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Liu Z, Zheng T, Chen Q, Chen X, Xie Y, Wang Y, Ren M, Gao ZQ, Lin B, Feng X. Identification and health risk evaluation of soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at shale gas extraction sites based on positive matrix factorization. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141962. [PMID: 38614399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The impact of shale gas extraction on surrounding environmental media remains unclear. In this study, the current state of contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are high-frequency contaminants of shale gas, was investigated in the soil surrounding emerging shale gas development sites. The source analysis of PAHs was conducted in the soils of shale gas extraction sites using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The health risk assessment (HRA) was calculated for ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation exposures, and the priority sources of PAHs in the soil were jointly identified by PMF and HRA to refine the contribution level of different individual PAHs to the carcinogenic risk. The results showed that both Sichuan and Chongqing mining site soils were contaminated to different degrees. Shale gas extraction has an impact on the surrounding soil, and the highest contributing source of PAHs in the mining site soil of Sichuan was anthropogenic activity, accounting for 31.6%, whereas that in the mining site soil of Chongqing was biomass combustion and mixed automobile combustion, accounting for 35.9%. At the two mining sites in Sichuan and Chongqing, none of the three exposure pathways (ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation) posed a carcinogenic risk to children, whereas the dermal exposure pathway posed a carcinogenic risk to adults. Health risk assessments based on specific source assignments indicate that when managing soil pollution, the control of fossil fuel combustion and vehicular emissions should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Liu
- College of Resource and Environment, Zhong-kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Qiyu Chen
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xichao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yuyu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Mingzhong Ren
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Bigui Lin
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Xidan Feng
- College of Resource and Environment, Zhong-kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
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Li Y, Tian F, Zhong R, Zhao H. Source characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils of Shenyang, China: A comparison of two receptor models combined with Monte Carlo simulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132805. [PMID: 37871439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The surface soil concentrations of 16 PAHs and 15 PCBs were simultaneously determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 21 locations of urban areas of Shenyang. The average concentrations of PAHs and PCBs were 26.40 ± 34.68 mg/kg and 48.03 ± 27.47 μg/kg, respectively. Factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC) and absolute principal component score with multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model were used to explore and evaluate the sources of PAHs and PCBs in the study area. The results of FA-NNC showed that PAHs in soils were mainly from traffic emissions (49.64%), coal combustion (46.88%) and petrogenic source (3.49%). The PCBs in soils were mainly from commercial and high temperature combustion mixed sources (20.3%), combustion and industry emission mixed sources (21.1%), electrical equipment sources (22.2%) and traffic emission sources (36.4%). The results of APCS-MLR were consistent with those of FA-NNC. The uncertainty of FA-NNC and APCS-MLR model was analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation method. The results revealed the reliability of the two receptor models on source apportionment. The estimated carcinogenic risks indicated that the risks of PAHs in soils exceed the acceptable range (10-6-10-4), while the risks of PCBs were below the acceptable risk level of 10-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China; School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Fulin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China; School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.
| | - Rui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China; School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Liaoning Academy of Analytical Sciences, Shenyang, P.R. China
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Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E, Jokšas K, Stakėnienė R, Rybakovas A, Nalivaikienė R, Višinskienė G, Arbačiauskas K. Pollution patterns and their effects on biota within lotic and lentic freshwater ecosystems: How well contamination and response indicators correspond? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122294. [PMID: 37544404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are often severely polluted with chemical substances of anthropogenic origin, which can pose a potential threat to aquatic organisms and human health. In this study, patterns and sources of heavy metals (HMs, 6 metals) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, 16 hydrocarbons), contamination indicators, environmental genotoxicity measures and metrics of ecological status in lotic and lentic ecosystems were collated for the first time. Chemical analysis has confirmed previously reported long-term contamination at certain study sites. The sediments of Lake Talkša, located in a city and characterized by exclusive anthropogenic pressure, exhibited the highest levels of contamination by both HMs and PAHs. Through positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, vehicle and industrial emissions were identified as the primary sources of HMs and PAHs. Our results revealed that frequencies of genotoxic aberrations were higher in river sites compared to lakes, with the highest genotoxic risk observed in the Nemunas River below industrial cities Alytus and Kaunas. Surprisingly, even the severely contaminated Lake Talkša showed only a "moderate" grade of genotoxic risk, highlighting the potential for adaptation of biota to long-term contamination especially in lentic ecosystems. The ecological quality status assessed by macroinvertebrate metrics, which may be sensitive to observed high biological contamination, appeared to be unrelated to contamination patterns. Consequently, to obtain the robust information on anthropogenic contamination and its effects, a combination of various assessment methods and metrics should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kęstutis Jokšas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Rimutė Stakėnienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Reda Nalivaikienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Kęstutis Arbačiauskas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, 7 Saulėtekio Ave, LT- 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Ma J, Lanwang K, Liao S, Zhong B, Chen Z, Ye Z, Liu D. Source Apportionment and Model Applicability of Heavy Metal Pollution in Farmland Soil Based on Three Receptor Models. TOXICS 2023; 11:265. [PMID: 36977030 PMCID: PMC10054124 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the source of heavy metal pollution and its quantification are the prerequisite of soil pollution control. The APCS-MLR, UNMIX and PMF models were employed to apportion pollution sources of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni of the farmland soil in the vicinity of an abandoned iron and steel plant. The sources, contribution rates and applicability of the models were evaluated. The potential ecological risk index revealed greatest ecological risk from Cd. The results of source apportionment illustrated that the APCS-MLR and UNMIX models could verify each other for accurate allocation of pollution sources. The industrial sources were the main sources of pollution (32.41~38.42%), followed by agricultural sources (29.35~31.65%) and traffic emission sources (21.03~21.51%); and the smallest proportion was from natural sources of pollution (11.2~14.42%). The PMF model was easily affected by outliers and its fitting degree was not ideal, leading to be unable to get more accurate results of source analysis. The combination of multiple models could effectively improve the accuracy of pollution source analysis of soil heavy metals. These results provide some scientific basis for further remediation of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Kaining Lanwang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Shiyan Liao
- Department of Applied Engineering, Gandong University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Hangzhou Zhonglan Shunong Ecological Technology Co., Ltd., Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Jingning Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Zhengqian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
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Janneh M, Qu C, Zhang Y, Xing X, Nkwazema O, Nyihirani F, Qi S. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural and dumpsite soils in Sierra Leone. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7102-7116. [PMID: 36875876 PMCID: PMC9977409 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07955k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the concentration and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, potential sources, risk assessment, and soil physicochemical properties influencing PAH distribution in developed and remote cities in Sierra Leone. Seventeen topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected and analyzed for 16 PAHs. The average concentrations of Σ16PAH in soils in the surveyed areas were 1142 ng g-1 dw, 265 ng g-1 dw, 79.7 ng g-1 dw, 54.3 ng g-1 dw, 54.2 ng g-1 dw, 52.3 ng g-1 dw, and 36.6 ng g-1 dw in Kingtom, Waterloo, Magburaka, Bonganema, Kabala, Sinikoro, and Makeni, respectively. Based on the European soil quality guidelines, Kingtom and Waterloo soils were categorized as heavily and weakly contaminated soil PAHs respectively. The main PAH compounds of this study were 2-ring, 4-ring, and 5-ring PAHs. High molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) made up 62.5% of the total PAHs, while low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) was 37.5%. In general, HMWPAHs were predominant in Kingtom, followed by Waterloo. The appointment of PAH sources using different methods revealed mixed sources, but predominantly pyrogenic sources (petroleum, biomass, coal, and fossil fuel contributions). Soil pH has a significant impact on PAH distribution. The toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQBaP) levels in soils pose a potential health risk to residents in developed cities but pose a negligible health risk to residents in remote cities. This study is significant as its findings reveal the status of PAH soil contamination in Sierra Leone. The results have important implications for policymakers and stakeholders to identify high-risk zones and establish proper environmental monitoring programs, pollution control measures, and remediation strategies to prevent future risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama Janneh
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China.,Chemistry Department, School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University of Sierra Leone Moyamba District Sierra Leone 787247
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Oscar Nkwazema
- School of Management Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Fatuma Nyihirani
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
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6
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Mo J, Feng J, He W, Liu Y, Cao N, Tang Y, Gu S. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons fluoranthene on the soil aggregate stability and the possible underlying mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:10245-10255. [PMID: 36071360 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an increasing problem in many countries, impacting the ecological environment's sustainable development. This study investigated the effects of fluoranthene (Fla) on soil aggregate stability. A possible mechanism for the interaction of Fla with soil aggregates was proposed by characterizing the aggregate structure. The results showed that Fla significantly improved the aggregate stability in the concentration range of 0-30.0 mg/kg. The content of macro-aggregates reached the maximum value at 10 mg/kg of Fla, which increased by 24.25% compared with the control group, while the content of large-aggregates decreased by 12.11%. Meanwhile, the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased by 56.63% and 37.66%, respectively. However, the macro-aggregates zeta potential value and specific surface area (SSA) decreased by 12.68% and 13.61%, respectively. The cracks of macro-aggregates were also significantly reduced. In addition, Fla-based free radicals were detected on the macro-aggregates. The absorption peak of the C-O group significantly increased, indicating that Fla may be covalently bound to the aggregates by aromatic ether bonds, which is a possible mechanism for the interaction between Fla and aggregates. This study provides theoretical support for revealing the effects of PAHs on soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Mo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua St., Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying He
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuze Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Gu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Wang H, Yang Y, Walker TR, Wang Y, Wu H, Wang X, Luo Q. Characterization, source apportionment, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils from 23 cities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:73401-73413. [PMID: 35619015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, composition profiles, sources, and health risks of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils from 23 cities across China based on metadata collected from previous studies between 2005 and 2021 were investigated. ΣPAH concentrations in urban soils from 23 cities across China ranged from 0.1231 to 17.2000 mg/kg (mean = 2.7171 ± 3.8276 mg/kg). Overall PAH contamination in urban soils across China was moderate compared to that in global cities. Based on energy consumption and climate conditions, the spatial distributions of mean ΣPAH concentrations in Northeast China were highest, followed by those in North China, West China, East China, and South China. Individual PAH composition profiles decreased in the order: 4-ring PAHs (41.36%) > 5-ring PAHs (21.77%) > 3-ring PAHs (18.53%) > 6-ring PAHs (14.00%) > 2-ring PAHs (2.27%). Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that PAHs in urban soils were mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion (from coal, natural gas, and biomass), especially in North, Northeast, and East China, with smaller contributions from petrogenic sources. Health risk assessment results suggest that although there are potential cancer risks from PAHs, risks were acceptable. Toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) and the corresponding oral cancer slope factor (CFS0) contributed most to the uncertainty of total risks. This study will help develop strategies to reduce PAH risk management in urban soils in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
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Wang H, Chen Z, Walker TR, Wang Y, Luo Q, Wu H, Wang X. Characterization, source apportionment and risk assessment of PAHs in urban surface dust in Shenyang city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3639-3654. [PMID: 34687406 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics, profile composition, ecological and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface dust collected from Shenyang city, China, were investigated. Concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs ranged between 371.57 and 3300.04 μg/kg (mean 1244.76 ± 715.25 μg/kg). Fluoranthene was the most abundant individual PAHs, followed by pyrene, and high molecular weight PAHs, more than three times of low molecular weight PAHs, were the predominant components. Profiles of PAHs showed that 4-ring PAHs were dominant, followed by 3-ring and 5-ring PAHs, and indicated that combustion sources accounted for the most PAHs. Results of diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization all suggested that pyrogenic sources were the most important source of PAHs in urban dust, followed by natural gas combustion and petrogenic sources, and traffic emissions would play an increasingly critical role with the increasing of vehicles. Health risk assessment suggested children were the most vulnerable to PAHs compared to adolescents and adults. Ingestion was the most important exposure pathway. The total lifetime cancer risk of 43.33% of sampling sites was higher than 10-6, but the TLCR at all sites was much lower than the highest acceptable risk established by USEPA (10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China.
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Zijian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
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Sharifi R, Keshavarzifard M, Sharifinia M, Zakaria MP, Mehr MR, Abbasi S, Yap CK, Yousefi MR, Masood N, Magam SM, Alkhadher SAA, Daliri M. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal ecosystem of the Brunei Bay, Brunei. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113913. [PMID: 35810648 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollution characteristics and associated ecological risks of PAHs in sediments from Brunei Bay, Brunei were investigated. The concentrations of ∑16 PAHs ranged from 826.7 to 2955.3 μg kg-1, indicating moderate to high level of pollution. Source apportionment of PAHs by molecular isomeric ratios and positive matrix factorization model indicated impact of potential anthropogenic PAH sources including combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. The data indicated relatively no significant ecotoxicological risk for most of PAH compounds. To estimate the individual c-PAH toxicity, the toxic equivalent quantity (c-TEQ) was calculated. Results of the TEQ analysis showed that BaP followed by DBA and BaA are the most carcinogenic of PAHs examined in the study area. The evaluation of human health risk of PAHs revealed that the cancer risk of PAHs for adults and children was higher than the USEPA threshold (<1E-06) and lower than 1E-3, implying low to moderate risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sharifi
- University of Applied Science and Technology, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Keshavarzifard
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 75169-89177, Iran.
| | - Moslem Sharifinia
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 75169-89177, Iran
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Environmental Forensics Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra, Malaysia
| | - Meisam Rastegari Mehr
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15614, Iran
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran; Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Reza Yousefi
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Najat Masood
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55471, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Muhsen Magam
- Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, 1560 Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Moslem Daliri
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Khalid S, Khanoranga. Spatio-Temporal Variations in the PAH Concentrations in the Soil Samples Collected from Functional Brick Kilns Locations in Balochistan, Pakistan. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1576747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Khalid
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khanoranga
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Sakizadeh M. Spatial distribution and source identification together with environmental health risk assessment of PAHs along the coastal zones of the USA. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3333-3350. [PMID: 32328896 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sources and hot spot areas are the primary driving forces for their control in the environment. This study was performed in the US coastal areas to identify the major sources of PAHs and investigate the spatial distribution associated with carcinogenic PAHs (CPAHs) using a novel spatial forecasting method for the first time in environmental sciences. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs demonstrated the predominance of pyrogenic sources compared to petrogenic sources within the area of study. Five factors were extracted using positive matrix factorization method with respect to 16 priority PAHs, indicating the dominance of pyrogenic versus petrogenic sources mainly as a result of combustion products in the environment. The total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalency (TEQ) for all CPAHs ranged from 0.03 to 10,456 ng/g containing a mean of 199 ng/g. The contribution of each CPAH to the total TEQ varied according to the following order: benzo[a]pyrene (65.4%), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (12%), benzo[b]fluoranthene (10%), benzo[a]anthracene (6%), indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (6%), benzo[k]fluoranthene (0.5%) and chrysene (0.1%). The spatial analysis by fixed rank kriging (FRK) highlighted a similar pattern associated with all of the CPAHs with higher values in the northern part of New Jersey State. In particular, Passaic River, Upper New York/New Jersey Harbor, Mullica River, Schuylkill River, Newark Bay and Christina River were the most contaminated stations regarding the observed values of CPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sakizadeh
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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12
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He Y, He W, Yang C, Liu W, Xu F. Spatiotemporal toxicity assessment of suspended particulate matter (SPM)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Chaohu, China: Application of a source-based quantitative method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138690. [PMID: 32498188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal associations between the emissions and environmental toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lake still remain an issue. Here, we focused on the suspended particulate matter (SPM)-bound PAHs in Lake Chaohu, China to quantitatively estimate their spatiotemporal toxicities from different sources. A source-based quantitative method, positive matrix factorization (PMF)-benzo[a]pyrene-based toxic equivalency (TEQBaP) model, was applied. Firstly, we investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of SPM-bound PAHs. The concentrations of Σ21 PAHs ranged from 1646 to 19267 ng·g-1. Low-ring PAHs were found to have the highest fractions. T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE)-partitioning around medoid (PAM) technic revealed significantly spatiotemporal variation characteristics of SPM-bound PAHs in Lake Chaohu. Season, location (west or east lake zone), and sample classification (estuary or lake) together governed the patterns. Then, their potential sources were apportioned. Our results found that diagnostic ratios did not work perfectly. However, 3 factors were separated by PMF model. Unburned petroleum (F1), biomass, coal and gasoline combustion (F2), and diesel, straw combustion (F3) were the main sources of PAHs, accounting for 36.16%, 48.96% and 14.88%, respectively. The patterns of the source profiles were season-dependent. Finally, the toxicity of SPM-bound PAHs from different sources were predicted by PMF-TEQBaP model, and the model predictions were satisfactorily acceptable. Overall, predicted Σ19 TEQBaP of SPM-bound PAHs in Lake Chaohu ranged from 20.8 to 947.9 ng·g-1. Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) were the main toxic species. Temporally, PAH toxicity posed significantly seasonal differences. F3 had primary contributions to Σ19 TEQBaP. Cutting the diesel consumption and using cleaner energy substitutes were suggested to reduce the PAH toxicity in Lake Chaohu. Overall, we expected this study could give new insights into the spatiotemporal associations between the sources and toxicities of SPM-bound PAHs in lake ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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13
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Luo Q, Gu L, Shan Y, Wang H, Sun L. Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Shenyang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1817-1832. [PMID: 31664636 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 74 urban topsoil samples were collected from the central area of Shenyang, China. The concentration, distribution, source, and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The 16 USEPA priority PAHs were detected in all soil samples. The total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 283 to 21,821 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 2370 ng/g and median value of 1427 ng/g. The benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations ranged from 6.03 to 2403 ng/g dw, with a mean value of 308 ng/g and median value of 185 ng/g. High molecular weight PAHs were the predominant components. The spatial distribution revealed that soil PAH concentrations within the Two Ring Road were high, but low in the south of Hun River. Compared with other urban soils, the pollution of PAHs in urban soils of Shenyang was at a moderate level, but increased rapidly compared with previous years, especially fluoranthene. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and positive matrix factorization model all suggested that PAHs in urban soils of Shenyang were dominantly from pyrogenic origins. The health risk assessment indicated that children had the highest total carcinogenic risk, followed by adolescents and adults. The differences between gender groups for the same age group were insignificant. Ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. The total lifetime carcinogenic risks at all sampling sites were lower than the highest acceptable risk (10-4), and those of Eastern, Central, and Western Shenyang were higher than those of Northern and Southern Shenyang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Leiyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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14
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Zheng H, Qu C, Zhang J, Talpur SA, Ding Y, Xing X, Qi S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils from Ningde, China: levels, sources, and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:907-919. [PMID: 30220078 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in farmland are critical to human health. The level, composition, source, and cancer risk of sixteen PAHs in agricultural soil from Ningde, China, were investigated. The results indicated that the total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 77.3 to 1188 ng g-1, with a mean value of 406 ng g-1. Five-ring PAHs were found to have the highest concentrations (148 ± 133 ng g-1), followed by four-ring (120 ± 101 ng g-1), three-ring (61.9 ± 54.2 ng g-1), six-ring (44.6 ± 61.0 ng g-1), and two-ring (31.3 ± 31.0 ng g-1). Employing positive matrix factorization (PMF), four PAH sources including biomass burning (36.3%), coal combustion (35.5%), traffic emissions (16.4%), and coke source (11.8%) were identified. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results showed that ILCR values ranged from 7.1 × 10-4 to 1.1 × 10-3, which will cause moderate-to-high cancer risk to human health mainly via the soil ingestion and dermal contact exposure pathways. The source-oriented results indicated that coal combustion (32.7%), traffic emission (34.3%), and biomass burning (32.4%) had similar contributions to the total cancer risk. Therefore, more attention should be paid to these pyrolysis-originated sources to protect humanity from the health risk of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Talpur
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Luo J, He W, Wu J, Gu XS, Ye L. Trace Elements and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Variation Along the Guang-Shen Expressway Before and After the 2016 Qingming Festival in Guangzhou. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:87-101. [PMID: 30443666 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples (particles with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) were collected along the Guang-Shen expressway around the Qingming Festival, one of the most congested periods in China, which started from April 2-4, in 2016. Twenty-five trace elements and 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the samples were analyzed. Their major sources at different periods were identified. The concentrations of PAHs distinctly increased with growing traffic flow 2 days before the Qingming Festival (March 31th and April 1st), decreased gradually on the first 2 days of the 3-day festival (April 2nd and 3rd) and rose again on the last day (April 4th). The proportion changing of higher molecular weight containing 5- and 6-ring PAHs (HMW PAHs) closely related to the traffic flow variation were consistent with the concentration variation of PAHs during the experimental period. Indicators of gasoline/diesel engines emission, i.e., Mo, Co, Mn, and Pb showed similar concentration variation with PAHs. The concentrations of trace elements, mainly derived from wear instead of combustion process, such as Cu, Zn, Ti, and Sb, raised significantly during the rainy days. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the health risk caused by PAH around the Qingming Festival. The ILCR values increased by 3-10 times 2 days before and on the last day of the festival comparing with other days, as a result of traffic related sources, including engine emission and wearing of tires. It concluded by recommending the necessity of traffic diversion to alleviate the health risk to drivers and nearby residents during important festivals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 111 University Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
- China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 111 University Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 111 University Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Sophie Gu
- The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lin Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 111 University Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Du J, Jing C. Anthropogenic PAHs in lake sediments: a literature review (2002-2018). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1649-1666. [PMID: 30357191 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lake sediments are an important reservoir for toxic and hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Monitoring of PAHs in sediment is helpful to understand pollution mechanisms and anthropogenic activities. This study reviews studies of PAHs in lake sediments published during 2002-2018. The studies' findings are analyzed, distributions of PAHs in lake sediments are summarized, and the applicability of lake sediments for tracking changes in PAH emission sources is emphasized. Lake sediments heavily polluted with PAHs are distributed in China, Egypt, the USA, and some urban lakes in Africa. The high levels of PAHs are predominantly associated with human activities such as anthropogenic combustion, petroleum industries, road traffic, and socioeconomic factors. However, the concentrations of sedimentary PAHs in most lakes were below the international guideline values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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17
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Zheng H, Xing X, Hu T, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhu G, Li Y, Qi S. Biomass burning contributed most to the human cancer risk exposed to the soil-bound PAHs from Chengdu Economic Region, western China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:63-70. [PMID: 29730410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the human cancer risk due to the exposure to the soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Chengdu Economic Region (CER), western China with the main concern on cancer risk source apportionment. The total concentrations of sixteen PAHs ranged from 12.5 to 75431 ng g-1, with a mean value of 3106 ng g-1, which suggested that the most areas of CER were contaminated. Source apportionment of PAHs was conducted by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the biomass burning contributed most (63.6%) to the total PAHs, followed by petroleum combustion (16.0%), coke source (11.3%), and petrogenic source (9.2%). Results from incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) calculation showed that soil ingestion exerted the highest cancer risk (accounted for 98.1 - 99.3% of the total cancer risk) on human health among three different exposure pathways, followed by dermal contact (0.66 - 1.83%) and inhalation (0.03 - 0.04%). Among different age groups, adult suffered the highest cancer risk via any exposure pathways. Based on PMF and ILCR methods, the cancer risk source apportionment was conducted and the biomass burning showed moderate cancer risk. The petrogenic, coke, and petroleum sources showed low cancer risks to human. To analyze the sensitivity of the parameters used in ILCR calculation, Monte Carlo simulation was employed. The results indicated that the contribution of each source and exposure duration (ED) were the influential parameters on human health associated with soil-bound PAHs. Therefore, much attentions should be paid to biomass burning to avoid cumulative cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Gehao Zhu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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18
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Lang Y, Zhao H, Liu B, Zhu C. The Levels and Potential Carcinogenic Risks of PAHs in Liaohe Estuarine Reed Wetland Soils. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:452-460. [PMID: 29288391 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified by GC/MS in 30 soil samples of Liaohe estuarine reed wetland. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 235 to 374 ng g-1, and seven carcinogenic PAHs concentrations were in the range of 83-109 ng g-1. A probabilistic carcinogenic potential for three age groups (including children, teenagers, and adults) exposed to soil PAHs via three pathways was quantitatively calculated based on Monte Carlo simulations. The 95th percentiles carcinogenic risks of PAHs for children, teenagers, and adults were 7.80 × 10-8, 4.03 × 10-8, and 1.14 × 10-7, respectively. The carcinogenic risk levels were all below 10-6, indicating no potential for cancer development. Dermal contact and accident ingestion of soil were the dominant exposure pathways to soil PAHs. BaP and DBahA were the major contributors to carcinogenic risk in this study. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that exposure duration and PAH concentrations in soil were the key exposure parameters in calculating carcinogenic risk. Results from this study will provide valuable information for potential scientific evaluation and prevention for carcinogenic risk exposed to soil PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhai Lang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Huaxuan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ben Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chunmiao Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Zheng H, Yang D, Hu T, Li Y, Zhu G, Xing X, Qi S. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic carbons (PAHs) in sediment core from Honghu Lake, central China: comparison study of three receptor models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25899-25911. [PMID: 28940081 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source contributions employing receptor models has been widely reported. However, the temporal distribution of PAH source contributions is less studied. Thus, in this paper, three receptor models including principle component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix were used to PAH source apportionment study in a sediment core from Honghu Lake, China. Sixteen USEPA priority PAHs in 37 sliced sediment layers (1-cm interval) were measured, with the concentrations of ∑16PAH (sum of 16 PAHs) ranging from 93.0 to 431 ng g-1. The source apportionment results derived from three receptor models were similar, with three common sources: mixed sources of biomass burning and coal combustion (31.0-41.4% on average), petroleum combustion (31.8-45.5%), and oil leakage (13.1-21.3%). The PMF model segregated an additional source: domestic coal combustion (contributed 20.9% to the ∑16PAHs). Four aspects including intra-comparison, inter-comparison, source numbers and compositions, and source contributions were considered in comparison study. The results indicated that the PMF model was most reasonable in PAH source apportionment research in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Gehao Zhu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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20
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Source and Ecological Risk Characteristics of PAHs in Sediments from Qinhuai River and Xuanwu Lake, Nanjing, China. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/3510796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the residual characteristics, sources, and ecological risk of PAHs in sediment from urban rivers, the sediments of 15 typical sites from Qinhuai River and Xuanwu Lake, which are typical urban rivers and lake, were collected from October 2015 to July 2016; the sources of PAHs in sediment were also identified by several methods. Results showed that ∑PAHs concentration in sediment ranged from 796.2 ng/g to 10,470 ng/g with an average of 2,713.8 ng/g. High molecular weight PAHs with 4-5 rings were most prominent in the sediment during all four seasons. Source characterization studies based on the analysis of diagnostic ratio (triangular plot method), cluster analysis, and positive factor matrix analysis suggested that the PAHs of Qinhuai River Basin were mainly from pyrogenic origin (biomass and coal combustion and vehicular emission), and the petroleum source also cannot be ignored (specially in summer). Most individual PAHs occasionally affect the aquatic organisms. The highest benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent doses (BaPeq dose) appear at the sites of sewage discharge and heavy traffic. So, the PAHs pollution sources of urban water body have obvious seasonal-dependent and human activities-dependent characteristics.
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21
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Zhang L, Bai YS, Wang JZ, Peng SC, Chen TH, Yin DQ. Identification and determination of the contribution of iron-steel manufacturing industry to sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a large shallow lake of eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22037-22046. [PMID: 27541150 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were determined in surface sediments collected from the Chaohu Lake (a large shallow lake in eastern China) and its tributaries. Both diagnostic ratios and a receptor model (positive matrix factorization, PMF) were applied to identify and determine the contribution of a local iron-steel manufacturing plant located in the Nanfei River (NFR) to the Chaohu Lake basin. The results show that sites located in the downstream of the steel plant contained concentrations of 17 PAH (Σ17PAH) approximately two orders of magnitudes higher than those from other sites. Five factors were identified by the PMF model, including industrial waste, wood/biomass burning, diagenetic origin, domestic coal combustion, and industrial combustion. Our findings suggest that sediments in the downstream of the plant and in the western part of the Chaohu Lake were predominantly affected by industrial coal combustion. A mixture of pyrolytic origins impacted urban sediments in the upstream of the plant, whereas diagenetic origins along with coal and biomass burning were suggested to influence the eastern part and rural tributaries of the lake. To assess the potential ecological risk and toxicity caused by the iron-steel plant, sediment toxicity was evaluated by the PMF model, sediment quality guideline, and toxic equivalent factors. All of the three approaches suggested PAH accumulation in the NFR sediments could produce significant adverse ecological effects and half of the sediment toxicity in the NFR may be attributed to the emissions from the iron-steel plant. Some rural locations also exhibited PAH concentrations above probable effects, most likely contributed by wood/biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Anhui Academy of Environmental Science Research, Hefei, 230071, China
| | - Ya-Shu Bai
- State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, Fujian, 361008, China
| | - Ji-Zhong Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Shu-Chuan Peng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Tian-Hu Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Da-Qiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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22
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Chen H, Teng Y, Chen R, Li J, Wang J. Contamination characteristics and source apportionment of trace metals in soils around Miyun Reservoir. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15331-15342. [PMID: 27107989 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation, trace metals in soils can result in a wide range of toxic effects on animals, plants, microbes, and even humans. Recognizing the contamination characteristics of soil metals and especially apportioning their potential sources are the necessary preconditions for pollution prevention and control. Over the past decades, several receptor models have been developed for source apportionment. Among them, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has gained popularity and was recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a general modeling tool. In this study, an extended chemometrics model, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares based on maximum likelihood principal component analysis (MCR-ALS/MLPCA), was proposed for source apportionment of soil metals and applied to identify the potential sources of trace metals in soils around Miyun Reservoir. Similar to PMF, the MCR-ALS/MLPCA model can incorporate measurement error information and non-negativity constraints in its calculation procedures. Model validation with synthetic dataset suggested that the MCR-ALS/MLPCA could extract acceptable recovered source profiles even considering relatively larger error levels. When applying to identify the sources of trace metals in soils around Miyun Reservoir, the MCR-ALS/MLPCA model obtained the highly similar profiles with PMF. On the other hand, the assessment results of contamination status showed that the soils around reservoir were polluted by trace metals in slightly moderate degree but potentially posed acceptable risks to the public. Mining activities, fertilizers and agrochemicals, and atmospheric deposition were identified as the potential anthropogenic sources with contributions of 24.8, 14.6, and 13.3 %, respectively. In order to protect the drinking water source of Beijing, special attention should be paid to the metal inputs to soils from mining and agricultural activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruihui Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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