1
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Grecco KD, Santos KR, Aragão FB, Galter IN, Lascola MB, Dos Santos SN, Trindade JL, Silva EZM, Fernandes MN, Matsumoto ST. Toxicogenetic, biochemical, and physiological effects of azoxystrobin and carbendazim fungicides over Lactuca sativa L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:44036-44048. [PMID: 38922465 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Fungicides are pesticides that are frequently used in agriculture because of their action against fungal diseases. However, the widespread application of pesticides around the world raises environmental and public health concerns, since these compounds are toxic and can pose risks to ecosystems and human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic, cytogenotoxic, and biochemical effects of azoxystrobin and carbendazim on Lactuca sativa L. and their physiological effects on Phaseolus vulgaris L. by analyzing the cell cycle and chromosomal and nuclear alterations in L. sativa; the biochemical effects of azoxystrobin and carbendazim on Phaseolus vulgaris L. and their physiological effects on Phaseolus vulgaris L. by analyzing the cell cycle and chromosomal and nuclear alterations in L. sativa; the biochemical effects by analyzing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in L. sativa; and the physiological effects by analyzing chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a fluorescence in P. vulgaris. It was observed that both fungicides were phytotoxic and cytotoxic, reducing root growth and the mitotic index, cytogenotoxic, increasing the occurrence of chromosomal alterations, as well as inducing oxidative stress and an increase in chlorophyll fluorescence emission and altered energy absorption in the plants used as a test system. In view of this, studies such as the one presented here indicate that the use of pesticides, even in small quantities, can lead to damage to the metabolism of plant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalia Dável Grecco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Kristian Rodolfo Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.
| | - Francielen Barroso Aragão
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Iasmini Nicoli Galter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Mylena Boeque Lascola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Sara Nascimento Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lima Trindade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Enzo Zini Moreira Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235 Monjolinho, São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Silvia Tamie Matsumoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
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2
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Pamanji R, Ragothaman P, Koigoora S, Sivan G, Selvin J. Network analysis of toxic endpoints of fungicides in zebrafish. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae087. [PMID: 38845614 PMCID: PMC11150978 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish being the best animal model to study, every attempt has been made to decipher the toxic mechanism of every fungicide of usage and interest. It is important to understand the multiple targets of a toxicant to estimate the toxic potential in its totality. A total of 22 fungicides of different classes like amisulbrom, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, carboxin, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole, etridiazole, flusilazole, fluxapyroxad, hexaconazole, kresoxim methyl, mancozeb, myclobutanil, prochloraz, propiconazole, propineb, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, trifloxystrobin and ziram were reviewed and analyzed for their multiple explored targets in zebrafish. Toxic end points in zebrafish are highly informative when it comes to network analysis. They provide a window into the molecular and cellular pathways that are affected by a certain toxin. This can then be used to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and to draw conclusions on the potential of a particular compound to induce toxicity. This knowledge can then be used to inform decisions about drug development, environmental regulation, and other areas of research. In addition, the use of zebrafish toxic end points can also be used to better understand the effects of environmental pollutants on ecosystems. By understanding the pathways affected by a given toxin, researchers can determine how pollutants may interact with the environment and how this could lead to health or environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Pamanji
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Prathiviraj Ragothaman
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Srikanth Koigoora
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur -Tenali Rd, Vadlamudi 522213, AP, India
| | - Gisha Sivan
- Division of Medical Research, SRM SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
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3
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Ouyang J, Hu N, Wang H. Petanin Potentiated JNK Phosphorylation to Negatively Regulate the ERK/CREB/MITF Signaling Pathway for Anti-Melanogenesis in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5939. [PMID: 38892131 PMCID: PMC11173099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Petanin, an acylated anthocyanin from the Solanaceae family, shows potential in tyrosinase inhibitory activity and anti-melanogenic effects; however, its mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, to investigate the underlying mechanism of petanin's anti-melanogenic effects, the enzyme activity, protein expression and mRNA transcription of melanogenic and related signaling pathways in zebrafish using network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were combined for analysis. The results showed that petanin could inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis, change the distribution and arrangement of melanocytes and the structure of melanosomes, reduce the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and enhance the activity of glutathione reductase (GR). It also up-regulated JNK phosphorylation, inhibited ERK/RSK phosphorylation and down-regulated CREB/MITF-related protein expression and mRNA transcription. These results were consistent with the predictions provided through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Thus, petanin could inhibit the activity of tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase by inhibiting and negatively regulating the tyrosinase-related signaling pathway ERK/CREB/MITF through p-JNK. In conclusion, petanin is a good tyrosinase inhibitor and anti-melanin natural compound with significant market prospects in melanogenesis-related diseases and skin whitening cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ouyang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810008, China; (J.O.); (N.H.)
- Huzhou China-Science Innovation Centre of Plateau Biology, Huzhou 313000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Hu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810008, China; (J.O.); (N.H.)
| | - Honglun Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810008, China; (J.O.); (N.H.)
- Huzhou China-Science Innovation Centre of Plateau Biology, Huzhou 313000, China
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4
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Ahmed AIM, Macirella R, Talarico F, Muoio MF, Mezzasalma M, Tronci V, Lal P, Gharbi N, Brunelli E. Effect of short-term exposure to the strobilurin fungicide dimoxystrobin: Morphofunctional, behavioural and mitochondrial alterations in Danio rerio embryos and larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116493. [PMID: 38805825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Strobilurins, among the most used fungicides worldwide, are considered non-toxic to mammals and birds, but there is growing evidence that these compounds are highly toxic to aquatic species. Dimoxystrobin has been included in the 3rd Watch List of the European Commission, and it has been classified as very toxic to aquatic life. However, previous studies focused on acute toxicity and only two reports are available on its impact on fish, and none on its effects during the early life stages. Here, we evaluated for the first time the effects induced on zebrafish embryos and larvae by two dimoxystrobin sublethal concentrations (6.56 and 13.13 μg/L) falling in the range of predicted environmental concentrations. We demonstrated that short-term exposure to dimoxystrobin may exert adverse effects on multiple targets, inducing severe morphological alterations. Moreover, we showed enhanced mRNA levels of genes related to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and ATP production. Impairment of the swim bladder inflation has also been recorded, which may be related to the observed swimming performance alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalmoiz I M Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Federica Talarico
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria F Muoio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Marcello Mezzasalma
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Valentina Tronci
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway
| | - Pradeep Lal
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway
| | - Naouel Gharbi
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway.
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy.
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5
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Lv L, Jia F, Deng M, Di S, Chu T, Wang Y. Toxic mechanisms of imazalil, azoxystrobin and their mixture to hook snout carp (Opsariichthys bidens). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172022. [PMID: 38552970 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
While combinations of pesticides better represent actual conditions within aquatic ecosystems, the specific toxic effects of these combinations have not been determined yet. The objective of this research was to assess the combined impact of imazalil and azoxystrobin on the hook snout carp (Opsariichthys bidens) and delve into the underlying causes. Our findings indicated that the 4-day LC50 value for imazalil (1.85 mg L-1) was greater than that for azoxystrobin (0.90 mg L-1). When imazalil and azoxystrobin were combined, they presented a heightened effect on the species. Enzyme activities like SOD, CAT, GST, and CarE, along with androgen and estrogen levels, displayed marked differences in most single and combined treatments in comparison to the baseline group. Moreover, four genes (mn-sod, cu-sod, il-1, and esr) related to oxidative stress, immunity, and the endocrine system exhibited more pronounced expression changes when exposed to combined pesticides rather than individual ones. Our tests revealed that the combined use of imazalil and azoxystrobin had more detrimental effect on aquatic vertebrates than when evaluated individually. This finding suggested that future ecological hazard analyses based only on individual tests might not sufficiently safeguard our aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangzhao Jia
- Zunyi City Company Suiyang Branch, Guizhou Province Tobacco Company, Suiyang, 563300, Guizhou, China
| | - Meihua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianfen Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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6
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Wang M, Guo Z, Du J, Lu H, Liu L, Wang T, Pan S. Assessing the hepatotoxicity of phosphogypsum leachate in zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172018. [PMID: 38547988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The improper disposal of large amounts of phosphogypsum generated during the production process of the phosphorus chemical industry (PCI) still exists. The leachate formed by phosphogypsum stockpiles could pose a threat to the ecological environment and human health. Nevertheless, information regarding the harmful effects of phosphogypsum leachate on organisms is still limited. Herein, the physicochemical characteristics of phosphogypsum leachate were analyzed, and its toxicity effect on zebrafish (Danio rerio), particularly in terms of hepatotoxicity and potential mechanisms, were evaluated. The results indicated that P, NH3-N, TN, F-, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Hg of phosphogypsum leachate exceeded the V class of surface water environmental quality standards (GB 3838-2002) to varying degrees. Acute toxicity test showed that the 96 h LC50 values of phosphogypsum leachate to zebrafish was 2.08 %. Under exposure to phosphogypsum leachate, zebrafish exhibited concentration-dependent liver damage, characterized by vacuolization and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The increased in Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and altered activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver indicated the induction of oxidative stress and oxidative damage. The expression of apoptosis-related genes (P53, PUMA, Caspase3, Bcl-2, and Bax) were up-regulated at low dosage group and down-regulated at medium and high dosage groups, suggesting the occurrence of hepatocyte apoptosis or necrosis. Additionally, phosphogypsum leachate influenced the composition of the zebrafish gut microbiota by reducing the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Vibrio, and increasing that of Rhodobacter and Pirellula. Correlation analysis revealed that gut microbiota dysbiosis was associated with phosphogypsum leachate-induced hepatotoxicity. Altogether, exposure to phosphogypsum leachate caused liver damage in zebrafish, likely through oxidative stress and apoptosis, with the intestinal flora also playing a significant role. These findings contribute to understanding the ecological toxicity of phosphogypsum leachate and promote the sustainable development of PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Ziyu Guo
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Long Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Institution of Higher Learning of Guizhou, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Institution of Higher Learning of Guizhou, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Sha Pan
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China.
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7
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Tahir R, Samra, Afzal F, Liang J, Yang S. Novel protective aspects of dietary polyphenols against pesticidal toxicity and its prospective application in rice-fish mode: A Review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109418. [PMID: 38301811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The rice fish system represents an innovative and sustainable approach to integrated farming, combining rice cultivation with fish rearing in the same ecosystem. However, one of the major challenges in this system is the pesticidal pollution resulting from various sources, which poses risks to fish health and overall ecosystem balance. In recent years, dietary polyphenols have emerged as promising bioactive compounds with potential chemo-preventive and therapeutic properties. These polyphenols, derived from various plant sources, have shown great potential in reducing the toxicity of pesticides and improving the health of fish within the rice fish system. This review aims to explore the novel aspects of using dietary polyphenols to mitigate pesticidal toxicity and enhance fish health in the rice fish system. It provides comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of action of dietary polyphenols and their beneficial effects on fish health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification properties. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential application methods of dietary polyphenols, such as direct supplementation in fish diets or through incorporation into the rice fields. By understanding the interplay between dietary polyphenols and pesticides in the rice fish system, researchers can develop innovative and sustainable strategies to promote fish health, minimize pesticide impacts, and ensure the long-term viability of this integrated farming approach. The information presented in this review will be valuable for scientists, aqua-culturists, and policymakers aiming to implement eco-friendly and health-enhancing practices in the rice fish system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tahir
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Samra
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fozia Afzal
- Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ji Liang
- School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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8
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Rossi AS, Michlig MP, Repetti MR, Cazenave J. Single and joint toxicity of azoxystrobin and cyproconazole to Prochilodus lineatus: Bioconcentration and biochemical responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167992. [PMID: 37875198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are widely used across the world to protect crops and their presence in freshwater systems is increasing. However, the evaluation of their potential impacts on non-target organisms is in the minority of studies related to pesticides. In the current research, the single and joint toxicity of azoxystrobin (AZX) and cyproconazole (CYP) was investigated in juvenile fish Prochilodus lineatus. In particular, we evaluated bioconcentration and biochemical responses following a short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the fungicides (alone and in mixture). We also determined interactions between the biological responses when the two compounds were used in mixture. Our results demonstrate that AZX and CYP pose a risk to native freshwater fish by causing deleterious effects. Both compounds, alone and in mixture, bioaccumulated in P. lineatus and triggered neurotoxicity and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in several organs. Moreover, muscle was a target tissue for these fungicides and a synergistic interaction was observed for the mixture. Due to the lack of studies in fish assessing the effects following exposure to AZX-CYP mixtures and considering a realistic exposure situation in agriculture-impacted water bodies, these findings provide new and relevant information for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Rossi
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Melina P Michlig
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, UNL, Santiago del Estero 2654, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María R Repetti
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, UNL, Santiago del Estero 2654, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jimena Cazenave
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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9
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Guo X, Zhang R, Li C, Duan M, Cao N, Jin Q, Chen X, Li L, Li X, Pang S. Environmental levels of azoxystrobin disturb male zebrafish behavior: Possible roles of oxidative stress, cholinergic system, and dopaminergic system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115744. [PMID: 38086263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A widely applied pesticide of azoxystrobin, is increasingly detected in the water environment. Concern has been raised against its potential detriment to aquatic ecosystems. It has been shown that exposure to azoxystrobin interfere with the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae. This study aims to investigate whether exposure to environmental levels of azoxystrobin (2 μg/L, 20 μg/L, and 200 μg/L) changes the behavior of male adult zebrafish. Herein, we evaluated behavioral response (locomotor, anxiety-like, and exploratory behaviors), histopathology, biochemical indicators, and gene expression in male adult zebrafish upon azoxystrobin exposure. The study showed that exposure to azoxystrobin for 42 days remarkably increased the locomotor ability of male zebrafish, resulted in anxiety-like behavior, and inhibited exploratory behavior. After treatment with 200 μg/L azoxystrobin, vasodilatation, and congestion were observed in male zebrafish brains. Exposure to 200 μg/L azoxystrobin notably elevated ROS level, MDA concentration, CAT activity, and AChE activity, while inhibiting SOD activity, GPx activity, ACh concentration, and DA concentration in male zebrafish brains. Moreover, the expression levels of genes related to the antioxidant, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems were significantly changed. This suggests that azoxystrobin may interfere with the homeostasis of neurotransmitters by causing oxidative stress in male zebrafish brains, thus affecting the behavioral response of male zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjun Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Manman Duan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Niannian Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Qian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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10
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Guo X, Zhang R, Jin Q, Cao N, Shi J, Zong X, Chen X, Wang C, Li X, Pang S, Li L. The kisspeptin-GnIH signaling pathway in the role of zebrafish courtship and aggressive behavior induced by azoxystrobin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121461. [PMID: 36934963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin, a strobilurin widely used to control rice diseases, has raised concerns about possible adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. At present, very little is known about the effects of azoxystrobin on courtship and aggressive behavior and the potential underlying mechanisms. In the present study, after exposing adult male and female zebrafish to worst-case scenario concentrations of azoxystrobin (0, 2 μg/L, 20 μg/L, and 200 μg/L) for 42 d, we observed a decrease in courtship behavior and an increase in aggressive behavior in both male and female zebrafish. In addition, to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the behavioral effects of azoxystrobin, we quantified the changes in the concentrations of kisspeptin, 5-HT, GnIH, and their corresponding receptor mRNA expression in the brain. The results showed that 200 μg/L azoxystrobin decreased the concentrations of kisspeptin and increased the concentration of GnIH in both male and female zebrafish brain. In addition, azoxystrobin also significantly reduced 5-HT concentration in female zebrafish brain. Further investigation revealed that altered courtship and aggressive behavior were associated with the expression levels of genes (kiss1, kiss2, gnrh3, gnrhr3, 5ht1a, and 5ht2a) involved in kisspeptin-GnIH signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study suggested that azoxystrobin may impair courtship and aggressive behavior in zebrafish by interfering with the kisspeptin-GnIH signaling pathway, which may have more profound effects on natural zebrafish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjun Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Qian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Niannian Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xingxing Zong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
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11
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Lu Y, Zheng X, He X, Guo J, Fu Q, Xu H, Lu Z. Sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on growth, biochemical and molecular parameters in two chironomids, Chironomus kiiensis and Chironomus javanus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114658. [PMID: 36796207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues have serious environmental impacts on rice-based ecosystems. In rice fields, Chironomus kiiensis and Chironomus javanus provide alternative food sources to predatory natural enemies of rice insect pests, especially when pests are low. Chlorantraniliprole is a substitute for older classes of insecticides and has been used extensively to control rice pests. To determine the ecological risks of chlorantraniliprole in rice fields, we evaluated its toxic effects on certain growth, biochemical and molecular parameters in these two chironomids. The toxicity tests were performed by exposing third-instar larvae to a range of concentrations of chlorantraniliprole. LC50 values at 24 h, 48 h, and 10 days showed that chlorantraniliprole was more toxic to C. javanus than to C. kiiensis. Chlorantraniliprole significantly prolonged the larval growth duration, inhibited pupation and emergence, and decreased egg numbers of C. kiiensis and C. javanus at sublethal dosages (LC10 = 1.50 mg/L and LC25 = 3.00 mg/L for C. kiiensis; LC10 = 0.25 mg/L and LC25 = 0.50 mg/L for C. javanus). Sublethal exposure to chlorantraniliprole significantly decreased the activity of the detoxification enzymes carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in both C. kiiensis and C. javanus. Sublethal exposure to chlorantraniliprole also markedly inhibited the activity of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase (POD) in C. kiiensis and POD and catalase (CAT) in C. javanus. Expression levels of 12 genes revealed that detoxification and antioxidant abilities were affected by sublethal exposures to chlorantraniliprole. There were significant changes in the expression levels of seven genes (CarE6, CYP9AU1, CYP6FV2, GSTo1, GSTs1, GSTd2, and POD) in C. kiiensis and ten genes (CarE6, CYP9AU1, CYP6FV2, GSTo1, GSTs1, GSTd2, GSTu1, GSTu2, CAT, and POD) in C. javanus. These results provide a comprehensive overview of the differences in chlorantraniliprole toxicity to chironomids, indicating that C. javanus is more susceptible and suitable as an indicator for ecological risk assessment in rice ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xusong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xiaochan He
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, PR China
| | - Jiawen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Qiming Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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12
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Assar DH, Mokhbatly AAA, ELazab MFA, Ghazy EW, Gaber AA, Elbialy ZI, Hassan AA, Nabil A, Asa SA. Silver nanoparticles induced testicular damage targeting NQO1 and APE1 dysregulation, apoptosis via Bax/Bcl-2 pathway, fibrosis via TGF-β/α-SMA upregulation in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26308-26326. [PMID: 36367645 PMCID: PMC9995601 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In medicine, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are employed often. They do, however, have negative impacts, particularly on the reproductive organs. This research aimed to assess AgNP impact on the testis and the possible intracellular mechanisms to induce testicular deteriorations in rats at various concentrations and different time intervals. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 40) were allocated into four equal groups: the control one, and three other groups injected intra-peritoneally with AgNP solution 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg b.w. respectively for 15 and 30 days. Our findings revealed that AgNPs reduced body and testicular weights, estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) hormone levels, and sperm parameters while elevating the nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels with inhibition of reduced glutathione contents in testicular tissue. Interestingly, AgNPs significantly upregulated the testicular inducible nitric oxide synthase, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X, transforming growth factor, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression levels. However, apurinic/apyrimidinic endo deoxyribonuclease 1 (APE1), NAD (P) H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and Bcl-2 expression levels were all downregulated indicating exhaustion of body antioxidant and repairing defense mechanisms in testicles in comparison with the control rats. Various histological alterations were also detected which dramatically increased in rats sacrificed after 30 days such as loss of the lining cells of seminiferous tubules with no spermatozoa and tubular irregularities associated with thickening of their basement membranes. Immunolabeling implicated in the apoptotic pathway revealed a negative expression of Bcl-2 and marked immunoreactivity for caspase-3 after 30 days of AgNP treatment in comparison to the control rats. To our knowledge, there have been no previous publications on the role of the α-SMA, APE1, and NQO1 genes in the molecular pathogenesis of AgNP testicular cytotoxicity following AgNP acute and chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa H. Assar
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Abd-Allah A. Mokhbatly
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Abou ELazab
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Emad W. Ghazy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Gaber
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Zizy I. Elbialy
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Ayman A. Hassan
- High Technological Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Egypt Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Sherbin, ElMansora Egypt
| | - Ahmed Nabil
- Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt, Egypt Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Sherbin, ElMansora Egypt
| | - Samah Abou Asa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
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13
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Fang N, Zhang C, Hu H, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao X, Jiang J. Histology and metabonomics reveal the toxic effects of kresoxim-methyl on adult zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136739. [PMID: 36223820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that kresoxim-methyl (KM) and other strobilurin fungicides have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. However, the potential deleterious effects of kresoxim-methyl (KM) on adult zebrafish regarding the ecological risk of environmental concentration remain unclear. Here, the histology and untargeted metabonomics was used to investigate the adverse effect on female zebrafish after exposure to KM at environmental concentration, aquatic life benchmark and one-half LC50 of adult zebrafish. Results demonstrated KM affected zebrafish liver, ovary and intestine development, blurred the boundary between hepatocytes or caused hepatic vacuoles, increased the percentage of perinucleolar oocyte and cortical alveolus oocyte, decreased intestinal goblet cells and disturbed villus and wall integrity after 21 d exposure. Metabonomics showed different concentrations of KM simultaneously influenced the metabolites annotated to vitamin digestion and absorption, serotonergic synapse, retinol metabolism, ovarian steroidogenesis and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in zebrafish liver. Results showed the decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as the metabolic alterations in amino acid, lipid, vitamin and retinol metabolism caused by KM, might disturb the energy supply for normal liver development and oocyte maturation. In addition, KM altered the transcription of Tdo2a, Tdo2b, Ido1, Cxcl8b, Cyp7a, Cyp11a, Cyp11b, Cyp17a, Cyp19a, Hsd3β, Hsd17β, Pla2, Ptgs2a and Ptgs2b, the level of TG, TC, MDA, IFN, IL6 and Ca2+, and the activity of CAT, SOD Ca2+-ATPase in zebrafish liver. Moreover, cytoscape analysis suggested the disturbed AA metabolism caused by KM, might interconnect multiple metabolic pathways to share implicated function in the regulation of oocyte maturation and immune response. Current study brought us closer to an incremental understanding of the toxic mechanism of KM on adult zebrafish, indicated there was crosstalk among different regulatory pathways to regulate the metabolic disorders and biologically hazardous effects induced by KM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoze Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Cestonaro LV, Macedo SMD, Piton YV, Garcia SC, Arbo MD. Toxic effects of pesticides on cellular and humoral immunity: an overview. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:816-831. [PMID: 35770924 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2096466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to pesticides through food, drinking water, and the environment. These compounds are associated with several disorders, such as inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and a condition related to metabolic syndrome. The immunotoxicants or immunotoxic compounds can cause a wide variety of effects on immune function, altering humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, resulting in adverse effects to the body. Here, immune system disorders are highlighted because they are closely linked to multiple organs, including the nervous, endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, leading to transient or permanent changes. Therefore, this study reviewed the mechanisms involved in the immunotoxicity of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides in cells, animals, and humans in the past 11 years. According to the studies analyzed, the pesticides interfere with innate and adaptive immune functions, but the effects observed mainly on cellular and humoral immunity were highlighted. These compounds affected specific immune cells, causing apoptosis, changes in factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) expression, pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), chemokines (CXCL-c1c), and anti-inflammatory factor, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10). To verify the threats of these compounds, new evaluations with immunotoxicological biomarkers are necessary. HighlightsPesticides interfere with the innate and adaptive immune response.Cells, animals and human studies demonstrate the immunotoxicity of pesticides in the cellular and humoral immune response.Fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides alter the immune system by various mechanisms, such as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vivan Cestonaro
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Manoela Dias Macedo
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Vendrusculo Piton
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Assar DH, Mokhbatly AAA, Ghazy EW, Elbialy ZI, Gaber AA, Hassan AA, Nabil A, Asa SA. Silver nanoparticles induced hepatoxicity via the apoptotic/antiapoptotic pathway with activation of TGFβ-1 and α-SMA triggered liver fibrosis in Sprague Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80448-80465. [PMID: 35716303 PMCID: PMC9596550 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extraordinary use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in medicinal purposes and the food industry, there is rising worry about potential hazards to human health and the environment. The existing study aims to assess the hepatotoxic effects of different dosages of AgNPs by evaluating hematobiochemical parameters, oxidative stress, liver morphological alterations, immunohistochemical staining, and gene expression to clarify the mechanism of AgNPs' hepatic toxic potential. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control and three AgNPs intraperitoneally treated groups 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg b.w. daily for 15 and 30 days. AgNP exposure reduced body weight, caused haematological abnormalities, and enhanced hepatic oxidative and nitrosative stress with depletion of the hepatic GSH level. Serum hepatic injury biomarkers with pathological hepatic lesions where cholangiopathy emerges as the main hepatic alteration in a dosage- and duration-dependent manner were also elevated. Furthermore, immunohistochemical labelling of apoptotic markers demonstrated that Bcl-2 was significantly downregulated while caspase-3 was significantly upregulated. In conclusion, the hepatotoxic impact of AgNPs may be regulated by two mechanisms, implying the apoptotic/antiapoptotic pathway via raising BAX and inhibiting Bcl-2 expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. The TGF-β1 and α-SMA pathway which triggered fibrosis with incorporation of iNOS which consequently activates the inflammatory process were also elevated. To our knowledge, there has been no prior report on the experimental administration of AgNPs in three different dosages for short and long durations in rats with the assessment of Bcl-2, BAX, iNOS, TGF-β1, and α-SMA gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa H. Assar
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Abd-Allah A. Mokhbatly
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Emad W. Ghazy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Zizy I. Elbialy
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Gaber
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Ayman A. Hassan
- High Technological Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Egypt Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Sherbin, El Mansora Egypt
| | - Ahmed Nabil
- Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Egypt Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Sherbin, El Mansora Egypt
| | - Samah Abou Asa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
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16
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Guo H, Dixon B. Understanding acute stress-mediated immunity in teleost fish. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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17
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Liu L, Wang H, Xu M, Qiu TX, Chen J. Azoxystrobin increases the infection of spring viraemia of carp virus in fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131465. [PMID: 34329124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (AZ) has entered aquatic ecosystems and produced serious damages to fish associated with potentially increasing the susceptibility to pathogens. This study characterized the defense abilities of fish by exposed to AZ on challenging with the infection of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV). The results showed that SVCV replication increased significantly in EPC cells and zebrafish that were exposed to up to 50 μg/L of AZ at 3, 5, 7, and 14 d. Intracellular biochemical assays indicated that AZ at 5 and 50 μg/L inhibited the activation of Nrf2-ARE pathway including a decrease in Nrf2 expression, Nrf2 phosphorylation, HO-1 content, and three antioxidant activities. While no significant difference in ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs in zebrafish was observed, P38 phosphorylation was significantly decreased at 7 and 14 d, and the changes in MAPKs were more evident in EPC cells previously exposed to AZ at 7 d. These results revealed that AZ initially induced low phosphorylation of MAPKs, triggering the attenuation of Nrf2 phosphorylation to weaken Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus in a longer exposure period (more than 5 d). The data in the cells and fish also showed that antioxidant activities were decreased to some extent at 5-7 d for the cells and 7-14 d for the fish. Furthermore, interferon-related factors were decreased in AZ-exposed zebrafish, explaining the reason that fish can't resist the virus infection. Overall, the present study provided a new adverse threat of AZ by amplifying the viral outbreak to endanger ecological safety in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Tian-Xiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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18
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Huang T, Souders CL, Wang S, Ganter J, He J, Zhao YH, Cheng H, Martyniuk CJ. Behavioral and developmental toxicity assessment of the strobilurin fungicide fenamidone in zebrafish embryos/larvae (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112966. [PMID: 34794025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides are among the most widely used in the world and have characteristics that include high water solubility and toxicity to aquatic organisms. While several studies report on mechanisms of toxicity of strobilurins in fish, there are no data on the sub-lethal toxicity of fish to the fungicide fenamidone. To address this gap, survival and hatch rate, deformities, mitochondrial bioenergetics, expression of oxidative stress and apoptotic genes, and behavior (locomotor activity and anxiolytic-related behaviors) were assessed in zebrafish embryos and larvae following exposure to fenamidone. Fenamidone negatively affected development of zebrafish embryos, causing a delay of hatching time at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μM. Fenamidone caused morphological deformities in zebrafish, including pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, tail deformities, and spinal curvature. Exposure to 1.5 μM fenamidone reduced surface area of swim bladder in larvae at 6 dpf. Fenamidone significantly reduced oxygen consumption rates of embryos; 5 μM fenamidone decreased basal respiration (~85%), oligomycin induced ATP-linked respiration (~70%), FCCP-induced maximal respiration (~75%) and non-mitochondrial respiration (~90%) compared to controls. Sod2 mRNA levels were decreased by fenamidone in larval fish. Locomotor activity was significantly decreased in zebrafish larvae following exposure to 2 μM fenamidone but there was no evidence for anxiolytic nor anxiety-related behaviors (exposures of 100 nM up to 1.5 µM). This study addresses a data gap for potential risks associated with fenamidone exposure in developing fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jade Ganter
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jia He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Martins RX, Vieira L, Souza JACR, Silva MGF, Muniz MS, Souza T, Queiroga FR, Machado MRF, da Silva PM, Farias D. Exposure to 2,4-D herbicide induces hepatotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109110. [PMID: 34144256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide is the main ingredient in over 1500 commercially available products such as Weedestroy® AM40 and DMA® 4 IVM. Although the liver has been identified as one of the organs that are affected by this herbicide, reports on its hepatotoxic effects available in the literature are restricted to rats. Thus, there is a gap in information on other organisms that may be vulnerable to 2,4-D exposure, such as fish. Therefore, the present work aimed to assess the hepatotoxic potential of 2,4-D in fish using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae as a model system. For this purpose, its acute toxicity to zebrafish embryos was assessed, as well as its sublethal effects (< LC50) on the activity of enzymes related to oxidative (GST, CAT and GPX) and metabolic (LDH) stress and liver parameters (AST, ALT and ALP) after 48 h of exposure. Morphological analyses of the liver were also assessed in zebrafish larvae. As a result, 2,4-D reduced larvae survival (LC50 15.010 mg/L in 96 h of exposure), induced malformations, altered the activity of LDH, GST and CAT enzymes and significantly increased the activity of all biomarkers for liver damage. Although no changes in the color or size of larval liver were observed, histopathological analysis revealed that treatment with 2,4-D caused severe changes in liver tissue, such as vacuolization of the cytosol, eccentric cell nucleus, loss of tissue architecture and cellular boundaries. Thus, the results showed that 2,4-D altered the enzymatic profile related to oxidative stress, and induces liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Xavier Martins
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vieira
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Costa Ribeiro Souza
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marília Guia Flor Silva
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marta Silva Muniz
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Souza
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Davi Farias
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
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20
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Uçkun M, Özmen M. Evaluating Multiple Biochemical Markers in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles Exposed to the Pesticides Thiacloprid and Trifloxystrobin in Single and Mixed Forms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2846-2860. [PMID: 34255878 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is thought to be one of the common reasons for the decline in amphibian populations, a phenomenon that is a major threat to global biodiversity. Although the single effects of pesticides on amphibians have been well studied, the effects of mixtures are not well known. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of the insecticide thiacloprid and the fungicide trifloxystrobin on early developmental stages of Xenopus laevis using various biochemical markers (glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, Na+ K+ -adenosine triphosphatase [ATPase], Ca2+ -ATPase, Mg2+ -ATPase, and total ATPase). The median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of thiacloprid and trifloxystrobin were determined to be 3.41 and 0.09 mg a.i. L-1 , respectively. Tadpoles were exposed to the LC50, LC50/2, LC50/10, LC50/20, LC50/50, and LC50/100 of these pesticides. Both pesticides significantly affected (inhibited/activated) the biomarkers even at low concentrations. The pesticides showed a synergistic effect when applied as a mixture and altered the biomarkers more than when applied individually. In conclusion, we can assume that tadpoles are threatened by these pesticides even at environmentally relevant concentrations. Our findings provide important data to guide management of the ecotoxicological effects of these pesticides on nontarget amphibians. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2846-2860. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miraç Uçkun
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Murat Özmen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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21
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Marins AT, Severo ES, Cerezer C, Leitemperger JW, Müller TE, Floriano L, Prestes OD, Zanella R, Loro VL. Environmentally relevant pesticides induce biochemical changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:585-598. [PMID: 33770304 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high demand for food consequently increases the entry of agricultural residues into water resources, and this phenomenon can affect non-target organisms in different ways. Environmentally relevant pesticide effects (per se or in combinations) are scarce in the scientific literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the presence of pesticide residues in an important Brazilian source of water supply and power generation (Jacuí river), during 1 year of monitoring. (2) in a laboratory study verify the effects of the most frequently, herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide found in Jacuí river (individualized or in a mixture) on biochemical parameters in different tissues of Oreochromis niloticus. Twenty pesticide residues were detected in superficial water samples, and two of them are banned in Brazilian territory. Atrazine (0.56 µg L-1), azoxystrobin (0.024 µg L-1), and imidacloprid (0.11 µg L-1) were the most frequently herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide, respectively, found in the river and were used in the laboratory assay. O. niloticus exposed to the pesticide mixture exhibited more biochemical effects than individualized exposure groups. This response can be a result of the combined pesticide effects, culminating in an additive or synergistic effect, depending on the biomarker. In individual exposure groups, atrazine presented the most pronounced alterations, followed by azoxystrobin and imidacloprid. Overall, pesticide exposure increased levels of oxidative stress parameters, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and induced acetylcholinesterase activity. These findings highlight the threat to aquatic organisms which may be exposed to a miscellaneous of toxic compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Teixeira Marins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Stringini Severo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Cerezer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jossiele Wesz Leitemperger
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Talise Ellwanger Müller
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luana Floriano
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Osmar Damian Prestes
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vania Lucia Loro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
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22
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Wang X, Li X, Wang Y, Qin Y, Yan B, Martyniuk CJ. A comprehensive review of strobilurin fungicide toxicity in aquatic species: Emphasis on mode of action from the zebrafish model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116671. [PMID: 33582629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurins are popular fungicides used in agriculture on a global scale. Due to their widespread use as agrochemicals, they can enter aquatic environments at concentrations that can elicit adverse effects in organisms. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge regarding the toxic effects of strobilurin fungicides on aquatic species, including algal species, Daphnia magna, and fish species, to determine risk to aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Data show that the toxicities of strobilurins vary widely across aquatic species. Strobilurins bind cytochrome bc1 in mitochondrial complex III in fungi, and as such, research in aquatic species has focused on mitochondria-related endpoints following exposures to strobilurins. In fish, studies into the activities of mitochondrial complexes and the expression of genes involved in the electron transfer chain have been conducted, converging on the theme that mitochondrial complexes and their enzymes are impaired by strobilurins. In general, the order of toxicity of strobilurins for fish species are pyraoxystrobin > pyraclostrobin ≈ trifloxystrobin > picoxystrobin > kresoxim-methyl > fluoxastrobin > azoxystrobin. In addition to mitochondrial toxicity, studies also report genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption, and each of these events can potentially impact whole organism-level processes such as development, reproduction, and behavior. Screening data from the US Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast database supports the hypothesis that these fungicides may act as endocrine disruptors, and high throughput data suggest estrogen receptor alpha and thyroid hormone receptor beta can be activated by some strobilurins. It is recommended that studies investigate the potential for endocrine disruption by strobilurins more thoroughly in aquatic species. Based on molecular, physiological, and developmental outcomes, a proposed adverse outcome pathway is presented with complex III inhibition in the electron transfer chain as a molecular initiating event. This review comprehensively addresses sub-lethal toxicity mechanisms of strobilurin fungicides, important as the detection of strobilurins in aquatic environments suggests exposure risks in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yingju Qin
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences in Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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23
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Werner I, Schneeweiss A, Segner H, Junghans M. Environmental Risk of Pesticides for Fish in Small- and Medium-Sized Streams of Switzerland. TOXICS 2021; 9:79. [PMID: 33917877 PMCID: PMC8068285 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the acute and chronic risk of pesticides, singly and as mixtures, for fish using comprehensive chemical data of four monitoring studies conducted in small- and medium-sized streams of Switzerland between 2012 and 2018. Pesticides were ranked based on single substance risk quotients and relative contribution to mixture risk. Concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticides, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and the fungicides, carbendazim and fenpropimorph, posed acute or chronic single substance risks. Risk quotients of eighteen additional pesticides were equal or greater than 0.1, and thirteen of those contributed ≥30% to mixture risk. Relatively few substances dominated the mixture risk in most water samples, with chronic and acute maximum cumulative ratios never exceeding 5 and 7, respectively. A literature review of toxicity data showed that concentrations of several pesticides detected in Swiss streams were sufficient to cause direct sublethal effects on fish in laboratory studies. Based on the results of our study, we conclude that pesticides detected in Swiss streams, especially pyrethroid insecticides, fungicides and pesticide mixtures, pose a risk to fish health and can cause direct sublethal effects at environmental concentrations. Sensitive life stages of species with highly specialized life history traits may be particularly vulnerable; however, the lack of toxicity data for non-model species currently prevents a conclusive assessment across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Anke Schneeweiss
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany;
| | - Helmut Segner
- Center for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Marion Junghans
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
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24
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Bartling MT, Thümecke S, Russert JH, Vilcinskas A, Lee KZ. Exposure to low doses of pesticides induces an immune response and the production of nitric oxide in honeybees. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6819. [PMID: 33767272 PMCID: PMC7994568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybees are essential pollinators of many agricultural crops and wild plants. However, the number of managed bee colonies has declined in some regions of the world over the last few decades, probably caused by a combination of factors including parasites, pathogens and pesticides. Exposure to these diverse biotic and abiotic stressors is likely to trigger immune responses and stress pathways that affect the health of individual honeybees and hence their contribution to colony survival. We therefore investigated the effects of an orally administered bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas entomophila) and low-dose xenobiotic pesticides on honeybee survival and intestinal immune responses. We observed stressor-dependent effects on the mean lifespan, along with the induction of genes encoding the antimicrobial peptide abaecin and the detoxification factor cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP9E2. The pesticides also triggered the immediate induction of a nitric oxide synthase gene followed by the delayed upregulation of catalase, which was not observed in response to the pathogen. Honeybees therefore appear to produce nitric oxide as a specific defense response when exposed to xenobiotic stimuli. The immunity-related and stress-response genes we tested may provide useful stressor-dependent markers for ecotoxicological assessment in honeybee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle T Bartling
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Thümecke
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - José Herrera Russert
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kwang-Zin Lee
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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25
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Vieira RSF, Venâncio CAS, Félix LM. Embryonic zebrafish response to a commercial formulation of azoxystrobin at environmental concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111920. [PMID: 33497861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide for use on a wide range of crops available to end-users as formulated products. Due to its extensive application, it has been detected in aquatic ecosystems, raising concerns about its environmental impact, which is still poorly explored. The objective of this work was to study the effects of a commercial formulation of azoxystrobin in the zebrafish embryo model. Sublethal and lethal effects were monitored during the exposure period from 2 h post fertilisation (hpf) to 96 hpf after exposure to azoxystrobin concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg L-1). The responses of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR)) as well as detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE)) were evaluated at 96 hpf. Similarly, glutathione levels (reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) and anaerobic respiration (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) -related enzymes were assayed. At 120 hpf, larvae from each group were used for behaviour analysis. Results from this study showed concentration-dependent teratogenic effects, particularly by increasing the number of malformations (yolk and eye), with a higher prevalence at the highest concentration. However, it was found that the lowest concentration induced a high generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased activity of SOD, GST, and CarE. In addition, GR and GSSG levels were decreased by the lowest concentration, suggesting an adaptive response to oxidative stress, which is also supported by the increased AChE activity and absence of behavioural changes. These findings advance the knowledge of the azoxystrobin developmental and environmental impacts, which may impose ecotoxicological risks to non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S F Vieira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos A S Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, nº 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Xu Y, Li B, Hou K, Du Z, Allen SC, Zhu L, Li W, Zhu L, Wang J, Wang J. Ecotoxicity evaluation of azoxystrobin on Eisenia fetida in different soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110705. [PMID: 33400946 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin, a widely used broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide, may pose a potential threat in agricultural ecosystems. To assess the ecological risk of azoxystrobin in real soil environments, we performed a study on the toxic effects of azoxystrobin on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in three different natural soils (fluvo-aquic soil, black soil and red clay soil) and an artificial soil. Acute toxicity of azoxystrobin was determined by filter paper test and soil test. Accordingly, exposure concentrations of chronic toxicity were set at 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.5 mg kg-1. For chronic toxicity test, reactive oxygen species, activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase), detoxifying enzyme (glutathione transferase), level of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and level of oxygen damage of DNA (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) in earthworms were determined on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 42nd and 56th days after treatment. Both acute and chronic toxic results showed azoxystrobin exhibit higher toxicity in natural soil than in artificial soil, indicating that traditional artificial soil testing method underestimate ecotoxicity of azoxystrobin in a real agricultural environment on the earthworm population. Combining with the analysis of soil physicochemical properties, the present experiment provided scientific guidance for rational application of azoxystrobin in agricultural production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Kaixuan Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | | | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Wenxiu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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27
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Li XY, Qin YJ, Wang Y, Huang T, Zhao YH, Wang XH, Martyniuk CJ, Yan B. Relative comparison of strobilurin fungicides at environmental levels: Focus on mitochondrial function and larval activity in early staged zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicology 2021; 452:152706. [PMID: 33548355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides are used globally and have been detected in microgram per liter concentrations in aquatic environments. Here, we determined the potential toxicity of four commonly used strobilurins (azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin) on mitochondrial function and locomotor activity of larval zebrafish at an environmentally relevant level. As the mode of action of strobilurins in fungi is binding to cytochrome bc1 in mitochondrial complex III, we evaluated exposure effects on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of zebrafish, by measuring oxygen consumption rates, mitochondria-related enzyme activities, and transcripts levels for genes associated with the electron transfer chain and citric acid cycle. We found that 50 nM pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin lowered basal respiration, oligomycin-induced ATP respiration, and maximal respiration of embryos. Dysfunction in mitochondrial bioenergetics was associated with changes in mitochondrial complex III activity and transcripts of oxidative respiration and stress-related genes. Lower activity of complex III, and reduced cytb mRNA levels were hypothesized to contribute to reduced electron supply to complex IV and V. Both coxI and atp6 were up-regulated, suggesting a compensatory response to impaired oxidative respiration. Cluster analysis indicated that strobilurin-induced oxidative stress and cytb transcript were related to impaired oxidative phosphorylation. We also assessed larval behavior responses, as reduced ATP can affect activity. We observed that pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin induced hypoactive responses in zebrafish. At 50 nM, azoxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl exerted no effects on mitochondrial function nor locomotion of zebrafish. Studies such as this are important for determining sublethal toxicity to these fungicides, as widespread detection of strobilurins in aquatic environments suggests there is a potential for adverse effects in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Y Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying J Qin
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Xiao H Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Crupkin AC, Fulvi AB, Iturburu FG, Medici S, Mendieta J, Panzeri AM, Menone ML. Evaluation of hematological parameters, oxidative stress and DNA damage in the cichlid Australoheros facetus exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111286. [PMID: 32931973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (AZX) is a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide massively used worldwide. Its mode of action consists in the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration decreasing the synthesis of ATP and leading to oxidative stress in the target fungus. However, whether this effect occurs in non target organisms has been scarcely studied. The objectives of this work were (1) to evaluate biomarkers of oxidative stress, hematological, physiological and of genotoxicity in the native cichlid fish Australoheros facetus exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of AZX and (2) to compare these biomarkers in different developmental stages using juvenile and adult fish (n = 6) exposed during 48 h. The exposure concentrations were 0 (negative control, C (-)), 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L AZX of the commercial formulation AMISTAR®. Blood was drawn to evaluate hematology, and DNA damage through the comet assay (CA) and micronucleus test (MN). Genotoxicity was observed by mean of both biomarkers in juvenile and adult fish at 50 μg/L AZX. Samples of liver and gills were used to determine antioxidant enzymes activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. In juvenile fish inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed in liver at 0.05, 5 and 50 μg/L AZX and in gills at 5 and 50 μg/L AZX. Glutathione- S- transferases (GST) activity increased in gills at all AZX concentrations tested. In adult fish, increase of hepatic catalase (CAT) activity at 0.5 and 50 μg/L AZX and MDA content at 50 μg/L AZX were observed. In gills only H2O2 content showed changes at 50 μg/L AZX. The sensitivity showed by gills constitutes the first report about AZX toxicity in this organ. All these negative effects were observed in the range of realistic AZX concentrations, which warns of the possible consequences that it may have on the health of aquatic biota. Differences between juvenile and adult fish demonstrate the relevance of considering the developmental stage on the evaluation of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Crupkin
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMYC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata (CONICET- UNMdP), Dean Funes 3350, 7600, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de La Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Argentina.
| | - Ariana B Fulvi
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP. Dean Funes 3350, 7600, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando G Iturburu
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMYC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata (CONICET- UNMdP), Dean Funes 3350, 7600, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Medici
- Fares Taie Instituto de Análisis, Magallanes 3019, 7600, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Julieta Mendieta
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de La Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata (CONICET- UNMdP), Dean Funes 3250, 7600, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Panzeri
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP. Dean Funes 3350, 7600, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta L Menone
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMYC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata (CONICET- UNMdP), Dean Funes 3350, 7600, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mahjoubian M, Naeemi AS, Sheykhan M. Toxicological effects of Ag 2O and Ag 2CO 3 doped TiO 2 nanoparticles and pure TiO 2 particles on zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128182. [PMID: 33297149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the toxic effects of silver oxide and silver carbonate doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Ag2O-TiO2 NPs and Ag2CO3-TiO2NPs), TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and bulk TiO2 on gene expression, lipid peroxidation, genotoxicity, and histological alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) was assessed. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta potential analyses. TiO2NPs after doping with Ag showed shift to higher wavelengths and decrease of band gap energy. Also, remarkable reduction in the size of Ag-doped TiO2NPs in comparison with the TiO2 NPs was observed. According to our results, acute toxicity increased in the order of bulk TiO2 < TiO2 NPs < Ag2O-TiO2NPs < Ag2CO3-TiO2NPs, respectively. Results of sub-lethal experiments after 30 days of exposure, showed higher expression of Gpx, Hsp70, Ucp-2, and Bax genes, and lower expression of Bcl-2 gene in Ag-doped TiO2NPs than pure TiO2 particles (TiO2 NPs and bulk TiO2) treatments (p < 0.05). However, the mRNA levels of SOD and CAT genes were significantly higher in pure TiO2 particles than doped TiO2NPs (p < 0.05). Moreover, levels of malondialdehyde, abnormalities of peripheral blood cells and severity of histological lesions in liver, gill, intestine and kidney tissues were more evident in Ag-dopedTiO2 NPs than pure TiO2 particles. It can be concluded that Ag doping of TiO2 NPs significantly increased their toxicity and resulted in more histological lesions, apoptosis and oxidative stress than pure TiO2 particles in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahjoubian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Akram Sadat Naeemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Sheykhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Zhang C, Zhou T, Xu Y, Du Z, Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L. Ecotoxicology of strobilurin fungicides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140611. [PMID: 32721740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides (SFs), a class of new fungicides, use strobilurin A as a lead compound. However, with excessive production and usage, the SF residues in soil and aquatic ecosystems may lead to environmental pollution. The mechanism of action (MOA) of SFs is respiratory inhibition of fungal mitochondria. Specifically, azoxystrobin (AZO), pyraclostrobin (PYR), trifloxystrobin (TRI), fluoxastrobin (FLUO), picoxystrobin (PICO), and kresoxim-methyl (KRE) are considered the most widely used SFs. The toxicities of those six fungicides in the environment are still unclear. The present review summarized the toxicities of the six SFs to terrestrial and aquatic biota, including mice, amphibians, aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, algae, etc.), apoidea, soil animals (earthworms and Folsomia fimetaria), and soil microorganisms. We also review the residue, fate, and transportation of SFs. The results indicate that SFs are highly toxic to aquatic and soil organisms and pose potential risks to ecosystems. Current toxicology studies are more focused on acute or chronic toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear and require further analysis. In addition, a simple and scientific analysis method is needed to compare the toxicity differences of different SFs to the same test organisms or differences in the same SFs to different test organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Tongtong Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Yaqi Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China.
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Zhao F, Cao F, Li H, Teng M, Liang Y, Qiu L. The effects of a short-term exposure to propiconazole in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38212-38220. [PMID: 32623674 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Propiconazole (PCZ) is a widely used fungicide around the world and was frequently detected in surface waters, which would pose risk to aquatic organisms. Previous studies indicated that PCZ has high toxicity to different kinds of fish. However, most of the studies focus on the toxicity and mechanisms of PCZ to adult fish, the potential toxicity mechanism of PCZ to fish embryos is still poorly understood. The present study investigated the effects of PCZ on content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA); activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and Na+-K+-ATPase; and expression level of genes related to oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and innate immune system in zebrafish embryos after 96-h exposure. The results showed that 5.0 mg/L PCZ induced oxidative damage in zebrafish embryos, as indicated by increased ROS and MDA content and alteration of antioxidative enzyme activity. The activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in zebrafish embryos was significantly inhibited after exposure to 0.5 mg/L PCZ. The expression levels of bax, p53, casp-3, casp-9, and apaf-1 were significantly increased, indicating that cell apoptosis was caused in embryos by 5.0 mg/L PCZ. The expression level of interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and IL-8 increased after exposure to 0.5 mg/L PCZ, but that of IL-1b, IL-8, and cxcl-c1c (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 18b) decreased in 5.0-mg/L PCZ treatment group, indicating an immunotoxicity effect. Our results suggest that oxidative damage, cell apoptosis, and immunotoxicity would be induced in zebrafish embryos after short-term exposure to PCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangjie Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Jiang J, Chen L, Wu S, Lv L, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhao X. Effects of difenoconazole on hepatotoxicity, lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114844. [PMID: 32480235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In current study, larvae and adult zebrafish were exposed to difenoconazole to assess its effect on hepatotoxicity, lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. Results demonstrated that difenoconazole could induce hepatotoxicity in zebrafish larvae and adult, 0.400, 1.00, 2.00 mg/L difenoconazole caused yolk retention, yolk sac edema or liver degeneration after embryos exposure for 120 h, hepatocyte vacuolization and neoplasm necrosis were observed in adult liver after 0.400 mg/L difenoconazole exposure for 21 d. RNA sequencing showed that the 41 and 567 differentially expressed genes in zebrafish larvae and liver induced by 0.400 mg/L difenoconazole, were concentrated in pathways related to protein digestion and absorption, pancreatic secretion, steroid biosynthesis, and different metabolic pathways including galactose or sugar metabolism. Difenoconazole exposure caused lipid accumulation in larval yolk sac, and the elevated triglyceride (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in larvae and liver, which further confirmed the lipid metabolism disorders induced by difenoconazole. The results further showed that difenoconazole increased the abundance of gut microbiota such as Firmicutes, Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides, further suggested that gut microbiota might participate in lipid metabolism and hepatotoxicity during zebrafish development. These findings advanced the field of the difenoconazole-induced developmental toxicity in larvae and adult zebrafish, and the imbalance of gut microbiota provided the plausible mode of action for the liver damage and disordered lipid metabolism in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liezhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenggan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinju Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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Uçkun AA, Öz ÖB. Evaluation of the acute toxic effect of azoxystrobin on non-target crayfish ( Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) by using oxidative stress enzymes, ATPases and cholinesterase as biomarkers. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 44:550-557. [PMID: 32498565 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1774604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum fungicide used worldwide. Since azoxystrobin spreads to large areas, its toxic effects on non-target organisms have aroused interest. In this study, the acute toxicity (96 h) of azoxystrobin on the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) was examined by using various biomarkers. The 96 h-LC50 dose (1656 mg L-) and its three sub-doses (828, 414, 207 mg L-1) were applied to crayfish. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were increased significantly compared to the control in hepatopancreas, gill and muscle tissues. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity decreased significantly in hepatopancreas. Level of reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in a dose-dependent manner in all azoxystrobin treatments with the exception of the lowest dose (207 mg L-1)treatment. ATPases (Na+/K+ -ATPase, Mg2+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -ATPase, total ATPase) were significantly inhibited in gill and muscle tissues. The results of the present study indicate that azoxystrobin induces oxidative stress, and has adverse effects on activities of AChE and ATPases in crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Alkan Uçkun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Özden Barım Öz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Aquaculture, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhu L, Du Z, Wang J, Wang J, Li B, Yang Y. Fluoxastrobin-induced effects on acute toxicity, development toxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in Danio rerio embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:137069. [PMID: 32041080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides (SFs), the most commonly used fungicides, pose threats for controlling fungal diseases. The fungicides were monitored in aquatic ecosystems and may have negative effects on nontarget organisms. This project was undertaken to monitor the toxic effects of fluoxastrobin (FLUO) on Danio rerio embryos and to evaluate the SF risks in aquatic ecosystems. The 96-hour median lethal concentration (96 h LC50), hatching rates, and morphological abnormalities were used to analyze acute toxicity and teratogenicity of FLUO to Danio rerio embryos at an FLUO dose of 0.549 mg/L (95% confidence limits: 0.423 to 0.698 mg/L); the results showed that FLUO has high toxicity in embryos that is analogous to the toxicity observed in adult Danio rerio. Fluoxastrobin may lead embryos to delayed hatching at concentrations >0.6 mg/L, and it may lead to teratogenicity (i.e., pericardial edema and spinal curvature). Based on the 96 h LC50 results, the following parameters were evaluated in Danio rerio: development-related indicators (body length and heart rates), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, the levels of three antioxidants, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and apoptosis. The results elucidated that FLUO inhibition of spinal and heart development may be induced by oxidative stress. In addition, FLUO induced a notable climb in ROS content, LPO, the activated activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and it inhibited glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity. Fluoxastrobin led to DNA damage (i.e., a notable climb of 8-OHdG contents and apoptotic cells). Collectively, FLUO posed threats to Danio rerio embryos at multiple levels, and this investigation could be a reminder for people to be more judicious in SF-use to avoid or relieve SF toxicity to nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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Cooper EM, Rushing R, Hoffman K, Phillips AL, Hammel SC, Zylka MJ, Stapleton HM. Strobilurin fungicides in house dust: is wallboard a source? JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:247-252. [PMID: 31636368 PMCID: PMC7044059 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides are used primarily in fruits and vegetables, but recently, a patent was issued for one strobilurin fungicide, azoxystrobin, in mold-resistant wallboard. This raises concerns about the potential presence of these chemicals in house dust and potential exposure indoors, particularly in young children. Furthermore, recent toxicological studies have suggested that strobilurins may cause neurotoxicity. Currently, it is not clear whether or not azoxystrobin applications in wallboard lead to exposures in the indoor environments. The purpose of this study was to determine if azoxystrobin, and related strobilurins, could be detected in house dust. We also sought to characterize the concentrations of azoxystrobin in new wallboard samples. To support this study, we collected and analyzed 16 new dry wall samples intentionally marketed for use in bathrooms to inhibit mold. We then analyzed 188 house dust samples collected from North Carolina homes in 2014-2016 for azoxystrobin and related strobilurins, including pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, and fluoxastrobin using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Detection frequencies for azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, and fluoxastrobin ranged from 34-87%, with azoxystrobin being detected most frequently and at the highest concentrations (geometric mean = 3.5 ng/g; maximum = 10,590 ng/g). Azoxystrobin was also detected in mold-resistant wallboard samples, primarily in the paper covering where it was found at concentrations up to 88.5 µg/g. Cumulatively, these results suggest that fungicides present in wallboard may be migrating to the indoor environment, leading to exposure in the residences that would constitute a separate exposure pathway independent of dietary exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Cooper
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mark J Zylka
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Kumar N, Willis A, Satbhai K, Ramalingam L, Schmitt C, Moustaid-Moussa N, Crago J. Developmental toxicity in embryo-larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:124980. [PMID: 31600620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin are broad spectrum strobilurin fungicides that have been measured in the aquatic environment. Strobilurins inhibit mitochondrial respiration by binding to the mitochondrial respiratory complex III. The goal of this study was to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the developing zebrafish from exposure to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin. Exposure studies were performed where zebrafish embryos were exposed to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin at 0.1, 10, 100 μg/L from 4 hpf to 48 hpf to measure mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress mRNA transcripts, and 5 dpf to measure movement, growth, oxygen consumption, enzymatic activities, and mRNA transcripts. Results from this study indicated that there was a significant reduction in both basal and maximal respiration at 48 hpf in zebrafish exposed to 100 μg/L of pyraclostrobin. There was no difference in oxidative stress or apoptotic mRNA transcripts at 48 hpf, indicating that the two strobilurins were acting first on mitochondrial function and not directly through oxidative stress. At 5 dpf, standard body length was significantly reduced with exposure to pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin exposure as compared to the control. These reductions in apical endpoints corresponded with increases in oxidative stress and apoptotic mRNA transcripts in treatment groups at 5 dpf indicating that strobilurins' exposure followed the adverse outcome pathway for mito-toxicants. Our results indicate that strobilurins can decrease mitochondrial function, which in turn lead to diminished growth and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kumar
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - A Willis
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - K Satbhai
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - L Ramalingam
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C Schmitt
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - J Crago
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Wang C, Wang X, Xiao S, Bu X, Lin Z, Qi C, Qin JG, Chen L. T-2 toxin in the diet suppresses growth and induces immunotoxicity in juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:593-601. [PMID: 31891810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin and is highly toxic to aquatic animals, but little is known on its toxic effect in crustaceans. In the present study, the crab juveniles were fed with diets containing four levels of T-2 toxin: 0 (control), 0.6 (T1), 2.5 (T2) and 5.0 (T3) mg/kg diet for 56 days to evaluate its impact on the juvenile of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). The crabs fed the T-2 toxin diets had significantly lower weight gain and specific growth rate than those fed the control diet. Moreover, crab survival in T3 group was obviously lower than that in the control. Oxidative stress occurred in all the treatment groups as indicated by higher activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity than those in the control. The total hemocyte count, respiratory burst, phenoloxidase in the hemolymph, and phenoloxidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the hepatopancreas of crabs fed T-2 toxin were significantly lower than those in the control. The transcriptional expressions of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor, relish, and the apoptosis genes in the hepatopancreas were induced by dietary T-2 toxin. The genes related to detoxication including cytochrome P450 gene superfamily and glutathione S transferase were induced in low concentration, then decreased in high concentration. Dietary T-2 toxin damaged the hepatopancreas structure, especially as seen in the detached basal membrane of hepatopancreatic tubules. This study indicates that dietary T-2 toxin can reduce growth performance, deteriorate health status and cause hepatopancreas dysfunction in crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Shusheng Xiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xianyong Bu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhideng Lin
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Changle Qi
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jian G Qin
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Liqiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Zhang Y, Sheedy C, Nilsson D, Goss GG. Evaluation of interactive effects of UV light and nano encapsulation on the toxicity of azoxystrobin on zebrafish. Nanotoxicology 2019; 14:232-249. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1690064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Claudia Sheedy
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Denise Nilsson
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Greg G. Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Director of Office of Environmental Nanosafety, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Canada
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Jiang J, Wu S, Lv L, Liu X, Chen L, Zhao X, Wang Q. Mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and transcriptomic alterations induced by four strobilurins in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:722-730. [PMID: 31344535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Though the toxicity of strobilurins on non-target aquatic organisms has been characterized, the associated toxic mechanisms have not been fully explored. The present study showed that the larval stage was the most sensitive developmental stage in zebrafish, and pyraclostrobin (PY) had the highest acute toxicity to embryos, larvae, juvenile and adult with 96 h-LC50 at 0.048 mg/L, 0.029 mg/L, 0.039 mg/L, 0.031 mg/L respectively, when compared with the toxicity of trifloxystrobin (TR), kresoxim-methyl (KM) and azoxystrobin (AZ) at corresponding developmental stage. Then we investigated the transcriptomics and developmental toxicity of TR, KM, AZ and PY on zebrafish embryos after 72 h exposure. RNA-seq revealed that the pathways related to cell apoptosis and cancer, and cellular components organelle membrane and mitochondrion, were markedly affected after TR, KM, AZ and PY exposure during zebrafish early life stages. The results were further confirmed by the induction of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, the elevation of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, as well as the reduction of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which indicated that strobilurins could cause mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. The present study was performed a systematic analysis of strobilurins to zebrafish at multi-levels, which provided suggestions for further investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity induced by strobilurins on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenggan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinju Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liezhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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40
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Wang G, Shao J, Wu M, Meng Y, Gul Y, Yang H, Xiong D. Effect of acute exposure of triazophos on histological structure and apoptosis of the brain and liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:646-655. [PMID: 31136875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triazophos (TAP) has become a part of widespread pollutant of the aquatic environment due to its residue. Current study was designed to investigate the toxic effect of TAP at different doses (0.06, 0.3 and 1.5 mg/L) to the model organism of zebrafish (Danio rerio) by using multi-endpoint analysis in a 96 h acute exposure test. The direct observation that histological and ultrastructural alteration of zebrafish brain and liver were carried out via paraffin section in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. In addition, a series of methods were applied for exploring the physiological parameters related to cellular apoptosis. Results indicated that vacuolar structure after 96 h treatment with TAP were appeared in the molecular and granular layers of cerebellum. A large number of nuclear retraction, tissues vacuolation and cytoplasmic loss were observed in liver at histological level. From the fine structural level, the mitochondrial vacuolation and membrane damage of brain cells were found and the cristae of mitochondria disintegrated partly in hepatocytes. Onset of such histological structure alterations were one of the most intuitive reflection to TAP exposure, which needs to analyze biochemical alterations for further study. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) showed a downward trend in the brain and liver of zebrafish. Simultaneously, the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 increased after 96 h exposure with a concentration-dependent manner, which could be served as a suitable indicator of cellular apoptosis. Furthermore, apoptosis-related genes (Apaf-1, p53, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and caspase-9) transcription showed different alterations in response to the TAP treatment. These results indicated that TAP exposure led to apoptosis in zebrafish brain and liver and it was speculated that the apoptosis may occur through mitochondrial pathway. The present study demonstrated that the exposure of zebrafish to the insecticide TAP led to observe its effects at both histological structure and apoptosis level in liver and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jian Shao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Manni Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanxiao Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yasmeen Gul
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, 38860, Pakistan
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Dongmei Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Jiang J, Lv L, Wu S, An X, Wang F, Liu X, Zhao X. Developmental toxicity of kresoxim-methyl during zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval development. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:517-525. [PMID: 30553212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Kresoxim-methyl (KM) is a broad spectrum strobilurin fungicide that has been used widely on crops around the world. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of KM using various sublethal endpoints during zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval development. Results showed that the LC50 values of KM to zebrafish at multiple life stages (embryo, larvae, juvenile and adult) were 0.340, 0.224, 0.328 and 0.436 mg/L, respectively. The transcription patterns of 45 genes involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid/gonadal (HPT/HPG) axis, oxidative stress and apoptosis revealed KM could affect zebrafish larval development at multiple pathways. The activities of aromatase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), caspase 3 (Cas3) and caspase 9 (Cas9), and the levels of estradiol (E2), vitellogenin (VTG), thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP after embryos exposed to KM for 3 d, 6 d and 10 d were correlated well with the transcription of the corresponding molecules involved in these pathways. In addition to providing the first description of the toxic effects induced by KM during larval development, the results of present study also provided the potential mechanisms of KM on multi-level biomarker responses in larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Jiang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenggan Wu
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehua An
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feidi Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinju Liu
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang MY, Wang F, Hao GF, Yang GF. FungiPAD: A Free Web Tool for Compound Property Evaluation and Fungicide-Likeness Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1823-1830. [PMID: 30677302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of fungal diseases, continual development of resistance, and stringent environmental regulations have revealed an urgent need to develop more selective, safer, resistance-breaking, and cost-effective fungicides. However, most new fungicidal lead compounds fail in their late stages of development as a result of poor solubility or permeability, meaning that they have suboptimal physicochemical properties. Hence, the exploration of advanced technologies for compound "fungicide-likeness" assessment might overcome these obstacles and bring more chemical entities to market. FungiPAD ( http://chemyang.ccnu.edu.cn/ccb/database/FungiPAD/ ) is a free platform employed to predict physicochemical properties, bioavailability, and fungicide-likeness swiftly and powerfully using comprehensive approaches, such as physicochemical radars and qualitative and quantitative analyses. This platform contains data for over 16 000 physicochemical descriptors and the results of 2200 qualitative and 1100 quantitative analyses of marketed fungicides and provides comprehensive fungicide-likeness analysis for different compounds. The user-friendly interface facilitates interpretation and manipulation by non-computational scientists in support of fungicide discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ge-Fei Hao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals , Guizhou University , Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
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Cao F, Martyniuk CJ, Wu P, Zhao F, Pang S, Wang C, Qiu L. Long-Term Exposure to Environmental Concentrations of Azoxystrobin Delays Sexual Development and Alters Reproduction in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1672-1679. [PMID: 30615409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin (AZO) can induce adverse effects in aquatic organisms, but data are lacking on endpoints associated with sexual development and reproduction following chronic exposure to AZO. In this study, zebrafish embryos (F0) at 2-4 h postfertilization (hpf) were exposed to 0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 μg/L AZO until 120 d postfertilization (dpf). Decreased male ratio and increased intersex ratio were observed by 20.0 μg/L AZO at 42 and 60 dpf, but this effect disappeared at 120 dpf. AZO at 20.0 μg/L inhibited growth, retarded gonadal development, and disrupted sex hormone and vitellogenin in females at 60 and 120 dpf and in males at 42, 60, and 120 dpf. These effects were associated with altered expression of cyp19a, cyp19b, hsd3b, hsd17b, vtg1, and vtg2. Exposure to 2.0 μg/L AZO altered mRNA levels of these transcripts in females at 120 dpf and in males at 60 and 120 dpf. Reproduction ability was reduced by 20.0 μg/L AZO at 120 dpf. Developmental defects were observed after F1 embryos from exposed parents of 20.0 μg/L were reared in AZO-free water at 96 hpf. Overall, these data provide new understanding of fish sexual development and reproduction following chronic exposures to AZO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Peizhuo Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Chengju Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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Du B, Zhang Z, Liu W, Ye Y, Lu T, Zhou Z, Li Y, Fu Z, Qian H. Acute toxicity of the fungicide azoxystrobin on the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:72-79. [PMID: 30384169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (AZ) is an effective broad-spectrum fungicide. Due to its extensive application, AZ is detectable in aquatic ecosystems and thus influences aquatic organisms. In this study, the acute toxicity (96 h) of AZ at concentrations of 1.0 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L on the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum were examined. At the tested concentrations, AZ significantly inhibited P. tricornutum growth and destroyed its cellular structure. Furthermore, the mechanisms of AZ-induced toxicity on P. tricornutum changed as the exposure time extended. Forty-eight hours after exposure, AZ inhibited P. tricornutum growth primarily via inducing oxidative stress, which increased the activity of two main antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, and inhibited energy metabolism. However, after 96 h of treatment, the decline in the photosynthetic capacity of P. tricornutum demonstrated that the photosystem was the main AZ target. The pigment content and expression levels of genes related to photosynthetic electron transfer reactions were also significantly decreased. The present study describes AZ toxicity in P. tricornutum and is very valuable for assessing the environmental risk of AZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benben Du
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Wanyue Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Yizhi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhigao Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhanyu Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China.
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Cao F, Li H, Zhao F, Wu P, Qian L, Huang L, Pang S, Martyniuk CJ, Qiu L. Parental exposure to azoxystrobin causes developmental effects and disrupts gene expression in F1 embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:595-605. [PMID: 30059920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide azoxystrobin induces reproductive toxicity in adult zebrafish. However, data are lacking regarding the impact of azoxystrobin in the F1 generation after parental exposure. To address this knowledge gap, parental zebrafish (F0) were exposed to 2, 20 and 200 μg/L azoxystrobin for 21 days. Following this, fertilized F1 embryos from the exposed parents were either exposed to the same concentration as their corresponding exposed parents (F0+/F1+) or were reared in clean water (F0+/F1-) for 96 h ("+", exposed; "-" unexposed). Likewise, F1 embryos from the non-exposed parents were either reared in clean water (F0-/F0-) as the control group or were exposed to 2, 20 and 200 μg/L azoxystrobin (F0-/F1+) for 96 h. Mortality, deformities, hatching rate, body length, and the expression of transcripts related to the endocrine system, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were measured. Increased mortality, higher malformation rate, decreased hatching rate, and a shorter total body length, as well as up-regulated cyp19b, vtg1, vtg2, p53, casp3, and casp9 mRNA and down-regulated sod1 and sod2 mRNA were detected in F1 embryos from the F0 and F1 exposure group at 20 and 200 μg/L azoxystrobin (F0+/F1+) when compared with the group from the F0 exposure alone (F0+/F1-). Interestingly, F1 exposure alone (F0-/F1+) did not induce mortality, developmental impairments, nor morphological deformations compared to the control group, but it did increase expression level of sod1, sod2, cat, p53, and casp9 at 200 μg/L azoxystrobin. Taken together, these data suggest that azoxystrobin affects survivability, development, and genes involved in the endocrine system, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in F1 embryos if their parents are initially exposed to this fungicide compared to embryos from non-exposed parents. Moreover, the effects are more severe if the offspring are continuously exposed to azoxystrobin similar to their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peizhuo Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Le Qian
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Santos D, Vieira R, Luzio A, Félix L. Zebrafish Early Life Stages for Toxicological Screening: Insights From Molecular and Biochemical Markers. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64199-1.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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