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Chu Z, Han Z, Liu H, Chen T, Zou X, Wang H, Sun F, Wang H, Chen D. Autocatalytic degradation of Cu-EDTA in the Calcite/PMS system: Singlet oxygen and Cu(III). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135286. [PMID: 39047573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous removal of heavy metal complexes (HMCs) and heavy metal ions presents a significant challenge in treating wastewater. To address this, we propose a Calcite/Peroxymonosulfate (Calcite/PMS) system aimed at simultaneously decomplexing Cu-EDTA and removing Cu ions. Calcite/PMS system could achieve 99.5 % Cu-EDTA decomplexation and 61.9 % Cu ions removal within 60 min under initial conditions of Cu-EDTA (10 mg/L), Calcite (3 g/L), and PMS (2 mM). Singlet oxygen (1O2) emerged as the predominant reactive species responsible for Cu-EDTA decomplexation, which selectively targeted the N-C bonds in the Cu-EDTA structure to produce intermediates with lower biotoxicity than EDTA. Interestingly, solid phase Cu(III) (≡Cu(III)) promoted the generation of superoxide radicals (O2•-) with a contribution of up to 72.8 %. Subsequently, nascent ≡Cu(III) and O2•- accelerated the degradation of intermediates. Besides, coexisting organic substances inhibited Cu-EDTA decomplexation, whereas inorganic ions had a weak impact. After five cycles of use, the Calcite/PMS system retained 99.3 % efficiency in decomplexing Cu-EDTA. This investigation provides valuable insights into using calcite to remove HMCs and enhances our comprehension of the decomplexation intermediates accelerating HMCs degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhengyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Tianhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xuehua Zou
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Fuwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nano-minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Institute of Environmental Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Xu H, Yang A, Ma X, Wang W, Pang Y, Pei H. Molecular mechanisms underlying sodium percarbonate treatment suppress the recovery and growth of Pseudanabaena sp. in early spring. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135145. [PMID: 38991638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Increasing frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms in water sources is a growing global issue. Algicides are usually implemented in summer or autumn when blooms break out, however, the blooms will form again when algicide's concentration declines to a certain extent. Preventing the recovery and growth of cyanobacteria in early spring may be conducive to abatement of the blooms in summer or autumn. In this study solid sodium percarbonate (SPC) was used as an algicide to suppress recovery and growth of Pseudanabaena sp., a common odour-producing cyanobacterium, in early spring (12 °C). Results showed that 3.0 and 6.0 mg/L SPC were able to kill most of the algal cells after 12 h treatment at 12 °C, and the residual cells gradually died during the re-cultivation period at 25 °C. As a control, although SPC also caused most of algal cells to lyse at 25 °C, regrowth of cells was found during the period of re-cultivation at 25 °C. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the dysregulated genes were strongly associated with translation and photosynthesis after SPC treatment. All differentially expressed unigenes related to translation and photosynthesis were down-regulated after SPC oxidation at 12 °C, whereas key genes associated with translation and photosynthesis were upregulated after SPC treatment at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Aonan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Shandong Harmony Project Consulting CO., Ltd., Jinan 250062, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Gaomi Sunvim Water Purification Technology Co., Ltd., Gaomi 261500, China
| | - Yiming Pang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China.
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Yu S, Yuan X, Zhao B, Xue N, Du S, Wang Y. Pyrite-activated persulfate to degrade 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl in water: Degradation and Fe release mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118198. [PMID: 38220084 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol), the main recalcitrant degradation product of chlorpyrifos, poses a high risk to human health and ecological systems. This study provided a comprehensive exploration of the pyrite-activated persulfate (PS) system for the removal of TCP in water and placed particular emphasis on the pyrite oxidation process that releases Fe. The results showed that the pyrite-activated PS system can completely degrade TCP within 300 min at 5.0 mmol/L PS and 1000 mg/L pyrite at 25 °C, wherein small amounts of PS (1 mmol/L) can effectively facilitate TCP removal and the oxidation of pyrite elements, while excessive PS (>20 mmol/L) can lead to competitive inhibitory effects, especially in the Fe release process. Aimed at the dual effects, the evident positive correlation (R2 > 0.90) between TCP degradation (kTCP) and Fe element release (kFe), but the value of k (0.00237) in the pyrite addition variable experiment was less than that in the PS experiment (k = 0.00729), further indicating that the inhibition effect of excessive addition consists of PS but not notably pyrite. Moreover, the predominant free radicals and non-free radicals produced in the pyrite/PS system were tested, with the order of significance being •OH < Fe (Ⅳ) < SO4•- < •O2- < 1O2, wherein 1O2 emerged as the principal player in both TCP degradation and Fe release from the pyrite oxidation process. Additionally, CO32- can finitely activate PS but generally slows TCP degradation and inhibit pyrite oxidation releasing Fe process. This study provides a theoretical basis for the degradation of TCP using pyrite-activated PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntao Yu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuehong Yuan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Bingrong Zhao
- Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Nandong Xue
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Siying Du
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
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Li Z, Xiang L, Pan S, Zhu D, Li S, Guo H. The Degradation of Aqueous Oxytetracycline by an O 3/CaO 2 System in the Presence of HCO3-: Performance, Mechanism, Degradation Pathways, and Toxicity Evaluation. Molecules 2024; 29:659. [PMID: 38338403 PMCID: PMC10856086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This research constructed a novel O3/CaO2/HCO3- system to degrade antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) in water. The results indicated that CaO2 and HCO3- addition could promote OTC degradation in an O3 system. There is an optimal dosage of CaO2 (0.05 g/L) and HCO3- (2.25 mmol/L) that promotes OTC degradation. After 30 min of treatment, approximately 91.5% of the OTC molecules were eliminated in the O3/CaO2/HCO3- system. A higher O3 concentration, alkaline condition, and lower OTC concentration were conducive to OTC decomposition. Active substances including ·OH, 1O2, ·O2-, and ·HCO3- play certain roles in OTC degradation. The production of ·OH followed the order: O3/CaO2/HCO3- > O3/CaO2 > O3. Compared to the sole O3 system, TOC and COD were easier to remove in the O3/CaO2/HCO3- system. Based on DFT and LC-MS, active species dominant in the degradation pathways of OTC were proposed. Then, an evaluation of the toxic changes in intermediates during OTC degradation was carried out. The feasibility of O3/CaO2/HCO3- for the treatment of other substances, such as bisphenol A, tetracycline, and actual wastewater, was investigated. Finally, the energy efficiency of the O3/CaO2/HCO3- system was calculated and compared with other mainstream processes of OTC degradation. The O3/CaO2/HCO3- system may be considered as an efficient and economical approach for antibiotic destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedian Li
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; (Z.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Liangrui Xiang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.X.); (S.P.)
| | - Shijia Pan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.X.); (S.P.)
| | - Dahai Zhu
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; (Z.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Shen Li
- Anhui Jiuwu Tianhong Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230011, China;
| | - He Guo
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.X.); (S.P.)
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Lu F, Lin T, Chen H. Singlet oxygen-mediated fluconazole degradation during the activation of chlorine dioxide with sulfite. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120887. [PMID: 37992637 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated advanced oxidations have received considerable attention due to their strong capacity to resist the water matrix and high selectivity for organic pollutants. In this study, the activation of chlorine dioxide with sulfite (sulfite/ClO2 process) to effectively produce 1O2 was proposed to degrade fluconazole (FLC) and simultaneously control the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The results revealed that FLC could be rapidly degraded by 78.6 % within 10 s by the sulfite/ClO2 process. Radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements confirm that 1O2 produced by the cleavage of epoxides formed by the combination of triazole electron-rich groups in FLC with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was the main active species in the sulfite/ClO2 process. The degradation of FLC was favored under alkaline conditions because of the fast electron transfer rate at higher pH values. The presence of chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and humic acid (HA) hindered the degradation of FLC mainly because they compete with PMS for the electron-rich groups produced by the reaction. The degradation intermediates of FLC were identified by UPLC‒MS/MS, and their transformation pathways were deduced by the condensed Fukui function (CFF) theory. Using sulfite/ClO2 as a pretreatment process to treat real potable water, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and other intermediates may be produced via the carboxylation and carbonylation reactions mediated by 1O2, therefore promoting the formation of DBPs during the following chlorination. This study provided a new perspective that while 1O2 is effectively produced in the sulfite/ClO2 process for contaminant degradation, the formation of DBPs during subsequent chlorination should be cautioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
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Biswakarma D, Dey N, Bhattacharya S. Hydrogel Nanocomposite Towards Optical Sensing of Spermine in Biomedical and Real-Life Food Samples and Remediation of Toxic Dyes from Wastewater. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11610-11620. [PMID: 37605815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposites such as graphene oxide (GO) have been incorporated into hydrogels to enhance conventional hydrogels' properties and develop new functions. Unique and strong molecular interactions between GO and low molecular weight gelators allow the fabrication of various functional hydrogels suitable for different applications. In the present study, we report a stable and soft nanocomposite hydrogel comprising a pyrene-based chiral amphipath having an amino acid (l-phenylalanine) core with pendant oligo-oxyethylene hydrophilic chains and GO. The mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposite hydrogel were thoroughly studied using various spectroscopic, microscopic, and mechanical techniques. Even without GO, native hydrogels could form a self-supported thermoreversible and thixotropic hydrogel composed of the fibrillar network. Unlike native hydrogels, the morphological investigation of nanocomposite gels shows the presence of cross-linked nanosheet-like structures. The combined effect of π-π stacking and H-bonding interactions is the driving force for the formation of such composite hydrogels. Moreover, the nanocomposite hydrogels possess significantly superior mechanical stiffness than the native hydrogels. Interestingly, the thixotropic properties observed with the parent gel were retained even in the presence of carbon nanomaterials (GO). The nanocomposite hydrogel could be employed in the optical sensing of a biogenic polyamine, spermine, resulting in a visible gel-to-sol transition. The superior electrostatic interaction between the GOs and spermine molecules might have led to the release of entrapped fluorogenic dyes from the hydrogel network and a turn-on emission response. The sensory system was employed to analyze spermine content in human urine samples and decomposed food items. A gel-coated paper strip was also developed for onsite detection of the spermine. The nanocomposite hydrogel was further utilized to remove toxic organic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) from the aqueous media. The nanocomposite hydrogel thus showed excellent dye removal capabilities and was also found to be recyclable. Calculations of different mechanical parameters suggest that the dye removal efficiency of the nanocomposite hydrogel was better for MB than for RhB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipen Biswakarma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nilanjan Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana 700078, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
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Urbina-Suarez NA, Rivera-Caicedo C, González-Delgado ÁD, Barajas-Solano AF, Machuca-Martínez F. Bicarbonate-Hydrogen Peroxide System for Treating Dyeing Wastewater: Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Color Removal. TOXICS 2023; 11:366. [PMID: 37112593 PMCID: PMC10146205 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The textile industry is a global economic driving force; however, it is also one of the most polluting industries, with highly toxic effluents which are complex to treat due to the recalcitrant nature of some compounds present in these effluents. This research focuses on the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), color, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (N-NH3) on tannery wastewater treatment through an advanced oxidation process (AOPs) using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and temperature using a central composite non-factorial design with a surface response using Statistica 7.0 software. All experiments used a 500 mL reactor with 300 mL of tannery wastewater from a company in Cúcuta, Colombia. The physicochemical characterization was done to determine the significant absorbance peaks about the color in the wavelengths between 297 and 669 nm. Statistical analysis found that the concentration of NaHCO3 affects the removal of color and N-NH3; however, it did not affect COD and TOC. The optimal process conditions for removing the different compounds under study were: NaHCO3 1 M, H2O2 2 M, and 60 °C, with efficiencies of 92.35%, 31.93%, 68.85%, and 35.5% N-NH3, COD, color, and TOC respectively. It can be concluded that AOPs using H2O2 and NaHCO3 are recommended to remove color and N-NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor A. Urbina-Suarez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Av. Gran Colombia No. 12E-96, Cucuta 540003, Colombia
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez, Calle 13 # 100-00, Cali 760015, Colombia
| | - Christian Rivera-Caicedo
- Biotechnological Engineering Program, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Av. Gran Colombia No. 12E-96, Cucuta 540003, Colombia
| | - Ángel Darío González-Delgado
- Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Cartagena, Av. Del Consulado Calle 30 No. 48-152, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
| | - Andrés F. Barajas-Solano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Av. Gran Colombia No. 12E-96, Cucuta 540003, Colombia
| | - Fiderman Machuca-Martínez
- School of Chemical Engineering, Center of Excellence in New Materials (CENM), Universidad del Valle Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez, Calle 13 # 100-00, Cali 760015, Colombia
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Zhao T, Pan J, Mao C, Chen L, Li J, Shao H, Xu G. Enhanced decomplexation of Cu-EDTA and simultaneous removal of Cu(II) by electron beam irradiation accompanied with autocatalytic fenton-like reaction: Synergistic performance and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137445. [PMID: 36495973 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Widely existing heavy metal complexes with high stability and poor biodegradability are intractable to be eliminated by conventional methods. In this study, electron beam (EB) irradiation characterized by rapidly producing strong oxidizing radicals was employed to effectively decompose Cu-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Cu-EDTA) with almost complete elimination at 5 kGy. In terms of heavy metal removal, EB irradiation at relatively low doses was insufficient to remove copper ions, which was only 17.2% under 15 kGy. However, with the extra addition of 8 mM H2O2, such an irradiation dose could result in 99.0% copper ions removal. Mechanism analysis indicated that EB irradiation combined with spontaneously induced Fenton-like reactions were responsible for its excellent performance. The prime function of EB irradiation was to destroy the structure of Cu-EDTA with in-situ produced ·OH, and the subsequent released Cu-based intermediates could activate H2O2 to initiate autocatalytic chain reactions, correspondingly accelerating the degradation of complexes and the liberation of metal ions. Highly oxidative ·OH and O2·- were demonstrated as main active species acted on different positions of Cu-EDTA to realize gradual decarboxylation, synchronously generating low molecular weight compounds. XRD and XPS analysis showed that the released copper ions were mainly precipitated in the form of CuO, Cu(OH)2 and Cu2(OH)2CO3. In general, EB/H2O2 was an adoptable strategy for the disposal of such refractory heavy metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiali Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chengkai Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Haribhau Waghchaure R, Ashok Adole V, Shivaji Kushare S, Ashok Shinde R, Sonu Jagdale B. Visible light prompted and modified ZnO catalyzed rapid and efficient removal of hazardous crystal violet dye from aqueous solution: A systematic experimental study. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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10
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Zafar S, Bukhari DA, Rehman A. Azo dyes degradation by microorganisms - An efficient and sustainable approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103437. [PMID: 36131780 PMCID: PMC9483650 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic aromatic compounds consisting of various functional groups are known as dyes. These colored compounds are often discharged in effluents, and they are very dangerous to aquatic life. Basically, the dye industry started by using natural plant and insect sources, and then suddenly turned into artificial manufacturing. Natural equilibrium of our environment gets changed by the reduction in photosynthetic activity due to the dyes. In China 900,000 tons of all kinds of dyes are usually produced, which are used in many industries like food, textile, food, paper and leather. Untreated wastewater contaminates aquatic bodies by causing eutrophication, change in water color, oxygen depletion which affect aquatic organisms to a great extent. Dye wastewater is now the key environmental pollution form. In recent eras an extensive study line has been developed to explore the dye decolorization and biodegradation under both aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions. In this review, the chemistry, toxicity and microbial biodegradation/decolorization are presented. Some recent studies along with the new techniques and methodologies of remediating the dye pollution are also discussed to provide the bases of their handling. Overall, efficient and high biodegradation potential make microbes an impending foundation for green chemistry to eradicate toxic dyes from industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Zafar
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Dilara A. Bukhari
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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Sun Y, Wang C, Qin S, Pan F, Li Y, Wang Z, Qin C. Co 3O 4 Nanopetals Grown on the Porous CuO Network for the Photocatalytic Degradation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2850. [PMID: 36014718 PMCID: PMC9416053 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Designing a novel photocatalytic composite for the efficient degradation of organic dyes remains a serious challenge. Herein, the multi-layered Co3O4@NP-CuO photocatalyst with unique features, i.e., the self-supporting, hierarchical porous network as well as the construction of heterojunction between Co3O4 and CuO, are synthesized by dealloying-electrodeposition and subsequent thermal treatment techniques. It is found that the interwoven ultrathin Co3O4 nanopetals evenly grow on the nanoporous CuO network (Co3O4@NP-CuO). The three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous structure for the catalyst provides more surface area to act as active sites and facilitates the absorption of visible light in the photodegradation reaction. Compared with the commercial CuO and Co3O4 powders, the newly designed Co3O4@NP-CuO composite exhibits superior photodegradation performance for RhB. The enhanced performance is mainly due to the construction of heterojunction of Co3O4/CuO, greatly promoting the efficient carrier separation for photocatalysis. Furthermore, the possible photocatalytic mechanism is analyzed in detail. This work provides a promising strategy for the fabrication of a new controllable heterojunction to improve photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Shengyao Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Fengda Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yongyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Chunling Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
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12
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Kumar P, Verma S, Kaur R, Papac J, Kušić H, Štangar UL. Enhanced photo-degradation of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP): Influence of matrix components, kinetic study and artificial neural network modelling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128807. [PMID: 35417795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the degradation of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) by UV-C and UV-C/PMS-treatment processes. The degradation of NMP was less than 2% by UV-C photolysis. To enhance the degradation, PMS was used as a source of sulphate (SO4• -) and hydroxyl (HO•) radicals in the UV-C photolysis treatment system. The operational parameters such as initial pH and concentration of NMP and PMS and water matrix elements were studied to understand their effects on degradation. At pH = 6.3, λ = 260 nm, initial concentration of NMP = 10 mg/L, PMS = 300 mg/L and carbonate ion = 150 mg/L, the degradation of NMP was found to be 97.5%, along with 26.86% of TOC removal. The bicarbonate ions, nitrate ions, and chloride ions showed the inhibitory effect on the degradation of NMP. The NMP degradation was governed by pseudo first order kinetics. SO4• - was found to be the dominating degradation species through the radical quenching studies. The intermediates formed during the degradation were identified through LC-MS analysis, and a degradation pathway was proposed. The experimental data was successfully validated through the application of the developed ANN model. The R2 between expected and experimental outcomes was 0.97. The developed ANN model was successful in predicting the degradation of NMP in the given reaction conditions with the prediction accuracy of 90.91% and RMSE of 3.54.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Shilpi Verma
- School of Energy & Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Laboratory for Open Systems and Networks, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Josipa Papac
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Kušić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Urška Lavrenčič Štangar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Macías-Quiroga IF, Pérez-Flórez A, Arcila JS, Giraldo-Goméz GI, Sanabria-Gonzalez NR. Synthesis and Characterization of Co/Al-PILCs for the Oxidation of an Azo Dye Using the Bicarbonate-Activated Hydrogen Peroxide System. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Schröter E, Rohland P, Schreyer K, Friebe C, Hager MD, Schubert US. Oxidation of N,N,N,2,2,6,6‐heptamethyl‐piperidine‐4‐ammonium chloride to water‐soluble N‐oxyl radicals: A comparative study. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schröter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Philip Rohland
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kristin Schreyer
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christian Friebe
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena GERMANY
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15
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Zhang X, Shi P, Zhao W, Lu W, Li F, Min Y, Xu Q. Research on methylene blue degradation based on multineedle-to-plane liquid dielectric barrier discharge mode. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Qu T, Yao X, Owens G, Gao L, Zhang H. A sustainable natural clam shell derived photocatalyst for the effective adsorption and photodegradation of organic dyes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2988. [PMID: 35194104 PMCID: PMC8863817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to an increasing desire for modern industries to be both green and sustainable, there has been increasing research focus on the reutilization of natural waste materials to effectively remove and degrade toxic wastewater effluents. One interesting food industry waste product is clam shell. Here a new photocatalytic nanomaterial derived from marine clam shells was successfully prepared and characterized. Thereafter the material was applied for the removal of two target dyes from aqueous solution, where the effect of both catalyst dose and initial dye concentration on adsorption and photocatalysis was investigated. The maximum adsorption capacities of methylene blue (100 mg/L) and Congo red (500 mg/L) were 123.45 mg/g and 679.91 mg/g, respectively, where adsorption followed pseudo second order kinetics predominantly via a chemical adsorption process. The photodegradation removal efficiencies of the two dye solutions under visible light irradiation were 99.6% and 83.3% for MB and CR, respectively. The excellent degradation performance in a mixed dye solution, with strong degradation capability and low cost, demonstrated that the clam shell catalyst material was a good candidate for practical field remediation of dye contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qu
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxin Yao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Harbor Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, Zhejiang, China.,College of Naval Architecture and Mechanical-Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gary Owens
- Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - Liangjun Gao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Harbor Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Harbor Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Hsieh ML, Juang RS, Gandomi YA, Fu CC, Hsieh CT, Liu WR. Synthesis and characterization of high-performance ZnO/graphene quantum dot composites for photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Cao Y, Sheriff TS. The oxidative degradation of Calmagite using added and in situ generated hydrogen peroxide catalysed by manganese(II) ions: Efficacy evaluation, kinetics study and degradation pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131792. [PMID: 34388875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (II) ions (Mn(II)) catalyse the oxidative degradation of Calmagite (CAL, 2-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxy-5methylphenylazo)-4-naphthalenesulfonic acid) at room temperature using added and in situ generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), using 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate, disodium salt and monohydrate (Tiron) as the co-catalyst for the in situ generation of H2O2. The percentage of CAL degradation with the in situ generated H2O2 was 91.1 % after 30 min which is lower than that in the added H2O2/Mn(II) system (96.0 %). A one-eighth-lives method was applied to investigate the kinetic parameters in the added H2O2 system, with and without Mn(II), involving phosphate, carbonate, and two biological buffers at different pHs. Percarbonate (HCO4-) was found to be the main reactive species for CAL degradation in the added H2O2 system buffered by carbonate in the absence of Mn(II). Manganese (IV) = O (Mn(IV) = O) and manganese(V) = O (Mn(V) = O) are the main reactive species in the added H2O2/Mn(II) system buffered by carbonate and non-carbonate buffers respectively. pH 8.5 was the optimum pH for CAL degradation when buffered by carbonate, while pH 10.0 is the best pH for the systems not using carbonate buffer. Using a high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer (HPLC/ESI-MS), the degradation intermediates of CAL were identified as 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonate ion, 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfinic ion, 1-amino-2-naphthol, and 1-nitroso-2-naphthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Tippu S Sheriff
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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19
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Yuan S, Li Y, Qiu R, Xia Y, Selomulya C, Zhang X. Minimising non-selective defects in ultrathin reduced graphene oxide membranes with graphene quantum dots for enhanced water and NaCl separation. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Dong H, Feng X, Guo Y, Jia Z, Zhang X, Xu A, Li X. Bicarbonate activated hydrogen peroxide with cobalt nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for highly efficient organic dye degradation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Habib IY, Burhan J, Jaladi F, Lim CM, Usman A, Kumara N, Tsang SCE, Mahadi AH. Effect of Cr doping in CeO2 nanostructures on photocatalysis and H2O2 assisted methylene blue dye degradation. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Guo X, Meng Q, Wang D, Zha F, Tang X, Tian H. S-doped NiFe-based catalyst for fast degradation of methylene blue by heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36112-36121. [PMID: 33682058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
S-doped NiFe-based particles were prepared by a solvothermal method and used to degrade methylene blue (MB) aqueous solutions with visible light in a heterogeneous Fenton reaction. The obtained solid samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS. It was found that 0.2 g L-1 NiFe2S4 can degrade 99.8% MB solution within 6 min in the presence of 5 mM H2O2 and natural pH. The recycle experiments results indicate that the NiFe2S4 catalyst possessed better stability than NiFe2O4. Furthermore, NiFe2S4 particles can be easily separated from contaminant solution by using a magnet due to their excellent ferromagnetism. COD analysis experiments indicated that the COD removal rate of NiFe2S4 is 73.1% in 30 min. A possible mechanism was proposed, and the degradation products were measured by LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Guo
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Qian Meng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Dianguo Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Fei Zha
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaohua Tang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Haifeng Tian
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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23
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Xu H, Pang Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Pei H. Using sodium percarbonate to suppress vertically distributed filamentous cyanobacteria while maintaining the stability of microeukaryotic communities in drinking water reservoirs. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 197:117111. [PMID: 33857892 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency and intensity of blooms of toxin- and taste & odour-producing filamentous cyanobacteria in water sources is a growing global issue. Compared to the common spherical Microcystis genus, the removal of filamentous cyanobacteria is more difficult in drinking water treatment plants; hence, abatement and control of the occurrence and proliferation of harmful filamentous cyanobacteria within drinking water sources is important for water supply. In this study, the solid sodium percarbonate (SPC), Na2CO3·1.5H2O2, was used as an algaecide to eliminate the cyanobacteria distributed throughout the water column in the surface and bottom layer of a reservoir serving as a drinking water source. Results showed that although the oxidation capacity of SPC was higher in the surface water due to the higher light intensity than in the bottom water, 3.0 mg/L SPC can still suppress the harmful cyanobacteria in the bottom water after 36 h because the carbonate ion generated by SPC decomposition can act as an activator of H2O2 to generate many reactive oxygen species - including superoxide radicals, carbonate radical anions, and hydroxyl radicals - even in the light-limited environment. The obtained inactivation rates for the main cyanobacteria in this reservoir followed the order: Pseudanabaena limnetica > Raphidiopsis curvata > Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. 3.0 mg/L SPC has a slight impact on microeukaryotic communities according to the 18S rRNA gene sequencing, while 6.0 mg/L SPC changed the composition of eukaryotic phytoplankton and zooplankton clearly. Eukaryotic co-occurrence networks showed that although the network of eukaryotic plankton in treated surface water was more compact and clustered, stability of microeukaryotes in the treated surface water was lower than for the treated bottom water, owing to the higher oxidation capacity of SPC in the surface water. The results above not only have important implications for full-scale control of harmful cyanobacteria in drinking water sources, especially filamentous cyanobacteria with vertical distributions, but also help to ensure the health and stability of the whole aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Yiming Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China.
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24
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Chai X, Cui Y, Xu W, Kong L, Zuo Y, Yuan L, Chen W. Degradation of malathion in the solution of acetyl peroxyborate activated by carbonate: Products, kinetics and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124808. [PMID: 33338811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The degradation process of malathion in the acetyl peroxyborate (APB) solution of different APB/malathion molar ratio and in the carbonate-activated APB (APB/CO32-) solution of different pH was studied by 31P NMR technology. In the APB solution, all malathion could be degraded in 47.5 min when the molar ratio of APB/malathion was 60. CO32- could effectively activate APB to degrade all malathion in 10 min at pH of 10 when APB/malathion was 10, which was obviously higher than in APB solution. 1O2, •O2-, •OH and carbon-centered radicals (RC•) could be produced in the APB/CO32- solution, and the degradation of malathion was mainly affected by RC•. The degradation mechanism of malathion in the APB/CO32- solution was proposed based on the research results of malathion degradation process by 31P NMR and active species quenching test, which involves two steps: the first step is the oxidation of malathion to malaoxon by RC•, and the second step is the hydrolysis of malaoxon to dimethyl phosphate via hydroxyl anions nucleophilic addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Chai
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 102205, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Wencai Xu
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 102205, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Lingce Kong
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 102205, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yanjun Zuo
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 102205, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 102205, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Wenming Chen
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 102205, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
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25
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Wang J, Wang X. GPCC catalyzed hydrogen peroxide for decolorization of C.I. Reactive Red 24 from simulated dyeing wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:2381-2388. [PMID: 33339792 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A kind of gelatin protein copper complex (GPCC for short) was synthesized by us. GPCC acting as catalyst was applied to catalyzed hydrogen peroxide for decolorization of C.I. Reactive Red 24 from simulated dyeing wastewater. The influence of catalyzed hydrogen peroxide by GPCC on the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Red 24 from simulated dyeing wastewater was discussed. The optimum decolorization technology condition was optimized. And the effect of salt on decolorization of C.I. Reactive Red 24 in this catalytic system was also investigated. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide can be catalyzed by GPCC. In the catalytic system, the structure of C.I. Reactive Red 24 can be degraded and a high decolorization rate can be obtained in a wide pH range. In addition, the decolorization percentage and decolorization rate will be further improved when salt is present in the catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, 19 Jinhua South Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China E-mail:
| | - Xueyan Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, 19 Jinhua South Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China E-mail:
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26
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Wang J, Qian Q, Chen Q, Liu XP, Luo Y, Xue H, Li Z. Significant role of carbonate radicals in tetracycline hydrochloride degradation based on solar light-driven TiO2-seashell composites: Removal and transformation pathways. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Tariq M, Muhammad M, Khan J, Raziq A, Uddin MK, Niaz A, Ahmed SS, Rahim A. Removal of Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions using photo-Fenton processes and novel Ni-Cu@MWCNTs photocatalyst. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Qian M, Yang L, Chen X, Li K, Xue W, Li Y, Zhao H, Cao G, Guan X, Shen G. The treatment of veterinary antibiotics in swine wastewater by biodegradation and Fenton-like oxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136299. [PMID: 31923671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations and potential toxicities of antibiotics in swine wastewater prompt the exploration of effective treatment methods to minimize the amount of antibiotics released to the environment. This study examined the technical and economic feasibility of using combined biodegradation and advanced oxidation processes for swine wastewater treatment. The up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was mainly responsible for conventional organic pollutant removal (i.e., a COD removal rate of 75%). The subsequent sequencing batch reactor (SBR) under a short sludge retention time (SRT) of 3 days removed the biodegradable antibiotics by >95%, and hindered the nitrification process which retained NH4+-N and reduced operational cost (since the treated wastewater was intended to be used as a farm fertilizer). The subsequent Fenton-like oxidation (with the aid of citric acid) achieved an average antibiotic removal efficiency of 74% under optimal reaction conditions: H2O2 dosage of 2.9 mM, [Fe2+]: [H2O2] = 1:3, [CA]: [Fe2+] = 1:1, pH 6.0, reaction time of 120 min. The superior treatment efficiency of Fenton-like compared to the conventional Fenton (74% vs 5%) under nearly neutral conditions was attributed to the chelating role of citric acid with Fe2+/Fe3+, leading to the enhanced Fe2+/Fe3+ solubility and therefore the promotion of ∙OH formation. This hybrid process of anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation and Fenton-like oxidation should be suitable and cost-effective for the treatment of wastewater with abundant conventional pollutants and persistent emerging trace contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Qian
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Linyan Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xingkui Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weibo Xue
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yejin Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guomin Cao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Genxiang Shen
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Cai C, Kang S, Xie X, Liao C. Ultrasound-assisted heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate activation with Co/SBA-15 for the efficient degradation of organic contaminant in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121519. [PMID: 31706748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A potential advanced oxidation process is provided by SBA-15 supported cobalt (Co/SBA-15) activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS, HSO5-) in the ultrasound (US) enhanced system, named Co/SBA-15/PMS/US process, for the elimination of refractory organic contaminants (ROCs) in water. This process exhibited favorable behavior with 95.5 % C.I. Acid Orange 7 (AO7) degradation using 5 mM PMS, 0.5 g/L Co/SBA-15 catalyst, 190 W US power at initial pH of 6.0 after 90 min reaction. Co/SBA-15 particles remained satisfied catalytic activity and stability with very low level of cobalt release in 10 successive cycles. The scavenge tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) result as well as the cobalt leaching concentration revealed that the reactive radicals (SO4- and OH) on catalyst surface were primarily responsible for AO7 oxidation, and a rational mechanism was elucidated accordingly. The presence of chloride ions and bicarbonate could improve AO7 removal. The probable pathway of AO7 degradation was proposed based on the intermediates identified. This Co/SBA-15/PMS/US process could be well applied for the destruction of other typical ROCs (bisphenol A, clofibric acid, and rhodamine B) and the treatment of lake and river water spiked with AO7, and this study may provide an efficient PMS technique for the remediation of ROCs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Cai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Shuping Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xianjun Xie
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chanjuan Liao
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Kan H, Soklun H, Yang Z, Wu R, Shen J, Qu G, Wang T. Purification of dye wastewater using bicarbonate activated hydrogen peroxide: Reaction process and mechanisms. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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Wang J, Shih Y, Wang PY, Yu YH, Su JF, Huang CP. Hazardous waste treatment technologies. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1177-1198. [PMID: 31433896 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This is a review of the literature published in 2018 on topics related to hazardous waste management in water, soils, sediments, and air. The review covers treatment technologies applying physical, chemical, and biological principles for contaminated water, soils, sediments, and air. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The management of waters, wastewaters, and soils contaminated by various hazardous chemicals including inorganic (e.g., oxyanions, salts, and heavy metals), organic (e.g., halogenated, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides, and persistent organic chemicals) was reviewed according to the technology applied, namely, physical, chemical and biological methods. Physical methods for the management of hazardous wastes including adsorption, coagulation (conventional and electrochemical), sand filtration, electrosorption (or CDI), electrodialysis, electrokinetics, membrane (RO, NF, MF), photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical oxidation, sonochemical, non-thermal plasma, supercritical fluid, electrochemical oxidation, and electrochemical reduction processes were reviewed. Chemical methods including ozone-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, persulfate-based, Fenton and Fenton-like, and potassium permanganate processes for the management of hazardous were reviewed. Biological methods such as aerobic, anaerobic, bioreactor, constructed wetlands, soil bioremediation and biofilter processes for the management of hazardous wastes, in mode of consortium and pure culture were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Wang
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Yujen Shih
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po Yen Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Weidner University, Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu Han Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Jenn Fang Su
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Chin-Pao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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Zhao S, Gao P, Miao D, Wu L, Qian Y, Chen S, Sharma VK, Jia H. Formation and Evolution of Solvent-Extracted and Nonextractable Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Fly Ash of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10120-10130. [PMID: 31403286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are emerging contaminants occurring in combustion-borne particulates and atmospheric particulate matter, but information on their formation and behavior on fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators is scarce. Here, we have found that MSW-associated fly ash samples contain an EPFR concentration of 3-10 × 1015 spins g-1, a line width (ΔHp-p) of ∼8.6 G, and a g-factor of 2.0032-2.0038. These EPFRs are proposed to be mixtures of carbon-centered and oxygen-centered free radicals. Fractionation of the fly ash-associated EPFRs into solvent-extracted and nonextractable radicals suggests that the solvent-extracted part accounts for ∼45-73% of the total amount of EPFRs. Spin densities of solvent-extracted EPFRs correlate positively with the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ti, and Zn, whereas similar correlations are comparatively insignificant for nonextractable EPFRs. Under natural conditions, these two types of EPFRs exhibit different stabilization that solvent-extracted EPFRs are relatively unstable, whereas the nonextractable fraction possesses a long life span. Significant correlations between concentrations of solvent-extracted EPFRs and generation of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are found. Overall, our results suggest that the fractionated solvent-extracted and nonextractable EPFRs may experience different formation and stabilization processes and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Pin Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Duo Miao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Lan Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Yajie Qian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Shanping Chen
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd. , Shanghai 200232 , China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
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Wang M, Wang D, Qiu S, Xiao J, Cai H, Zou J. Multi-wavelength spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in water by oxidative coloration of ABTS via Fenton reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27063-27072. [PMID: 31313234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive and low-cost multi-wavelength spectrophotometric method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water was established. The method was based on the oxidative coloration of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) via Fenton reaction, which resulted in the formation of green radical (ABTS•+) with absorbance at four different wavelengths (i.e., 415 nm, 650 nm, 732 nm, and 820 nm). Under the optimized conditions (CABTS = 2.0 mM, CFe2+ = 1.0 mM, pH = 2.60 ± 0.02, and reaction time (t) = 1 min), the absorbance of the generated ABTS•+ at 415 nm, 650 nm, 732 nm, and 820 nm were well linear with H2O2 concentrations in the range of 0-40 μM (R2 > 0.999) and the sensitivities of the proposed Fenton-ABTS method were calculated as 4.19 × 104 M-1 cm-1,1.73 × 104 M-1 cm-1, 2.18 × 104 M-1 cm-1, and 1.96 × 104 M-1 cm-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the detection limits of the Fenton-ABTS method at 415 nm, 650 nm, 732 nm, and 820 nm were respectively calculated to be 0.18 μM, 0.12 μM, 0.10 μM, and 0.11 μM. The absorbance of the generated ABTS•+ in ultrapure water, underground water, and reservoir water was quite stable within 30 min. Moreover, the proposed Fenton-ABTS method could be used for monitoring the variations of H2O2 concentration during the oxidative decolorization of RhB in alkali-activated H2O2 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Wang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiyao Wang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Qiu
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyang Xiao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huahua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
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Li K, Li S, Huang T, Dong C, Li J, Zhao B, Zhang S. Chemical Cleaning of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouled by Humic Substances: Comparison between Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Hypochlorite. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2568. [PMID: 31323814 PMCID: PMC6678075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemical cleaning is indispensable for the sustainable operation of ultrafiltration (UF) system in water and wastewater treatment. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is an established cleaning agent for membranes subject to organic and microbial fouling, but concerns have been raised about the generation of toxic halogenated by-products during NaClO cleaning. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a potential "green" cleaning agent that can avoid the formation of halogenated by-products. In this work, cleaning efficacy of H2O2 and NaClO for UF membrane fouled by humic substances (HS) was evaluated under a wide pH range, and change of HS's properties due to reaction with cleaning agents was examined. The cleaning efficacy of H2O2 was lower than that of NaClO at pH 3-9, but it increased to a level (91.4%) comparable with that of NaClO at pH 11. The extents of changes in properties and fouling potential of HS due to reacting with cleaning agents were consistent with their cleaning efficacy. H2O2 treatment at pH 11 significantly increased negative charge of HS molecules, decomposed high-MW molecules, and reduced its fouling potential. Therefore, considering treatment/disposal of cleaning waste and cleaning efficacy, H2O2 cleaning under strong alkaline condition can be a good choice for HS-fouled membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Shu Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Chongzhe Dong
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shujia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Zhou GN, He CS, Wang YX, He PP, Liu J, Mu Y, Zhang LS. Aerobic removal of iodinated contrast medium by nano-sized zero-valent iron: A combination of oxidation and reduction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:417-424. [PMID: 30939424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The removal performance and mechanisms of diatrizoate (DTA), a typical iodinated contrast medium, from water by nano-sized zero-valent iron (nZVI) under aerobic conditions were investigated in this study. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transformation products were detected with electron spin resonance and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of several operational parameters on DTA removal were illustrated. The results showed that nZVI had a much higher DTA removal ability compared to microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI) in the presence of oxygen. Moreover, the detection of ROS and I- as well as the analysis of intermediate products suggested a combination of oxidation and reduction pathways for DTA removal by nZVI under aerobic conditions. Additionally, a high dosage of nZVI and acidic conditions led to the enhancement of DTA removal, while nZVI aging, as well as chloride and nitrate ions in the solution, had negative effects on the degradation of DTA by nZVI in the presence of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Nan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan-Shu He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pan-Pan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Li-Shan Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.
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Nie M, Zhang W, Yan C, Xu W, Wu L, Ye Y, Hu Y, Dong W. Enhanced removal of organic contaminants in water by the combination of peroxymonosulfate and carbonate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:734-743. [PMID: 30092530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a favorable CO32-/PMS system for efficient degradation of organic contaminants (acid orange 7 (AO7), acetaminophen, para-aminobenzoic acid, phenol, methylene orange, methylene blue) in water was firstly reported. Under optimal conditions, the decolorization ration of AO7 was 100% within 40 min. Data fitting showed that the AO7 decolorization could be described by the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the rates constant values ranging from 0.0006 to 0.2297 min-1 depending on the operating parameters (initial PMS, CO32-, AO7 concentrations). Radical scavenging studies revealed that superoxide anion radical (O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) rather than sulfate (SO4-) nor hydroxyl (HO) were the dominant oxidants might be responsible for AO7 degradation. The presence of NO3-, HPO42- and low concentration of Cl-, NO2-, HCO3-, H2PO4-, HA had no significantly effect on the decolorization of AO7. Adding a higher Cl- concentration displayed favorable effects on the removal efficiencies of AO7, but adding a higher NO2-, HCO3-, H2PO4- and HA concentration apparently inhibited this process. The decolorization of AO7 was lower in wastewater in comparison to other natural waters and ultrapure water, which was probably due to the presence of higher concentration of colloids in wastewater. Nevertheless, up to 94.8%, 97.0% and 85.1% of AO7 were degraded from the filtrate, permeate, and retentate phases of wastewater within 60 min, respectively. Consequently, CO32-/PMS would be promising for removal methodology for AO7 in wastewater containing considerable colloids. Finally, three intermediates were identified and degradation pathways of AO7 were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Nie
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Caixia Yan
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Wenli Xu
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Leliang Wu
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yuping Ye
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yun Hu
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Wang D, Zou J, Cai H, Huang Y, Li F, Cheng Q. Effective degradation of Orange G and Rhodamine B by alkali-activated hydrogen peroxide: roles of HO 2- and O 2·. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1445-1454. [PMID: 30426376 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes offer effective solutions in treating wastewater from various industries. The process of alkali-activated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was superior for the treatment of alkaline dye wastewater because no additional reagents were required except H2O2. However, an important and interesting phenomenon had been observed that the primary reactive species were found different for degrading organic pollutants with the process of alkali-activated H2O2. Azo dye of Orange G (OG) and triphenylmethane dye of Rhodamine B (RhB) were chosen as the target organic pollutants. The influences of various parameters on OG and RhB degradation by alkali-activated H2O2 were evaluated. Furthermore, different scavengers, including ascorbic acid, methanol, t-butanol, isopropyl alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, and nitro blue tetrazolium, have been tested to identify the active species involved in dye degradation, and it was found that O2·- was mainly responsible for degrading OG, while HO2- anion was the primary oxidant for degrading RhB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyao Wang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huahua Cai
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Huang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Li L, Huang J, Hu X, Zhang S, Dai Q, Chai H, Gu L. Activation of sodium percarbonate by vanadium for the degradation of aniline in water: Mechanism and identification of reactive species. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:647-656. [PMID: 30347359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium percarbonate (SPC)-based advanced oxidation process has been applied to the wastewater treatment in recent years. In the present study, a novel catalyst utilization of vanadium(V) was investigated for the activation of SPC for aniline degradation. The mechanism of SPC activation by V(IV) was demonstrated, and the major free radicals were identified through scavenging tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. The performance of aniline degradation was evaluated in the V(IV)/H2O2 and V(IV)/H2O2/Na2CO3 systems and compared with that of the V(IV)/SPC system. The influences of initial pH and effects of inorganic anions were also studied. The results show that aniline could be decomposed efficiently by SPC activated with V(IV) and the degradation efficiency increased with the increase in V(IV) and SPC dosage. O2-, CO3-, and OH were found to participate in aniline degradation, and O2- and CO3- were confirmed to be the predominant species. The decomposition of aniline was enhanced when equal amount of H2O2 was utilized instead of SPC under acidic condition while a comparative behavior was achieved in the V(IV)/H2O2/Na2CO3 system. Furthermore, aniline degradation was not impacted significantly by the initial pH and addition of Cl-, SO42- and NO3-, while HCO3- led to a betterment of aniline removal. These results indicate that the V(IV)/SPC system is an effective and promising approach for the removal of aniline from water for its feasibility and stability, which achieves eliminating contaminants by another waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xuebin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Qin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Hu Y, Li Y, He J, Liu T, Zhang K, Huang X, Kong L, Liu J. EDTA-Fe(III) Fenton-like oxidation for the degradation of malachite green. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 226:256-263. [PMID: 30121461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial waste, urban sewage and aquaculture have led to severely increased grades of environment pollutants such as dyes, pesticides and fertilizer. The use of technologies for purifying contaminated waters can be difficult and toxic due to the anti-photolysis, anti-oxidation and anti-bio-oxidation characteristics of organic pollutants, and there is therefore a significant need for new approaches. Here, we report methods of Fenton oxidation and EDTA-Fe(III) Fenton-like oxidation which can be used to degrade malachite green (MG: a dye and antibiotic-like substance) from contaminated water. Compared with the degradation rate (59.34%) of the Fe(III)/H2O2 Fenton process, the EDTA-Fe(III) Fenton-like oxidation got a better degradation rate (92.7%) at neutral pH conditions. By conducting a series of parallel controlled experiments (changing parameters such as the reactant concentration, temperature, and pH), we report the relationships between the degradation effect and different parameters, and we fitted their pseudo first order kinetic curves. Furthermore, we repeated to adjustment of the concentrations of MG in solutions to test the cycle performance and catalytic activities of EDTA-Fe(III)/H2O2 system and it showed good repeatability in the first five rounds and all of them keep the degradation efficiencies greater than 80%. By conducting comparative spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, we showed indirectly that the OH contributes to the degradation of MG. Additionally, the results of the EPR experiments showed that EDTA contributes to the generation of OH in the EDTA-Fe(III)/H2O2 Fenton-like system. By conducting total organic carbon (TOC) analysis experiments, we found that EDTA was also oxidized to some extent during the degradation of MG. In all, the findings of this work widen the range of the optimal pH values up to neutral condition for degradation of MG by use of EDTA-Fe(III) Fenton-like system. And this system could be used as one approach for the degradation of organic pollutants at neutral conditions and provide some initial information regarding EDTA-Fe(III) Fenton-like oxidations. It's significant for the expansion of the homogenous Fenton-like family and its application in the field of water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Yulian Li
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Junyong He
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Kaisheng Zhang
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Xingjiu Huang
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Lingtao Kong
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China.
| | - Jinhuai Liu
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
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Li A, Wu Z, Wang T, Hou S, Huang B, Kong X, Li X, Guan Y, Qiu R, Fang J. Kinetics and mechanisms of the degradation of PPCPs by zero-valent iron (Fe°) activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) system in groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 357:207-216. [PMID: 29890417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The abatement of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), including carbamazepine (CBZ), acetaminophen (ACP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), by zero-valent iron (Fe°) activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) system (Fe°/PDS) in pure water and groundwater was investigated. The removal rates of CBZ, ACP and SMX were 85.4%, 100% and 73.1%, respectively, within 10 min by Fe°/PDS in pure water. SO4•-, •OH and O2•- were identified in the Fe°/PDS system, and O2•- was indicated to play an important role in the ACP degradation. The degradation of PPCPs increased with increasing dosages of Fe° and PDS or with decreasing pH and initial PPCP concentrations. Interestingly, the degradation of PPCPs by Fe°/PDS was significantly enhanced in groundwater compared with that in pure water, which was partially attributed to SO42- and Cl-. The first-order constants of CBZ, ACP and SMX increased from 0.021, 0.242 and 0.013 min-1 to 0.239, 2.536 and 0.259 min-1, and to 0.172, 1.516 and 0.197 min-1, respectively, with increasing the concentrations of SO42- and Cl- to 100 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. This study firstly reports the unexpected enhancement of groundwater matrix on the degradation of micropollutants by Fe°/PDS, demonstrating that Fe°/PDS can be an efficient technology for groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shaodong Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Bangjie Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xuchun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Yinghong Guan
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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