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Mathur RS, Banstola B, Lopez KM, Beach MW, De Schryver D. Assessing the environmental impact due to photolytic degradation of ethane-bis(pentabromophenyl) in plastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138063. [PMID: 36754304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photolytic degradation of brominated flame retardants is one of the potential decomposition pathways in the environment, and for some flame retardants such as ethane-bis(pentabromophenyl) (EBP), also called decabromodiphenyl ethane, there are concerns that degradation products may be harmful. In this paper, we present photolytic studies of EBP in high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and polypropylene impact copolymer (PP) using accelerated weatherometry. The half-life of photolytic debromination of EBP in HIPS was estimated to be more than 200 years, which can be contrasted with half-lives of minutes for photolysis conducted on dilute EBP solutions. Perhaps more importantly, there was no subsequent debromination to the octabrominated congeners or lower. No evidence of debromination was seen in PP, which confirms the importance of matrix effects. We also saw no evidence of accelerated resin photooxidation caused by EBP. These studies demonstrate that EBP is much more photolytically stable in resins than structurally-similar decabromodiphenyl ether, and a read-across comparison between the two flame retardant molecules for this degradation pathway is misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev S Mathur
- Research and Development, Albemarle Corporation, Baton Rouge, LA, 70805, USA.
| | - Bijay Banstola
- Research and Development, Albemarle Corporation, Baton Rouge, LA, 70805, USA
| | - Kelsey M Lopez
- Research and Development, Albemarle Corporation, Baton Rouge, LA, 70805, USA
| | - Mark W Beach
- Research and Development, Albemarle Corporation, Baton Rouge, LA, 70805, USA
| | - Daniel De Schryver
- Research and Development, Albemarle Corporation, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Han Y, Fu M, Wu J, Zhou S, Qiao Z, Peng C, Zhang W, Liu F, Ye C, Yang J. Polylactic acid microplastics induce higher biotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) compared to polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160909. [PMID: 36526185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and microplastics (MPs), such as fossil-based polymers polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and bio-based plastics polylactic acid (PLA) are abundant in e-waste dismantling areas. However, the information on the effects of DBDPE combined with MPs (DBDPE-MPs) on earthworms is still limited. In this study, we explored the impacts of DBDPE-MPs on neurotoxic biomarkers, tissue damage, and transcriptomics of Eisenia fetida by simulating different exposure patterns of 10 mg kg-1 DBDPE and 10 mg kg-1 DBDPE-MPs (PLA, PP, and PE). Results showed that the activities of acetylcholinesterase, Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, carboxylate enzyme, and the contents of calcium and glutamate were significantly stimulated. DBDPE-MP co-exposure caused more severe damage to the epidermis, muscles, and tissues. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of DBDPE-MPs were mainly related to inflammation, the immune system, digestive system, endocrine system, and metabolism. DBDPE and PP-MPs had similar influences on immunity and metabolism. However, DBDPE-PLA and DBDPE-PE further affected the endocrine system and signaling pathways. Specific DEGs showed that detoxification systems in the case of MPs were significantly upregulated. The study indicated that MPs exacerbated DBDPE toxicity in the nervous system, epidermis, and gene regulation of E. fetida, helping to assess the ecological risks of e-wastes and microplastics in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Shanghai Yaxin Urban Construction Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, PR China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
| | - Fang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
| | - Chunmei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, PR China
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Analysis of brominated flame retardants in the aquatic environment: a review. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2021; 72:254-267. [PMID: 34985845 PMCID: PMC8785114 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common and consequently analysed brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). As these persistent organic pollutants are widespread in the environment and have a number of harmful effects on human health, the production and use of most has been banned for several years. The aquatic environment is polluted by these compounds through their deposition from the atmosphere, sewage sludge, wastewater treatment plants, and landfills, and higher levels are found in areas with developed industry and agriculture and near landfills. Each compound also seems to show preference for specific compartments of the aquatic environment, i.e. water, sediment, or aquatic organisms, according to their physicochemical properties. The aim of this review was to take a closer look at the analysis of BFRs, as without reliable analysis we would not be able to determine their levels and distribution across the aquatic compartments and assess human exposure and health risks. Particularly worrying are the health risks associated with PBDEs in fish, whose levels generally exceed the permitted values.
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Jiang L, Ling S, Fu M, Peng C, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B. Bioaccumulation, elimination and metabolism in earthworms and microbial indices responses after exposure to decabromodiphenyl ethane in a soil-earthworm-microbe system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117965. [PMID: 34426208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a novel brominated flame retardant (NBFR), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has been poorly understood for the environmental fate and toxicity in terrestrial invertebrates. For the first time, the bioaccumulation, elimination, metabolism and detoxification of DBDPE in earthworms as well as its potential impacts on soil microbes were investigated. The results showed much higher DBDPE concentrations in casts than in earthworms. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and elimination rate constant (ke) values were 0.028-0.213 (gdw, worm/gdw, soil) and 0.323-0.452 (day-1), respectively. The detoxifying enzymes (CYP450 and GST) could be induced by DBDPE within the range of exposure dosage, and the activities were significantly increased at 21 d (p < 0.05). The results were identified by GC-ECNI-MS, and it showed that at least eleven unknown peaks were separately observed in the earthworms, which were the biotransformation products of DBDPE in earthworms. Additionally, the damages, including skin shrinkage, setae impairment, and intercellular vacuolization, were clearly observed by SEM/TEM. Based on these data, DBDPE could accumulate in earthworms, yet, with low bioaccumulation ability. Moreover, DBDPE exposure resulted in minimal harmful impacts on microbial activities including microbial biomass C (MBC), Microbial basal respiration (MBR), Urease (US) activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase (FDA) activity (p < 0.05). Our findings would provide some essential information for interpreting the ecological risks of DBDPE in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Hashimoto S, Matsukami H, Ieda T, Suzuki G. Comprehensive screening of polybromochlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans as mixed halogenated compounds in wastewater samples from industrial facilities by GC×GC/ToFMS and post-data processing. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130085. [PMID: 33690031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An enormous number of pollutants must be investigated to be able to understand which types threaten human health and environmental biota. In this study, we propose a workflow for screening polybromochlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBCDD/Fs), which are compounds that have thousands of isomers and congeners, by combining measurement of a sample without any in-laboratory-cleanup with the results of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and post-data processing. This process can be regarded as "in silico sample cleanup." The post-data processing stage comprises two methods in which the extracted mass spectra are matched to exact mass and isotopic ratios specified as formulae and filtering via mass deficiency. We applied this workflow to wastewater samples from industrial facilities to identify mixtures of halogenated dioxins. As a result, it was estimated that dioxins in an absolute quantity of 10-500 pg could be detected with sufficient accuracy by recovery testing of a standard mixture against sample crude extracts. Tri- to octa-halogenated dioxins were detected in 8 of 13 samples. Leachate from an industrial landfill was found to contain relatively large numbers of PBCDD/Fs, and several congeners were found in wastewater from an industrial fabric facility that handles decabromodiphenyl ether. The workflow, including the post-data processing method developed and applied in this study, has the advantage that additional identifications can be performed at any time from a single set of measurement data. This also enables the screening of substances that have thousands of homologous isomers, such as chlorinated and brominated dioxins, as well as other non-halogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Hashimoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Teruyo Ieda
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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6
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Cloud point extraction coupled with ultrasound-assisted back-extraction for determination of trace legacy and emerging brominated flame retardants in water using isotopic dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 224:121713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Current trends in analytical strategies for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples with different matrix compositions – Part 1.: Screening of new developments in sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Current trends in analytical strategies for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples with different matrix compositions – Part 2: New approaches to PBDEs determination. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Liu L, Zhen X, Wang X, Li Y, Sun X, Tang J. Legacy and novel halogenated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the Bohai Sea: Spatial trends, seasonal variations, and influencing factors. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116117. [PMID: 32726740 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were concurrently analyzed in surface seawater and low atmospheric samples from the Bohai Sea during four research cruises. HFRs mainly existed in particulate phases, and in general decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant compound in both air and water samples. Relatively high concentrations were observed in the water of Laizhou Bay (LB), where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China is located and weak water exchange occurs. Transport from LB by coastal currents may be the main source of BFRs in some areas without emission sources. The HFRs in seawater exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with significantly higher concentrations in winter than those in summer. The controlling factors include the resuspension of sediment induced by large wind waves in winter and phytoplankton scavenging in spring and seawater stratification in summer. HFRs composition varied largely in different seasons, due to the different extents of riverine input and atmospheric deposition. Normally, for air masses passing through the nearby industrial regions, high concentrations of DBDPE (up to 1780 pg m-3) co-existed with high total suspended particle (TSP) levels (up to 150 μg m-3). The estimated atmospheric deposition fluxes of HFRs were 19, 51, and 80 kg season-1 in spring, summer, and winter, respectively, indicating that the Bohai Sea is a sink of HFRs via atmospheric deposition. This study has increased our understanding of the behaviors and fates of the legacy and novel HFRs in the shallow coastal sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Wannomai T, Matsukami H, Uchida N, Takahashi F, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Kunisue T, Suzuki G. Bioaccessibility and exposure assessment of flame retardants via dust ingestion for workers in e-waste processing workshops in northern Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126632. [PMID: 32443225 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) from electronic waste (e-waste) are a widespread environmental concern. In our study, in vitro physiologically based extraction tests (PBETs) for FRs were conducted in three different areas where dust remained after processing of e-waste to identify the bioaccessible FRs and quantify their bioaccessibilities of gastrointestinal tract for human as well as to assess the exposure via ingestion of workers in e-waste processing workshops. All 36 FRs were measured and detected in indoor dusts. Among the FRs, the mean concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the floor dust and settled dust were highest, 65,000 ng/g, and 31,000 ng/g, respectively. In contrast, phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) presented the highest mean concentration in the workplace dust samples, 64,000 ng/g. However, the highest bioaccessible concentrations in workplace dust, floor dust, and settled dust were observed for PFRs: 5900, 1600, and 680 ng/g, respectively. This study revealed that the higher bioaccessibility of PFRs versus other compounds was related to the negative correlation between FR concentrations and log KOW (hydrophobicity) values. The fact that hazard indices calculated using measured bioaccessibilities were less than 1 suggested that the non-cancer risk to human health by the FRs exposure via dust ingestion might be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiya Wannomai
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Natsuyo Uchida
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Fumitake Takahashi
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
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Lewis PJ, McGrath TJ, Emmerson L, Allinson G, Shimeta J. Adélie penguin colonies as indicators of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in East Antarctica. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126320. [PMID: 32126331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While persistent organic pollutant (POP) contamination within Antarctica is largely caused by long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), Antarctic research bases have been shown to be local sources of POPs such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This study compared concentrations of seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) congeners and five novel flame retardants (NBFRs) found in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony soils near the Australian research stations, Mawson and Davis, to assess the stations as local sources of these contaminants and provide a much needed baseline for contamination of BFRs in East Antarctica. Soil samples (n = 46) were collected from Adélie colonies at close proximity to the research stations as well as further afield during the 2016-17 austral summer. Samples were analysed using selective pressurised liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -183) were detected in 45/46 samples with ∑7PBDE concentrations ranging from <0.01 to 1.63 ng/g dry weight (dw) and NBFRs (2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)) detected in 20/46 samples, with a range of ∑5NBFR from not detected (ND) to 0.16 ng/g dw. Soils taken from around the Davis and Mawson research stations were more highly contaminated (n = 10) than penguin colonies (n = 27) and control areas not affiliated with breeding seabirds (n = 8). The most common congener detected was BDE-99, reflecting inputs from LRAT. However, the congener profiles of station soils supported the hypothesis that research stations are a local source of PBDEs to the Antarctic environment. In addition, the NBFR pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was quantified for the first time in Antarctic soils, providing essential information for baseline contamination within the region and highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring as global regulations for the use of BFRs continuously change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe J Lewis
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia; Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, 7050, Australia.
| | - Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, 7050, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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Wang X, Ling S, Guan K, Luo X, Chen L, Han J, Zhang W, Mai B, Zhou B. Bioconcentration, Biotransformation, and Thyroid Endocrine Disruption of Decabromodiphenyl Ethane (Dbdpe), A Novel Brominated Flame Retardant, in Zebrafish Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8437-8446. [PMID: 31188578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), an alternative to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE209), has become a widespread environmental contaminant, but its possible toxic effects to wildlife remain unknown. Using zebrafish as a model, we investigated the bioconcentration and impact of DBDPE on thyroid endocrine function after water-borne exposure, compared to BDE209. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to DBDPE or BDE209 (0, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 nM) for 6 or 14 days. Chemical analysis revealed that DBDPE and BDE209 were bioconcentrated in zebrafish larvae, with similar magnitudes of accumulated concentrations. Based on screened by chromatograms, at least seven unknown compounds were observed in DBDPE-treated larvae, indicating biotransformation of the chemical. Significant increases in whole body content of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were detected in DBDPE-treated larvae, but decreased in BDE209-treated groups. Alterations in gene transcription along the related hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were observed. Furthermore, the binding and transport protein transthyretin (TTR) was significantly increased in DBDPE exposure groups. Histological examination and stereological analysis showed no obvious pathological changes in the thyroid gland. The present study demonstrates for the first time the bioavailability, biotransformation and thyroid endocrine disruption associated with DBDPE exposure in fish. Further studies are warranted to identify the metabolites of DBDPE and to define its environmental risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Kelan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
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Klimm A, Brenner D, Lok B, Sprengel J, Krätschmer K, Vetter W. Photolytic Transformation Products of Decabromodiphenyl Ethane (DBDPE). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6302-6309. [PMID: 31063365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The photolytic transformation of decabromodiphenyl ethane-a current-use brominated flame retardant and major substitute of the structurally related decabromodiphenyl ether-was investigated in different solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, chlorobenzene, and benzyl alcohol). The transformation rate followed pseudo first order kinetics, with increasing half-life ( t1/2) in the order of toluene ( t1/2 = 4.6 min), chlorobenzene ( t1/2 = 14.0 min), dichloromethane ( t1/2 = 27.9 min), and benzyl alcohol ( t1/2 ≈ 60 min). Formation and amount of transformation products varied depending on the solvent used. A detailed study of the hydrodebromination products allowed us to tentatively assign all three possible nonaBDPEs (BDPE 207, 208, and in benzyl alcohol only BDPE 206) and three predominant octaBDPE congeners (BDPE 197, 201, and 202). Next to the reported BDPEs, formation of several oxygen containing transformation products (OxyTPs), dominated by octabrominated OxyTP, was verified by GC-Orbitrap-HRMS analysis. Use of HPLC and Florisil column enabled the separation of OxyTPs and BDPEs, and the polybrominated OxyTPs were most likely tricyclic compounds with almost planar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Klimm
- Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Daniela Brenner
- Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Bianca Lok
- Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Jannik Sprengel
- Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Kerstin Krätschmer
- Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Halogenated POPs in Feed and Food , D-79114 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
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14
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Li X, Dong S, Wang R, Wang P, Ruan Z, Sun X, Rao Q, Liu Z, Su X. Novel brominated flame retardant (NBFR) concentrations and spatial distributions in global fishmeal. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:306-313. [PMID: 30530183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), which are lipophilic compounds that have been widely applied after the phasing-out of legacy BFRs, can bioaccumulate through the food chain. However, information on NBFRs in animal feeds, the beginning of farm-to-fork pathway, is very limited. Fishmeal is one of the most widely applied feedstuff worldwide. The present study identified eleven NBFRs from ninety-two globally collected fishmeal samples with levels in the range of 0.13-822 (mean: 15.1 ± 85.5) ng/g lipid weight (lw). Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) were the most prevalent contributors (detection frequencies: 95.7% and 73.9%, respectively), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) was the weightiest contributor (accounted for 67.1% of the ΣNBFRs, mean: 12.1 ± 84.8 ng/g lw). From a geographical view, the highest NBFR level was found in Chinese fishmeal. The NBFRs fell within an order of magnitude in South America, Southeast Asia, Europe and United States. DBDPE was predominant in the fishmeal collected from China, South America and United States, but it was not detected in European fishmeal. The NBFR levels are significantly lower compared to the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (p < 0.01), indicating that the distribution of NBFRs was not as wide as PBDEs in fishmeal. DBDPE was significantly correlated with BDE209 (r = 0.557, p < 0.01), which implies that the two chemicals might have similar sources. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)results imply that the NBFRs might have similar persistence and biomagnification potential as legacy lipophilic POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qinxiong Rao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zehui Liu
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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15
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Chen Y, Chen YJ, Zhang Y, Li R, Chen W, Yan SC, Qi Z, Chen ZF, Cai Z. Determination of HFRs and OPFRs in PM2.5 by ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with multi-segment column purification and GC-MS/MS. Talanta 2019; 194:320-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Liu Y, Pang X, Song J, Liu X, Song J, Yuan Y, Zhao C. Exploring the membrane toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE): Based on cell membranes and lipid membranes model. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:524-532. [PMID: 30388688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is widely used in industry as an alternative to the decabromodiphenyl ether (BDEs). The large-scale use of DBDPE could lead to rapid growth of the human accumulation level of DBDPE. However, the biophysics of accumulation of DBDPE in cell membranes, as one of determinants of DBDPE metabolism is not clear. In the present study, detailed observations of cell lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels measurements proved that the DBDPE exposure to cell could result in significant cell membrane damage by concentration-dependent manners. The fluorescence anisotropy analysis supported the evidence that high concentration DBDPE bound decreased membrane fluidity significantly. Besides it, a detailed molecular dynamic (MD) simulation was approached to investigate the effects of DBDPE on the DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) phospholipid bilayer, which was constructed as the model of cell membrane. The molecular dynamic simulation revealed that DBDPE molecules can easily enter the membrane from the aqueous phase. Under the concentration of a threshold, the DBDPE molecules tended to aggregate inside the DPPC bilayer and caused pore formation. The bound of high concentration of DBDPE could result in significant variations in DPPC bilayer with a less dense, more disorder and rougher layer. The knowledge about DBDPEs interactions with lipid membranes is fundamentally essential to understand the in vivo process of DBDPE and the physical basis for the toxicity of DBDPE in cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaquan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinyue Pang
- Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jiarui Song
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinhe Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Juanjuan Song
- Pulmonary Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yongna Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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17
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Pirard C, Charlier C. Simple and fast method for the measurement of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in human serum. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:918-925. [PMID: 30119023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent and reliable human biomonitoring data on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), either legacy or new BFRs, are still needed to assess human exposure. The aim of this work was therefore to develop and validate an accurate, fast and user-friendly analytical strategy for the determination of 15 legacy and novel BFRs in human serum namely 8 polybrominated diphenylethers (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209), 1 hexabromobiphenyl (PBB-153), and 6 novel BFRs (pentabromotoluene, hexabromobenzene, pentabromoethylbenzene, 2-ethylhexy-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, and decabromodiphenylethane). This analytical procedure consisted in a simple liquid-liquid extraction followed by elution on a PHREE cartridge avoiding further laborious purification steps. The final determination was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization mode (GC-ECNI-MS). The 15 m long RTX-1614 allowed the simultaneous measurement of the 15 BFRs including low and high brominated species within a single injection on a single column. Except for 2-ethylhexy-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) which showed very high response variations resulting in poor linearity, trueness and precision, and decabromodiphenylethane for which very low sensitivity was achieved, the 13 other BFRs passed the validation process with recoveries varying between 56 and 82%, and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 2.5 to 6.0 pg/ml (34.5 pg/ml for BDE-209). Within the validated range of concentrations, the relative bias from the introduced levels were below 20% while the intra and inter precisions were maintained below 15%. The reliability of the technique was confirmed by successfully analyzing interlaboratory test materials (AMAP ring test for POPs in human serum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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18
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Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected in air conditioning filters of different usage – method development. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1565:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Zacs D, Ikkere LE, Bartkevics V. Emerging brominated flame retardants and dechlorane-related compounds in European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from Latvian lakes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:680-690. [PMID: 29407832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) including seven emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs) and eight dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) were analyzed in eels (Anguilla anguilla) sampled from five Latvian lakes. Out of the seven EBFRs, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were found in eels in quantifiable concentrations, up to 6.58 and 33.0 ng g-1 lipid weight (l.w.), respectively. The mean total concentration of DRCs (∑DRC) in the samples was 0.62 ng g-1 l.w. and the geographical distribution of DRC contamination was nearly uniform among the selected lakes. Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602) was the predominant component, whereas the composition of mixture containing syn- and anti-Dechlorane Plus (DP) stereoisomers showed a pronounced enrichment of the anti-DP isomer and was close to the composition of OxyChem® DP commercial product. The determined concentrations of HFRs were lower than in other studies of aquatic biota from Europe and Asia, and the obtained results reflect the acceptable environmental status of Latvian lakes with regard to the total content of HBCD (∑HBCD), considering the environmental quality standards (EQS) stated in the Directive 2013/39/EU. The highest ∑HBCD levels were observed in eels from lakes corresponding to the industrialization of those areas, while the results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the concentration of HBCD depended on the particular sampling lake, reflecting non-uniform contamination of the Latvian environment with this EBFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
| | - L E Ikkere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - V Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Department of Chemistry, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
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20
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Hudson-Hanley B, Irvin V, Flay B, MacDonald M, Kile ML. Prenatal PBDE Exposure and Neurodevelopment in Children 7 Years Old or Younger: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-018-0137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Megson D, Robson M, Jobst KJ, Helm PA, Reiner EJ. Determination of Halogenated Flame Retardants Using Gas Chromatography with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) and a High-Resolution Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (HRqTOFMS). Anal Chem 2016; 88:11406-11411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Megson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School
of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Robson
- Department
of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Karl J. Jobst
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Paul A. Helm
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Eric J. Reiner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
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22
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Aghadadashi V, Mehdinia A. Occurrence, spatial deposition and footprint of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surficial sediments of Bushehr peninsula, the Persian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:211-217. [PMID: 27535452 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in the surficial sediments of Bushehr coasts, the Persian Gulf. Eighteen samples were collected from 6 sites at distances of 500, 1000 and 1500m from the coast. PBDEs were detected in all the samples, indicating their widespread occurrence in marine sediments of the studied area. BDE-209 and ∑7PBDEs were in the range of n.d. (not detected) to 6.29ngg-1 and n.d. to 0.62ngg-1 dw, respectively. The studied area can be classified as the region with the minimal contamination values reported globally as yet. The concentrations of PBDEs were lower than the Canadian benchmarks, and risk quotient assessments demonstrated low ecological risk. BDE-183 and then BDE-153 were the congeners with the highest detection frequencies in the stations, confirming extensive occurrence of Octa-mix in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Aghadadashi
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOAS, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOAS, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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23
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Barón E, Dissanayake A, Vilà-Cano J, Crowther C, Readman JW, Jha AN, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Evaluation of the Genotoxic and Physiological Effects of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) Flame Retardants in Marine Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2700-2708. [PMID: 26829245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a proposed alternative to the legacy flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), a major component of Deca-BDE formulations. In contrast to BDE-209, toxicity data for DP are scarce and often focused on mice. Validated dietary in vivo exposure of the marine bivalve (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to both flame retardants did not induce effects at the physiological level (algal clearance rate), but induced DNA damage, as determined by the comet assay, at all concentrations tested. Micronuclei formation was induced by both DP and BDE-209 at the highest exposure concentrations (100 and 200 μg/L, respectively, at 18% above controls). DP caused effects similar to those by BDE-209 but at lower exposure concentrations (5.6, 56, and 100 μg/L for DP and 56, 100, and 200 μg/L for BDE-209). Moreover, bioaccumulation of DP was shown to be concentration dependent, in contrast to BDE-209. The results described suggest that DP poses a greater genotoxic potential than BDE-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Barón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Awantha Dissanayake
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Vilà-Cano
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlotte Crowther
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - James W Readman
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona , Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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24
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Gong Y, Wen S, Zheng C, Peng X, Li Y, Hu D, Peng L. Potential risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by consuming animal-derived foods collected from interior areas of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8349-8358. [PMID: 25537283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Although studies have reported the occurrence of PBDEs in freshwater fish species from several locations, to our best knowledge, there was no comprehensive data on PBDEs in foods of animal origin, such as pork, egg, and milk samples from interior areas of China, where pork and eggs are the major constituents of diet. The levels of PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were determined in samples of animal-derived foods widely consumed by the population of Hubei in east-central China and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Two hundred six samples of animal-derived foods were randomly acquired in 17 sites of Hubei in 2010. The highest medium concentration of ∑7PBDEs was found in chicken eggs (0.191 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by duck eggs (0.176 ng/g ww), pork (0.050 ng/g ww), carps (0.047 ng/g ww), and cow milk (0.013 ng/g ww). The estimated dietary intake of Σ7PBDEs for a standard adult of 60 kg body weight based on medium and 95th percentile concentrations with consumption of animal-derived foods in Hubei province were 157.5 and 1960.3 pg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Chicken eggs (65.9 %) and pork (23.4 %) were the largest contributors to dietary intake of ∑7PBDEs through animal-derived foods. The same PBDE sources were exposed in Hubei province via principal component analysis (PCA), and the particular congener profile in samples of animal-derived foods revealed the possible exposure history of octa-BDEs and penta-BDEs in the local region. The large margins of exposure (MOE) calculated following the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach for three important congeners, BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153, indicated that the estimated dietary exposures were unlikely to be a significant health concern to in Hubei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Science, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
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25
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Hong B, Wu T, Zhao G, Sun Y, Wang X, Zhao J, Yi Z, Wu X, Mai B. Occurrence of decabromodiphenyl ethane in captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) from China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 94:12-16. [PMID: 25159734 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE), was investigated in captive Chinese alligators from China. DBDPE was detected in adult tissues, neonates and eggs of Chinese alligators with concentrations ranging from 4.74-192, 0.24-1.94, and 0.01-0.51 ng g(-1) lipid weight, respectively. Compared to PBDEs and PCBs, DBDPE contamination was limited in Chinese alligators. Additionally, DBDPE concentrations in adult muscles were one to three orders of magnitude higher than those in neonates and eggs, suggesting the limited maternal transfer potential of DBDPE in Chinese alligators. This is the first study to report the occurrence of DBDPE in Chinese alligators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241003, China
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26
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Advances in Instrumental Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants: Current Status and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:651834. [PMID: 27433482 PMCID: PMC4897317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the recent advances and methodological improvements in instrumental techniques applied for the analysis of different brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The literature search strategy was based on the recent analytical reviews published on BFRs. The main selection criteria involved the successful development and application of analytical methods for determination of the target compounds in various environmental matrices. Different factors affecting chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of brominated analytes were evaluated and discussed. Techniques using advanced instrumentation to achieve outstanding results in quantification of different BFRs and their metabolites/degradation products were highlighted. Finally, research gaps in the field of BFR analysis were identified and recommendations for future research were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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27
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Gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of 19 brominated compounds in environmental and biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7667-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Use of fluorinated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and simplified cleanup for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:266-71. [PMID: 25037776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple, cost-effective method is described for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust using pressurized fluid extraction, cleanup with modified silica solid phase extraction tubes, and fluorinated internal standards. There are 14 PBDE congeners included in the method, some typically contained in the commercial mixtures used as flame retardants, and some which are not routinely reported in the peer-reviewed literature. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry instrumental method provides baseline separation in <20 min, detection limits <20 ng/g, and quantitation limits <60 ng/g for most congeners. Method blanks contained an average concentration <9 ng/g for all congeners except BDE209 which had an average around 40 ng/g. Spiked samples showed good accuracy with relative percent difference (RPD) <7%, and good precision with relative standard deviation <22% for all congeners except BDE209. The method was applied to the analysis of a standard dust (NIST Standard Reference Material 2585) and showed good accuracy with RPD <25% except for BDE154. Overall, this method exhibited good performance characteristics in all categories including simplicity, cost, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision.
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Lee S, Song GJ, Kannan K, Moon HB. Occurrence of PBDEs and other alternative brominated flame retardants in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1422-1429. [PMID: 23993837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other alternative brominated flame retardants in the environment are scarce. In this study, PBDEs and non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), were measured in sludge collected from three types of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs (∑PBDE) in sludge ranged from 298 to 48,000 (mean: 3240) ng/g dry weight. Among 10 NBFRs analyzed, DBDPE and BTBPE were the only ones detected in sludge samples. Concentrations of DBDPE and BTBPE ranged from <LOQ to 3100 (mean: 237) ng/g dry weight and from <LOQ to 21.0 (mean: 1.57) ng/g dry weight, respectively. Concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE determined in sludge were higher than those reported in other countries. The highest concentrations of ∑PBDE and DBDPE were found in sludge samples originated from industrial-WWTPs (I-WWTPs), suggesting that industrial activities are a major source of these contaminants. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling ordination showed that congener profiles of PBDEs in sludge are dependent on the types of WWTPs. Almost all sludge samples contained a low ratio (mean: 0.18) of DBDPE/BDE 209, indicating an on-going contamination by PBDEs in Korea. However, the high ratios (>1) of DBDPE/BDE 209 were found in sludge from I-WWTPs, reflecting a shift in the usage pattern of BFRs by the Korean industry. The nationwide annual emission fluxes of ∑PBDE, DBDPE and BTBPE via WWTPs to the environment were estimated to be 7400, 480, and 3.7 kg/year, respectively. This is the first study on the occurrence of alternative brominated flame retardants in sludge from Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Ju Song
- Institute of Environmental and Energy Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the Analysis of Challenging Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63406-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Samsonek J, Puype F. Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in black thermo cups and selected kitchen utensils purchased on the European market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1976-86. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.829246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Cequier E, Marcé RM, Becher G, Thomsen C. Determination of emerging halogenated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Feng M, Li Y, Qu R, Wang L, Wang Z. Oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether and ethane, or their mixture. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:1101-1110. [PMID: 23839511 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its commercial alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two structurally similar brominated flame retardants, with evidence of their ubiquitous existence in aquatic ecosystems. The present study was conducted to investigate the hepatic oxidative stress inducing potential of BDE-209, DBDPE, and their mixture in Carassius auratus after exposure to different doses (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 7, 14 and 30 days. Results showed that oxidative stress was evoked evidently for the experimental groups with longer exposure duration, as indicated by significant inhibition in the antioxidant enzymes activities and decrease in the reduced glutathione level, as well as simultaneous elevation of lipid peroxidation level measured by malondialdehyde content. In addition, it was found that BDE-209 possessed a higher oxidative stress inducing ability than DBDPE. Considering the more pronounced antioxidant responses in combined exposure, the interaction of BDE-209 and DBDPE was presumed to be additive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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34
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Barón E, Gago-Ferrero P, Gorga M, Rudolph I, Mendoza G, Zapata AM, Díaz-Cruz S, Barra R, Ocampo-Duque W, Páez M, Darbra RM, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Occurrence of hydrophobic organic pollutants (BFRs and UV-filters) in sediments from South America. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:309-316. [PMID: 23602656 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the occurrence of emerging hydrophobic organic pollutants in sediment samples from South America (Chile and Colombia) was investigated for the first time. Nineteen Chilean and thirteen Colombian sediment samples were analyzed in order to determine their content of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (including PBDEs and emerging BFRs) as well as UV filters (UV-F). Samples were collected from neighboring aquatic ecosystems highly urbanized and industrialized in Colombia (Magdalena River area) and Chile (Biobio region). Different analytical procedures were applied depending on the selected analytes, based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric methodologies (GC-MS and LC-MS-MS). In general, concentration levels of both BFRs (up to 2.43 and 143ngg(-1) dw of PBDEs in Chile and Colombia, respectively) and UV-F (nd-2.96 and nd-54.4ngg(-1) dw in Chile and Colombia, respectively) were in the low range of published data, and the contribution of BFRs was higher than that of UV-F for almost all the sampled sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Barón
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Analysis of Halogenated Flame Retardants by Gas Chromatography Coupled to LRMS, HRMS, MS–MS, and TOF-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62623-3.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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36
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37
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Yuan JP, Zhao RS, Cheng CG, Wang XL, Cui ZJ. Rapid analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil by matrix solid-phase dispersion using bamboo charcoal as dispersive sorbent. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2499-505. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Chuan-Ge Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Zhao-Jie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan China
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38
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Ali N, Dirtu AC, Van den Eede N, Goosey E, Harrad S, Neels H, 't Mannetje A, Coakley J, Douwes J, Covaci A. Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: indoor sources and human exposure assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1276-82. [PMID: 22551874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n=34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n=16). Concentrations (ngg(-1)) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (<2-175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (<5-1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (<2-2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (<2-640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ngg(-1)) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (<10-235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (<20-7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (<20-7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20-7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50-27325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20-16560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20-35190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (<50-3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range <2-4100ngg(-1). BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p<0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n=16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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39
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Król S, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust using standard addition method and gas chromatography with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:201-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Clean-up method for determination of established and emerging brominated flame retardants in dust. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:459-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Abstract
AbstractSpreading sewage sludge on agricultural lands has been actively promoted by national authorities as an economic way of recycling. However, as by-product of wastewater treatment, sewage sludge may contain toxic substances, which could be incorporated into agricultural products or be distributed in the environment. Moreover, sediments can be contaminated by the discharge of wastewater effluents into rivers. This article reviews the determination of emerging contaminants (surfactants, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products) in environmental solid samples (sludge, soil and sediment). Sample preparation, including extraction and clean-up, as well as the subsequent instrumental determination of contaminants are discussed. Recent applications of extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, microwave assisted extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental solid samples are reviewed. Determination of these contaminants, generally carried out by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, especially mass spectrometry for the identification and quantification of residues, is also summarised and discussed.
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42
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Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1241:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Kopp E, Fromme H, Völkel W. Analysis of common and emerging brominated flame retardants in house dust using ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction and on-line sample preparation via column switching with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1241:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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PBDEs in environmental samples: Sampling and analysis. Talanta 2012; 93:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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He MJ, Luo XJ, Chen MY, Sun YX, Chen SJ, Mai BX. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in fish from a river system in a highly industrialized area, South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 419:109-115. [PMID: 22285078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were determined in water, sediment, and three fish species from the Dongjiang River, a highly polluted river by brominated flame retardants in South China due to the intensive industry activities. The stable isotope analysis was used to compare differences between the feeding ecology of the fish species. The bioaccumulations of PBDEs and DBDPE were evaluated by calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Two potential debromination products of DBDPE were detected in sediment. The occurrence of these two compounds probably ascribed to the thermal degradation during instrumental analysis but degradation in the environment cannot be ruled out. Three fish species showed two quite different PBDE congener profiles. Two carp species were dominated by BDE47 while plecostomus were dominated by both BDE47 and BDE99. The contributions of higher brominated congeners were higher in plecostomus than in two carp species. This different PBDE congener profile can be attributed to the difference in metabolism and feeding habits among fish species. The calculated BAFs for PBDE congeners follow a bioaccumulation model. The BSAFs for all PBDE congeners except for BDE47 and BDE100 were less than unit, implying that bioavailability of PBDEs in sediments is low. Contrary to expectation, the BAFs value of DBDPE was one order of magnitude higher than that of BDE209 in fish, which can partly attributed to the absence of debromination of DBDPE in fish. The calculated BAFs for DBDPE indicated that this compound can significantly accumulate in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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46
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Brommer S, Harrad S, Van den Eede N, Covaci A. Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2482-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30303e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Viganò L, Roscioli C, Guzzella L. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) enters the food web of the River Po and is metabolically debrominated in resident cyprinid fishes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4966-72. [PMID: 21925710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the primary constituent of a widely used flame retardant formulation, is present at relatively high levels in sediments and macroinvertebrates of the River Po. Since it was demonstrated that BDE-209 can be biotransformed to smaller and more toxic polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs), the main objective of this study was to assess whether the large quantities of BDE-209 present in the River Po are bioavailable to the higher levels of the food web and are biotransformed in feral fishes. To this aim, 23 cyprinids, mainly common carp, were analysed for the hepatic contents of PBDEs. Contrary to sediments and invertebrates of the same area, no fish sample contained detectable levels of BDE-209. All fishes contained typical PBDE representatives, e.g. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154, but more importantly they contained three congeners, i.e. BDE-179, BDE-188 and BDE-202, which are not present in any technical formulations and are known products of BDE-209 debromination in fish. The age of carps had no effects on the bioaccumulation of PBDEs. Conversely, the contents of PCBs, which also were determined in the same fish samples, showed a positive correlation with age. Both groups of chemicals displayed a tendency to a higher contamination in male fish. This study shows that BDE-209 enters the food web of the River Po contributing to the load of lower brominated PBDEs and thus to the load of chemical stressors threatening the aquatic life of the major Italian watercourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Viganò
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, 20861 Brugherio (Milan), Italy.
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48
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49
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Muñoz-Arnanz J, Sáez M, Aguirre JI, Hiraldo F, Baos R, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M, Jiménez B. Predominance of BDE-209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) colonies from Spain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:572-576. [PMID: 21193230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants for which there is still a lack of knowledge about the environmental behavior and fate of the higher brominated congeners (octa- to deca-BDEs). In this study, the PBDE content and congener profiles in failed eggs from two colonies of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Spain were studied. The average total PBDE concentration was 1.64ng/g (wet weight, w.w.) for the rural colony and 9.08ng/g (w.w.) for the urban colony. Higher brominated BDEs dominated the congener profiles of both colonies. Of particular interest was the determination of BDE-209 as the dominant congener accounting for 44.1% and 38.6% of the total PBDE content in the rural and urban colonies, respectively. BDE-202, considered an indicator of BDE 209 debromination, was detected in 83% and all of the samples from rural and urban colonies, respectively. The observed congener profile in which BDE-207>BDE-208>BDE-206 does not correspond to any known technical PBDE mixture and is evidence for possible BDE-209 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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50
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López P, Brandsma SA, Leonards PEG, de Boer J. Optimization and development of analytical methods for the determination of new brominated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and suspended particulate matter. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:871-83. [PMID: 21369755 PMCID: PMC3073050 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
With more stringent legislation on brominated flame retardants, it is expected that increasing amounts of substitutes would replace polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Therefore, the development and optimization of analytical methodologies that allow their identification and quantification are of paramount relevance. This work describes the optimization of an analytical procedure to determine pentabromochlorocyclohexane, tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, decabromodiphenylethane and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane together with PBDEs in sediments and in suspended particulate matter. This method comprises a pressurized liquid extraction followed by three cleanup steps (gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction on Oasis™ HLB and on silica cartridges). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using electron capture negative chemical ionization, is used for the final analysis. The proposed method provides recoveries >85%. The method was applied to sediment and suspended particulate matter samples from different locations in the Western Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the occurrence of the additive flame retardants 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromochlorocyclohexane is reported in the literature. The concentrations of these new flame retardants ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 μg/kg dry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- P López
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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