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Marciano J, Crawford L, Mukhopadhyay L, Scott W, McElroy A, McDonough C. Per/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in a Marine Apex Predator (White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:152-161. [PMID: 38765060 PMCID: PMC11100321 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous, highly persistent anthropogenic chemicals that bioaccumulate and biomagnify in aquatic food webs and are associated with adverse health effects, including liver and kidney diseases, cancers, and immunosuppression. We investigated the accumulation of PFASs in a marine apex predator, the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Muscle (N = 12) and blood plasma (N = 27) samples were collected from 27 sharks during 2018-2021 OCEARCH expeditions along the eastern coast of North America from Nova Scotia to Florida. Samples were analyzed for 47 (plasma) and 43 (muscle) targeted PFASs and screened for >2600 known and novel PFASs using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates with carbon chain-length C11 to C14 were frequently detected above the method reporting limits in plasma samples, along with perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorodecanesulfonate. Perfluoropentadecanoate was also detected in 100% of plasma samples and concentrations were estimated semiquantitatively as no analytical standard was available. Total concentrations of frequently detected PFASs in plasma ranged from 0.56 to 2.9 ng mL-1 (median of 1.4 ng mL-1). In muscle tissue, nine targeted PFASs were frequently detected, with total concentration ranging from 0.20 to 0.84 ng g-1 ww. For all frequently detected PFASs, concentrations were greater in plasma than in muscle collected from the same organism. In both matrices, perfluorotridecanoic acid was the most abundant PFAS, consistent with several other studies. PFASs with similar chain-lengths correlated significantly among the plasma samples, suggesting similar sources. Total concentrations of PFASs in plasma were significantly greater in sharks sampled off of Nova Scotia than all sharks from other locations, potentially due to differences in diet. HRMS suspect screening tentatively identified 13 additional PFASs in plasma, though identification confidence was low, as no MS/MS fragmentation was collected due to low intensities. The widespread detection of long-chain PFASs in plasma and muscle of white sharks highlights the prevalence and potential biomagnification of these compounds in marine apex predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Marciano
- Department
of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Lisa Crawford
- School
of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Leenia Mukhopadhyay
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Wesley Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anne McElroy
- School
of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Carrie McDonough
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Jeong Y, Mok S, Park KJ, Moon HB. Accumulation features and temporal trends (2002-2015) for legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in finless porpoises bycaught off Korean coasts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123925. [PMID: 38593937 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in livers of finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis; n = 167) collected in Korean waters from 2002 to 2015 to investigate their occurrence, bioaccumulation feature, temporal trends, and ecotoxicological implications. Perfulorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA) were the predominant PFASs found in the porpoises. The concentration of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (F-53B), an alternative to PFOS, was comparable to that of PFTrDA. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), a precursor of PFOS, was also detected in all the porpoises examined. All PFASs, including F-53B, accumulated to higher concentrations in immature porpoises compared with mature specimens, implying substantial maternal transfer and limited metabolizing capacity for PFASs. A significant correlation was observed between PFOS and F-53B concentrations, indicating similar bioaccumulation processes. Based on prenatal exposure and toxicity, F-53B is an emerging contaminant in marine ecosystems. Significantly increasing trends were observed in the concentrations of sulfonates, carboxylates, and F-53B between 2002/2003 and 2010, whereas the FOSA concentration significantly decreased. During 2010-2015, decreasing trends were observed in the concentrations of FOSA and sulfonates, whereas concentrations of carboxylate and F-53B increased without statistical significance, likely due to a gap for the implementation of regulatory actions between sulfonates and carboxylates. Although PFOS and PFOA were found to pose little health risk to porpoises, the combined toxicological effects of other contaminants should be considered to protect populations and to mitigate PFAS contamination in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsun Jeong
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sori Mok
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyum Joon Park
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan, 44780, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Jiao Z, Yu N, Mao J, Yang Q, Jiao L, Wang X, Shi W, Yu H, Wei S. The occurrence, tissue distribution, and PBT potential of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the freshwater organisms from the Yangtze river via nontarget analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131868. [PMID: 37343408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) occur in the aquatic environment, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we conducted a nontarget analysis on 3 surface water samples and 92 tissue samples of 16 fish collected from the Yangtze River to investigate the patterns, tissue distribution, and environmental impacts of emerging PFASs. A total of 43 PFASs from 11 classes were identified, including 17 legacy PFASs and 26 emerging PFASs. Among the 43 PFASs, seven PFASs were reported in biota for the first time while five PFASs were reported in the environment for the first time. Chlorine substituted perfluoroalyl ether sulfonic acids were the major emerging PFASs detected in organisms. Our results showed that most emerging PFASs tended to accumulate in the liver whereas perfluorinated sulfonamides tended to accumulate in the blood, and all of the emerging PFASs accumulated less in the muscle. Methods for evaluating the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) of PFASs were developed by combining the in-silico methods and experimental methods. Long-chain PFASs were found to have extremely high PBT scores compared to short-chain PFASs. Additionally, most emerging PFASs exhibited comparable PBT characteristics with legacy PFASs, especially Cl-substituted PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- JiangYin QiuHao Testing Co.,Ltd, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Jiao
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Andvik C, Haug T, Lyche JL, Borgå K. Emerging and legacy contaminants in common minke whale from the Barents sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:121001. [PMID: 36610650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and metals, can accumulate in marine mammals and be transferred to offspring. In this study, we analyzed 64 lipophilic POPs, including four emerging BFRs, in the blubber, liver and muscle of 17 adult common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from the Barents Sea to investigate occurrence and tissue partitioning. In addition, the placental transfer concentration ratios of 14 PFAS and 17 metals were quantified in the muscle of nine female-fetus pairs to investigate placental transfer. Legacy lipophilic POPs were the dominating compound group in every tissue, and we observed generally lower levels compared to previous studies from 1992 to 2001. We detected the emerging BFRs hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromotoluene (PBT), but in low levels compared to the legacy POPs. We detected nine PFAS, and levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were higher than detected from the same population in 2011, whilst levels of Hg were comparable to 2011. Levels of lipophilic contaminants were higher in blubber compared to muscle and liver on both a wet weight and lipid adjusted basis, but tissue partitioning of the emerging BFRs could not be determined due to the high number of samples below the limit of detection. The highest muscle ΣPFAS levels were quantified in fetuses (23 ± 8.7 ng/g ww), followed by adult males (7.2 ± 2.0 ng/gg ww) and adult females (4.5 ± 1.1 ng/g ww), showing substantial placental transfer from mother to fetus. In contrast, Hg levels in the fetus were lower than the mother. Levels were under thresholds for risk of health effects in the whales. This study is the first to report occurrence and placental transfer of emerging contaminants in common minke whales from the Barents Sea, contributing valuable new data on pollutant levels in Arctic wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Andvik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Haug
- Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, PO Box 6606, Stakkevollan, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan L Lyche
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway.
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5
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Groffen T, Bervoets L, Eens M. Temporal trends in PFAS concentrations in livers of a terrestrial raptor (common buzzard; Buteo buteo) collected in Belgium during the period 2000-2005 and in 2021. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114644. [PMID: 36306876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals that have been globally distributed. Biological time series data suggest variation in temporal PFAS concentrations due to regulations and the phase-out of multiple PFAS analytes. Nonetheless, biomonitoring temporal trends of PFAS concentrations in raptors has only been done sporadically in Europe at a national scale. In the present study, we examined the concentrations of 28 PFAS in livers of common buzzard (Buteo buteo) collected in Belgium in the period 2000-2005 and in 2021. Despite the regulations and phase-out, the ΣPFAS concentrations remained similar in the livers over the past 20 years. However, over time the abundance of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), dominant in livers collected in 2000-2005, to the ΣPFAS concentration decreased from 46% to 27%, whereas the abundance of perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), dominant in 2021, increased from 19% to 43%. The PFOS concentrations in the present study did not exceed the Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs), which were determined in liver on the characteristics of an avian top predator. The absence of temporal changes in PFAS concentrations is hypothesized to be due to a lagged response in environmental concentrations compared to atmospheric concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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6
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Cook EK, Olivares CI, Antell EH, Yi S, Nickerson A, Choi YJ, Higgins CP, Sedlak DL, Alvarez-Cohen L. Biological and Chemical Transformation of the Six-Carbon Polyfluoroalkyl Substance N-Dimethyl Ammonio Propyl Perfluorohexane Sulfonamide (AmPr-FHxSA). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15478-15488. [PMID: 36257682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sites impacted by aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) contain co-contaminants that can stimulate biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl substances. Here, we compare how microbial enrichments from AFFF-impacted soil amended with diethyl glycol monobutyl ether (found in AFFF), aromatic hydrocarbons (present in co-released fuels), acetate, and methane (substrates used or formed during bioremediation) impact the aerobic biotransformation of an AFFF-derived six-carbon electrochemical fluorination (ECF) precursor N-dimethyl ammonio propyl perfluorohexane sulfonamide (AmPr-FHxSA). We found that methane- and acetate-oxidizing cultures resulted in the highest yields of identifiable products (38 and 30%, respectively), including perfluorohexane sulfonamide (FHxSA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS). Using these data, we propose and detail a transformation pathway. Additionally, we examined chemical oxidation products of AmPr-FHxSA and FHxSA to provide insights on remediation strategies for AmPr-FHxSA. We demonstrate mineralization of these compounds using the sulfate radical and test their transformation during the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. While perfluorohexanoic acid accounted for over 95% of the products formed, we demonstrate here for the first time two ECF-based precursors, AmPr-FHxSA and FHxSA, that produce PFHxS during the TOP assay. These findings have implications for monitoring poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during site remediation and application of the TOP assay at sites impacted by ECF-based precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Cook
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher I Olivares
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Edmund H Antell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shan Yi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anastasia Nickerson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David L Sedlak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lisa Alvarez-Cohen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Cara B, Lies T, Thimo G, Robin L, Lieven B. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in marine biota from the Belgian North Sea: Distribution and human health risk implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119907. [PMID: 35985433 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent chemicals, which pose a potential risk for aquatic wildlife due to their bioaccumulative behaviour and toxicological effects. Although the distribution of PFAS in marine environments has been studied worldwide, little is known on the contamination of PFAS in the southern North Sea. In the present study, the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) was studied in liver and muscle tissue of seven fish species and in whole-body tissue of two crustacean species, collected at 10 sites in the Belgian North Sea. Furthermore, the human and ecological health risks were examined. Overall, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was predominant in all matrices and other long-chain PFAS were frequently detected. Mean PFOS concentrations ranged from <LOQ to 107 ng/g (ww) in fish liver, from <LOQ to 24 ng/g ww in fish muscle and from 0.29 to 5.6 ng/g ww in crustaceans. Elevated perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) concentrations were detected in fish liver from the estuarine and coastal region (<LOQ-116 ng/g ww), indicating a specific point source of this compound. Based on stable isotope analysis, no distinctive trophic transfer patterns of PFAS could be identified which implies that the bioconcentration of PFAS from the surrounding abiotic environment is most likely dominating over the biomagnification in the studied biota. The consumption of commercially important species such as the brown shrimp (Crangon crangon), plaice (Pleuronecta platessa), sole (Solea solea) and whiting (Merlangus merlangus) might pose potential health risks if it exceeds 17 g/day, 18 g/day, 26 g/day and 43 g/day respectively. Most PFOS measurements did not exceed the QSbiota,hh of 9.1 ng/g ww, however, the benchmark of 33 ng/g ww targeting the protection of wildlife from secondary poisoning was exceeded for 43% and 28% of the samples in plaice and sole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byns Cara
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Teunen Lies
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Groffen Thimo
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lasters Robin
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bervoets Lieven
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Chen Y, Fu J, Ye T, Li X, Gao K, Xue Q, Lv J, Zhang A, Fu J. Occurrence, profiles, and ecotoxicity of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in global apex predators: A critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 109:219-236. [PMID: 34607670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Certain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exhibit significant bioaccumulation/biomagnification behaviors in ecosystems. PFASs, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and related precursors, have elicited attention from both public and national regulatory agencies, which has resulted in worldwide restrictions on their production and use. Apex predators occupy the top trophic positions in ecosystems and are most affected by the biomagnification behavior of PFASs. Meanwhile, the long lifespans of apex predators also lead to the high body burden of PFASs. The high body burden of PFASs might be linked to adverse health effects and even pose a potential threat to their reproduction. As seen in previous reviews of PFASs, knowledge is lacking between the current stage of the PFAS body burden and related effects in apex predators. This review summarized PFAS occurrence in global apex predators, including information on the geographic distribution, levels, profiles, and tissue distribution, and discussed the trophic transfer and ecotoxicity of PFASs. In the case where legacy PFASs were restricted under international convention, the occurrence of novel PFASs, such as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), in apex predators arose as an emerging issue. Future studies should develop an effective analytical method and focus on the toxicity and trophic transfer behavior of novel PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jungang Lv
- Procuratoral Technology and Information Research Center, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430010, China.
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430010, China.
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9
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Myhre O, Zimmer KE, Hudecova AM, Hansen KEA, Khezri A, Berntsen HF, Berg V, Lyche JL, Mandal S, Duale N, Ropstad E. Maternal exposure to a human based mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affect gene expression related to brain function in mice offspring hippocampus. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130123. [PMID: 33714876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Male and female mice pups were exposed to a low and high dose of a human relevant mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during pregnancy and lactation. Most compounds detected in the dams were found in offspring brains. The mice offspring exhibited changed expression of hippocampal genes involved in cognitive function (Adora2a, Auts2, Crlf1, Chrnb2, Gdnf, Gnal, Kcnh3), neuroinflammation (Cd47, Il1a), circadian rhythm (Per1, Clock), redox signalling (Hmox2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation (Cyp1b1). A few genes were differentially expressed in males versus females. Mostly, similar patterns of gene expression changes were observed between the low and high dose groups. Effects on learning and memory function measured in the Barnes maze (not moving, escape latency) were found in the high dose group when combined with moderate stress exposure (air flow from a fan). Mediation analysis indicated adaptation to the effects of exposure since gene expression compensated for learning disabilities (escape latency, walking distance and time spent not moving in the maze). Additionally, random forest analysis indicated that Kcnh3, Gnal, and Crlf1 were the most important genes for escape latency, while Hip1, Gnal and the low exposure level were the most important explanatory factors for passive behaviour (not moving). Altogether, this study showed transfer of POPs to the offspring brains after maternal exposure, modulating the expression level of genes involved in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddvar Myhre
- Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Karin E Zimmer
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Alexandra M Hudecova
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Kristine E A Hansen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Hanne F Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway; National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep, N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vidar Berg
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Jan L Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | | | - Nur Duale
- Section of Molecular Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
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10
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De Silva AO, Armitage JM, Bruton TA, Dassuncao C, Heiger-Bernays W, Hu XC, Kärrman A, Kelly B, Ng C, Robuck A, Sun M, Webster TF, Sunderland EM. PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:631-657. [PMID: 33201517 PMCID: PMC7906948 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most human exposure assessments have focused on 2 to 5 legacy PFAS, and wildlife assessments are typically limited to targeted PFAS (up to ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production are occurring rapidly, and targeted methods for detecting PFAS have not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry are thus emerging as essential tools for PFAS exposure assessment. Such methods enable researchers to better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal perfluoroalkyl acids. Available data suggest that diet is the major human exposure pathway for some PFAS, but there is large variability across populations and PFAS compounds. Additional data on total fluorine in exposure media and the fraction of unidentified organofluorine are needed. Drinking water has been established as the major exposure source in contaminated communities. As water supplies are remediated, for the general population, exposures from dust, personal care products, indoor environments, and other sources may be more important. A major challenge for exposure assessments is the lack of statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between PFAS and neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation of traditional bioaccumulation metrics. There is evidence that both phospholipids and proteins are important for the tissue partitioning and accumulation of PFAS. New mechanistic models for PFAS bioaccumulation are being developed that will assist in wildlife risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631-657. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Ng
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Robuck
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI USA
| | - Mei Sun
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC USA
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11
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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Nickerson A, Maizel AC, Kulkarni PR, Adamson DT, Kornuc JJ, Higgins CP. Enhanced Extraction of AFFF-Associated PFASs from Source Zone Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4952-4962. [PMID: 32200626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) derived from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) are increasingly recognized as groundwater contaminants, though the composition and distribution of AFFF-derived PFASs associated with soils and subsurface sediments remain largely unknown. This is particularly true for zwitterionic and cationic PFASs, which may be incompletely extracted from subsurface solids by analytical methods developed for anionic PFASs. Therefore, a method involving sequential basic and acidic methanol extractions was developed and evaluated for recovery of anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic PFASs from field-collected, AFFF-impacted soils. The method was validated by spike-recovery experiments with equilibrated soil-water-AFFF and analytical standards. To determine the relative importance of PFASs lacking commercially available analytical standards, their concentrations were estimated by a novel semiquantitation approach. Total PFAS concentrations determined by semiquantitation were compared with concentrations determined by the total oxidizable precursor assay. Finally, the described method was applied to two soil cores from former fire-training areas in which cations and zwitterions were found to contribute up to 97% of the total PFAS mass. This result demonstrates the need for extraction and analysis methods, such as the ones presented here, that are capable of quantifying cationic and zwitterionic PFASs in AFFF-impacted source zone soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Nickerson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andrew C Maizel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Poonam R Kulkarni
- GSI Environmental Inc., 2211 Norfolk Suite 1000, Houston, Texas 77098, United States
| | - David T Adamson
- GSI Environmental Inc., 2211 Norfolk Suite 1000, Houston, Texas 77098, United States
| | - John J Kornuc
- NAVFAC EXWC, 1100 23rd Avenue, Port Hueneme, California 93041, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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13
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Catherine M, Nadège B, Charles P, Yann A. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the marine environment: Spatial distribution and temporal profile shifts in shellfish from French coasts. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:640-648. [PMID: 31063911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in filter-feeding shellfish collected from 2013 to 2017 along the English Channel, Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of France. PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), PFTrDA (perfluorotridecanoic acid), PFTeDA (perfluorotetradecanoic acid), PFDoDA (perfluorododecanoic acid) and PFUnDA (perfluoroundecanoic acid) were detected in more than 80% of samples, thus indicating widespread contamination of the French coastal environment by these chemicals. The distribution of PFAS concentrations showed differences according to sampling locations and years. PFOS was the predominant PFAS in most samples collected from English Channel and Atlantic coasts until 2014, but the opposite was observed in 2015, 2016 and 2017, while perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) prevailed in Mediterranean samples in all study years. Among PFCAs, PFTrDA showed the highest maximum (1.36 ng g-1 ww) and median (0.077 ng g-1 ww) concentrations in 2016-2017. Other PFAS median concentrations were within the 0.014 (PFNA) - 0.055 (PFTeDA) ng g-1 ww range. The profiles determined each year in most Mediterranean samples suggest distinctive sources. PFOS median concentrations showed a significant decrease over the study years, from 0.118 to 0.126 ng g-1 ww in 2013-2015 to 0.066 ng g-1 ww in 2016 and 2017. ∑PFCAs showed no trends in concentration ranges over the same years. The shift in PFAS profiles from PFOS to long-chain PFCAs over the study period reflects PFOS production phase-out, combined with continuous inputs of PFCAs into the marine environment. These results provide reference data for future studies of the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern on European coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munschy Catherine
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France.
| | - Bely Nadège
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France
| | - Pollono Charles
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France
| | - Aminot Yann
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France
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14
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Workman CE, Becker AB, Azad MB, Moraes TJ, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Brook JR, Sears MR, Wong CS. Associations between concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in human plasma and maternal, infant, and home characteristics in Winnipeg, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:758-766. [PMID: 30933773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are known to be toxic, bioaccumulative, and persistent. However, exposure routes and toxic effects to humans are still widely unknown. Our objectives were to evaluate potential correlations between concentrations of PFASs in maternal plasma and infant cord blood with home characteristics and developmental effects, including wheezing. The concentrations of 17 PFASs were measured in plasma from prenatal women (n = 414), postnatal women (n = 247), and cord blood (n = 50) from a subset of participants in a population-based birth cohort in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, using online solid phase extraction (SPE) with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Multiple linear regression and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate possible associations with PFAS concentrations. Surveys were used to collect information regarding maternal characteristics (e.g. age, parity, duration of breastfeeding), infant characteristics (e.g. birth weight, birth length, head circumference, gestational age, and incidence of recurrent wheezing), and home characteristics (e.g. home age,carpet coverage in the most used room, presence of new furniture, or recent home renovations). PFASs in plasma were associated with maternal characteristics but not home characteristics or early childhood wheezing. PFASs were not associated with developmental effects, with the exception that perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA) was negatively associated with birth weight. Further studies investigating the potential influences of PFUA on birth weight are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Workman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Allan B Becker
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Piush J Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics & Physiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, The University of Winnipeg, Richardson College for the Environment, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Richardson College for the Environment, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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15
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Martín J, Hidalgo F, García-Corcoles MT, Ibáñez-Yuste AJ, Alonso E, Vilchez JL, Zafra-Gómez A. Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in marine echinoderms: Results of laboratory-scale experiments with Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:261-271. [PMID: 30317097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of six perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was assessed using the marine echinoderm Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791. Batch experiments were conducted to establish the relationship between concentrations in water, sediment and biota over 197 days. The sample treatment for the determination of compounds involves steps of lyophilization, solvent extraction and clean-up of the extracts with dispersive sorbents. PFAS were then analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. During contaminant exposure, detectable levels of compounds were found in all samples collected. Mean concentrations of selected PFAS were higher in sediments than in water samples. This fact is explained by the strong adsorption of these compounds into sediments. Sediment-water distribution coefficients (log Kd) were in the range 0.11 (PFBuA) to 2.46 (PFOA). Beside this, PFAS accumulation was observed in Holothuria tubulosa organisms. The uptake of PFAS was very rapid, reaching the maximum between 22 and 38 days of assay. Bioaccumulation factors (mean log BAF: 1.16-4.39) and biota sediment accumulation factors (mean log BSAF: 1.37-2.89) indicated a high bioaccumulation potential for the target compounds. Both parameters increased with perfluoroalkyl chain length (R2 > 0.93; p < 0.05). In organ-specific distributions of PFAS, greater concentrations were found in intestine than in gonads. Also, male specimens showed higher concentration levels than female (student t-test: tcal = 2.788, ttab = 2.262; p < 0.05). These data provide a detailed accounting of PFAS fate and distribution in the marine environment highlighting accumulation at lower trophic levels, a potential source for contamination in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Félix Hidalgo
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María Teresa García-Corcoles
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro José Ibáñez-Yuste
- Agriculture and Fisheries Management Agency of Andalusia (AGAPA), Administrative Central Services, Av. of Greece s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Luís Vilchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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16
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Lynch JM, Ragland JM, Reagen WK, Wolf ST, Malinsky MD, Ellisor MB, Moors AJ, Pugh RS, Reiner JL. Feasibility of using the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank for retrospective exploratory studies of perfluorinated alkyl acids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:781-789. [PMID: 29272847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) have been used for 50+ years in materials such as stain-resistant treatments for paper and clothing, lubricants, and foam fire extinguishers. PFAAs are characterized by a fully fluorinated alkyl chain with a terminal acid group. Their long half-lives and ubiquitous environmental distribution create considerable concern for wildlife and human exposure. There is interest in examining temporal trends of PFAAs using the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (NMMTB), but NMMTB tissues are frozen and cryohomogenized in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based materials. Because PTFE supplies may leach PFAAs into samples, this study mimicked collection, processing and storage steps of NMMTB samples and measured PFAA leaching to determine the feasibility of using this sample archive for PFAA temporal trends. We also explored concentrations in Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus, WSDs) and rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis, RTDs) blubber (n=3 and 0) and liver (n=48 and 12, respectively). The materials used in NMMTB protocols may add up to 0.968ng/g perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 0.090ng/g perfluorononanoic acid (PNFA), and 0.221ng/g perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to each archived sample. Leaching of PFNA and PFOS from supplies compared to dolphin levels was negligible, but PFOA contributions were substantially higher than levels found in most dolphin liver samples. Therefore, monitoring PFOA temporal trends from the NMMTB would require careful consideration. RTDs had significantly higher levels of PFOS and PFNA than WSDs. Both species have similar life history, trophic status, and foraging behaviors in deep pelagic waters, so differences could be from latitudinal variation in contamination. RTDs stranded in Florida; WSDs stranded farther north mostly in Massachusetts. Juveniles had significantly higher levels of PFOS and PFNA than adults in both species, suggesting growth dilution as they approach maturity. PFOS significantly decreased after 2001 in both species as expected based on changes in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Lynch
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - Jared M Ragland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael B Ellisor
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Amanda J Moors
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Rebecca S Pugh
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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17
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Zheng H, Wang F, Zhao Z, Ma Y, Yang H, Lu Z, Cai M, Cai M. Distribution profiles of per- and poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their re-regulation by ocean currents in the East and South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:481-486. [PMID: 28800911 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the distribution of 17 individual per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 42 surface water samples collected from the East and South China Seas (7.0-36.0°N, 110.0°N-123.0°E). Concentrations of 7 individual PFASs, including perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), were quantified in the East China Sea, but only concentrations of PFOA and FOSA were quantified in the South China Sea. The total concentrations of the 17 PFASs ranged from 181 to 2658pg/L in the East China Sea and from 62 to 494pg/L in the South China Sea. We also show that river fluxes and ocean currents had a strong influence on the distribution of PFASs in the East China Sea. Using ArcGIS 10.1, we show how ocean currents control the spatial distribution of PFOA in the central South China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Haizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
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18
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Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Botha H, Cantu TM, Gouws MA, Guillette MP, Koelmel JP, Luus-Powell WJ, Myburgh J, Rynders O, Sara JR, Smit WJ, Bowden JA. Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:59-67. [PMID: 29191316 PMCID: PMC6584947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value<0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Hannes Botha
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa; Scientific Services, Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Theresa M Cantu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Marco A Gouws
- Department of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Matthew P Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | | | - Jan Myburgh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Olivia Rynders
- Department of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Joseph R Sara
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Willem J Smit
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
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19
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Sedlak MD, Benskin JP, Wong A, Grace R, Greig DJ. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in San Francisco Bay wildlife: Temporal trends, exposure pathways, and notable presence of precursor compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:1217-1226. [PMID: 28477851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in San Francisco Bay (SF Bay) wildlife have historically been among the highest reported globally. To track continuing exposures to PFASs and assess the impact of the 2002 phase-out of production of PFOS and related chemicals in the US, nine perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C4-C12), three perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs; C4, C6, C8) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA, a PFOS precursor) were measured in SF Bay cormorant eggs in 2012 and harbor seal serum sampled between 2009 and 2014. PFOS remained the dominant perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) in both cormorant eggs (36.1-466 ng/g) and seals (12.6-796 ng/g) from 2012 and 2014, respectively. Concentrations in seal and bird eggs from the South Bay have declined approximately 70% in both matrices. To elucidate potential pathways of exposure, prey fish, sediments and wastewater effluent were analyzed for PFASs, and in the case of sediment and effluent, a suite of PFAA precursors. PFOS was the dominant PFAA in prey fish and sediment. In effluent, different mixtures of PFAAs were measured, with PFOS, PFHxA, and PFOA detected in the highest concentrations. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (PFCA-precursors) were observed at concentrations over an order of magnitude higher than PFCAs in sediment, highlighting their importance as a potential, on-going source of PFCAs to SF Bay wildlife. These findings suggest that the PFOS phase-out has resulted in reduced burdens to wildlife in SF Bay, but that exposure to diverse and incompletely characterized PFASs continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret D Sedlak
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Adam Wong
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Richard Grace
- SGS AXYS, 2045 Mills Road West, Sidney, BC V8L 5X2, Canada.
| | - Denise J Greig
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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Dassuncao C, Hu XC, Zhang X, Bossi R, Dam M, Mikkelsen B, Sunderland EM. Temporal Shifts in Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in North Atlantic Pilot Whales Indicate Large Contribution of Atmospheric Precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4512-4521. [PMID: 28350446 PMCID: PMC7784705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent, bioaccumulative anthropogenic compounds associated with adverse health impacts on humans and wildlife. PFAS production changed in North America and Europe around the year 2000, but impacts on wildlife appear to vary across species and location. Unlike other mammal species, cetaceans lack the enzyme for transforming an important intermediate precursor (perfluorooctane sulfonamide: FOSA), into a prevalent compound in most wildlife (perfluorooctanesulfonate: PFOS). Thus, their tissue burden differentiates these two compounds while other mammals contain PFOS from both direct exposure and precursor degradation. Here we report temporal trends in 15 PFASs measured in muscle from juvenile male North Atlantic pilot whales (Globicephala melas) harvested between 1986 and 2013. FOSA accounted for a peak of 84% of the 15 PFASs around 2000 but declined to 34% in recent years. PFOS and long-chained PFCAs (C9-C13) increased significantly over the whole period (2.8% yr-1 to 8.3% yr-1), but FOSA declined by 13% yr-1 after 2006. Results from FOSA partitioning and bioaccumulation modeling forced by changes in atmospheric inputs reasonably capture magnitudes and temporal patterns in FOSA concentrations measured in pilot whales. Rapid changes in atmospheric FOSA in polar and subpolar regions around 2000 helps to explain large declines in PFOS exposure for species that metabolize FOSA, including seafood consuming human populations. This work reinforces the importance of accounting for biological exposures to PFAS precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton Dassuncao
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
| | - Xindi C. Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, PO Box 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
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21
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Barzen-Hanson KA, Roberts SC, Choyke S, Oetjen K, McAlees A, Riddell N, McCrindle R, Ferguson PL, Higgins CP, Field JA. Discovery of 40 Classes of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Historical Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-Impacted Groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2047-2057. [PMID: 28098989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), are released into the environment during response to fire-related emergencies. Repeated historical applications of AFFF at military sites were a result of fire-fighter training exercises and equipment testing. Recent data on AFFF-impacted groundwater indicates that ∼25% of the PFASs remain unidentified. In an attempt to close the mass balance, a systematic evaluation of 3M and fluorotelomer-based AFFFs, commercial products, and AFFF-impacted groundwaters from 15 U.S. military bases was conducted to identify the remaining PFASs. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for compound discovery. Nontarget analysis utilized Kendrick mass defect plots and a "nontarget" R script. Suspect screening compared masses with those of previously reported PFASs. Forty classes of novel anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFASs were discovered, and an additional 17 previously reported classes were observed for the first time in AFFF and/or AFFF-impacted groundwater. All 57 classes received an acronym and IUPAC-like name derived from collective author knowledge. Thirty-four of the 40 newly identified PFAS classes derive from electrochemical fluorination (ECF) processes, most of which have the same base structure. Of the newly discovered PFASs found only in AFFF-impacted groundwater, 11 of the 13 classes are ECF-derived, and the remaining two classes are fluorotelomer-derived, which suggests that both ECF- and fluorotelomer-based PFASs are persistent in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista A Barzen-Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Simon C Roberts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sarah Choyke
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Karl Oetjen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alan McAlees
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Robert McCrindle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University , 1007 ALS Building, 2750 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Routti H, Gabrielsen GW, Herzke D, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C. Spatial and temporal trends in perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) from Svalbard. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:230-238. [PMID: 27089420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates concentrations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASA) in plasma from ringed seals sampled in the period 1990-2010 (n = 71) in Svalbard, Norway. Perfluorooctane sulfonate was dominant among the perfluoroalkyl substances. PFCAs were dominated by perfluoroundecanoate followed by perfluorononanoate. C4C8 PFCAs and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) were detected in ≤42% of the samples. PFSA and PFCA concentrations were higher in seals sampled from Kongsfjorden, a fjord influenced by strong inflows of Atlantic Water compared to seals from fjords dominated by Arctic Water (e.g. Billefjorden). Sex, age and body condition of the seals did not influence PFAS concentrations. Due to the confounding effect of year and sampling area, temporal trends were assessed only in seals sampled from Kongsfjorden (5 years, n = 51). PFHxS and PFOS concentrations did not show significant linear trends during the whole study period, but a decrease was observed since 2004. Concentrations of all of the detected PFCAs (C9C13 PFCAs) increased until 2004 after which they have declined or stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
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Nordén M, Berger U, Engwall M. Developmental toxicity of PFOS and PFOA in great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), herring gull (Larus argentatus) and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10855-10862. [PMID: 26895726 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are found globally in environmental samples and have been studied in various species. In this study, we compare the sensitivity of three avian species to the toxic effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Eggs of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), herring gull (Larus argentatus) and the domestic White Leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) were exposed in ovo by injection into the air sac. Effects on embryo survival were observed following exposure to PFOS and PFOA in chicken and herring gull. Chicken was found to be the most sensitive species with 50 % reduced embryo survival at 8.5 μg/g egg for PFOS and 2.5 μg/g egg for PFOA. Cormorant was shown to be the least sensitive species. The difference in sensitivity between chicken and herring gull was a factor of 2.7 for PFOS and 3.5 for PFOA. Between chicken and great cormorant, the sensitivity difference was 2.6 for PFOS and 8.2 for PFOA. Effects on embryo survival were seen at egg injection doses of PFOS close to levels found in environmental samples from wild birds, indicating that PFOS could be having effects in highly exposed populations of birds. This study also shows that there are differences in species sensitivity to PFOS and PFOA that should be taken into consideration in avian wildlife risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Nordén
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm university, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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24
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Franklin J. How reliable are field-derived biomagnification factors and trophic magnification factors as indicators of bioaccumulation potential? Conclusions from a case study on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 12:6-20. [PMID: 25845916 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the usefulness of the metrics BMF (biomagnification factor) and TMF (trophic magnification factor), derived from field measurements of the levels of contaminants in naturally occurring biota, for characterizing the bioaccumulation potential ("B") of chemicals. Trophic magnification factor and BMF values greater than 1.0 are often considered to be the most conclusive indicators of B status, and the TMF criterion has been referred to as the "gold standard" for B categorization. Although not wishing to dispute the theoretical primacy of field-derived BMFs and TMFs as B metrics, we make the case that, in practice, the study-to-study (and even within-study) variability of the results is so great that they are of very restricted usefulness for assessing B status, at least in the case of the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), on which we focus here. This conclusion is based on an analysis of the results of 24 peer-reviewed studies reporting field-derived BMFs or TMFs for 14 PFASs, for which BMF values often range over several orders of magnitude from <<1.0 to >>1.0, sometimes even in the same study. For TMFs, the range is a factor of approximately 20 for the most intensely studied PFASs (perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA] and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [PFOS]). We analyze the possible causes for such variability: To some extent it results from the differing ways in which the metrics are expressed, but most of the scatter is likely attributable to such factors as nonachievement of the tacitly assumed steady-state conditions, uncertainties in the feeding ecology, the impact of metabolism of precursor compounds, and so forth. As more trustworthy alternatives to field-derived BMFs and TMFs, we suggest the implementation of dietary BMF studies performed under strictly controlled conditions on aquatic, terrestrial, and avian species, as well as the consideration of measured elimination half-lives, which have been demonstrated to be directly related to BMF values.
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25
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Kakuschke A, Griesel S. Essential and Toxic Elements in Blood Samples of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Islands Helgoland (North Sea) and Anholt (Baltic Sea): A Comparison Study with Urbanized Areas. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:67-74. [PMID: 26253942 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from Helgoland (North Sea) and Anholt (Kattegat, Baltic Sea) are top predators within the marine food web and an indicator species of the environmental contamination. Furthermore, they are a main tourist attraction. Despite these important roles, little is known about the health and pollutant contamination of these seals. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate 18 essential and nonessential/toxic elements (Al, As, Be, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, and Zn) in blood samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and total X-ray-fluorescence spectrometry. Blood concentrations of mineral nutrients, such as Ca, K, P, and S, were within the reference ranges described for harbor seals. Likewise, for the trace elements, As, Be, Rb, Se, and Sr, no significant differences were observed compared with previous studies. Interestingly, blood concentrations of nine nonessential as well as essential trace metals (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn) measured significantly lower in the offshore living seals from Helgoland and Anholt compared with results obtained from animals living close to urbanized areas, such as the Wadden Sea and Elbe estuary. This suggests that industrial emissions, sewage deposition, shipping traffic and dredging tasks might be the cause of increased metal concentrations of inshore harbor seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kakuschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
- , Sillemstraße 104, 20257, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Simone Griesel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
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26
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Kato H, Fujii S, Takahashi M, Matsumoto M, Hirata-Koizumi M, Ono A, Hirose A. Repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity of perfluorododecanoic acid in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1244-63. [PMID: 24753098 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are a series of environmental contaminants that have received attention because of their possible adverse effects on wildlife and human health. Although many toxicological studies have been performed on perfluorooctanoic acid with carbon chain length C8, available toxicity data on PFCAs with longer chains are still insufficient to evaluate their hazard. A combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening study for perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA; C12) was conducted in accordance with OECD guideline 422 to fill these toxicity data gaps. PFDoA was administered by gavage to male and female rats at 0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/kg/day. The administration of PFDoA at 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg/day for 42-47 days mainly affected the liver, in which hypertrophy, necrosis, and inflammatory cholestasis were noted. Body weight gain was markedly inhibited in the 2.5 mg/kg/day group, and a decrease in hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and atrophic changes in the spleen, thymus, and adrenal gland were also observed. Regarding reproductive/developmental toxicity, various histopathological changes, including decreased spermatid and spermatozoa counts, were observed in the male reproductive organs, while continuous diestrous was observed in the females of the 2.5 mg/kg/day group. Seven of twelve females receiving 2.5 mg/kg/day died during late pregnancy while four other females in this group did not deliver live pups. No reproductive or developmental parameters changed at 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg/day. Based on these results, the NOAELs of PFDoA were concluded to be 0.1 mg/kg/day for repeated dose toxicity and 0.5 mg/kg/day for reproductive/developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kato
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Sakiko Fujii
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd., 363-24 Sin-ei, Kiyota-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 004-0839, Japan
| | - Mika Takahashi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Mariko Matsumoto
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hirata-Koizumi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Wang H, Wang W. OH radical-initiated oxidation degradation and atmospheric lifetime of N-ethylperfluorobutyramide in the presence of O₂/NOx. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:241-249. [PMID: 25957036 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The OH radical-initiated oxidation degradation of N-ethylperfluorobutyramide (EtFBA) in the presence of O2/NOx was investigated theoretically by using density functional theory (DFT). All possible pathways involved in the oxidation process were presented and discussed. The study shows that the H abstraction from the C(2)H(2) group in EtFBA is the most energetically favorable because of the lowest barrier and highest exothermicity. Canonical variational transition-state (CVT) theory with small curvature tunneling (SCT) contribution was used to predict the rate constants over the temperature range of 180-370 K. At 296 K, the calculated overall rate constant of EtFBA with OH radicals is 2.50 × 10(-12)cm(3)molecule(-1)s(-1). The atmospheric lifetime of EtFBA determined by OH radicals is short, about 4.6 days at 296K. However, the atmospheric lifetimes of its primary oxidation products, C3F7C(O)N(H)C(O)CH3, C3F7C(O)N(H)CH2CHO and C3F7C(O)NH2, are much longer, about 30-50 days. It demonstrates the possibility that the atmospheric oxidation degradation of polyfluorinated amides (PFAMs) contributes to the burden of observed perfluorinated pollutants in the Arctic region. This study reveals for the first time that the water molecule plays an important catalytic effect on several key elementary steps and promotes the degradation potential of EtFBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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28
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Ahrens L, Norström K, Viktor T, Cousins AP, Josefsson S. Stockholm Arlanda Airport as a source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to water, sediment and fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:33-8. [PMID: 24821232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fire training facilities are potential sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the nearby environment due to the usage of PFAS-containing aqueous fire-fighting foams (AFFFs). The multimedia distribution of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTSA) was investigated near a fire training facility at Stockholm Arlanda Airport in Sweden. The whole body burden of PFASs in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) was 334±80μg absolute and was distributed as follows: Gonad>liver≈muscle>blood>gill. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and sediment/water partition coefficient (Kd) increased by 0.6-1.7 and 0.2-0.5 log units, respectively, for each additional CF2 moiety for PFCAs and PFSAs. PFAS concentrations in water showed no significant decreasing trend between 2009 and 2013 (p>0.05), which indicates that Stockholm Arlanda Airport may be an important source for long-term contamination of the nearby environment with PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ahrens
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Norström
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, BOX 21060, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Viktor
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, BOX 21060, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Palm Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, BOX 21060, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Bustnes JO, Bangjord G, Ahrens L, Herzke D, Yoccoz NG. Perfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in a terrestrial raptor: relationships to environmental conditions and individual traits. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:184-191. [PMID: 25323676 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wildlife may be influenced by the physical and biotic environment, and concentrations vary greatly among areas, seasons, and individuals. Different hypotheses about sources of variation in perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations were examined in eggs (n = 107) of tawny owls (Strix aluco) collected over a 24-yr period (1986-2009) in Norway. Predictor variables included the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), temperature, snow, food availability (vole abundance), and individual traits such as age, body condition, and clutch size. Concentrations of both perfluoro-octane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) varied several fold in the population, both inter- and intra-annually. Moreover, individuals laid eggs with several times higher or lower PFAS concentrations within few years (1 yr-5 yr). After controlling for temporal trends (i.e., declining PFOS and increasing PFCA concentrations), both PFOS and PFCAs were positively associated to the winter NAO in the previous year (NAOy - 1 ), suggesting that atmospheric transport may be affecting the input of PFASs to the local ecosystem. Perfluoro-octane sulfonate was negatively related to temperature, but the pattern was complex as there was an interaction between temperature and the feeding conditions. The PFOS accumulation was highest in years with high vole abundance and low to medium temperatures. For PFCAs, there was an interaction between NAOy - 1 and feeding conditions, suggesting that strong air transport toward Norway and high consumption of voles led to a moderate increase in PFCA accumulation. The individual traits, however, had very little impact on the concentrations of PFASs in the eggs. The present study thus suggests that annual variation in environmental conditions influences the concentrations of PFASs in a terrestrial raptor such as the tawny owl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, FRAM-High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway
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Pan CG, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Zhang QQ, Chen ZF, Lai HJ, Peng FJ, Liu SS, Ying GG. Bioaccumulation and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in wild freshwater fish from rivers in the Pearl River Delta region, South China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:192-199. [PMID: 25011114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in various industries, which results in their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This study determined the concentrations of eighteen PFASs in muscle and liver of nine wild freshwater fish species collected from rivers in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, South China, and assessed their bioaccumulation and potential health risks to local people. The results showed that eight and twelve PFASs were detected in the fish muscle and liver samples, respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found to be the predominant PFAS both in muscle and liver with its highest concentrations of 79ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle and 1500ng/g ww in liver, followed by Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) with trace concentrations. The mean PFOS concentrations in fish muscle and liver tissues of the nine collected species ranged from 0.40ng/g in mud carp to 25ng/g in snakehead, and from 5.6ng/g in mud carp to 1100ng/g in snakehead, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found among PFASs both in water and fish, indicating a similar pollution source for these PFASs. In tilapia samples, PFOS concentrations showed an increasing trend with increasing length and weight, but no significant difference between genders. Bioaccumulation factors (logBAF) in fish for the PFASs were in the range from 2.1 to 5.0. The calculated hazard ratios (HR) of PFOS for all fishes were in the range of 0.05-2.8, with four out of nine species (tilapia, chub, leather catfish and snakehead) having their HR values more than 1.0. The results suggest that frequent consumption of these four fish species may pose health risks to local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hua-Jie Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Ahrens L, Bundschuh M. Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1921-9. [PMID: 24924660 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C8 -based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Jo A, Ji K, Choi K. Endocrine disruption effects of long-term exposure to perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and related mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:360-366. [PMID: 24582365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been frequently detected in both the environment and biota, however the endocrine disruption potentials and underlying mechanism of long-chain PFAAs have not yet been fully understood in fish. In the present study, the effects of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) on sex steroid hormones and expression of mRNA of selected genes in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis were evaluated after 120 d exposure of zebrafish. In addition, production of sex hormones and transcription of steroidogenic genes were measured after in vitro exposure of H295R cells for 48 h. Exposure to PFTrDA resulted in reduced production of testosterone (T) along with lesser expression of CYP17A mRNA in H295R cells. In zebrafish, significant up-regulation of vtg1 was observed in males exposed to PFDA, whereas down-regulation was observed in females exposed to PFTrDA. In male zebrafish, concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) were significantly increased at 0.01 mg L(-1) PFTrDA. Significant increases in ratios of E2/T and E2/11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) were observed in male zebrafish after exposure to PFDA or PFTrDA, indicating estrogenic potentials of these compounds. The results of this study showed that long-term exposure to PFDA or PFTrDA could modulate sex steroid hormone production and related gene transcription of the HPG axis in a sex-dependent manner. Consequences of endocrine disruptions in reproduction performances of the fish warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areum Jo
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin 449-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Law RJ. An overview of time trends in organic contaminant concentrations in marine mammals: going up or down? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 82:7-10. [PMID: 24703807 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article I review recent trends reported in the literature from 2008 to date for organic contaminant concentrations in marine mammal tissues worldwide, in order to get an idea of where we stand currently in relation to the control of hazardous substances. For many contaminants which have been subject to regulation regarding their production and use (e.g. organochlorine pesticides, PBDE and HBCD flame retardants, butyltins) trends are downwards. For perfluorinated compounds, trends are more mixed. For dioxins, furans and dioxin-like CBs, there are no recent data, for either concentrations or trends. For CBs overall, earlier downward trends in concentration in UK harbour porpoises following regulation beginning in the 1980s have stalled, and remain at toxicologically significant levels. This raises concerns for killer whales and bottlenose dolphins who, because of their larger size and greater bioaccumulation potential, have higher levels still, often far above accepted toxicological threshold values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Law
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
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Johansson JH, Berger U, Vestergren R, Cousins IT, Bignert A, Glynn A, Darnerud PO. Temporal trends (1999-2010) of perfluoroalkyl acids in commonly consumed food items. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 188:102-108. [PMID: 24583389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine how dietary exposure to PFAAs has changed over the period when major production changes occurred. Archived samples (1999-2010) of eggs, milk and farmed rainbow trout were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Statistically significant decreasing trends were observed for concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in fish (p < 0.002 and p < 0.032, respectively) and eggs (p < 0.001 for both compounds). Concentrations of PFOS in fish and eggs decreased by a factor of 10 and 40, respectively. In eggs there was also a statistically significant decreasing trend in concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The results of this study demonstrate that PFAA concentrations in food items from agricultural food chains and aquatic food chains close to sources respond rapidly to changes in environmental emissions. Implications for the overall understanding of human exposure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana H Johansson
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bignert
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Swedish National Food Agency, Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rigét F, Bossi R, Sonne C, Vorkamp K, Dietz R. Trends of perfluorochemicals in Greenland ringed seals and polar bears: indications of shifts to decreasing trends. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1607-14. [PMID: 24025534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Time-series of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs) in East Greenland polar bears and East and West Greenland ringed seals were updated in order to deduce whether a response to the major reduction in perfluoroalkyl production in the early 2000s had occurred. Previous studies had documented an exponential increase of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) in liver tissue from both species. In the present study, PFOS was still the far most dominant compound constituting 92% (West Greenland ringed seals), 88% (East Greenland ringed seals) and 85% (East Greenland polar bears). The PFOS concentrations increased up to 2006 with doubling times of approximately 6 years for the ringed seal populations and 14 years in case of polar bears. Since then a rapid decrease has occurred with clearing half-lives of approximately 1, 2 and 4 years, respectively. In polar bears perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulphonamide (PFOSA) also showed decreasing trends in recent years as do perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). For the West Greenland ringed seal population perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), PFDA and PFUnA peaked in the mid 2000s, whereas PFNA, PFDA and PFUnA in the East Greenland population have been stable or increasing in recent years. The peak of PFASs in Greenland ringed seals and polar bears occurred at a later time than in Canadian seals and polar bears and considerably later than observed in seal species from more southern latitudes. We suggest that this could be explained by the distance to emission hot-spots and differences in long-range transport to the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rigét
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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36
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Galatius A, Bossi R, Sonne C, Rigét FF, Kinze CC, Lockyer C, Teilmann J, Dietz R. PFAS profiles in three North Sea top predators: metabolic differences among species? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8013-20. [PMID: 23532533 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Profiles of seven compounds of perfluoro-alkyl substances (PFASs) were compared among three species of top predators from the Danish North Sea: the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). The seals had higher total burdens (757.8 ng g(-1) ww) than the dolphins (439.9 ng g(-1) ww) and the porpoises (355.8 ng g(-1) ww), probably a reflection of feeding closer to the shore and thus contamination sources. The most striking difference among the species was the relative contribution of perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) to the profiles; the seals (0.1%) had much lower levels than porpoises (8.3%) and dolphins (26.0%). In combination with the values obtained from the literature, this result indicates that Carnivora species including Pinnipedia have a much higher capacity of transforming PFOSA to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) than cetacean species. Another notable difference among the species was that the two smaller species (seals and porpoises) with supposedly higher metabolic rates had lower concentrations of the perfluorinated carboxylic acids, which are generally more easily excreted than perfluorinated sulfonamides. Species-specific characteristics should be recognized when PFAS contamination in marine mammals is investigated, for example, several previous studies of PFASs in cetaceans have not quantified PFOSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Galatius
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark,
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37
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Roos A, Berger U, Järnberg U, van Dijk J, Bignert A. Increasing concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids in Scandinavian otters (Lutra lutra) between 1972 and 2011: a new threat to the otter population? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11757-65. [PMID: 24033312 DOI: 10.1021/es401485t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver samples from 140 otters (Lutra lutra) from Sweden and Norway were analyzed for 10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C6-C15), 4 perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs; C4,C6,C8,C10) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the dominant compound accounting for approximately 80% of the fluorinated contaminants and showing concentrations up to 16 μg/g wet weight. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was the dominant PFCA (up to 640 ng/g wet weight) closely followed by the C10 and C11 homologues. A spatial comparison between otters from southwestern Norway, southern and northern Sweden sampled between 2005 and 2011 revealed that the samples from southern Sweden had generally the largest contaminant load, but two PFCAs and FOSA were higher concentrated in the Norwegian samples. A temporal trend study was performed on otters from southern Sweden collected between 1972 and 2011. Seven PFCAs (C8-C14), PFOS and perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (PFDS) showed significantly increasing trends with doubling times between 5.5 and 13 years. The PFCAs also showed significantly increasing trends over the period 2002 to 2011. These findings together with the exceptionally high liver concentrations of PFOS are of great concern for the Scandinavian otter populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roos
- Department of Contaminant Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Persson S, Rotander A, Kärrman A, van Bavel B, Magnusson U. Perfluoroalkyl acids in subarctic wild male mink (Neovison vison) in relation to age, season and geographical area. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:425-30. [PMID: 23928036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of biological and environmental factors on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a top predator; the American mink. Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) with C8-C13 perfluorinated carbon chains were analyzed in livers from wild male mink liver (n=101) from four areas in Sweden representing two inland environments (rural and highly anthropogenic, respectively) and two different coastal environments. Mean PFOS concentrations were 1250ng/g wet weight and some mink from the urban inland area had among the highest PFOS concentrations ever recorded in mink (up to 21 800ng/g wet weight). PFBS was detected in 89% of the samples, but in low concentrations (mean 0.6ng/g ww). There were significant differences in PFAA concentrations between the geographical areas (p<0.001-0.01). Age, body condition and body weight did not influence the concentrations significantly, but there was a seasonal influence on the concentrations of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), with lower concentrations in autumn samples than in samples taken in the winter and spring. It is thus recommended to take possible seasonal differences into account when using mink exposure data. The overall results suggest that the mink is a suitable sentinel species for assessing and monitoring environmental levels of PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Persson
- Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Yeung LWY, Taniyasu S, Yamazaki E, Wang R, Lam PKS, Yamashita N, Dai J. Age- and gender-related accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 179:61-7. [PMID: 23660395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in serum of the highly endangered captive Chinese alligators, whole body homogenates of six kinds of fish (alligator prey species), and pond water (alligator habitat) in the Anhui Research Center for Chinese Alligator Reproduction. Six PFASs, including PFOS and five perfluorinated carboxylates, were detected in all alligator samples. The most dominant PFAS was PFUnDA, with a mean value of 31.4 ng/mL. Significant positive correlations were observed among the six PFASs, suggesting that they shared similar sources of contamination. Significantly higher PFOS and PFUnDA levels were observed in males, but the other four PFCAs did not differ between genders. An age related PFAS bioaccumulation analysis showed a significant negative correlation of the concentrations for five PFCAs to age, which means that higher concentrations were found in younger animals. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in fish for PFASs ranged from 21 to 28,000, with lower BAF for PFOA than that for longer carbon chain PFCAs, including PFUnDA, PFDA, and PFNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Munschy C, Marchand P, Venisseau A, Veyrand B, Zendong Z. Levels and trends of the emerging contaminants HBCDs (hexabromocyclododecanes) and PFCs (perfluorinated compounds) in marine shellfish along French coasts. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:233-240. [PMID: 23375822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The levels and congener patterns of HBCDs (hexabromocyclododecanes) and PFCs (perfluorinated compounds) were determined in filter-feeding molluscs collected in 2008 and 2010 along the coasts of mainland France. α-HBCD and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) were detected in all samples, revealing widespread contamination of the coastal environment by these emerging contaminants. The spatial distribution of Σ-HBCD concentrations showed higher median levels in samples from the Mediterranean Sea and English Channel respectively, i.e. 0.19 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) and 0.08 ng g(-1) ww, related to high anthropogenic pressure from urban and industrial activities, while the median concentration was 0.05 ng g(-1) ww in samples from the Atlantic coast. Among PFCs, PFOS was the only compound detected in all samples and PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid) was the second most frequently-detected compound. PFOS median concentrations were 0.18 ng g(-1) ww, 0.09 ng g(-1) ww and 0.04 ng g(-1) ww in samples from the English Channel, the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean coast respectively. The highest PFOS concentration was found in the Loire estuary, possibly related to local industrial activities. The Mediterranean samples showed a different pattern, with predominant long-chain PFCAs (perfluorocarboxylic acids), suggesting the presence of alternative sources on the Mediterranean coast. The temporal trends studied in archived samples from the Seine estuary site showed a significant exponential increase in HBCD concentrations between 1981 and 2011, with a doubling time of 7 years, while PFOS levels underwent a significant linear decrease over time. These trends are coherent with current regulations on the use of these compounds. The results presented in this paper provide the first data on the contamination of the French coastal marine environment by the selected emerging compounds, and constitute a reference for the future monitoring of French coastal contamination by emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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41
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Leat EHK, Bourgeon S, Eze JI, Muir DCG, Williamson M, Bustnes JO, Furness RW, Borgå K. Perfluoroalkyl substances in eggs and plasma of an avian top predator, great skua (Stercorarius skua), in the North Atlantic. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:569-76. [PMID: 23258709 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Temporal, biological, and environmental factors affecting accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are poorly understood in comparison with legacy lipid-soluble persistent organic pollutants. Temporal and biological comparisons of PFAS concentrations were made in great skuas (Stercorarius skua), a marine apex predator. Concentrations of 16 PFASs were quantified, including C4-C10 perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), and C5-C14 perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs). Concentrations of PFASs (ng/g wet wt) were significantly higher in eggs collected in Shetland in 2008 compared with 1980 for most compounds. However, the magnitude of the differences was small, with a mean increase of 3 ng/g. Levels of PFASs in great skuas were low compared with those of other seabirds in similar ecological niches; and in contrast to other contaminants measured in the same eggs, concentrations of PFASs did not correlate with trophic level. Concentrations of PFASs in adult plasma were significantly higher in males than in females for most PFASs. This suggests that maternal transfer through egg laying may be a significant mode of elimination of PFASs in female great skuas. The low concentrations of PFASs in eggs and plasma compared with other halogenated organic contaminants and other species suggest that great skuas do not bioaccumulate PFASs to the same extent as some other seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza H K Leat
- Institute of Biodiversity, Comparative Medicine and Animal Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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42
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Keiter S, Baumann L, Färber H, Holbech H, Skutlarek D, Engwall M, Braunbeck T. Long-term effects of a binary mixture of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and bisphenol A (BPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 118-119:116-129. [PMID: 22542737 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vitro studies have reported the potential of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to increase the toxicity of other compounds. Given the complex nature of mixtures of environmental pollutants in aquatic systems together with the persistent and bioaccumulative properties of PFOS, this study aimed at evaluating the long-term effects and toxicity-increasing behavior of PFOS in vivo using the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were maintained in flow-through conditions and exposed to single and binary mixtures of PFOS and the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) at nominal concentrations of 0.6, 100 and 300 μg/L and 10, 200 and 400 μg/L, respectively. F1 and F2 generations were evaluated from 0 to 180 days post-fertilization (dpf) and F3 generation was evaluated from 0 to 14 dpf. Survival was documented in all generations, whereas growth, fecundity, fertilization rate, histological alterations (in liver, thyroid and gonads) and vitellogenin (Vtg) induction in males were evaluated for F1 and F2 generations. Data for growth were collected at 30, 90 and 180 dpf and data for histological evaluations and Vtg induction were analyzed at 90 and 180 dpf. No significant effects on survival were seen in the F1 generation in any treatment following 180 d exposure; however, in the F2 generation, 300 μg/L PFOS both alone and in combination with BPA (10, 200 and 400 μg/L) induced 100% mortality within 14 dpf. PFOS (0.6 and 300 μg/L) did not increase the Vtg-inducing potential of BPA (10, 200 and 400 μg/L) in a binary mixture. In contrast, binary mixtures with 300 μg/L PFOS suppressed the Vtg levels in F1 males at 90 dpf when compared to single BPA exposures. Whereas the lowest tested PFOS concentration (0.6 μg/L) showed an estrogenic potential in terms of significant Vtg induction, Vtg levels were generally found to decrease with increasing PFOS-exposure in both F1 and F2 generations. In F1 generation, BPA-exposure was found to increase Vtg levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Histological analyses of F1 and F2 fish revealed hepatocellular vacuolization, predominantly in males, following PFOS-exposure both alone and in combination with BPA. Hepatotoxicity by PFOS might explain the suppressed Vtg response seen in PFOS-exposed F1 and F2 males. PFOS-exposed fish also showed granulomas, mainly in the liver. Given previous reports of the immunosuppressive potential of PFOS, the granulomas could be a consequence of a PFOS-induced reduction of the immune response potential. In conclusion, the hypothesis that the presence of PFOS increases the endocrine potential of BPA could not be confirmed in zebrafish. Adverse effects on liver structure and survival were only seen at concentrations well above ecologically relevant concentrations; however, the decline in survival rates following PFOS-exposure seen over generations again documents the importance of long-term studies for the investigation of persistent environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Keiter
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - L Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Färber
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freudstr. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Holbech
- Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - D Skutlarek
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freudstr. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Department of Natural Science, University of Örebro, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 12 Örebro, Sweden
| | - T Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Gewurtz SB, De Silva AO, Backus SM, McGoldrick DJ, Keir MJ, Small J, Melymuk L, Muir DCG. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in Lake Ontario Lake Trout: detailed examination of current status and long-term trends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5842-5850. [PMID: 22553902 DOI: 10.1021/es3006095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs) were determined in Lake Ontario Lake Trout sampled annually between 1997 and 2008 in order to assess how current trends are responding to recent regulatory bans and voluntary phase-outs. We also combined our measurements with those of a previous study to provide an updated assessment of long-term trends. Concentrations of PFCs generally increased from the late 1970s until the mid-1980s to mid-1990s, after which concentrations either remained unchanged (perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorocarboxylates) or declined (perfluorodecanesulfonate (PFDS)). The temporal trends were assessed using three models, quadratic, exponential rise to maximum, and two-segment linear piecewise function, and then evaluated for best fit using Akaike Information Criteria. For PFOS and perfluorocarboxylates, the exponential rise to maximum function had the best fit. This is particularly interesting for PFOS as it suggests that although concentrations in Lake Ontario Lake Trout may have stopped increasing in response to voluntary phase-outs in 2000-2002, declines have yet to be observed. This may be due to continuing input of PFOS from products still in use and/or slow degradation of larger precursor molecules. A power analysis of PFOS suggested that 15 years of data with a within-year sample size of 10 is required to obtain sufficient power (80%) to detect a 5% decreasing trend. However, the length of the monitoring program had a greater influence on the ability to detect a trend compared to within-year sample size. This provides evidence that additional sampling years are required to detect a response to bans and phase-outs, given the variability in the fish data. The lack of observed declines of perfluorocarboxylate residues in fish may be expected as regulations for these compounds were only recently enacted. In contrast to the other compounds, the quadratic model had the best fit for PFDS. The results of this study emphasize the importance of long-term monitoring for assessing the effectiveness of bans and phase-outs on PFCs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Gewurtz
- Environment Canada, Water Science and Technology Directorate, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
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Ross MS, Wong CS, Martin JW. Isomer-specific biotransformation of perfluorooctane sulfonamide in Sprague-Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3196-3203. [PMID: 22339592 DOI: 10.1021/es204028v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Great variability exists in perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) isomer patterns in human and wildlife samples, including unexpectedly high percentages (e.g., >40%) of branched isomers in human sera. Previous in vitro tests showed that branched PFOS-precursors were biotransformed faster than the corresponding linear isomer. Thus, high percentages of branched PFOS may be a biomarker of PFOS-precursor exposure in humans. We evaluated this hypothesis by examining the isomer-specific fate of perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), a known PFOS-precursor, in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to commercial PFOSA via food for 77 days (83.0 ± 20.4 ng kg(-1) day(-1)), followed by 27 days of depuration. Elimination half-lives of the two major branched PFOSA isomers (2.5 ± 1.0 days and 3.7 ± 1.2 days) were quicker than for linear PFOSA (5.9 ± 4.6 days), resulting in a depletion of branched PFOSA isomers in blood and tissues relative to the dose. A corresponding increase in the total branched isomer content of PFOS, the ultimate metabolite, in rat serum was not observed. However, a significant enrichment of 5m-PFOS and a significant depletion of 1m-PFOS were observed, relative to authentic electrochemical PFOS. The data cannot be directly extrapolated to humans, due to known differences in the toxicokinetics of PFOS in rodents and humans. However, the results confirm that in vivo exposure to commercially relevant PFOS-precursors can result in a distinct PFOS isomer profile that may be useful as a biomarker of exposure source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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Huber S, Ahrens L, Bårdsen BJ, Siebert U, Bustnes JO, Víkingsson GA, Ebinghaus R, Herzke D. Temporal trends and spatial differences of perfluoroalkylated substances in livers of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) populations from Northern Europe, 1991-2008. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 419:216-224. [PMID: 22285090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Long-term temporal trends (1991-2008) and spatial differences of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were investigated in harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) liver samples of juvenile females from the Baltic and North Sea. Additionally, spatial differences between the populations in the Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean (i.e. Iceland and Norway) and the influence of the body mass, age and sex on the PFAS concentrations were examined. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant compound with a concentration range of 160-2425 ng/g wet weight (ww), followed by perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA, 1-237 ng/g ww) and perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA, 3-124 ng/g ww). In terms of temporal trends, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and PFOSA concentrations decreased over time, while, conversely, the C(9)-C(13) perfluoroalkyl carboxylate (PFCA) concentrations increased. Spatial distribution of the contaminant concentrations showed consistently higher concentrations in the Baltic Sea and lowest concentrations in the Icelandic population of the Atlantic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Huber
- NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research), Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
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47
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Dietz R, Rigét FF, Galatius A, Sonne C, Teilmann J, Bossi R. Spatial trends of perfluorochemicals in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from Danish waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:732-737. [PMID: 22100255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spatial trends of concentrations of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) were investigated in harbour seal liver tissue from seven locations in Denmark, ranging from the Wadden Sea in the southern North Sea to the Western Baltic. All samples were collected during the phocine distemper epizootic in 2002 which provided access to a large number of comparable samples over a short time period. PFOS was dominating (mean: 92% of ∑PFC) among the PFCs in the samples, followed by considerably lower concentrations of PFHxS (1.8%), PFDA (1.7%), PFNA (1.6%) PFUnA (1.5%), PFOA (0.9%) and PFOSA (0.5%). The concentrations of all the investigated compounds showed significant differences among the seven locations. PFOS showed the highest concentrations in the Wadden Sea, where high burdens have also been recorded in German seals. Most compounds showed a trend towards higher concentrations at one or both extremes of the geographic range. Two different patterns of relative PFC concentrations were detected; one in the inner Danish waters where PFOSA and PFUnA were more prevalent and another in the Wadden Sea and Limfjord where PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA were found in greater proportions. These patterns probably represent Baltic and North Sea contamination sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Fair PA, Houde M, Hulsey TC, Bossart GD, Adams J, Balthis L, Muir DCG. Assessment of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in plasma of bottlenose dolphins from two southeast US estuarine areas: relationship with age, sex and geographic locations. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:66-74. [PMID: 22118898 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma PFCs were measured in 157 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled from two US southeast Atlantic sites (Charleston (CHS), SC and Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL) during 2003-2005. ∑PFCs, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (∑PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (∑PFSAs) and individual compounds were significantly higher in CHS dolphins for all age/sex categories compared to IRL dolphins. Highest ∑PFCs concentrations occurred in CHS juvenile dolphins (2340 ng/g w.w.); significantly higher than found in adults (1570 ng/g w.w. males; 1330 ng/g w.w. females). ∑PFCAs were much greater in CHS dolphins (≈ 21%) compared to IRL dolphins (≈ 7%); ∑PFSAs were 79% in CHS dolphins versus 93% in IRL dolphins. PFOS, the dominant compound, averaged 72% and 84%, respectively, in CHS and IRL dolphins. Decreasing PFC levels occurred with age on the bioaccumulation of PFCs in both sites. These observations suggest PFC accumulation in these two dolphin populations are influenced by site-specific exposures with significantly higher levels in CHS dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Fair
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA.
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment Canada, Centre Saint-Lauremt, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7
| | - Thomas C Hulsey
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, Charleston, SC 25056, USA
| | - Gregory D Bossart
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946, USA; Georgia Aquarium, 225 Baker Street, NW Atlanta, GA 30313, USA
| | - Jeff Adams
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Len Balthis
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6
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Rotander A, Kärrman A, van Bavel B, Polder A, Rigét F, Auðunsson GA, Víkingsson G, Gabrielsen GW, Bloch D, Dam M. Increasing levels of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in Arctic and North Atlantic marine mammals, 1984-2009. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:278-285. [PMID: 22051347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variations in concentrations of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonic acids (PFSAs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) structural isomers, were examined in livers of pilot whale (Globicephala melas), ringed seal (Phoca hisida), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and in muscle tissue of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). The sampling spanned over 20 years (1984-2009) and covered a large geographical area of the North Atlantic and West Greenland. Liver and muscle samples were homogenized, extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up using hexane and solid phase extraction (SPE), and analyzed by liquid chromatography with negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In general, the levels of the long-chained PFCAs (C9-C12) increased whereas the levels of PFOS remained steady over the studied period. The PFOS isomer pattern in pilot whale liver was relatively constant over the sampling years. However, in ringed seals there seemed to be a decrease in linear PFOS (L-PFOS) with time, going from 91% in 1984 to 83% in 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rotander
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
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Rüdel H, Müller J, Jürling H, Bartel-Steinbach M, Koschorreck J. Survey of patterns, levels, and trends of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms and bird eggs from representative German ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1457-1470. [PMID: 21505789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) covering particularly the years 1994-1996, 2000-2002, and 2006-2009 were analyzed for perfluorinated compounds (PFC; mainly C4-C13 carboxylic and sulfonic acids) to gain an overview on current PFC levels and patterns in marine, limnetic, and terrestrial biota; to assess their concentrations in different trophic levels; and to investigate whether risk management measures for PFC are successful. METHODS Specimens, either standardized annual pooled samples (blue mussels, eelpout liver, bream liver, pigeon eggs) or individual single samples (cormorant eggs, rook eggs), were collected for the German ESB program from representative sampling sites according to documented guidelines. After appropriate extraction, PFC were quantified under ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation by HPLC/MS-MS with isotopically labeled internal standards. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.2-0.5 ng/g. Data are reported on a wet weight basis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In most samples the predominant PFC was perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). However, in marine mussels from North and Baltic Seas, PFOS levels were mostly below the LOQ, but low residues of PFOS amide were found which declined in recent years. Livers of eelpout showed maximum concentrations of 15-25 ng/g PFOS in the period 2000-2002 and low amounts of perfluoropentanoate in all years. Beside PFOS (median 48 ng/g) several PFC could be determined in cormorant eggs sampled in 2009 from a Baltic Sea site. For a freshwater ecosystem, current PFC burdens for cormorant eggs were even higher (median 400 ng/g PFOS). Livers of bream from rivers showed concentrations of 130-260 ng/g PFOS, but for bream from a reference lake levels were only about 6 ng/g. In contrast to cormorants, eggs of rook and feral pigeon from terrestrial ecosystems displayed only low PFC burdens (up to 6 ng/g PFOS). CONCLUSIONS Generally, PFC levels were lower in marine than in freshwater biota. PFC burdens were higher in biota from the ESB-North Sea sites than in Baltic Sea organisms. Levels of PFC were quite high especially in top predators of both limnetic and marine ecosystems. Only low PFC levels were detected in eggs of terrestrial birds. A decrease of PFOS levels from maximum values around the year 2000 observed at least in North Sea biota may be a result of a production cease and shifts in marketing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
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