previously reported findings, despite the fact that significantly higher concentrations of EE2 were used in earlier studies. Finally, the environmental half-life times for 17α-ethynyloestradiol, calculated from the results of the experiments, were found to be one and two days in the top layer of river and sea water respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Grzybowski
- Gdansk University, Institute of Oceanography, Al. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Szydłowski
- Gdansk University, Institute of Oceanography, Al. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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46
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Aris AZ, Shamsuddin AS, Praveena SM. Occurrence of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in the environment and effect on exposed biota: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 69:104-19. [PMID: 24825791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic hormone, which is a derivative of the natural hormone, estradiol (E2). EE2 is an orally bio-active estrogen, and is one of the most commonly used medications for humans as well as livestock and aquaculture activity. EE2 has become a widespread problem in the environment due to its high resistance to the process of degradation and its tendency to (i) absorb organic matter, (ii) accumulate in sediment and (iii) concentrate in biota. Numerous studies have reported the ability of EE2 to alter sex determination, delay sexual maturity, and decrease the secondary sexual characteristics of exposed organisms even at a low concentration (ng/L) by mimicking its natural analogue, 17β-estradiol (E2). Thus, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the science regarding EE2, the concentration levels in the environment (water, sediment and biota) and summarize the effects of this compound on exposed biota at various concentrations, stage life, sex, and species. The challenges in respect of EE2 include the extension of the limited database on the EE2 pollution profile in the environment, its fate and transport mechanism, as well as the exposure level of EE2 for better prediction and definition revision of EE2 toxicity end points, notably for the purpose of environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Aida Soraya Shamsuddin
- Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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47
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Challis JK, Hanson ML, Friesen KJ, Wong CS. A critical assessment of the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments: defining our current understanding and identifying knowledge gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:672-96. [PMID: 24643336 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a critical assessment of the state and quality of knowledge around the aquatic photochemistry of human- and veterinary-use pharmaceuticals from laboratory experiments and field observations. A standardized scoring rubric was used to assess relevant studies within four categories: experimental design, laboratory-based direct and indirect photolysis, and field/solar photolysis. Specific metrics for each category are defined to evaluate various aspects of experimental design (e.g., higher scores are given for more appropriate characterization of light source wavelength distribution). This weight of evidence-style approach allowed for identification of knowledge strengths and gaps covering three areas: first, the general extent of photochemical data for specific pharmaceuticals and classes; second, the overall quality of existing data (i.e., strong versus weak); and finally, trends in the photochemistry research around these specific compounds, e.g. the observation of specific and consistent oversights in experimental design. In general, those drugs that were most studied also had relatively good quality data. The four pharmaceuticals studied experimentally at least ten times in the literature had average total scores (lab and field combined) of ≥29, considered decent quality; carbamazepine (13 studies; average score of 31), diclofenac (12 studies; average score of 31), sulfamethoxazole (11 studies; average score of 34), and propranolol (11 studies; average score of 29). Major oversights and errors in data reporting and/or experimental design included: lack of measurement and reporting of incident light source intensity, lack of appropriate controls, use of organic co-solvents in irradiation solutions, and failure to consider solution pH. Consequently, a number of these experimental parameters were likely a cause of inconsistent measurements of direct photolysis rate constants and quantum yields, two photochemical properties that were highly variable in the literature. Overall, the assessment rubric provides an objective and scientifically-defensible set of metrics for assessing the quality of a study. A major recommendation is the development of a method guideline, based on this rubric, for conducting and reporting on photochemical studies that would produce consistent and reliable data for quantitative comparison across studies. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed on conducting more dual-fate studies involving controlled photolysis experiments in natural sunlight, and whole system fate studies in either natural or artificial systems. This would provide accurate data describing the actual contribution of photolysis to the overall fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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48
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Yan S, Song W. Photo-transformation of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aqueous environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:697-720. [PMID: 24608883 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00502j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, the fate and transportation of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aqueous environments have raised significant concerns among the public, scientists and regulatory groups. Photodegradation is an important removal process in surface waters. This review summarizes the last 10 years (2003-2013) of studies on the solar or solar-simulated photodegradation of PhACs in aqueous environments. The PhACs covered include: beta-blockers, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), histamine H₂-receptor antagonists, lipid regulators, carbamazepine, steroid hormones, and X-ray contrast media compounds. Kinetic studies, degradation mechanisms and toxicity removal are the three major topics involved in this review. The quantum yield for the direct photolysis of PhACs and the bimolecular reaction rate constants of PhACs with reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the ˙OH radical and singlet oxygen, are also summarized. This information is not only important to predict the PhAC photodegradation fate, but also is very useful for advanced treatment technologies, such as ozone or advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
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49
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Chen Y, Zhang K, Zuo Y. Direct and indirect photodegradation of estriol in the presence of humic acid, nitrate and iron complexes in water solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:802-9. [PMID: 23872181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical behavior of a natural estrogen estriol (E3) was investigated in the presence of the natural photoreactive constituents including nitrate, iron(III), and humic acid (HA). The direct photodegradation of E3 increased with increasing incident light intensity, decreasing initial concentration of E3 and increasing pH in the range of 6.0 to 10.0. The direct photodegradation of the deprotonated speciation of E3 was much faster than that of its protonated form. The presence of NO3(-) and iron(III) promoted the photochemical loss of E3 in the aqueous solutions. The quenching experiments verified that hydroxyl radicals were predominantly responsible for the indirect photodegradation of E3. HA could act as photosensitizer, light screening agent and free radical quencher. For the first time, the enhancement or inhibition effect of HA on photodegradation was found to depend on the irradiation light intensity. HA enhanced the photodegradation of E3 under sunlight or weak irradiation of simulated sunlight. In contrast, under high irradiation light intensity, HA inhibited the photodegradation. The hydroxylation photoproducts were identified using GC-MS and the photodegradation pathway of E3 was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, United States; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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50
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Photocatalytic degradation of some endocrine disrupting compounds by modified TiO2 under UV or halogen lamp illumination. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-013-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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