1
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Zhao Y, Wang M, Chu W. Neurotoxicity and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135611. [PMID: 39173387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been called "forever chemicals" due to their inherent chemical stability. Their potential toxic effects on aquatic animals and health risk assessments have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of PFASs at environmentally relevant concentrations (200 ng/L) on crucian carp (Carassius auratus). The results showed that PFAS reduced the comfort behaviour of crucian carp and was associated with reduced levels of acetylcholinesterase and dopamine in the brain. PFAS exposure also decreased the activities of total superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, while increasing the levels of malondialdehyde. PFAS caused over-expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ and stress-related genes Caspase-3, HSP-70 in the fish brain. Pathological staining showed that PFAS caused multifocal demyelination and perineural vacuolization in brain, intestinal tissue also showed reduced villus length and focal damage. PFASs altered the composition of the gut microbiota of crucian carp, significantly increasing the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria and the potential pathogenicity of the microbiota. It is suggested that PFASs may cause varying degrees of tissue damage by destabilising the gut microbiota. These results provide insights for assessing the toxicity of PFAS contaminants at aquatic environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Synthetic Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Minyu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Synthetic Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Synthetic Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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2
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Ramasamy Chandrasekaran P, Chinnadurai J, Lim YC, Chen CW, Tsai PC, Huang PC, Gavahian M, Andaluri G, Dong CD, Lin YC, Ponnusamy VK. Advances in perfluoro-alkylated compounds (PFAS) detection in seafood and marine environments: A comprehensive review on analytical techniques and global regulations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:424. [PMID: 39316302 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants that severely threaten the environment and human health due to their distinct chemical composition, extensive production, widespread distribution, bioaccumulation in nature, and long-term persistence. This review focuses on the occurrence and sources of PFAS in seafood, with a particular emphasis on advanced detection methods viz. nanoparticle-based, biosensor-based, and metal-organic frameworks-based, and mass spectrometric techniques. The challenges associated with these advanced detection technologies are also discussed. Recent research and regulatory updates about PFAS, including hazardous and potential health effects, epidemiological studies, and various risk assessment models, have been reviewed. In addition, the need for global monitoring programs and regulations on PFAS are critically reviewed by underscoring their crucial role in protecting human health and the environment. Further, approaches for reducing PFAS in seafood are highlighted with future innovative remediation directions. Although advanced PFAS analytical methods are available, selectivity, sample preparation, and sensitivity are still significant challenges associated with detection of PFAS in seafood matrices. Moreover, crucial research gaps and solutions to essential concerns are critically explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasath Ramasamy Chandrasekaran
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Jeganathan Chinnadurai
- PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital (CMUH), China Medical University (CMU), Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, Agriculture College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology (NPUST), Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan.
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 811, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Food Science, Agriculture College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology (NPUST), Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 811, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
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3
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Koban LA, King T, Huff TB, Furst KE, Nelson TR, Pfluger AR, Kuppa MM, Fowler AE. Passive biomonitoring for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances using invasive clams, C. fluminea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134463. [PMID: 38723486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of toxic manufactured chemicals in commercial and consumer products. They are resistant to environmental degradation and mobile in soil, air, and water. This study used the introduced bivalve Corbicula fluminea as a passive biomonitor at sampling locations in a primary drinking water source in Virginia, USA. Many potential PFAS sources were identified in the region. Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS) levels were highest downstream of an airport. The highest levels of short-chain carboxylic acids were in locations downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. Measured PFAS concentrations varied by location in C. fluminea, sediment, and surface water samples. Two compounds were detected across all three mediums. Calculated partitioning coefficients confirm bioaccumulation of PFAS in C. fluminea and sorption to sediment. C. fluminea bioaccumulated two PFAS not found in the other mediums. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and short-chain compounds dominated in clam tissue, which contrasts with findings of accumulation of longer-chain and perfluorosulfonic acids in fish. These findings suggest the potential for using bivalves to complement other organisms to better understand the bioaccumulation of PFAS and their fate and transport in a freshwater ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Koban
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Tabitha King
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Thomas B Huff
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Kirin E Furst
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - T Reid Nelson
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Andrew R Pfluger
- Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, 745 Brewerton Road, West Point, NY 10996, USA.
| | - Mrudula Meghana Kuppa
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Amy E Fowler
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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Zhang X, Sands M, Lin M, Guelfo J, Irudayaraj J. In vitro toxicity of Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) on Human Renal and Hepatoma Cells. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:280-288. [PMID: 38469334 PMCID: PMC10925923 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the cytotoxicity, intracellular redox conditions, apoptosis, and methylation of DNMTs/TETs upon exposure to LiTFSI, a novel Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) commonly found in lithium-ion batteries, on human renal carcinoma cells (A498) and hepatoma cells (HepG2). The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay showed both Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) had a dose-dependent effect on A498 and HepG2, with LiTFSI being less toxic. Intracellular redox conditions were assessed with a microplate reader and confocal, which showed a significant decrease in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels and an increase in Superoxide dismutase (SOD) content in both cells. Exposure to LiTFSI enhanced cell apoptosis, with HepG2 being more susceptible than A498. Quantitative analysis of mRNA expression levels of 19 genes associated with kidney injury, methylation, lipid metabolism and transportation was performed. LiTFSI exposure impacted kidney function by downregulating smooth muscle alpha-actin (Acta2) and upregulating transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgfb1), B-cell lymphoma 2-like 1) Bcl2l1, hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (Harvcr1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nfe2l2), and hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1) expression. LiTFSI exposure also affected the abundance of transcripts associated with DNA methylation by the expression of ten-eleven translocation (TET) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) genes. Furthermore, LiTFSI exposure induced an increase in lipid anabolism and alterations in lipid catabolism in HepG2. Our results provide new insight on the potential role of a new contaminant, LiTFSI in the regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis and methylation in human renal carcinoma and hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mia Sands
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mindy Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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5
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Li J, Li X, An R, Duan L, Wang G. Occurrence, source apportionment, and ecological risk of legacy and emerging per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Dahei river basin of a typical arid region in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118111. [PMID: 38184065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are artificial chemicals with broad commercial and industrial applications. Many studies about PFASs have been conducted in densely industrial and populated regions. However, fewer studies have focused on the PFASs' status in a typical arid region. Here, we investigated 30 legacy and emerging PFASs in surface water from the mainstream and tributaries of the Dahei River. Our results revealed that total PFASs concentrations (∑30PFASs) in water ranged from 3.13 to 289.1 ng/L (mean: 25.40 ng/L). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) had the highest mean concentration of 2.44 ng/L with a 100% detection frequency (DF), followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (mean concentration: 1.34 ng/L, DF: 59.26%). Also, perfluorohexane sulfonate (DF: 44.44%), perfluorobutane sulfonate (DF: 88.89%), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (DF: 92.59%) had mean concentrations of 12.94, 2.00, and 1.05 ng/L, respectively. Source apportionment through ratio analysis and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression analysis showed that treated or untreated sewage, aqueous film-forming foam, degradation of precursors, and fluoropolymer production were the primary sources. The PFOS alternatives were more prevalent than those of PFOA. Conductivity, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a positively correlated with Σ30PFASs and total perfluoroalkane sulfonates concentrations. Furthermore, ecological risk assessment showed that more attention should be paid to perfluorooctadecanoic acid, perfluorohexadecanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, and (6:2 and 6:2/8:2) polyfluoroalkyl phosphate mono- and di-esters. The mass load of PFASs to the Yellow River was 1.28 kg/year due to the low annual runoff in the Dahei River in the arid region. This study provides baseline data for PFASs in the Dahei River that can aid in the development of effective management strategies for controlling PFASs pollution in typical arid regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- . Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Xinlei Li
- . Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Rui An
- . China Institute for Geo-Environmental Monitoring, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Limin Duan
- . Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- . Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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6
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Groffen T, Keirsebelik H, Dendievel H, Falcou-Préfol M, Bervoets L, Schoelynck J. Are Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) suitable as biomonitor or bioindicator of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pollution? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133024. [PMID: 37988866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment. In Flanders, the bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is currently being monitored using European perch and European eel. Since both are native species, there is an ethical need to search for other suitable biomonitors. This study aims to investigate whether the invasive Chinese mitten crab could be used in biomonitoring programs by assessing PFAS accumulation in hepatopancreas, muscle tissue, and carapace. Furthermore, we correlated accumulated concentrations to those in the local abiotic environment. Concentrations in the crabs (highest average ∑PFAS concentration of 688 ± 505 ng/g ww) were often higher than those in crab species from other regions across the globe, confirming that Flanders is highly polluted with PFAS. Concentrations in the crabs did not reflect those in the abiotic environment. This implies that biomonitoring is necessary to investigate the impact of PFAS pollution on organisms in aquatic ecosystems, as important data is missing when only the abiotic environment is monitored. The accumulation profiles differed between the invasive crab and the native European perch and European eel, potentially due to a different ecology and trophic position. Since all three species provide complementary information on the PFAS pollution, a multi-species approach in biomonitoring is recommended. Overall, our results show that the crabs can be used as biomonitor, but more information is necessary to confirm their suitability as bioindicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research Group, Universiteitsplein 1C, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Heleen Keirsebelik
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research Group, Universiteitsplein 1C, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hannes Dendievel
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research Group, Universiteitsplein 1C, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Falcou-Préfol
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research Group, Universiteitsplein 1C, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research Group, Universiteitsplein 1C, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jonas Schoelynck
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research Group, Universiteitsplein 1C, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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7
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Du D, Lu Y, Yang S, Wang R, Wang C, Yu M, Chen C, Zhang M. Biomagnification and health risks of perflfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in seafood from the Yangtze river estuary of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122930. [PMID: 37972680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) is important for pollutant hazard assessment. In this study, 26 aquatic organisms were collected from the Yangtze River estuary, the PFAAs concentrations in organisms were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the trophic levels of organisms were constructed using nitrogen isotope analysis. The results showed that Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) was predominant in organisms with the mean concentration of 6.43 ± 8.21 ng/g ww. The biomagnification of organisms along the food chain was widespread, and the biomagnification factor (BMF) of perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS) was the most prominent. Trophic magnifcation factors (TMFs) of PFAAs were estimated in the marine food web, and TMFs >1 were observed in Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), and PFOS, indicating the biomagnifcation effects of these 4 individual PFAAs in organisms at Yangtze River estuary. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PFBS was highest in adolescents aged 6-18 years, with EDIs of 18.9 ng/kg·bw/day for males and 14.0 ng/kg·bw/day for females. The hazard ratio (HR) of PFAAs reported in different age and gender groups were lower than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Du
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Shengjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Mingzhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunci Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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8
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Li H, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Li R. Characterizing the long-term occurrence and anthropogenic drivers of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water of the Rhine River. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120528. [PMID: 37742404 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) raise significant concerns due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity to both ecosystems and human health. However, the long-term trends of PFAS in aquatic environments remain inadequately explored. In this study, we systematically assessed the spatiotemporal distribution, periodic fluctuations, source apportionment, and risk evaluation of 12 PFAS in the Rhine River based on the long-term measuring data collected from 2007 to 2019. The study revealed that the mean concentration and mass flux of total PFAS during this period were 32.83 ng L-1 and 6.36 × 104 μg s-1, declining at an annual rate of 3.70% and 3.82%, respectively. Wavelet analysis demonstrated that the most prominent periodic oscillation of PFAS was 40-60 months. Regarding the sources of PFAS, we employed the self-organizing map (SOM) and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model for source apportionment. The results indicated that the primary sources of PFAS were agrochemical, pharmaceutical and textile industries, accounting for 38.1% of the total concentration. The contribution from household contamination, tannery industry, and coating materials has increased annually. In contrast, the share of electrochemical fluorination and chemical recycling has shown a continuous decline. The risk quotient (RQ) and hazard quotient (HQ) calculations for three age groups indicated that PFAS exposure did not pose a significant risk to ecological or human health. Implementing source-oriented mitigation strategies is crucial to effectively reduce the ecological and human health risks of PFAS in receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Ruifei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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9
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Bai Y, Wang Q, Li J, Zhou B, Lam PKS, Hu C, Chen L. Significant Variability in the Developmental Toxicity of Representative Perfluoroalkyl Acids as a Function of Chemical Speciation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14904-14916. [PMID: 37774144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Current toxicological data of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are disparate under similar exposure scenarios. To find the cause of the conflicting data, this study examined the influence of chemical speciation on the toxicity of representative PFAAs, including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutane carboxylic acid (PFBA), and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). Zebrafish embryos were acutely exposed to PFAA, PFAA salt, and a pH-negative control, after which the developmental impairment and mechanisms were explored. The results showed that PFAAs were generally more toxic than the corresponding pH control, indicating that the embryonic toxicity of PFAAs was mainly caused by the pollutants themselves. In contrast to the high toxicity of PFAAs, PFAA salts only exhibited mild hazards to zebrafish embryos. Fingerprinting the changes along the thyroidal axis demonstrated distinct modes of endocrine disruption for PFAAs and PFAA salts. Furthermore, biolayer interferometry monitoring found that PFOA and PFBS acids bound more strongly with albumin proteins than did their salts. Accordingly, the acid of PFAAs accumulated significantly higher concentrations than their salt counterparts. The present findings highlight the importance of chemical forms to the outcome of developmental toxicity, calling for the discriminative risk assessment and management of PFAAs and salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Bai
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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10
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Zhang J, Li W, Yang L, Chu Z, Jiao Y, Wang L, Zhu L, Qin C, Liu R, Gao X. Legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) especially alternative PFASs in shellfish from Shandong Province, China: Distribution, sources, and health risk. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115465. [PMID: 37734223 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the distribution of 8 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 321 shellfish samples collected from four coastal cities along the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea of Shandong Province, China. The concentrations of total PFASs (∑PFASs) were in the range of 0.061-178.259 ng/g wet weight (ww). Two legacy long-chain compounds were dominant. Three emerging compounds and two short-chain alternatives were also observed with higher concentration and detection frequency than in previous studies, whereas 4, 8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate acid (ADONA) was not detected. There were differences in concentrations and composition profiles of PFASs among different species, as well as among different sampling cities. According to scores of principal component analysis, metal plating plants, textile treatments, and fluoropolymer products were considered as the main sources of PFAS contamination in shellfish. Furthermore, a potential health risk of perfluorooctanoic acid should be highly considered for local residents that frequently consume crabs and molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Shandong Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, PR China
| | - Luping Yang
- Shandong Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, PR China
| | - Zunhua Chu
- Shandong Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yanni Jiao
- Shandong Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shandong Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Dezhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dezhou, PR China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xibao Gao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
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11
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Novak PA, Hoeksema SD, Thompson SN, Trayler KM. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in a microtidal urban estuary: Sources and sinks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115215. [PMID: 37392593 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates PFAS contamination and determines the major drainage sources to a temperate microtidal estuary, the Swan Canning Estuary, in Perth Western Australia. We describe how variability in these sources influences PFAS concentrations within this urban estuary. Surface water samples were collected from 20 estuary sites and 32 catchment sites in June and December from 2016 to 2018. Modelled catchment discharge was used to estimate PFAS load over the study period. Three major catchment sources of elevated PFAS were identified with contamination likely resulting from historical AFFF use on a commercial airport and defence base. Estuary PFAS concentration and composition varied significantly with season and spatially with the two different estuary arms responding differently to winter and summer conditions. This study has found that the influence of multiple PFAS sources on an estuary depend on the historical usage timeframe, groundwater interactions and surface water discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Novak
- Rivers and Estuaries Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - S D Hoeksema
- Rivers and Estuaries Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S N Thompson
- Rivers and Estuaries Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K M Trayler
- Rivers and Estuaries Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Sun Q, Wang T, Zhan X, Hong S, Lin L, Tan P, Xiong Y, Zhao H, Zheng Z, Bi R, Liu W, Wang S, Khim JS. Legacy and novel perfluoroalkyl substances in raw and cooked squids: Perspective from health risks and nutrient benefits. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108024. [PMID: 37315488 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) existed ubiquitously in the environment and could be ingested unconsciously with food which posed a disease risk to human health. Swordtip squid (Uroteuthis edulis) is one of the most popular and highly consumed seafood worldwide, with wide distribution and abundant biomass. Therefore, it is of great importance to the health of the public by reducing the health risks of squid consumption while preserving the benefits of squid to humans. In this study, the PFAS and fatty acids in squids were tested from the southeast coastal regions of China, a major habitat for squids. Relative higher concentrations of PFAS in squid were found in the subtropical zone of southern China (mean: 15.90 ng/g·dw) compared to those of the temperate zone of northern China (mean: 11.77 ng/g·dw). The digestive system had high tissue/muscle ratio (TMR) values, and the pattern of TMR among the same carbon-chain PFAS was similar. Cooking methods have a significant contribution to eliminating PFAS (in squids). PFAS were transferred from squids to other mediums after cooking, so juice and oil should be poured out to minimize PFAS exposure into body. The result showed that squids can be regarded as a healthy food by health benefits associated with fatty acids. Estimated daily intake (EDI) had the highest level in Korea via consuming squids through cooking processes compared with other countries. Based on the assessment of the hazard ratios (HRs), there was a high exposure risk of perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) via taking squids for human health. This research provided the theoretical guidance of aquatic product processing in improving nutrition and reducing harmful substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongping Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Xinyi Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Lanfang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Peixin Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yonglong Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Hancheng Zhao
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhixin Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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13
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Yun X, Lewis AJ, Stevens-King G, Sales CM, Spooner DE, Kurz MJ, Suri R, McKenzie ER. Bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates: Impact of species and sediment organic carbon content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161208. [PMID: 36581279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic environments have caused global concern due to their persistence, toxicity, and potential bioaccumulation of some compounds. As an important compartment of the aquatic ecosystem, sediment properties impact PFAS partitioning between aqueous and solid phases, but little is known about the influence of sediment organic carbon content on PFAS bioaccumulation in benthic organisms. In this study, three freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates - worms (Lumbriculus variegatus), mussels (Elliptio complanata) and snails (Physella acuta) - were exposed for 28 days to PFAS spiked synthetic sediment equilibrated with a synthetic surface water. Using microcosms, sediment organic carbon content - 2%, 5% and 8% - was manipulated to assess its impact on PFAS bioaccumulation. Worms were found to have substantially greater PFAS bioaccumulation compared to mussels and snails. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) in worms were both one to two magnitudes higher than in mussels and snails, likely due to different habitat-specific uptake pathways and elimination capacities among species. In these experiments, increasing sediment organic carbon content decreased the bioaccumulation of PFAS to benthic macroinvertebrates. In worms, sediment organic carbon content was hypothesized to impact PFAS bioaccumulation by affecting PFAS partitioning and sediment ingestion rate. Notably, the BSAF values of 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTS) were the largest among 14 PFAS for all species, suggesting that the benthic macroinvertebrates probably have different metabolic mechanisms for fluorotelomer sulfonic acids compared to fish evaluated in published literature. Understanding the impact of species and sediment organic carbon on PFAS bioaccumulation is key to developing environmental quality guidelines and evaluating potential ecological risks to higher trophic level species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yun
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Asa J Lewis
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Galen Stevens-King
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher M Sales
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel E Spooner
- Department of Biology, Lock Haven University, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA
| | - Marie J Kurz
- Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Rominder Suri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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14
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Li YF, Fang T, Lee YC, Liu YJ, Hu CY, Lo SL. Cationic surfactants influencing the enhancement of energy efficiency for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) removal in the electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) system. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137932. [PMID: 36690258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
From an environmental perspective, approaching sustainability requires a fundamental conceptual shift from the wastewater treatment process toward integrated treatment systems that consider efficient and effective utilization. This study aims to investigate the effects of different surfactants on the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). We used cationic surfactants as both frothers and collectors in the electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) method to improve the removal efficiency of PFOA. The results showed that, under a monopolar aluminum electrode and with an initial PFOA concentration of 0.25 mM, the ECF method with decyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (DTAB) was able to remove over 98% of PFOA within 10 min. Cationic surfactants with a similar linear alkyl chain shape to PFOA, but a longer chain length, are more effective at removing PFOA through the ECF process. The removal mechanism is thought to involve co-precipitation with aluminum hydroxides through Al-F bonding, co-flotation with cationic surfactants, and mixed micelle formation with cationic surfactants. The optimal conditions were tested in both synthetic and realistic wastewater matrices and produced similar results. It has the potential for real wastewater application. The energy yield (G50) of ECF with 5 mM DTAB is 497 g·kWh-1, superior to other treatments, and is an extremely energy-effective method for separating PFOA from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Feng Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chuo-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Ting Fang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chuo-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chuo-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chuo-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Hu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chuo-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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15
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Savoca D, Pace A, Arizza V, Arculeo M, Melfi R. Controlled uptake of PFOA in adult specimens of Paracentrotus lividus and evaluation of gene expression in their gonads and embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26094-26106. [PMID: 36350439 PMCID: PMC9995410 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been largely used in the manufacturing industry but a few years ago it turned out to be a dangerous pollutant which is now of concern for terrestrial and aquatic environments. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation of PFOA in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus after exposure to different concentrations of the pollutant for 28 days. We observed rapid uptake of PFOA in the coelomic fluid collected weekly during the exposure period and high bioaccumulation in gonads at the end of the experiment. Interestingly, animals were also able to fast depurate when relocated to a clean environment. In addition, to assess the effect of PFOA on sea urchins' physiological pathways, we analysed the expression profile of some marker genes both in the gonads and in the embryos obtained from parents exposed to PFOA. Our results suggest that PFOA is a persistent, bioaccumulative compound that adversely affects the health of the exposed organisms and their offspring by causing significant changes in the expression of some key target genes and the occurrence of developmental anomalies in the embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Savoca
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche E Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pace
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche E Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche E Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Arculeo
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche E Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Raffaella Melfi
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche E Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
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16
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Cao X, Xin S, Liu X, Wang S. Occurrence and behavior of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and conversion of oxidizable precursors in the waters of coastal tourist resorts in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120460. [PMID: 36273687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorolkyl substances (PFAS) were measured in the water and fish from 20 coastal tourist resorts in China, to investigate their sources, seasonal differences, and bioconcentration. An oxidative method with hydroxyl radicals was used to extract potential perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors in the water of resorts. The results indicated that the total concentrations of target chemicals (i.e., ΣPFAS) in the original water were 59.4-138, 32.7-77.2, and 14.6-29.9 ng L-1 in December, April, and August, respectively. C4-C10 perfluorocarboxlate (PFCA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) accounted for 67%-92% of the ΣPFAS contents in all water samples. The PFAS concentrations in the muscles and liver of fish were 16.0-162 ng g-1 ww and 186-1240 ng g-1 ww, respectively. The dominant compounds were perfluorobutanoate acid (PFBA) and PFOS in the water, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFOS in fish tissues. High bioconcentration were observed for PFCA (C ≥ 8) and perfluorosulfonate (PFSA, C ≥ 6). After oxidative conversion, the water exhibited a noticeable increase in the ΣPFAS value. Precursors that generated C4-C9 PFCA were more prevalent than precursors that generated other PFCA upon oxidation. The concentration of C8-based precursor was higher than that of C6-based precursor in wet and dry seasons. This study is the first to apply an oxidative method to investigate PFAS pollution in the water of coastal tourist resorts. The results verified that PFAA precursors exist in the water of coastal tourist resorts, and more attention should be given to the existence of PFAA precursors and the safety of water in coastal tourist resorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Cao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, China; School of History and Culture, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhan Xin
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China.
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17
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Ojemaye CY, Pampanin DM, Sydnes MO, Green L, Petrik L. The burden of emerging contaminants upon an Atlantic Ocean marine protected reserve adjacent to Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12625. [PMID: 36619409 PMCID: PMC9816787 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and levels of fifteen chemicals of emerging concerns, including five perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), two industrial chemicals, seven pharmaceuticals and one personal care product, were evaluated in biota, seawater and sediments obtained from near-shore coastal zone in Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa. Eight compounds were found in seawater, and between nine to twelve compounds were quantified in marine invertebrates, sediment and seaweed. Diclofenac was the prevalent pharmaceutical with a maximum concentration of 2.86 ng/L in seawater, ≥110.9 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments and ≥67.47 ng/g dw in marine biotas. Among PFCs, perfluoroheptanoic acid was predominant in seawater (0.21-0.46 ng/L). Accumulation of perfluorodecanoic acid (764 ng/g dw) as well as perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid (504.52 and 597.04 ng/g dw, respectively) was highest in samples of seaweed. The environmental risk assessment carried out in this study showed that although individual pollutants pose a low acute and chronic risk, yet individual compounds each had a high bioaccumulation factor in diverse marine species, and their combination as a complex mixture in marine organisms might have adverse effects upon aquatic organisms. Data revealed that this Atlantic Ocean marine protected environment is affected by the presence of numerous and diverse emerging contaminants that could only have originated from sewage discharges. The complex mixture of persistent chemicals found bioaccumulating in marine organisms could bode ill for the propagation and survival of marine protected species, since many of these compounds are known toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y. Ojemaye
- Environmental and Nano Science Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa,Corresponding author.
| | - Daniela M. Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, N. O. 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Magne O. Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, N. O. 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lesley Green
- Environmental Humanities South and Department of Anthropology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Science Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Giffard NG, Gitlin SA, Rardin M, Petali JM, Chen CY, Romano ME. Occurrence and Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Shellfish. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:591-603. [PMID: 36255596 PMCID: PMC9841895 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of persistent, fluorinated surfactants used widely in industrial and commercial applications with known adverse health effects. Seafood consumption is thought to be an underappreciated source of PFAS exposure in the general population. This review synthesizes the current understanding of PFAS occurrence in shellfish, a term used to describe animals such as mollusk bivalves, certain gastropods (snails), cephalopods (e.g., octopuses and squid), and crustaceans, and highlights scientific gaps relative to bioaccumulation and the protection of shellfish consumers. RECENT FINDINGS A range of sampling methodologies are used across studies, and the suite of PFAS surveyed across studies is highly variable. Concentrations of PFAS observed in shellfish vary by geographic location, shellfish species, habitat, and across PFAS compounds, and studies informing estimates of bioaccumulation of PFAS in shellfish are extremely limited at this time. This review identifies several important opportunities for researchers to standardize PFAS sampling techniques, sample preparation, and analytical methodologies to allow for better comparison of PFAS analytes both within and across future studies. Increasing the range of geographic locations where samples are collected is also a critical priority to support a greater knowledge of worldwide PFAS contamination. When put into the context of risk to consumer, concentrations of PFAS, especially PFOS, found in shellfish collected from sites containing aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and industrial contamination may present risks to frequent consumers. Further research is needed to protect shellfish consumers and to inform shellfish advisories and health protective policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Giffard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Saige A Gitlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Marta Rardin
- Environmental Health Program, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Jonathan M Petali
- Environmental Health Program, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Celia Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- One Medical Center Drive, Hinman, Box 7927, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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19
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Wang Q, Ruan Y, Jin L, Lu G, Ma L, Yeung LWY, Wang WX, Lam PKS. Oysters for legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) monitoring in estuarine and coastal waters: Phase distribution and bioconcentration profile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157453. [PMID: 35863582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a diverse group of widely used anthropogenic chemicals that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative, especially in aquatic ecosystem. The heavily industrialized and urbanized Greater Bay Area in China represents a notable contamination source for PFASs, which may potentially influence the health of local oysters as a keystone species in local ecosystems and a popular seafood. In this study, samples of oysters and their surrounding waters were collected from the littoral zones of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China during winter 2020, where 44 PFASs, including 19 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), 8 emerging PFASs, and 17 PFAA precursors (or intermediates), were analyzed. Total PFAS concentrations ranged 13.8-58.8 ng/L in the dissolved phase, 3.60-11.2 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the suspended particulate matter (SPM), and 0.969-1.98 ng/g dw in the oysters. Most short-chain PFASs were present in the dissolved phase (>95%), while long-chain PFASs generally showed higher concentrations in the SPM. Log field-based bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of long-chain PFASs increased linearly (r = 0.95, p < 0.01) with increasing estimated log membrane-water (Dmw) and protein-water (Dpw) distribution coefficients. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) exhibited higher measured BCFs than those estimated by their Dmw and Dpw. Considering the widespread occurrence of their precursors, the contribution of precursor transformation was likely to be a significant source of PFHxA and PFHpA. Oysters from the PRE littoral zones posed low risks to human health associated with PFAS consumption, which might be underestimated due to limited toxicity data available for PFAA precursors and emerging PFASs. This study sheds light on the practicality of applying oysters as biomonitors for timely PFAS monitoring in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Linjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Guangyuan Lu
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lan Ma
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Munoz G, Mercier L, Duy SV, Liu J, Sauvé S, Houde M. Bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of emerging and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a St. Lawrence River food web. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119739. [PMID: 35817301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in freshwater ecosystems has focused primarily on legacy compounds and little is still known on the presence of emerging PFAS. Here, we investigated the occurrence of 60 anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFAS in a food web of the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada) near a major metropolitan area. Water, sediments, aquatic vegetation, invertebrates, and 14 fish species were targeted for analysis. Levels of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in river water exceeded those of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and a zwitterionic betaine was observed for the first time in the St. Lawrence River. The highest mean PFAS concentrations were observed for the benthopelagic top predator Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu, Σ60PFAS ∼ 92 ± 34 ng/g wet weight whole-body) and the lowest for aquatic plants (0.52-2.3 ng/g). Up to 33 PFAS were detected in biotic samples, with frequent occurrences of emerging PFAS such as perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA) and perfluoroethyl cyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), while targeted ether-PFAS all remained undetected. PFOS and long-chain perfluorocarboxylates (C10-C13 PFCAs) dominated the contamination profiles in biota except for insects where PFBA was predominant. Gammarids, molluscs, and insects also had frequent detections of PFOA and fluorotelomer sulfonates, an important distinction with fish and presumably due to different metabolism. Based on bioaccumulation factors >5000 and trophic magnification factors >1, long-chain (C10-C13) PFCAs, PFOS, perfluorodecane sulfonate, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide qualified as very bioaccumulative and biomagnifying. Newly monitored PFAS such as FBSA and PFECHS were biomagnified but moderately bioaccumulative, while PFOA was biodiluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurie Mercier
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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21
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Li W, Bischel HN. Are resource recovery insects safe for feed and food? A screening approach for bioaccumulative trace organic contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155850. [PMID: 35568168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most bioaccumulation assessments select one or several compound classes a priori for analysis performed by either liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS or GC-MS). When organisms are exposed to complex mixtures of trace organic contaminants (TOrCs), targeted chemical assays limit understanding of contaminant profiles in biological tissues and associated risks. We used a semi-quantitative suspect-screening approach to assess the bioaccumulation potential of diverse TOrCs in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) using almond hulls (by-products of the booming almond industry in California) as test substrates. BSFL digestion is gaining traction as a resource recovery strategy to generate animal feed from low-value organic wastes. We screened almond hulls from six California farms for the presence of 5728 TOrCs using high resolution mass spectrometry. We then categorized the risk potential of 46 TOrCs detected in the hulls based on their predicted bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity in order to select two hulls for an in situ BSFL bioaccumulation screening study. We analyzed larvae tissues and feeding substrate initially and after 14 days of growth using targeted, suspect-screening, and nontarget-screening methods. The survival rate of BSFL in all rearing reactors was greater than 90%, indicating low toxicity of the substrates to BSFL. Esfenvalerate, cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin were the most abundant pyrethroids quantified (81.7 to 381.6 ng/g-dw) in the hulls. Bifenthrin bioaccumulated in BSFL tissues (14-day bioaccumulation factor, BAF, of 2.17 ± 0.24). For nontarget analysis, kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis of PFAS homologous series revealed hydrogen-substituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (H-PFCAs) in the hulls and BSFL tissues after growth. Our approach demonstrates the utility of suspect-screening in chemical safety assessments when organic wastes with highly diverse and variable contaminant profiles are used in resource recovery pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Heather N Bischel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, California 95616, United States.
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22
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Yu L, Hua Z, Zhao L, Xue H, Tong X. Perfluoroalkyl acids in representative edible aquatic species from the lower Yangtze River: Occurrence, distribution, sources, and health risk. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115390. [PMID: 35661881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) exposure poses a potential hazard to wildlife and humans. Food consumption is one of the main routes of PFAA exposure for the general population, with aquatic organisms being the major contributors. To evaluate the risk of coastal residents' intake of wild aquatic organisms, 14 PFAAs were detected in crucian carp and oriental river prawn from 18 sampling sites from the lower reaches of Yangtze River. The total PFAA (∑PFAA) concentrations ranged from 5.9 to 51.3 ng/g wet weight (ww) in the muscle of crucian carp and river prawn, suggesting the potential risk to human and wildlife. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and long-chain PFAAs (C ≥ 10) were the main pollutants in the tissues of crucian carp and river prawn, which are known for their higher bioaccumulation capacity. The ∑PFAA concentration in all the samples showed an increasing trend from upstream to downstream and was higher in the south bank, owing to population density, prevailing winds, background pollution and industrial emission. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation analysis showed that WWTP effluent, industrial pollution and surface runoff ware the main sources of PFAAs in the aquatic organisms and industrial pollution highest contributor, suggesting better regulation is needed to manage them. The assessment of risk to human health and wild life suggested a low risk for most residents of cities along the Yangtze River except for resident of Nantong, where frequent consumption of wild aquatic organisms may cause potential risk to human health, especially for traditional eaters and middle-aged people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China.
| | - Liang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Zulin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Hongqin Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
| | - Xuneng Tong
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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23
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Ighalo JO, Yap PS, Iwuozor KO, Aniagor CO, Liu T, Dulta K, Iwuchukwu FU, Rangabhashiyam S. Adsorption of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from the aqueous environment by nano-adsorbents: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113123. [PMID: 35339467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of urbanisation and industrial activities significantly exacerbates the distribution of toxic contaminations into the aqueous environment. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have received considerable attention in the past few decades because of their persistence, long-distance migration, potential bioaccumulation, latent toxicity for humans and wildlife. There is no doubt that POPs cause serious effects on the global ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple, safe and sustainable approach to remove POPs from water bodies. Among other conventional techniques, the adsorption process has proven to be a more effective method for eliminating POPs and to a larger extent meet discharge regulations. Nanomaterials can effectively adsorb POPs from aqueous solutions. For most POPs, a >70% adsorptive removal efficiency was achieved. The major mechanisms for POPS uptake by nano-adsorbents includes electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic (van der Waals, π-π and electron donor-acceptor) interaction and hydrogen bonding. Nano-adsorbent can sustain a >90% POPs adsorptive removal for about 3 cycles and reuseable for up to 10 cycles. Challenges around adsorbent ecotoxicity and safe disposal were also discussed. The present review evaluated recent research outcomes on nanomaterials that are employed to remove POPs in water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B., 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B., 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Pow-Seng Yap
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Kingsley O Iwuozor
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B., 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Chukwunonso O Aniagor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B., 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kanika Dulta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Felicitas U Iwuchukwu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B., 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Selvasembian Rangabhashiyam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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24
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Dickman RA, Aga DS. A review of recent studies on toxicity, sequestration, and degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129120. [PMID: 35643010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The fate, effects, and treatment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), an anthropogenic class of chemicals used in industrial and commercial production, are topics of great interest in recent research and news cycles. This interest stems from the ubiquity of PFAS in the global environment as well as their significant toxicological effects in humans and wildlife. Research on toxicity, sequestration, removal, and degradation of PFAS has grown rapidly, leading to a flood of valuable knowledge that can get swamped out in the perpetual rise in the number of publications. Selected papers from the Journal of Hazardous Materials between January 2018 and May 2022 on the toxicity, sequestration, and degradation of PFAS are reviewed in this article and made available as open-access publications for one year, in order to facilitate the distribution of critical knowledge surrounding PFAS. This review discusses routes of toxicity as observed in mammalian and cellular models, and the observed human health effects in exposed communities. Studies that evaluate of toxicity through in-silico approaches are highlighted in this paper. Removal of PFAS through modified carbon sorbents, nanoparticles, and anion exchange materials are discussed while comparing treatment efficiencies for different classes of PFAS. Finally, various biotic and abiotic degradation techniques, and the pathways and mechanisms involved are reviewed to provide a better understanding on the removal efficiencies and cost effectiveness of existing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dickman
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States.
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25
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Liu Z, Xu C, Johnson AC, Sun X, Wang M, Xiong J, Chen C, Wan X, Ding X, Ding M. Exploring the source, migration and environmental risk of perfluoroalkyl acids and novel alternatives in groundwater beneath fluorochemical industries along the Yangtze River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154413. [PMID: 35276179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The widely used legacy perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with serious environmental hazards are gradually restricted and being replaced by novel alternatives. Here, for an efficient control of emerging environmental risks in groundwater, we systematically studied the source apportionment, spatial attenuation, composition change and risk zoning of 12 PFAAs and five novel alternatives within a region of ~200 km2 around a mega fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) along the Yangtze River, and in-depth explored potential association between groundwater and soil pollution as well as influencing factors on contaminant migration and risk distribution in the aquifer. Short-chain PFAAs and novel alternatives together accounted for over 70% in groundwater, revealing their prevalence in replacing legacy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Novel alternatives for PFOA were mainly hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA), while those for PFOS were 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS). PFAAs (maximum total: 1339 ng/L) and novel alternatives (maximum total: 208 ng/L) in groundwater were mostly derived from the FIP, and exhibited an exponentially decreasing trend with increasing distance. Compared with those in groundwater, more diverse sources of PFAAs and novel alternatives in surface soil were identified. The transport of these chemicals may be retarded by clayed surface soils with high organic matter contents. High aquifer permeability could generally promote the dilution and migration of PFAAs and novel alternatives in groundwater, as well as reduce the differences in their spatial distribution. Shorter-chain components with smaller molecules and higher hydrophilicity exhibited greater migration capacities in the aquifer. In addition, different levels of health risk from PFOS and PFOA were zoned based on drinking groundwater, and high risks tended to be distributed in areas with relatively poor aquifer water yield due to higher pollutant accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Jiangxi Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Remediation of Heavy Metal Pollution, Institute of Microbe, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Mingxia Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chang Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- Hubei Geological Survey, Wuhan 430034, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muyang Ding
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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26
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Efficient workflow for suspect screening analysis to characterize novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in biosolids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4497-4507. [PMID: 35608671 PMCID: PMC9142425 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Land application of treated sewage sludge (also known as biosolids) is considered a sustainable route of disposal because it reduces waste loading into landfills while improving soil health. However, this waste management practice can introduce contaminants from biosolids, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), into the environment. PFAS have been observed to be taken up by plants, accumulate in humans and animals, and have been linked to various negative health effects. There is limited information on the nature and amounts of PFAS introduced from biosolids that have undergone different treatment processes. Therefore, this study developed analytical techniques to improve the characterization of PFAS in complex biosolid samples. Different clean-up techniques were evaluated and applied to waste-activated sludge (WAS) and lime-stabilized primary solids (PS) prior to targeted analysis and suspect screening of biosolid samples. Using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry, a workflow was developed to achieve parallel quantitative targeted analysis and qualitative suspect screening. This study found that concentrations of individual PFAS (27 targeted analytes) can range from 0.6 to 84.6 ng/g in WAS (average total PFAS = 241.4 ng/g) and from 1.6 to 33.8 ng/g in PS (average total PFAS = 72.1 ng/g). The suspect screening workflow identified seven additional PFAS in the biosolid samples, five of which have not been previously reported in environmental samples. Some of the newly identified compounds are a short-chain polyfluorinated carboxylate (a PFOS replacement), a diphosphate ester (a PFOA precursor), a possible transformation product of carboxylate PFAS, and an imidohydrazide which contains a sulfonate and benzene ring.
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27
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Lalonde B, Garron C. Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Canadian Freshwater Environment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:581-591. [PMID: 35347351 PMCID: PMC9079020 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are anthropogenic substances that are very stable in the receiving environment. Legacy perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are especially persistent and resistant to typical environmental degradation processes and therefore are distributed across all trophic levels and environmental compartments (soil, air, water). Since most uses of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and LC-long-chain PFCAs are banned in Canada, alternative PFASs have been in use for a number of years. Twenty-nine sites across Canada were sampled for PFASs to determine concentrations and trends. Overall, 13 PFASs were measured in 566 Canadian freshwater samples from 2013 to 2020 with a range from below the detection limit (LOD range: 0.4-1.6 ng/L) of the laboratory to a maximum of 138 ng/L (for PFBS). While PFOS and PFOA concentrations are declining significantly over time, other compounds such as PFPeA and PFBA have increased significantly over 2013-2020. Overall, the range of concentrations found in this study was similar to that of other Canadian and international studies. However, this study also found a higher frequency of detections of the replacement PFASs than that of the other, older, Canadian studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Lalonde
- Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 2N6, Canada.
| | - Christine Garron
- Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 2N6, Canada
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28
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Barhoumi B, Sander SG, Driss MR, Tolosa I. Survey of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in Mediterranean seafood from a North African ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118398. [PMID: 34695516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in all environmental compartments, little is known about the pollution they cause on the African continent, neither on levels, nor effects. Here we examined the occurrence and levels of 21 legacy and emerging PFAS in 9 marine species (3 fish, 2 crustaceans and 4 mollusks) collected from Bizerte lagoon, Northern Tunisia. Furthermore, assessment of potential human health risks through consumption of contaminated seafood was examined. This is the first study assessing PFAS in Mediterranean coastal areas of North Africa. Twelve out of the 21 targeted PFAS were detected, evidencing the occurrence of PFAS in seafood from North Africa, albeit at low levels. The Ʃ21PFAS concentrations in all seafood samples ranged from 0.202 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) to 2.89 ng g-1 dw, with a mean value of 1.10 ± 0.89 ng g-1 dw. The profiles of PFAS varied significantly among different species, which might be related to their different trophic level, protein content, feeding behaviour and metabolism. Generally, current exposure to PFAS through seafood consumption indicates that it should not be of concern to the local consumers, at least for those PFAS for which information is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Sylvia G Sander
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
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29
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Zhang M, Wang P, Lu Y, Shi Y, Wang C, Sun B, Li X, Song S, Yu M, Zhao J, Du D, Qin W, Wang T, Han G, Liu Z, Baninla Y, Zhang A. Transport and environmental risks of perfluoroalkyl acids in a large irrigation and drainage system for agricultural production. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106856. [PMID: 34520981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quality of irrigation water and drainage water is essential for local ecosystem and human health in agricultural regions. In this study, the transport analysis, source identification, and environmental risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were conducted in the largest irrigation area in northern China. The concentrations of the total PFAAs (ΣPFAA) ranged from 41.5 to 263 ng/L in surface water, and the short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were dominant with a total contribution of 94%. Generally, the ΣPFAA levels increased from irrigation waters to drainage and receiving lake waters. PFOA showed the highest increase, with potential emission sources located in the catchment of the sub main drainage ditch D5. More PFOA (36.8 kg/y) was outflowed from Ulansuhai Lake to the Yellow River than that inflowed from the Yellow River to the irrigation district (6.15 kg/y). The results of a risk assessment indicated that avian wildlife living in Ulansuhai Lake were threatened by the PFOA and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) pollution. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the sum of the PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) through aquatic food consumption for people with the different aquatic food preferences accounted for 6-42% (urban) and 4-27% (rural) of the strictest tolerant daily intake (TDI) value. The results of this study highlight the impact of local emissions of PFAS on massive irrigation and drainage systems, and ultimately, the ecosystem and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mingzhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jixin Zhao
- Bayannur Institute of Environmental Science, Bayannur 015000, China
| | - Di Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenyou Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guoxiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- Department of Geology, Mining and Environmental Science, University of Bamenda, P. O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Anqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Savoca D, Melfi R, Palumbo Piccionello A, Barreca S, Buscemi S, Arizza V, Arculeo M, Pace A. Presence and biodistribution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in Paracentrotus lividus highlight its potential application for environmental biomonitoring. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18763. [PMID: 34548584 PMCID: PMC8455602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The first determination of presence and biodistribution of PFOA in ninety specimens of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from two differently contaminated sites along Palermo's coastline (Sicily) is reported. Analyses were performed on the sea urchins' coelomic fluids, coelomocytes, gonads or mixed organs, as well as on seawater and Posidonia oceanica leaves samples from the collection sites. PFOA concentration ranged between 1 and 13 ng/L in seawater and between 0 and 794 ng/g in P. oceanica. The analyses carried out on individuals of P. lividus from the least polluted site (A) showed PFOA median values equal to 0 in all the matrices (coelomic fluid, coelomocytes and gonads). Conversely, individuals collected from the most polluted site (B) showed median PFOA concentrations of 21 ng/g in coelomic fluid, 153 ng/g in coelomocytes, and 195 ng/g in gonads. Calculated bioconcentration factors of log10BCF > 3.7 confirmed the very bioaccumulative nature of PFOA. Significant correlations were found between the PFOA concentration of the coelomic fluid versus the total PFOA concentration of the entire sea urchin. PERMANOVA (p = 0.001) end Welch's t-test (p < 0.001) analyses showed a difference between specimens collected from the two sites highlighting the potential application of P. lividus as sentinel species for PFOA biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Savoca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Raffaella Melfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palumbo Piccionello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvestre Buscemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Arculeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy.
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Sun Q, Bi R, Wang T, Su C, Chen Z, Diao J, Zheng Z, Liu W. Are there risks induced by novel and legacy poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in coastal aquaculture base in South China? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146539. [PMID: 34030277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have raised great attention as emerging contaminants due to their persistent and bioaccumulative characteristics. Following the global actions to limit perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and its salts, chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), as an alternative perfluorochemical, has been a focus during this period. In this study, PFASs in coastal seawater, sediment, and seaweed from the significant aquaculture bases of Porphyra haitanensis in the southeast of China were investigated. Their bioaccumulation and ecological risk were elucidated and associated human exposures to PFASs with consumption of aquatic products for rural and urban groups were calculated. The total PFASs levels in seawater and sediment were 21.52-241.86 ng/L and 4.55-26.54 ng/g·dw, respectively. F-53B was found frequently and has relative high concentration in seawater (ND-2.13 ng/L). The Porphyra haitanensis and Siganus fuscescens were also analyzed, with PFASs concentrations ranging from 10.45 to 29.98 ng/g·dw and 7.17 to 25.43 ng/g·dw, respectively. The total logarithm BAF of F-53B and PFOS in two kinds of detected seafoods were within 0-2.94 and 2.01-3.25, these values did not vary in different sites. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PFASs through aquatic products consumption in rural and urban residents were 0.03-26.50 ng/kg bw/day and 0.17-37.01 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, based on the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese residents. The total EDI of PFASs via Porphyra haitanensis and Siganus fuscescens in different groups were significantly lower than the suggested tolerable daily intake (PFOS, 150 ng/kg bw/day; PFOA, 1500 ng/kg bw/day), which indicates that PFASs did not induce health risks to the residents living around these aquaculture bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongping Sun
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Chuanghong Su
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhenwei Chen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jieyi Diao
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
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Zheng G, Schreder E, Dempsey JC, Uding N, Chu V, Andres G, Sathyanarayana S, Salamova A. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Breast Milk: Concerning Trends for Current-Use PFAS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7510-7520. [PMID: 33982557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study in the last 15 years to analyze per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk collected from mothers (n = 50) in the United States, and our findings indicate that both legacy and current-use PFAS now contaminate breast milk, exposing nursing infants. Breast milk was analyzed for 39 PFAS, including 9 short-chain and 30 long-chain compounds, and 16 of these PFAS were detected in 4-100% of the samples. The ∑PFAS concentration in breast milk ranged from 52.0 to 1850 pg/mL with a median concentration of 121 pg/mL. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the most abundant PFAS in these samples (medians 30.4 and 13.9 pg/mL, respectively). Two short-chain PFAS, including perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, C6) and perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7), were detected in most of the samples with median concentrations of 9.69 and 6.10 pg/mL, respectively. Analysis of the available breast milk PFAS data from around the world over the period of 1996-2019 showed that while the levels of the phased-out PFOS and PFOA have been declining with halving times of 8.1 and 17 years, respectively, the detection frequencies of current-use short-chain PFAS have been increasing with a doubling time of 4.1 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | | | - Nancy Uding
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Valerie Chu
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Gabriel Andres
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington/Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 91807, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Avellán-Llaguno RD, Liu X, Dong S, Huang Q. Occurrence and toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids along the estuarine and coastal regions under varied environmental factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144584. [PMID: 33477046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the significant economic and ecological value, the increasing pollution threat to estuarine and coastal regions is of great concern. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are emerging pollutants which possess adverse ecological risk. In this review, we have compiled the data on the levels of PFAAs in environmental samples, mainly in estuarine and coastal zones. A worldwide map was generated to show the distribution of PFAAs. The experimental results have also been considered, which, together with those of environmental samples, has allowed us to infer about the factors that intervene in the behavior of PFAAs. The presence of PFAAs is determined primarily by the source of pollution. Salinity is as well shown as a significant condition, dependent too on the sampling environment. The analysis of PFAAs from environmental samples constitutes a fundamental tool for the surveillance of these pollutants, but the lack of homogeneity of protocols for sampling, as well as for the results presentation, limits the comparative capacity. Laboratory studies are also an essential tool in the analysis of particular aspects related to PFAAs, but many times the conditions tested are not environmentally significant. In this way, it would not be prudent to establish "paradigms" about the behavior of the PFAAs in certain areas or organisms, instead to suggest the points that can be considered fundamental for each issue addressed. The main variables that appear to intervene in estuarine and coastal regions are mainly the proximity to the source of pollution, salinity, pH, precipitation (rain) as well as types of PFAAs. All these can synergistically lead to different impacts on the ecosystem. Therefore, the particular risks of PFAAs in estuarine and coastal regions is a set of multiple variables, dependent on each sampling condition and according to the previously named parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo David Avellán-Llaguno
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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Demir Caliskan T, Wei L, Luzinov I. Perfluoropolyether-based oleophobic additives: Influence of molecular weight distribution on wettability of polyethylene terephthalate films. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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35
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Shi B, Wang T, Yang H, Zhou Y, Bi R, Yang L, Yoon SJ, Kim T, Khim JS. Perfluoroalkyl acids in rapidly developing coastal areas of China and South Korea: Spatiotemporal variation and source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143297. [PMID: 33190881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are recognized as emerging contaminants that have captured worldwide attention. They are primarily transported in environments and spread around the globe due to their persistent and bioaccumulative characteristics. In this study, 15 PFASs were detected in major rivers of the rapidly developing coastal areas of China and South Korea. The concentrations and compositions of these PFASs varied greatly between different regions along the coastline. The total concentrations ranged from 14.9 to 16,500 ng L-1, and the mean concentrations of Σ15PFASs in Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay, and the west coast of South Korea were 124 ng L-1, 81.4 ng L-1, 1550 ng L-1, and 36.2 ng L-1, respectively. In Laizhou Bay, the relatively high perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was due to the high usage and manufacturing of PFOA-containing products and contributed 59% of the total compounds. In Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay, PFBA and PFOA were the most abundant compounds, accounting for >55% of the total compounds. Along the west coast of South Korea, PFBA and PFPeA were the most prevalent compounds, contributing 28% and 24% of the total compounds, respectively. The data collected in the last decade were analyzed to investigate the temporal trends of selected PFASs. The total concentration of Σ10 PFASs decreased in both China and South Korea, while the proportion of short-chain PFASs increased. The proportion of C4-C7 PFCAs in South Korea rapidly increased from 46% to 79% but decreased from 49% to 43% in China. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model successfully addressed the site-specific source apportionment, which showed that 53% of the PFASs in Laizhou Bay were due to fluorine manufacturing. The results of this study provide novel insights into elucidating the spatiotemporal distribution and complicated sources of PFASs over a large area and provide a clear message for all stakeholders, water and coastal managers, and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Hongfa Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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36
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Du D, Lu Y, Zhou Y, Li Q, Zhang M, Han G, Cui H, Jeppesen E. Bioaccumulation, trophic transfer and biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the marine food web of the South China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124681. [PMID: 33307411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in food webs is of tremendous importance in contaminant hazards evaluation. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely distributed, and its emissions to coastal areas have posed a threat to the health of marine organisms and consumers. In this study, 15 species were sampled from Qinzhou Bay of the South China Sea. The concentrations of PFAAs in organisms were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the trophic positions of organisms were constructed based on nitrogen isotope analysis. PFAAs were found in all organisms. The contents of PFOS in all organisms were higher than of PFOA, and the proportions of short-chain PFAAs were higher in the low trophic positioned organisms, while long-chain PFAAs were higher in the high trophic positioned organisms. Moreover, the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) increased with the increasing number of fluorocarbon atoms. The trophic magnification factor (TMF) and the biomagnification factors (BMFs), calculated from the constructed food webs, together suggested potential biomagnification effects of PFOS, while less clear results were found for PFOA. Our results further indicate that previously banned long-chain PFAAs had persistent residuals in this coastal marine ecosystem, and that emerging short-chain PFAAs had high concentrations in some species but showed no biomagnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoxiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
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Parolini M, Cappelli F, De Felice B, Possenti CD, Rubolini D, Valsecchi S, Polesello S. Within- and Among-Clutch Variation of Yolk Perfluoroalkyl Acids in a Seabird from the Northern Adriatic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:744-753. [PMID: 32833265 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are surface-active agents used in diverse industrial and commercial applications. They contaminate both freshwater and marine ecosystems, are highly persistent, and accumulate through trophic transfer. Seabirds are exposed to environmental contaminants due to their high trophic position in food webs and relatively long lifespan. We measured levels of 10 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in egg yolks of yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) breeding in the northern Adriatic Sea (Northeast Italy). We examined variations in PFAAs within clutches (between eggs of different laying order) and among clutches. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant yolk PFAA (mean = 42.0 ng/g wet wt), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 3.8 ng/g wet wt) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDa; 2.8 ng/g wet wt). The ∑PFAAs averaged 57.4 ng/g wet weight, ranging between 26.5 and 115.0 ng/g wet weight. The PFAA levels varied substantially among clutches (0.29-0.79 of the total variation), whereas the effects of laying order were considerably weaker (0.01-0.13). Egg-laying order effects were detected for ∑PFAAs, PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), and PFDoDa, whereby the last-laid eggs exhibited lower PFAA concentrations than early-laid eggs. Our results indicate that seagulls from the northern Adriatic basin deposit measurable amounts of PFAAs in their eggs. The large among-clutches differences in PFAAs suggest that exposure of yellow-legged gull females to these compounds is highly variable. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:744-753. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelli
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Brugherio, Monza and Brianza, Italy
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Diego Rubolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Brugherio, Monza and Brianza, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Brugherio, Monza and Brianza, Italy
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38
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Li YF, Chien WY, Liu YJ, Lee YC, Lo SL, Hu CY. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) removal by flotation with cationic surfactants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128949. [PMID: 33280843 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was separated and recovered using a foam flotation process aided by cationic surfactants. The PFOA removal efficiency was in the following decreasing order: OTAB (C8TAB) > DTAB (C10TAB) > CTAB (C16TAB) > TBAB, which indicates that cationic surfactants with an alkyl chain that had a similar length to that of PFOA had higher affinities to PFOA. PFOA removal slightly decreased with increasing ionic strength of the surfactant but did not change with the pH. PFOA could be completely removed in 20 min with 1.25 mM of OTAB in actual wastewater. The energy yield value of foam flotation with a cationic surfactant was much higher than those of other methods, which means that using foam flotation with a cationic surfactant as the collector is a simple, fast, and energy-efficient method to separate and recover PFOA from dilute water solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Feng Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Hu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Pan CG, Xiao SK, Yu KF, Wu Q, Wang YH. Legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a subtropical marine food web from the Beibu Gulf, South China: Fate, trophic transfer and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123618. [PMID: 32823029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The usage of alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been increasing due to the restriction and elimination of legacy PFASs. However, there is limited knowledge on bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of alternative PFASs, especially in subtropical ecosystems. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive survey to investigate the occurrence, bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of legacy and alternative PFASs in subtropical marine food webs in the Beibu Gulf, South China. Results showed that perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the predominant PFASs in water phase, while perfluorooctane sufonate (PFOS) contributed most to the sum of target PFASs in sediments and marine organisms. Of the investigated PFASs, PFOS and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (F-53B) exhibited the highest bioaccumulation factor with values > 5000, qualifying as very bioaccumulative chemicals. There was a significant positive correlation between log BSAF and the carbon chain length of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Trophic magnification (TMF) was observed for PFOS and F-53B, while the remaining PFASs were biodiluted through the present food web. The hazard ratios for PFOS and PFOA in all organisms were far less than unity, suggesting overall low PFAS risks for humans through consumption of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China
| | - Shao-Ke Xiao
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ke-Fu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China.
| | - Qi Wu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ying-Hui Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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40
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Miranda DA, Benskin JP, Awad R, Lepoint G, Leonel J, Hatje V. Bioaccumulation of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a tropical estuarine food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142146. [PMID: 33254889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was investigated in a tropical mangrove food web from an estuary in Bahia, Brazil. Samples of 44 organisms (21 taxa), along with biofilm, leaves, sediment and suspended particulate matter were analyzed. Sum (∑) PFAS concentrations in biota samples were dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 93% detection frequency in tissues; 0.05 to 1.97 ng g-1 ww whole-body (wb)), followed by perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA, 57%; 0.01 to 0.28 ng g-1 ww wb). PFOS precursors such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA, 54%; 0.01 to 0.32 ng g-1 ww wb) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA; 30%; 0.01 to 0.21 ng g-1 ww wb) were also detected. PFAS accumulation profiles revealed different routes of exposure among bivalve, crustacean and fish groups. Statistics for left-censored data were used in order to minimize bias on trophic magnification factors (TMFs) calculations. TMFs >1 were observed for PFOS (linear + branched isomers), EtFOSA (linear + branched isomers), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), and in all cases, dissimilar accumulation patterns were observed among different trophic positions. The apparent biodilution of some long-chain PFCAs through the food chain (TMF < 1) may be due to exposure from multiple PFAS sources. This is the first study investigating bioaccumulation of PFASs in a tropical food web and provides new insight on the behavior of this ubiquitous class of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele A Miranda
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente (CIEnAm) and Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 41170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raed Awad
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS - Oceanology), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Juliana Leonel
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Hatje
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente (CIEnAm) and Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 41170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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41
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Taylor MD. Animal size impacts perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations in muscle tissue of estuarine fish and invertebrate species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115595. [PMID: 33254671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental emissions of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) often contaminate aquatic ecosystems and accumulate in the species therein. This can represent an exposure pathway for human populations where seafood is consumed. Concentrations of PFAAs in water breathing animals may be a function of many different factors, however, little is known about how these different factors impact contaminant accumulation in estuarine and marine species. This study explores the relationships between PFAA accumulation and two key variables, animal size and sediment concentrations, for a number of important seafood species. Sixty Dusky Flathead (Platycephalus fuscus), 58 Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) and 53 Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) were tested for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) in edible tissues, and the concentrations compared with animal size and sediment concentrations at the location of capture. PFAAs showed a high degree of variation among species, and PFOA and PFHxS were only common in Giant Mud Crab. Log-transformed PFOS concentrations in all three species showed negative correlations with animal size (weight). There was limited evidence for relationships between PFOS muscle tissue concentration and sediment PFOS concentration. The patterns observed are potentially explained by changes in trophic position, relative growth rate, consumption rate and metabolic rate, throughout the species life history. The results contrast with observations for other persistent organic pollutants, whereby larger individuals tend to carry greater contaminant loads. Future work is required to establish whether these patterns are evident for PFAAs in other species and contaminant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taylor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, NSW, 2315, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
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Aquilina-Beck AA, Reiner JL, Chung KW, DeLise MJ, Key PB, DeLorenzo ME. Uptake and Biological Effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure in the Adult Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:333-342. [PMID: 33057757 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a legacy contaminant that has been detected globally within the environment and throughout numerous species, including humans. Despite an international ban on its use, this unique contaminant continues to persist in organisms and their surroundings due to PFOS's inability to breakdown into nontoxic forms resulting in bioaccumulation. In this study, we analyzed the effects of a technical mixture of PFOS (linear and branched isomers) in the adult Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, at 2 days and 7 days exposure. Biomarker analysis (lysosomal destabilization, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione assays) in oyster tissue along with chemical analysis (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) of PFOS in oyster tissue and water samples revealed the oysters' ability to overcome exposures without significant damage to lipid membranes or the glutathione phase II enzyme system; however, significant cellular lysosomal damage was observed. The oysters were able to eliminate up to 96% of PFOS at 0.3 mg/L and 3 mg/L exposures when allowed to depurate for 2 days in clean seawater. Chemical analysis showed the linear isomer to be the prevailing fraction of the residual PFOS contained in oyster tissue. Results provide insight into possible detrimental cellular effects of PFOS exposure in addition to offering insight into contaminant persistence in oyster tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisan A Aquilina-Beck
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katy W Chung
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Meaghan J DeLise
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter B Key
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marie E DeLorenzo
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
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43
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Rashid F, Ahmad S, Irudayaraj JMK. Effect of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on the Epigenetic and Tight Junction Genes of the Mouse Intestine. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8030064. [PMID: 32872178 PMCID: PMC7560341 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been implicated in various toxicities including neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, epigenetic toxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. However, information on the accumulation of PFOA in the intestine and its toxic effects on intestinal epigenetics and tight junction (TJ) genes is sparse. CD1 mice were dosed with PFOA (1, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day) for 10 days, and its accumulation and induced alterations in the expression of epigenetic and tight junction genes in the small intestine and colon were evaluated using LC-MS and qPCR techniques. PFOA reduced the expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b) primarily in the small intestine whereas, in the colon, a decrease was observed only at high concentrations. Moreover, ten-eleven translocation genes (Tet2 and Tet3) expression was dysregulated in the small intestine, whereas in the colon Tets remained unaffected. The tight junction genes Claudins (Cldn), Occludin (Ocln), and Tight Junction Protein (Tjp) were also heavily altered in the small intestine. TJs responded differently across the gut, in proportion to PFOA dosing. Our study reveals that PFOA triggers DNA methylation changes and alters the expression of genes essential for maintaining the physical barrier of intestine, with more profound effects in the small intestine compared to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Rashid
- Biomedical Research Center in Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (F.R.); (S.A.)
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Biomedical Research Center in Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (F.R.); (S.A.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Maria Kumar Irudayaraj
- Biomedical Research Center in Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (F.R.); (S.A.)
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-404-0499
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44
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Avellán-Llaguno RD, Liu X, Liu L, Dong S, Huang Q. Elevated bioaccumulation of PFAAs in Oryzias melastigma following the increase of salinity is associated with the up-regulated expression of PFAA-binding proteins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138336. [PMID: 32298882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely detected in the environment, especially in estuarine and coastal areas where fluctuation of salinity occurs. Salinity alteration affected the distribution of PFAAs and even the bioaccumulation in organisms. However, the inner mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), a euryhaline fish model, was exposed to four PFAAs congeners under three different salinities (0, 15 and 35 psu). Results showed that the bioaccumulation of PFAAs increased in fish as the water salinity increased. PFAAs with longer lengths of carbon‑fluorine bond showed higher bioaccumulation in the fish. Salinity did not alter the levels of PFAAs in water media, however, the uptake rate of PFAAs from gills did increase with the salinity. Further analysis of the mechanism showed that PFAA bound to branchial proteins as confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Higher expressions of proteins binding to PFAAs including organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) facilitated the uptake of PFAAs through gills in fish culturing under higher salinity. In all, our study showed that elevation of salinity can induce the expression of proteins binding to PFAAs in gills, thus facilitate the uptake of water PFAAs. Salinity fluctuation should be taken into consideration when assessing the chemical risk in the estuarine and coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo David Avellán-Llaguno
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; College of life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Liangpo Liu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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45
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Lee JW, Lee HK, Lim JE, Moon HB. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the coastal environment of Korea: Occurrence, spatial distribution, and bioaccumulation potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126633. [PMID: 32443228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is of great concern in global environments. Due to strong regulation of legacy PFASs, emerging PFASs including alternatives and precursors have been introduced to the industrial market. In this study, legacy and emerging PFASs were measured in seawater, sediment, and bivalves collected along the Korean coast to investigate the occurrence, distribution, contamination sources, and bioaccumulation potential of PFASs. Wide concentration ranges of legacy PFASs were detected in multiple environmental samples, indicating widespread contamination. C8-based PFASs (e.g., PFOA and PFOS) were still major contaminants in all of the environmental samples. Some precursors, such as 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (8:2 FTS) and N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (N-EtFOSAA), and perfluoro-2-propoxypropanoic potassium 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F-53B), an alternative to PFOS, were detected in sediment or bivalve samples, implying a shift in consumption patterns from legacy to emerging PFASs. The highest concentrations of PFASs in environmental samples were found at the locations near industrial complexes, such as those for the semi-conductor, paper mill, automobile, and metal-plating industry. This result indicates that PFAS contamination is associated with intensive industrial activities in the coastal environment. Matrix-dependent contamination and profiles of PFASs were observed. Seawater was dominated by short-chained PFASs as a prompt reflection of regulation, while the sediment and bivalves were dominated by long-chained PFASs. Carbon-chain length was a major factor governing environmental behavior and bioaccumulation of PFASs. This was the first nation-wide survey on legacy and emerging PFASs in the coastal environment of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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46
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Martín J, Hidalgo F, Alonso E, García-Corcoles MT, Vílchez JL, Zafra-Gómez A. Assessing bioaccumulation potential of personal care, household and industrial products in a marine echinoderm (Holothuria tubulosa). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137668. [PMID: 32325598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A bioaccumulation study of 16 emerging contaminants including preservatives, UV-filters, biocides, alkylphenols, anionic surfactants and plasticizers, in Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 specimens was developed. Water and sediments from their coastal habitat were also analyzed. Sediment-water distribution coefficients (log Kd) were in the range 0.78 to 2.95. A rapid uptake and bioaccumulation of pollutants was found. Compounds were detected in intestine and gonads of H. tubulosa after only eight days of exposure. Field-based bioconcentration (BCF) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) were calculated. Log BCF > 1 were obtained for most of the compounds studied, indicating their tendency to accumulate in tissue of H. Tubulosa. BCF values decrease as follow: Triclocarban > anionic surfactants > benzophenone 3 > non-ionic surfactants > bisphenol A > parabens. These data provide a detailed accounting of the distribution patterns of some emerging contaminants in organisms at the lower trophic level, representing a potential source of contaminants for organisms in higher levels of the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain.
| | - Felix Hidalgo
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - María Teresa García-Corcoles
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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47
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Choi S, Kim JJ, Kim MH, Joo YS, Chung MS, Kho Y, Lee KW. Origin and organ-specific bioaccumulation pattern of perfluorinated alkyl substances in crabs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114185. [PMID: 32114125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of seafood is a major contributor to perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) exposure. Crabs contain high levels of PFASs, and different PFASs are concentrated in their tissues depending on their habitat. Despite South Korea importing huge quantities of crabs, no investigation has been conducted on the effect of PFAS exposure. This study investigated the risk of exposure to PFASs when ingesting crabs. To determine the risk of exposure, 19 different PFAS species were measured in the edible parts (body, legs, offal, and eggs) of crabs originating from South Korea (n = 17), China (n = 14), India (n = 7), and Pakistan (n = 31), which were distributed in the fish markets of South Korea. The results revealed that, in contrast to short-chain PFASs, long-chain PFASs (PFCAs≥8, PFSAs≥6, and perfluorooactane sulfonamidoacetic acids (FOSAAs)≥8) were detected in crab samples from all four countries of origin, and in all the edible parts except for the legs. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 16.9 ng/g in South Korea, 9.42 ng/g in China) and perfluoro-n-tridecanoic acid (PFTrDA; 5.35 ng/g in South Korea, 2.40 ng/g in China) were the predominant perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) detected in the crabs originating from South Korea and China, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS; 7.02 ng/g in Pakistan, 5.88 ng/g in India) was the predominant perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) detected in crabs originating from Pakistan and India. These results indicate that PFASs that are accumulated in crabs differ depending on the ocean from which they originate. The concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were significantly higher in the eggs and offal than in the legs and body of the crab. The average daily intake of PFOA and PFOS in South Koreans ranges from 0.01% to 0.07% based on the tolerable daily intake of EFSA and MFDS. These results establish the PFAS profiles and risk assessment of crabs that are distributed in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogyeong Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Jae Kim
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Joo
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sub Chung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Sungnam, Gyeonggi, 461-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang C, Li Y, Wang C, Feng Z, Hao Z, Yu W, Wang T, Zou X. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine organisms from two fishing grounds, South Yellow Sea, China: Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:110995. [PMID: 32275544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sediment and marine organism samples collected from Haizhou Bay and Lusi fishing ground in South Yellow Sea, China were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The concentrations of 16 PAHs in marine organisms ranged from 127.43 to 350.53 ng/g dry weight (dw, Haizhou Bay fishing ground) and from 86.37 to 213.02 ng/g dw (Lusi fishing ground). The dominant compounds were 2- and 3-ring PAHs in marine organism tissues. The main PAH sources were found to be coal combustion. Specific habitat, feeding habit, trophic level and environmental differences may affect the PAH levels in marine organisms in our study area. The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) decreased with increasing PAH log Kow and BSAF values might differ in response to various environmental conditions and species. The excess cancer risk from PAH-contaminated seafood consumption was slightly higher than the guideline value (10-6), but much lower than the priority risk level (10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Zhang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yali Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sun University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Chenglong Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ziyue Feng
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhe Hao
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Teng Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinqing Zou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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49
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Hassell KL, Coggan TL, Cresswell T, Kolobaric A, Berry K, Crosbie ND, Blackbeard J, Pettigrove VJ, Clarke BO. Dietary Uptake and Depuration Kinetics of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, Perfluorooctanoic Acid, and Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (GenX) in a Benthic Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:595-603. [PMID: 31751491 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously distributed throughout aquatic environments and can bioaccumulate in organisms. We examined dietary uptake and depuration of a mixture of 3 PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8 HF15 O2 ), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; C8 HF17 SO3 ), and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HPFO-DA; C6 HF11 O3 ; trade name GenX). Benthic fish (blue spot gobies, Pseudogobius sp.) were fed contaminated food (nominal dose 500 ng g-1 ) daily for a 21-d uptake period, followed by a 42-d depuration period. The compounds PFOA, linear-PFOS (linear PFOS), and total PFOS (sum of linear and branched PFOS) were detected in freeze-dried fish, whereas GenX was not, indicating either a lack of uptake or rapid elimination (<24 h). Depuration rates (d-1 ) were 0.150 (PFOA), 0.045 (linear-PFOS), and 0.042 (linear+branched-PFOS) with corresponding biological half-lives of 5.9, 15, and 16 d, respectively. The PFOS isomers were eliminated differently, resulting in enrichment of linear-PFOS (70-90%) throughout the depuration period. The present study is the first reported study of GenX dietary bioaccumulation potential in fish, and the first dietary study to investigate uptake and depuration of multiple PFASs simultaneously, allowing us to determine that whereas PFOA and PFOS accumulated as expected, GenX, administered in the same way, did not appear to bioaccumulate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:595-603. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Hassell
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy L Coggan
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom Cresswell
- Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Kolobaric
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Berry
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Vincent J Pettigrove
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Kim S, Hong S, Lee J, Kim T, Yoon SJ, Lee J, Choi K, Kwon BO, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Long-term trends of persistent toxic substances and potential toxicities in sediments along the west coast of South Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 151:110821. [PMID: 32056614 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For decades, in response to industrialization and urbanization, environmental qualities of estuarine and coastal areas of the west coast of Korea have been deteriorating. Long-term changes in concentrations of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in sediments, including PAHs, styrene oligomers, nonylphenols, and metals and their potential toxicities via AhR- and ER-mediated potencies, and bioluminescent bacterial inhibition, were investigated. Long-term monitoring in five estuarine and coastal areas (2010-2018; 10 sites) showed that concentrations of PAHs and nonylphenols in sediments have declined while concentrations of some metals, Cd, Cr, and Hg have increased. Similarly, AhR-mediated potencies in sediments have declined, but inhibitions of bioluminescent bacteria have increased. Concentrations of sedimentary PAHs and AhR-mediated potencies were significantly (p < 0.01) and positively correlated. Sources of PAHs from combustion have been gradually declining while inputs from vehicle exhaust by-products have been increasing. Overall, this study brought our attention a balanced regulation in chemical-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonju Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsik Choi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, United States; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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