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Riikonen S, Timonen J, Sikanen T. Environmental considerations along the life cycle of pharmaceuticals: Interview study on views regarding environmental challenges, concerns, strategies, and prospects within the pharmaceutical industry. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106743. [PMID: 38460610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Environmental impacts of medicines arise throughout their entire life cycle. The pharmaceutical industry has a key role in reducing these impacts in early production phases, but currently has limited possibilities to reduce the environmental exposure arising from drug consumption and end-of-life. The aim of this interview study was to explore the current environmental actions within the industry, as well as the views and attitudes toward the strategies to address the environmental challenges and concerns. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among representatives (n = 15) from twelve pharmaceutical companies operating in Finland in February-May 2021. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The representatives of pharmaceutical industry were overall well aware of the multifaceted environmental challenges related to the life cycle of pharmaceuticals and of their role in improving sustainability in production. Improving waste management and reducing impacts from companies' own operations were the most commonly mentioned actions already taking place within the companies (15/15). "Environmental impacts arising from drug consumption" (6/15) and "centralized drug manufacturing in countries with lax environmental regulation" (4/15) were most frequently brought up challenges difficult to resolve. "Development of environmentally more sustainable drug production in the company" was the most frequently raised key development need (5/15). To address this, establishment of tangible economic drivers, regulatory incentives, or reputational rewards were called for. "Incorporation of environmental aspects into decision-making in different situations" was suggested by 11/15 interviewees as a means to promote sustainable development, e.g. in selection of medicines by physicians and consumers. However, the attitudes towards the types of criteria and their evaluation differed between interviewees. Attitudes towards the "incorporation of environmental fate assessment into early phases of drug design and development" were mostly positive (10/11), suggesting that there is a keen interest in the industry to foster the introduction of new tools enabling the development of pharmaceuticals intrinsically less harmful for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Riikonen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56 00014, Finland.
| | - Johanna Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56 00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute for Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4 00014, Finland
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2
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Puhlmann N, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. How data on transformation products can support the redesign of sulfonamides towards better biodegradability in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171027. [PMID: 38378053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamide antibiotics (SUAs) released into the environment can affect environmental und human health, e.g., by accelerating the development and selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Benign by Design (BbD) of SUAs is an effective risk prevention approach. BbD principles aim for fast and complete mineralization or at least deactivation of the SUA after release into the aquatic environment. Main objective was to test if mixtures of transformation products (TPs) generated via photolysis of SUAs can be used as an efficient way to screen for similarly effective but better biodegradable SUA alternatives. Six SUAs were photolyzed (Hg ultraviolet (UV) light), and generated UV-mixtures analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an UV and tandem mass spectrometry detector. UV-mixtures were screened for antibiotic activity (luminescence bacteria test, LBT, on luminescence and growth inhibition of Aliivibrio Fischeri) and environmental biodegradability (manometric respirometry test, MRT, OECD 301F) using untreated parent SUAs in comparison. Additionally, ready environmental biodegradability of three commercially available hydroxylated sulfanilamide derivatives was investigated. SUA-TPs contributed to acute and chronic bacterial luminescence inhibition by UV-mixtures. LBT's third endpoint, growth inhibition, was not significant for UV-mixtures. However, it cannot be excluded for tested TPs as concentrations were lower than parents' concentrations and inhibition by most parental concentrations tested was also not significant. HPLC analysis of MRT samples revealed that one third of SUA-TPs was reduced during incubation. Three of these TPs, likely OH-SIX, OH-SMX and OH-STZ, were of interest for BbD because the sulfonamide moiety is still present. However, hydroxylated sulfanilamide derivatives, tested to investigate the effect of hydroxylation on biodegradability, were not readily biodegraded. Thus, improving mineralization through hydroxylation as a general rule couldn't be confirmed, and no BbD candidate could be identified. This study fills data gaps on bioactivity and environmental biodegradability of SUAs' TP-mixtures. Findings may support new redesign approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neele Puhlmann
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Research and Education Hub, International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Centre ISC(3), Germany.
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3
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Sudheshwar A, Apel C, Kümmerer K, Wang Z, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Valsami-Jones E, Som C, Nowack B. Learning from Safe-by-Design for Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design: Mapping the current landscape of Safe-by-Design reviews, case studies, and frameworks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108305. [PMID: 38048736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of the European Commission's "Safe and Sustainable-by-Design" (SSbD) framework, the interest in understanding the implications of safety and sustainability assessments of chemicals, materials, and processes at early-innovation stages has skyrocketed. Our study focuses on the "Safe-by-Design" (SbD) approach from the nanomaterials sector, which predates the SSbD framework. In this assessment, SbD studies have been compiled and categorized into reviews, case studies, and frameworks. Reviews of SbD tools have been further classified as quantitative, qualitative, or toolboxes and repositories. We assessed the SbD case studies and classified them into three categories: safe(r)-by-modeling, safe(r)-by-selection, or safe(r)-by-redesign. This classification enabled us to understand past SbD work and subsequently use it to define future SSbD work so as to avoid confusion and possibilities of "SSbD-washing" (similar to greenwashing). Finally, the preexisting SbD frameworks have been studied and contextualized against the SSbD framework. Several key recommendations for SSbD based on our analysis can be made. Knowledge gained from existing approaches such as SbD, green and sustainable chemistry, and benign-by-design approaches needs to be preserved and effectively transferred to SSbD. Better incorporation of chemical and material functionality into the SSbD framework is required. The concept of lifecycle thinking and the stage-gate innovation model need to be reconciled for SSbD. The development of high-throughput screening models is critical for the operationalization of SSbD. We conclude that the rapid pace of both SbD and SSbD development necessitates a regular mapping of the newly published literature that is relevant to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshat Sudheshwar
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina Apel
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Lüneburg, Germany; International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Centre (ISC3), Bonn, Germany
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lya G Soeteman-Hernández
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Claudia Som
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Espinosa A, Rascol E, Abellán Flos M, Skarbek C, Lieben P, Bannerman E, Martinez AD, Pethe S, Benoit P, Nélieu S, Labruère R. Re-designing environmentally persistent pharmaceutical pollutant through programmed inactivation: The case of methotrexate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135616. [PMID: 35810859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental emission of pharmaceutical pollutants notably causes the contamination of aquatic ecosystems and drinking water. Typically, reduction of these pollutants in the environment is mostly managed by ameliorated wastewater treatments. Here, we report a method for the eco-design of drugs through the introduction within the molecular structure of a sensitive chemical group responsive to water treatments. The new drugs are thus programmed to fragment more easily and quickly than the original drugs. In this "retro catabolic drug design" strategy, methotrexate was used as drug model and an ether analog displaying a similar pharmacological profile was selected. Using photo-irradiation experiments at 254 nm, a representative drinking water treatment process, the identified transformation products were predominantly obtained from the expected molecular scission. Moreover, a faster kinetics of degradation was measured for the ether analog as compared to methotrexate and its transformation products were far less cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Espinosa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Estelle Rascol
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Marta Abellán Flos
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Charles Skarbek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pascale Lieben
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Eva Bannerman
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Alba Diez Martinez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Pethe
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Benoit
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sylvie Nélieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Raphaël Labruère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Puhlmann N, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Transformation products of sulfonamides in aquatic systems: Lessons learned from available environmental fate and behaviour data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154744. [PMID: 35339561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides (SUAs) and their transformation products (TPs) contribute to environmental pollution. Importance of research on TPs' properties has been emphasised, e.g. allowing a comprehensive environmental risk assessment of their parent compounds. However, TPs' properties have been discussed in reviews on SUAs only marginally, if at all. For the first time, a scientific literature review aims to discuss the current state of knowledge on SUA-TPs including research gaps, and commonalities of SUA-TPs and TPs in general. Literature on SUA-TPs was consulted systematically to collect data on occurrence, physicochemical properties, degradability, and (eco)toxicity. TPs of 14 SUAs were reviewed, and aspects applicable for TPs in general were identified to guide future handling of TPs as a complex category of compounds. The data of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), the main representative, was analysed in more detail to discuss insights on a chemical level. Literature search resulted in 607 SUA-TPs reported in 222 publications. Only for 4%, 31%, and 35% of these TPs, data on occurrence in aquatic systems, on degradation, and (eco)toxicity, respectively, was found. Several mixtures of SUA-TPs were more ecotoxic than their parent compounds, e.g. 10 of 15 mixtures of SMX-TPs. Only few TPs were tested as single substance. Although several TPs could be eliminated experimentally, their mineralisation rate remained often unknown. Thus, further transformation to persistent TPs could not be ruled out. Standardised biodegradability tests of individual TPs would monitor their mineralisation rate, but are almost completely lacking. Reasons are likely poor availability of TPs, but also the focus on abiotic water treatment. Data assessment demonstrated that data of high significance according to standard methods, e.g. OECD methods for chronic (eco)toxicity and ready biodegradability, is needed to assess environmental risks of prioritised TPs, but also to redesign their parent pharmaceutical for complete environmental mineralisation in a long-term (Benign by Design).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neele Puhlmann
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Research and Education Hub, International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Center ISC3, Germany.
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6
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Inhibition of α-amylase by polyphenolic compounds: Substrate digestion, binding interactions and nutritional intervention. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Wielens Becker R, Ibáñez M, Cuervo Lumbaque E, Wilde ML, Flores da Rosa T, Hernández F, Sirtori C. Investigation of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in Brazilian hospital wastewater by LC-QTOF MS screening combined with a preliminary exposure and in silico risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134218. [PMID: 31689670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, with special emphasis on their metabolites, in raw hospital wastewater (HWW) using wide-scope screening based on liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. The applied strategy uses an extended purpose-built database, containing >1000 pharmaceuticals and 250 metabolites. Raw HWW samples from a hospital located in south Brazil were collected over six months, with a monthly sampling frequency. Accurate-mass full-spectrum data provided by quadrupole-time of flight MS allowed the identification of 43 pharmaceuticals and up to 31 metabolites in the samples under study. Additionally, other four metabolites not included in the initial database could be identified using a complementary strategy based on the common fragmentation pathway between the parent compound and its metabolites. Nine metabolites derived from four pharmaceuticals were identified in the raw HWW samples, whereas their parent compounds were not found in these samples. The results of this work illustrate the importance of including not only parent pharmaceuticals but also their main metabolites in screening analysis. Besides, the inclusion of in silico QSAR predictions allowed assessing the environmental fate and effect of pharmaceuticals and metabolites in terms of biodegradability, as possible Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) compounds, and their potential hazard to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Wielens Becker
- Instituto de Química- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Cuervo Lumbaque
- Instituto de Química- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luís Wilde
- Instituto de Química- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tainá Flores da Rosa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Bairro Santa Cecília, CEP 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Kümmerer K, Dionysiou DD, Olsson O, Fatta-Kassinos D. Reducing aquatic micropollutants - Increasing the focus on input prevention and integrated emission management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:836-850. [PMID: 30380490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and many other chemicals are an important basis for nearly all sectors including for example, food and agriculture, medicine, plastics, electronics, transport, communication, and many other products used nowadays. This comes along with a tremendous chemicalization of the globe, including ubiquitous presence of products of chemical and pharmaceutical industries in the aquatic environment. Use of these products will increase with population growth and living standard as will the need for clean water. In addition, climate change will exacerbate availability of water in sufficient quantity and quality. Since its implementation, conventional wastewater treatment has increasingly contributed to environmental protection and health of humans. However, with the increasing pollution of water by chemicals, conventional treatment turned out to be insufficient. It was also found that advanced effluent treatment methods such as extended filtration, the sorption to activated charcoal or advanced oxidation methods have their own limitations. These are, for example, increased demand for energy and hazardous chemicals, incomplete or even no removal of pollutants, the generation of unwanted products from parent compounds (transformation products, TPs) of often-unknown chemical structure, fate and toxicity. In many countries, effluent treatment is available only rarely if at all let alone advanced treatment. The past should teach us, that focusing only on technological approaches is not constructive for a sustainable water quality control. Therefore, in addition to conventional and advanced treatment optimization more emphasis on input prevention is urgently needed, including more and better control of what is present in the source water. Measures for input prevention are known for long. The main focus though has always been on the treatment, and measures taken at the source have gained only little attention so far. A more effective and efficient approach, however, would be to avoid pollution at the source, which would in turn allow more targeted treatment to meet treated water quality objectives globally. New developments within green and sustainable chemistry are offering new approaches that allow for input prevention and a more targeted treatment to succeed in pollution elimination in and at the source. To put this into practice, engineers, water scientists and chemists as well as microbiologists and scientists of other related disciplines need to cooperate more extensively than in the past. Applying principles such as the precautionary principle, or keeping water flows separate where possible will add to this. This implies not minimizing the efforts to improve wastewater treatment but to design effluents and chemicals in such a way that treatment systems and water environments can cope successfully with the challenge of micropollutants globally (Kümmerer et al., 2018). This paper therefore presents in its first part some of the limitations of effluent treatment in order to demonstrate the urgent need for minimizing water pollution at the source and, information on why source management is urgently needed to improve water quality and stimulate discussions how to protect water resources on a global level. Some principles of green and sustainable chemistry as well as other approaches, which are part of source management, are presented in the second part in order to stimulate discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; International Sustainable Chemistry Collaboration Center (ISC(3)), Research and Education, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), 705 Engineering Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA; Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Pedrazzani R, Bertanza G, Brnardić I, Cetecioglu Z, Dries J, Dvarionienė J, García-Fernández AJ, Langenhoff A, Libralato G, Lofrano G, Škrbić B, Martínez-López E, Meriç S, Pavlović DM, Papa M, Schröder P, Tsagarakis KP, Vogelsang C. Opinion paper about organic trace pollutants in wastewater: Toxicity assessment in a European perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3202-3221. [PMID: 30463169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bertanza
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Ivan Brnardić
- Faculty of Metallurgy, University of Zagreb, Aleja narodnih heroja 3, 44103 Sisak, Croatia.
| | - Zeynep Cetecioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Dries
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Salesianenlaan 90, 2660 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jolanta Dvarionienė
- Kaunas University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Gedimino str. 50, 44239 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Campus of Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Biljana Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Campus of Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Süreyya Meriç
- Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namik Kemal University, Çorlu, 59860, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matteo Papa
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Konstantinos P Tsagarakis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
| | - Christian Vogelsang
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Myatt GJ, Ahlberg E, Akahori Y, Allen D, Amberg A, Anger LT, Aptula A, Auerbach S, Beilke L, Bellion P, Benigni R, Bercu J, Booth ED, Bower D, Brigo A, Burden N, Cammerer Z, Cronin MTD, Cross KP, Custer L, Dettwiler M, Dobo K, Ford KA, Fortin MC, Gad-McDonald SE, Gellatly N, Gervais V, Glover KP, Glowienke S, Van Gompel J, Gutsell S, Hardy B, Harvey JS, Hillegass J, Honma M, Hsieh JH, Hsu CW, Hughes K, Johnson C, Jolly R, Jones D, Kemper R, Kenyon MO, Kim MT, Kruhlak NL, Kulkarni SA, Kümmerer K, Leavitt P, Majer B, Masten S, Miller S, Moser J, Mumtaz M, Muster W, Neilson L, Oprea TI, Patlewicz G, Paulino A, Lo Piparo E, Powley M, Quigley DP, Reddy MV, Richarz AN, Ruiz P, Schilter B, Serafimova R, Simpson W, Stavitskaya L, Stidl R, Suarez-Rodriguez D, Szabo DT, Teasdale A, Trejo-Martin A, Valentin JP, Vuorinen A, Wall BA, Watts P, White AT, Wichard J, Witt KL, Woolley A, Woolley D, Zwickl C, Hasselgren C. In silico toxicology protocols. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:1-17. [PMID: 29678766 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present publication surveys several applications of in silico (i.e., computational) toxicology approaches across different industries and institutions. It highlights the need to develop standardized protocols when conducting toxicity-related predictions. This contribution articulates the information needed for protocols to support in silico predictions for major toxicological endpoints of concern (e.g., genetic toxicity, carcinogenicity, acute toxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity) across several industries and regulatory bodies. Such novel in silico toxicology (IST) protocols, when fully developed and implemented, will ensure in silico toxicological assessments are performed and evaluated in a consistent, reproducible, and well-documented manner across industries and regulatory bodies to support wider uptake and acceptance of the approaches. The development of IST protocols is an initiative developed through a collaboration among an international consortium to reflect the state-of-the-art in in silico toxicology for hazard identification and characterization. A general outline for describing the development of such protocols is included and it is based on in silico predictions and/or available experimental data for a defined series of relevant toxicological effects or mechanisms. The publication presents a novel approach for determining the reliability of in silico predictions alongside experimental data. In addition, we discuss how to determine the level of confidence in the assessment based on the relevance and reliability of the information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J Myatt
- Leadscope, Inc., 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH 43215, USA.
| | - Ernst Ahlberg
- Predictive Compound ADME & Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca IMED Biotech Unit, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yumi Akahori
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 1-4-25 Kouraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004 Japan
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alexander Amberg
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lennart T Anger
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Aynur Aptula
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth, Beds, UK
| | - Scott Auerbach
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lisa Beilke
- Toxicology Solutions Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Ewan D Booth
- Syngenta, Product Safety Department, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Dave Bower
- Leadscope, Inc., 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Alessandro Brigo
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Zoryana Cammerer
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Kevin P Cross
- Leadscope, Inc., 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Laura Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | | | - Krista Dobo
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kevin A Ford
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marie C Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | | | - Nichola Gellatly
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Kyle P Glover
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Susanne Glowienke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Pre-Clinical Safety, Werk Klybeck, CH-4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacky Van Gompel
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steve Gutsell
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth, Beds, UK
| | - Barry Hardy
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Technology Park Basel, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, CH-4057 Basel / Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - James S Harvey
- GlaxoSmithKline Pre-Clinical Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Jedd Hillegass
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | | | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kathy Hughes
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | | | - Robert Jolly
- Toxicology Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David Jones
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 151 Buckingham Palace Road, London, SW1W 9SZ, UK
| | - Ray Kemper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Discovery and Investigative Toxicology, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle O Kenyon
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Marlene T Kim
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Naomi L Kruhlak
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Sunil A Kulkarni
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute for Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13.311b, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Penny Leavitt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | | | - Scott Masten
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Scott Miller
- Leadscope, Inc., 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Janet Moser
- Chemical Security Analysis Center, Department of Homeland Security, 3401 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5405, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Muster
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Louise Neilson
- British American Tobacco, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Tudor I Oprea
- Translational Informatics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, The University of New Mexico, NM, USA
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Alexandre Paulino
- SAPEC Agro, S.A., Avenida do Rio Tejo, Herdade das Praias, 2910-440 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Elena Lo Piparo
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Powley
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea-Nicole Richarz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benoit Schilter
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Wendy Simpson
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth, Beds, UK
| | - Lidiya Stavitskaya
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | | | - David T Szabo
- RAI Services Company, 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian A Wall
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Pete Watts
- Bibra, Cantium House, Railway Approach, Wallington, Surrey, SM6 0DZ, UK
| | - Angela T White
- GlaxoSmithKline Pre-Clinical Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Joerg Wichard
- Bayer Pharma AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstr. 178, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristine L Witt
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Adam Woolley
- ForthTox Limited, PO Box 13550, Linlithgow, EH49 7YU, UK
| | - David Woolley
- ForthTox Limited, PO Box 13550, Linlithgow, EH49 7YU, UK
| | - Craig Zwickl
- Transendix LLC, 1407 Moores Manor, Indianapolis, IN 46229, USA
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11
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Wilde ML, Menz J, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Combination of experimental and in silico methods for the assessment of the phototransformation products of the antipsychotic drug/metabolite Mesoridazine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:697-711. [PMID: 29055596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lack of studies on the fate and effects of drug metabolites in the environment is of concern. As their parent compounds, metabolites enter the aquatic environment and are subject to biotic and abiotic process. In this regard, photolysis plays an important role. This study combined experimental and in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods to assess the fate and effects of Mesoridazine (MESO), a pharmacologically active human drug and metabolite of the antipsychotic agent Thioridazine, and its transformation products (TPs) formed through a Xenon lamp irradiation. After 256min, the photodegradation of MESO⋅besylate (50mgL-1) achieved 90.4% and 6.9% of primary elimination and mineralization, respectively. The photon flux emitted by the lamp (200-600nm) was 169.55Jcm-2. Sixteen TPs were detected by means of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and the structures were proposed based on MSn fragmentation patterns. The main transformation reactions were sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and sulfoxide elimination. A back-transformation of MESO to Thioridazine was evidenced. Aerobic biodegradation tests (OECD 301 D and 301F) were applied to MESO and the mixture of TPs present after 256min of photolysis. Most of TPs were not biodegraded, demonstrating their tendency to persist in aquatic environments. The ecotoxicity towards Vibrio fischeri showed a decrease in toxicity during the photolysis process. The in silico QSAR tools QSARINS and US-EPA PBT profiler were applied for the screening of TPs with character of persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). They have revealed the carbazole derivatives TP 355 and TP 337 as PBT/vPvB (very persistent and very bioaccumulative) compounds. In silico QSAR predictions for mutagenicity and genotoxicity provided by CASE Ultra and Leadscope® indicated positive alerts for mutagenicity on TP 355 and TP 337. Further studies regarding the carbazole derivative TPs should be considered to confirm their hazardous character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Formerly: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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12
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Improved Model for Biodegradability of Organic Compounds: The Correlation Contributions of Rings. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7425-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Wilde ML, Schneider M, Kümmerer K. Fenton process on single and mixture components of phenothiazine pharmaceuticals: Assessment of intermediaries, fate, and preliminary ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:36-52. [PMID: 28126283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals do not occur isolated in the environment but in multi-component mixtures and may exhibit antagonist, synergistic or additive behavior. Knowledge on this is still scarce. The situation is even more complicated if effluents or potable water is treated by oxidative processes or such transformations occur in the environment. Thus, determining the fate and effects of parent compounds, metabolites and transformation products (TPs) formed by transformation and degradation processes in the environment is needed. This study investigated the fate and preliminary ecotoxicity of the phenothiazine pharmaceuticals, Promazine (PRO), Promethazine (PRM), Chlorpromazine (CPR), and Thioridazine (THI) as single and as components of the resulting mixtures obtained from their treatment by Fenton process. The Fenton process was carried out at pH7 and by using 0.5-2mgL-1 of [Fe2+]0 and 1-12.5mgL-1 of [H2O2]0 at the fixed ratio [Fe2+]0:[H2O2]0 of 1:10 (w:w). No complete mineralization was achieved. Constitutional isomers and some metabolite-like TPs formed were suggested based on their UHPLC-HRMSn data. A degradation pathway was proposed considering interconnected mechanisms such as sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and dechlorination steps. Aerobic biodegradation tests (OECD 301 D and OECD 301 F) were applied to the parent compounds separately, to the mixture of parent compounds, and for the cocktail of TPs present after the treatment by Fenton process. The samples were not readily biodegradable. However, LC-MS analysis revealed that abiotic transformations, such hydrolysis, and autocatalytic transformations occurred. The initial ecotoxicity tested towards Vibrio fischeri as individual compounds featured a reduction in toxicity of PRM and CPR by the treatment process, whereas PRO showed an increase in acute luminescence inhibition and THI a stable luminescence inhibition. Concerning effects of the mixture components, reduction in toxicity by the Fenton process was predicted by concentration addition and independent action models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Formerly: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Mandy Schneider
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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14
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Toolaram AP, Menz J, Rastogi T, Leder C, Kümmerer K, Schneider M. Hazard screening of photo-transformation products from pharmaceuticals: Application to selective β 1-blockers atenolol and metoprolol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1769-1780. [PMID: 27939084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of toxic components in cocktail mixtures of pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products (TPs) generated from environmental and treatment processes remains an arduous task. This study expanded in this area by applying a combination of chemical analytics, a battery of in vitro bioassays and an in silico "testing battery" to UV photolysis mixtures of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The objectives were to understand the toxic nature of the mixtures and to prioritize photo-TPs for risk analysis. The selective β1-blockers Atenolol (ATL) and Metoprolol (MTL) that are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment were used as an example. The photolysis mixtures were cytotoxic to Vibrio fischeri and mammalian cells but not mutagenic in the Ames test or genotoxic in the in vitro micronucleus and umu tests. Potentially hazardous TPs were proposed by relating the observed effects to the kinetics of TP occurrence and applying in silico toxicity predictions for individual photo-TPs. This model study was done to identify principal mechanisms rather than accurately simulating environmental transformation processes. Several photo-TPs were proposed to present a greater hazard than the selected β-blockers and therefore fate and toxicity assessments may be required to determine their environmental relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Priya Toolaram
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Tushar Rastogi
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Mandy Schneider
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
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15
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Jentzsch F, Olsson O, Westphal J, Reich M, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Photodegradation of the UV filter ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate under ultraviolet light: Identification and in silico assessment of photo-transformation products in the context of grey water reuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:1092-1100. [PMID: 27531468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To prevent water shortages in the future and to reduce domestic water consumption, decentralized grey water (GW) reuse has become increasingly important. This water has, however, to be free of pollutants. Conventional treatment of GW does not fully eliminate micropollutants such as the UV filter substance ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC). EHMC, which is commonly used in sunscreens and personal care products, is an endocrine disruptor and shows potential to bioaccumulation, which is also reflected in its low water solubility. Photolysis has been proposed as an alternative treatment method for other micropollutants, but it is not clear yet whether it can also be used to eliminate EHMC. One goal of this study was to better understand the basic pathways involved in this process. It aimed to identify photo-transformation products (photo-TPs) by using, in the test conditions, an initial concentration of EHMC higher than those expected in the environment. Acetonitrile (ACN) was added in low concentrations to the aqueous solution to overcome the low aquatic solubility of EHMC. The influence of this co-solvent on the degradation kinetics was studied. The photolysis experiments were carried out using a medium pressure mercury lamp, which emits UV light in the range of 200-400nm. The quantum yield of the photolysis of EHMC was 0.0042 and 0.0023mol·Einstein-1 (for 0.2 and 0.5% ACN (v/v), respectively), and the relative and absolute UV photon fluxes were determined. HPLC was used to monitor the elimination kinetics of EHMC, which followed first-order kinetics. The results of LC-MSn analyses revealed that beside others, several oxidized and hydroxylized EHMC isomers were formed as photo-TPs in aqueous solution. Using a set of in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, this study also offered new insights concerning the environmental fate and toxicity of the TPs of EHMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jentzsch
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - O Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - J Westphal
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - M Reich
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - C Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - K Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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16
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Talmaciu MM, Bodoki E, Oprean R. Global chemical reactivity parameters for several chiral beta-blockers from the Density Functional Theory viewpoint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:513-518. [PMID: 27857521 PMCID: PMC5111492 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim Beta-adrenergic antagonists have been established as first line treatment in the medical management of hypertension, acute coronary syndrome and other cardiovascular diseases, as well as for the prevention of initial episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices, glaucoma, and have recently become the main form of treatment of infantile hemangiomas. The aim of the present study is to calculate for 14 beta-blockers several quantum chemical descriptors in order to interpret various molecular properties such as electronic structure, conformation, reactivity, in the interest of determining how such descriptors could have an impact on our understanding of the experimental observations and describing various aspects of chemical binding of beta-blockers in terms of these descriptors. Methods The 2D chemical structures of the beta-blockers (14 molecules with one stereogenic center) were cleaned in 3D, their geometry was preoptimized using the software MOPAC2012, by PM6 method, and then further refined using standard settings in MOE; HOMO and LUMO descriptors were calculated using semi-empirical molecular orbital methods AM1, MNDO and PM3, for the lowest energy conformers and the quantum chemical descriptors (HLG, electronegativity, chemical potential, hardness and softness, electrophilicity) were then calculated. Results According to HOMO-LUMO gap and the chemical hardness the most stable compounds are alprenolol, bisoprolol and esmolol. The softness values calculated for the study molecules revolve around 0.100. Propranolol, sotalol and timolol have among the highest electrophilicity index of the studied beta-blocker molecules. Results obtained from calculations showed that acebutolol, atenolol, timolol and sotalol have the highest values for the electronegativity index. Conclusions The future aim is to determine whether it is possible to find a valid correlation between these descriptors and the physicochemical behavior of the molecules from this class. The HLG could be correlated to the experimentally recorded electrochemical properties of the molecules. HOMO could be correlated to the observed oxidation potential, since the required voltage is related to the energy of the HOMO, because only the electron from this orbital is involved in the oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Maria Talmaciu
- Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis Department, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis Department, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Oprean
- Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis Department, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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17
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Wilde ML, Menz J, Trautwein C, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Environmental fate and effect assessment of thioridazine and its transformation products formed by photodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:658-670. [PMID: 27020046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An experimental and in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach was applied to assess the environmental fate and effects of the antipsychotic drug Thioridazine (THI). The sunlight-driven attenuation of THI was simulated using a Xenon arc lamp. The photodegradation reached the complete primary elimination, whereas 97% of primary elimination and 11% of mineralization was achieved after 256 min of irradiation for the initial concentrations of 500 μg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1), respectively. A non-target approach for the identification and monitoring of transformation products (TPs) was adopted. The structure of the TPs was further elucidated using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The proposed photodegradation pathway included sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation, and S- and N-dealkylation, taking into account direct and indirect photolysis through a self-sensitizing process in the higher concentration studied. The biodegradability of THI and photolytic samples of THI was tested according to OECD 301D and 301F, showing that THI and the mixture of TPs were not readily biodegradable. Furthermore, THI was shown to be highly toxic to environmental bacteria using a modified luminescent bacteria test with Vibrio fischeri. This bacteriotoxic activity of THI was significantly reduced by phototransformation and individual concentration-response analysis confirmed a lowered bacterial toxicity for the sulfoxidation products Thioridazine-2-sulfoxide and Thioridazine-5-sulfoxide. Additionally, the applied QSAR models predicted statistical and rule-based positive alerts of mutagenic activities for carbazole derivative TPs (TP 355 and TP 339) formed through sulfoxide elimination, which would require further confirmatory in vitro validation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Trautwein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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Van Donk E, Peacor S, Grosser K, De Senerpont Domis LN, Lürling M. Pharmaceuticals May Disrupt Natural Chemical Information Flows and Species Interactions in Aquatic Systems: Ideas and Perspectives on a Hidden Global Change. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 238:91-105. [PMID: 26572767 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals consumption by humans and animals is increasing substantially, leading to unprecedented levels of these compounds in aquatic environments worldwide. Recent findings that concentrations reach levels that can directly have negative effects on organisms are important per se, but also sound an alarm for other potentially more pervasive effects that arise from the interconnected nature of ecological communities. Aquatic organisms use chemical cues to navigate numerous challenges, including the location of mates and food, and the avoidance of natural enemies. Low concentrations of pharmaceuticals can disrupt this "smellscape" of information leading to maladaptive responses. Furthermore, direct effects of pharmaceuticals on the traits and abundance of one species can cascade through a community, indirectly affecting other species. We review mechanisms by which pharmaceuticals in surface waters can disrupt natural chemical information flows and species interactions. Pharmaceuticals form a new class of chemical threats, which could have far-reaching implications for ecosystem functioning and conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands.
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Scott Peacor
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Katharina Grosser
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisette N De Senerpont Domis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Dept. Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Dept. Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Gutowski L, Baginska E, Olsson O, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Assessing the environmental fate of S-metolachlor, its commercial product Mercantor Gold® and their photoproducts using a water-sediment test and in silico methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:847-855. [PMID: 26299980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides enter surface and groundwater by several routes in which partition to sediment contributes to their fate by abiotic (e.g. photolysis, hydrolysis) and biotic processes. Yet, little is known about S-metolachlor (SM) transformation in water-sediment systems. Therefore, a newly developed screening water-sediment test (WST) was applied to compare biodegradation and sorption processes between pure SM and Mercantor Gold® (MG), a commercial formulation of SM. Photolysis in water was performed by Xe lamp irradiation. Subsequently, the biodegradability of SM and MG photolysis mixtures was examined in WST. The primary elimination of SM from water phase was monitored and structures of its TPs resulting from biotransformation (bio-TPs) were elucidated by LC-MS/MS. SM was extracted from sediment in order to estimate the role of sorption in WST for its elimination. A set of in silico prediction software tools was applied for toxicity assessment of SM and its bio-TPs. Obtained results suggest that the MG adjuvants do not significantly affect biodegradation, but do influence diffusion of SM into sediment. 50% of SM could not be re-extracted from sediment with 0.01 M CaCl2 aqueous solution recommended in OECD test guideline for adsorption. Neither the parent compound nor the photo-TPs were biodegraded. However, new bio-TPs have been generated from SM and MG photo-TPs due to bacterial activity in the water-sediment interphase. Moreover, according to in silico assessment of the bio-TPs the biotransformation might lead to an increased toxicity to the water organisms compared with the SM. This might raise concerns of bio-TPs presence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Gutowski
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE - 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Ewelina Baginska
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE - 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE - 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE - 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE - 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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Wang J, He B, Hu X. Human-use antibacterial residues in the natural environment of China: implication for ecopharmacovigilance. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:331. [PMID: 25947893 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial residues in the natural environment have been of increasing concern due to their impact on bacteria resistance development and toxicity to natural communities and ultimately to public health. China is a large country with high production and consumption of antibacterials for its population growth and economic development in recent years. In this article, we summarized the current situation of human-use antibacterial pollution in Chinese water (wastewaters, natural and drinking waters) and solid matrices (sludge, sediment, and soil) reported in 33 peer-reviewed papers. We found that, although there are adequate wastewater treatment systems in China, human-use antibacterial residues in the natural environment were reported almost throughout the whole country. Three most frequently prescribed classes of antibacterials in China, including quinolones, macrolides, and β-lactam, were also the predominant classes of residues in Chinese environment, manifested as the high concentration and detection frequency. In view of this alarming situation, we have presented that ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) might be implemented in the antibacterial drug administration of China, as the active participation of the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory authorities from the diffuse source of antibacterial pollution. Considering EPV experience of developed countries together with the actual conditions of China, we have identified some approaches that can be taken, including:• Focus on education;• Further strengthening and persevering the antibacterial stewardship strategies and pharmaceutical take-back programs in China;• Designing greener antibacterials with better degradability in the environment;• Implementing environmental risk assessment prior to launch of new drugs;• Strengthening collaboration in EPV-related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Haddad T, Baginska E, Kümmerer K. Transformation products of antibiotic and cytostatic drugs in the aquatic cycle that result from effluent treatment and abiotic/biotic reactions in the environment: an increasing challenge calling for higher emphasis on measures at the beginning of the pipe. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:75-126. [PMID: 25600206 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals may undergo transformation into new products during almost all possible processes along their life-cycle. This could either take place in the natural water environment and/or during water treatment processes. Numerous studies that address the issue of such transformation products (TPs) have been published, describing selected aspects of TPs in the environment and their formation within effluent and water treatment processes. In order to exemplify the number and quality of information published on TPs, we selected 21 active pharmaceutical ingredients from the groups of antibiotics and antineoplastics, and assessed the knowledge about their TPs that has been published until the end of May 2012. The goal of this work was to demonstrate, that the quality of data on pharmaceutical TPs greatly differs in terms of the availability of chemical structures for each TP, rather than to provide an exhaustive database of available TPs. The aim was to point out the challenge going along with so many TPs formed under different treatment and environmental conditions. An extensive review in the form of a table showing the existing data on 158 TPs for 15 compounds, out of 21 investigated, was presented. Numerous TPs are the result of different treatments and environmental processes. However, also numerous different TPs may be formed within only one type of treatment, applied under sometimes even very similar treatment conditions and treatments times. In general, the growing number of elucidated TPs is rationalized by ineffective removal treatments. Our results demonstrate a severe risk of drowning in much unrelated and non-assessable data, both from a scientific and from a technical treatment-related point of view. Therefore, limiting the input of pharmaceuticals into effluents as well as improving their (bio) degradability and elimination behavior, instead of only relying on advanced effluent treatments, is urgently needed. Solutions that focus on this "beginning of the pipe" approach should minimize the adverse effects of parent compounds by reducing and formation of TPs and their entrance into the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Haddad
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
| | - Ewelina Baginska
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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Gutowski L, Olsson O, Leder C, Kümmerer K. A comparative assessment of the transformation products of S-metolachlor and its commercial product Mercantor Gold(®) and their fate in the aquatic environment by employing a combination of experimental and in silico methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:369-379. [PMID: 25460972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Even appropriately used, pesticides can enter the surface and groundwater by several routes where photochemical degradation along with biotic processes contributes to their fate, resulting sometimes in the formation of stable transformation products (TPs). Yet, little is known about S-metolachlor (SM) transformation in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, commercial formulation of a pesticide might have different physical and biological properties compared to its pure grade. The present study assessed the biodegradability of the pure SM and its commercial product Mercantor Gold(®) (MG) by employing two OECD biodegradation (301D, F) tests. Photolysis in water was investigated by using a Xe lamp. Subsequently the biodegradability of the photolysis mixtures was examined. The primary elimination of SM was monitored and structures of its TPs were elucidated by HPLC-UV-MS/MS. Additionally, a set of in silico prediction programs was applied for supporting analytical results and toxicity assessment of SM and TPs. S-metolachlor and Mercantor Gold(®) were not biodegraded. HPLC-UV analysis showed higher elimination of SM in MG compared to pure SM during photolysis. A total of 10 photo-TPs of SM and MG were identified. According to MS data and in silico predictions, chemical structures were proposed for all found photo-TPs. Likewise for the parent compounds, no biodegradation has been observed for their photo-TPs. However, in the 301F test new bio-TPs have been generated from photo-TPs which were observed for the first time according to authors' best knowledge. The results suggest that the MG formulation does not affect the biodegradation process, but it influences the photolysis efficiency and potentially might result in faster formation of TPs in the environment. This study also demonstrates that photo-TPs can be further transformed into new products due to bacterial activity in the water phase. Moreover biotransformation might lead to an increased toxicity compared with the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Gutowski
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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Rastogi T, Leder C, Kümmerer K. A sustainable chemistry solution to the presence of pharmaceuticals and chemicals in the aquatic environment – the example of re-designing β-blocker Atenolol. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10294k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of new biodegradable, drug-like molecules through re-designing certain moieties from known drug molecules while preserving their pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Rastogi
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry
- Leuphana University Lüneburg
- DE-21335 Lüneburg
- Germany
| | - Christoph Leder
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry
- Leuphana University Lüneburg
- DE-21335 Lüneburg
- Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry
- Leuphana University Lüneburg
- DE-21335 Lüneburg
- Germany
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