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Klimm A, Vetter W. Hydroxylated transformation products obtained after UV irradiation of the current-use brominated flame retardants hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, and pentabromoethylbenzene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118556-118566. [PMID: 37917263 PMCID: PMC10697972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) are current-use brominated flame retardants (cuBFRs) which have been repeatedly detected in environmental samples. Since information on hydroxylated transformation products (OH-TPs) was scarcely available, the three polybrominated compounds were UV irradiated for 10 min in benzotrifluoride. Fractionation on silica gel enabled the separate collection and identification of OH-TPs. For more insights, aliquots of the separated OH-TPs were UV irradiated for another 50 min (60 min total UV irradiation time). The present investigation of polar UV irradiation products of HBB, PBT, and PBEB was successful in each case. Altogether, eight bromophenols were detected in the case of HBB (three Br3-, four Br4-, and one Br5-isomer), and nine OH-TPs were observed in the case of PBT/PBEB (six Br3- and three Br4-congeners). In either case, Br➔OH exchange was more relevant than H➔OH exchange. Also, such exchange was most relevant in meta- and ortho-positions. As a further point, and in agreement with other studies, the transformation rate decreased with decreasing degree of bromination. UV irradiation of HBB additionally resulted in the formation of tri- and tetrabrominated dihydroxylated compounds (brominated diphenols) that were subsequently identified. These dihydroxylated transformation products were found to be more stable than OH-TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Klimm
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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2
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De Oro-Carretero P, Sanz-Landaluze J. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of BDE-47 Using Zebrafish Eleutheroembryos (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:835-845. [PMID: 36705440 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are well-known endocrine disrupting chemicals identified as organic persistent pollutants. Their metabolites OH-BDE and MeO-BDE have been reported to be potentially more toxic than the postulated precursor PBDEs. One of the most predominant congeners of PBDEs in the environment is BDE-47, due to its high presence in industrially used mixtures. In the present study, the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of BDE-47 into its major metabolites is evaluated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos adapting a previously developed alternative method to bioconcentration official guideline Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development 305, which reduces the animal suffering, time, and cost. For the simultaneous determination of BDE-47 and its metabolites in larvae and exposure medium, and considering the polarity difference of the analytes and the small sample size, the development of a validated analytical method is a step to ensure quality results. In the present study, an ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by a solid phase extraction dispersive clean-up step and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-microelectron capture detector (GC-MS-μECD) with a previous derivatization process was optimized and validated. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated using a first-order one-compartment toxicokinetic model. The profiles found show rapid absorption in the first hours of larval development and great bioaccumulative capacity, finding BCFs of 7294 ± 899 and 36 363 ± 5702 at nominal concentrations of 10 and 1 μg L-1 , respectively. Metabolization studies show increasing concentrations of the metabolites BDE-28, 2'-OH-BDE-28, and 5-MeO-BDE-47 throughout the exposure time. The results obtained show the feasibility of the method for bioaccumulation and open up the possibility of metabolic studies with zebrafish eleutheroembryos, which is a very underdeveloped field without official testing or regulation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:835-845. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma De Oro-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Sanz-Landaluze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Belova L, Fujii Y, Cleys P, Śmiełowska M, Haraguchi K, Covaci A. Identification of novel halogenated naturally occurring compounds in marine biota by high-resolution mass spectrometry and combined screening approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117933. [PMID: 34426206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine animals, plants or bacteria are a source of bioactive naturally-occurring halogenated compounds (NHCs) such as bromophenols (BPs), bromoanisoles (BAs) and hydroxylated or methoxylated analogues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs) and bromobiphenyls (HO-BBs, MeO-BBs). This study applied a comprehensive screening approach using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and combining target, suspect and non-target screening with the aim to identify new hydroxylated NHCs which might be missed by commonly applied gas chromatographic methods. 24 alga samples, 4 sea sponge samples and 7 samples of other invertebrates were screened. Target screening was based on 19 available reference standards of BPs, (di)OH-BDEs and diOH-BBs and yielded seven unequivocally identified compounds. 6-OH-BDE47 was the most frequently detected compound with a detection frequency of 31%. Suspect screening yielded two additional compounds identified in alga samples as well as 17 and 8 compounds identified in sea sponge samples of Lamellodysidea sp. and Callyspongia sp., respectively. The suspect screening results presented here confirmed the findings of previous studies conducted on sea sponge samples of Lamellodysidea sp. and Callyspongia sp. Additionally, in Lamellodysidea sp. and Callyspongia sp. 13 and 4 newly identified NHCs are reported including heptabrominated diOH-BDE, monochlorinated pentabrominated diOH-BDE, hexabrominated OH-MeO-BDE and others. Non-target screening allowed the identification of 31 and 20 polyhalogenated compounds in Lamellodysidea sp. and Callyspongia sp. samples, respectively. Based on the obtained fragmentation spectra, polybrominated dihydroxylated diphenoxybenzenes (diOH-PBDPBs), such as hepta-, octa- and nonabrominated diOH-BDPBs, could be identified in both species. To our knowledge, this study is the first report on the environmental presence of OH-PBDPBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawamachi 22-1, Minamiku, 815-8511, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Paulien Cleys
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Monika Śmiełowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawamachi 22-1, Minamiku, 815-8511, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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4
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Wu Q, Eisenhardt N, Holbert SS, Pawlik JR, Kucklick JR, Vetter W. Naturally occurring organobromine compounds (OBCs) including polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins in the marine sponge Hyrtios proteus from The Bahamas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112872. [PMID: 34454388 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) were identified from organic extracts of the marine sponge Hyrtios proteus from The Bahamas using gas chromatography with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry and non-targeted gas chromatography with electron ionization mass spectrometry. The HNPs found have similar properties to anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Two ortho-methoxy brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) 2'-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 47 were the most abundant compounds. Fourteen other MeO-BDEs were detected along with several polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) (1,3,7-triBDD, 1,3,6,8-tetraBDD and 1,3,7,9-tetraBDD) and MeO-PBDDs. Further analysis of a higher trophic level octopus (Octopus maya) from the same FAO fishing area showed that the major HNPs detected in Hyrtios proteus were also predominant. Moreover, HNPs were more than 30-fold higher in abundance than the major POPs in the octopus, i.e., polychlorinated biphenyls. Hence, Caribbean marine organisms, including those potentially used for food, harbor relatively high concentrations of HNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Natalie Eisenhardt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Stephanie Shaw Holbert
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; College of Charleston, Department of Biology, Grice Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Joseph R Pawlik
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center of Marine Science, 500 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Wei J, Xiang L, Cai Z. Emerging environmental pollutants hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers: From analytical methods to toxicology research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:255-279. [PMID: 32608069 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and adverse health effects. Significant progress has been made in the characterization of OH-PBDEs by using mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, we summarize applications of MS-based techniques in detection, environmental and biota distribution, and potential health risk effects, hoping to unfold an overall picture on account of current knowledge of OH-PBDEs. The analytical methodologies are discussed from sample pretreatment to MS analysis. The methods including gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), and ion mobility spectrometry-MS (IMS-MS) are discussed. GC-MS is the most frequently adopted method in the analysis of OH-PBDEs due to its excellent chromatographic resolution, high sensitivity, and strong ability for unknown identification. LC-MS has been widely used for its high sensitivity and capability of direct analysis. As a newly developed technique, IMS-MS provides high specificity, which greatly facilitates the identification of isomers. OH-PBDEs pervasively existed in both abiotic and biotic samples, including humans, animals, and environmental matrices. Multiple adverse health effects have been reported, such as thyroid hormone disruption, estrogen effects, and neurotoxicity. The reported potential pathological mechanisms are also reviewed. Additionally, MS-based metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have been shown as promising tools to unveil the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of OH-PBDEs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Aznar-Alemany Ò, Sala B, Jobst KJ, Reiner EJ, Borrell A, Aguilar À, Eljarrat E. Temporal trends of halogenated and organophosphate contaminants in striped dolphins from the Mediterranean Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142205. [PMID: 33207472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs, HBCD, novel DBDPE, PBEB and HBB, dechloranes, OPFRs and natural MeO-PBDEs were monitored in muscle of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Mediterranean Sea collected in three time periods (1990, 2004-2009 and 2014-2018). PBDEs levels decreased about 60% in under three decades, from 5067 ± 2210 to 2068 ± 2642ngg-1 lw, evidencing the success of their ban. Most PBDEs were found in all the samples, with BDE-47, -99, -154, -100 and -153 as the main contributors. Found in 71.4% of the samples, α-HBCD was stable through time and usually <LOQ. DBDPE concentrations decreased by 89% from 1990 to 2004-2009 and have remained stable since. HBB occurred rarely and decreased by 94% to a current few ngg-1 lw. Dec 602 was the main dechlorane with stable concentrations around 1200 ngg-1 lw, but a declining trend might have started in the last years. OPFRs concentrations were stable and showed the highest concentrations of all FRs in 2014-2018: 6253 ± 11,293ngg-1 lw. TBOEP and TNBP contributed to most of the OPFR concentration, the former with decreasing levels by 96%. MeO-PBDEs showed mean concentrations between 600 and 700ngg-1 lw in all periods. Non-targeted analysis allowed the identification and semi-quantification of additional chlorinated pollutants, such as polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) (levels decreasing by 81% to a current 770 ngg-1 lw mean) and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) (decreasing by 83% to a current 3200ngg-1 lw) in Mediterranean marine mammals for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Sala
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP), Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP), Toronto, Canada
| | - Asunción Borrell
- Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Aguilar
- Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Cui J, Yu Z, Mi M, He L, Sha Z, Yao P, Fang J, Sun W. Occurrence of Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Hadal Trenches of the Western Pacific Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15821-15828. [PMID: 33211967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hadal trenches are the most remote and inaccessible habitats on earth and were once believed to be pristine. A recent study has reported the detection of high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in endemic amphipods from two hadal trenches (Mariana and Kermadec) in the Western Pacific, implicating that the trenches are indeed polluted. However, a fundamental question remains unanswered, if and to what extent such the physical environment of the trenches is polluted by POPs. In this study, we sampled Mariana, Mussau, and New Britain trenches and analyzed samples of amphipods, sediment, and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Our results show that the amphipods contained elevated levels of PCBs and PBDEs, comparable to those reported in the earlier study. We also detected significantly high concentrations (up to 1343 ng g-1 lw) of chlorinated pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and chlordanes. Furthermore, four brominated natural products (BNPs), which structurally resembled methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers or polybrominated biphenyls, were identified in the endemic amphipods. However, neither POPs nor BNPs were detected in sediments or SPM. Taken together, we propose that the POPs detected in endemic amphipods likely resulted from bioaccumulation by feeding on polluted large detritus (e.g., carrion) falling to the trench bottoms from the surface ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mei Mi
- Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lisheng He
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Peng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiasong Fang
- Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Hadal Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Weidong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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Bidleman TF, Andersson A, Haglund P, Tysklind M. Will Climate Change Influence Production and Environmental Pathways of Halogenated Natural Products? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6468-6485. [PMID: 32364720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of halogenated natural products (HNPs) pervade the terrestrial and marine environment. HNPs are generated by biotic and abiotic processes and range in complexity from low molecular mass natural halocarbons (nHCs, mostly halomethanes and haloethanes) to compounds of higher molecular mass which often contain oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms in addition to halogens (hHNPs). nHCs have a key role in regulating tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, while some hHNPs bioaccumulate and have toxic properties similar those of anthropogenic-persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Both chemical classes have common sources: biosynthesis by marine bacteria, phytoplankton, macroalgae, and some invertebrate animals, and both may be similarly impacted by alteration of production and transport pathways in a changing climate. The nHCs scientific community is advanced in investigating sources, atmospheric and oceanic transport, and forecasting climate change impacts through modeling. By contrast, these activities are nascent or nonexistent for hHNPs. The goals of this paper are to (1) review production, sources, distribution, and transport pathways of nHCs and hHNPs through water and air, pointing out areas of commonality, (2) by analogy to nHCs, argue that climate change may alter these factors for hHNPs, and (3) suggest steps to improve linkage between nHCs and hHNPs science to better understand and predict climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, UmU, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, UmU, SE-905 71 Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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9
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Zhang M, Guo W, Wei J, Shi J, Zhang J, Ge H, Tao H, Liu X, Hu Q, Cai Z. Determination of newly synthesized dihydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sea fish by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124878. [PMID: 31563719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (diOH-PBDEs) can be natural products of marine organisms or the metabolites of PBDEs. The optimal determination method and concentration of diOH-PBDEs in seafood are unknown due to a lack of commercially available standards. In the present study, diOH-PBDEs were synthesized, and an efficient measurement method for OH-PBDEs and diOH-PBDEs in sea fish muscle samples, including extraction, clean-up and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis, was established. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by partitioning with a KOH solution and florisil cartridge clean-up proved to be a reliable and robust method for detecting all OH-PBDEs/diOH-PBDEs. GC-MS/MS with an electron ionization (EI) source analysis was a sensitive analytical instrument for OH-PBDEs/diOH-PBDEs. The recovery using this method ranged from 19% to 101%, 28%-88% and 42%-90% for 10 ng, 20 ng and 40 ng spiking levels, respectively. The equipment detection limits (EDLs) were in the range of 0.31-2.78 pg/μL, and the limits of detection (LOD) for the method were in the range of 5.07-38.74 pg/g wet weight. Concentrations of diOH-PBDEs in the marine fish muscle samples were in the range of 32.43-1528.63 pg/g wet weight. Similar compositions of OH-PBDEs/diOH-PBDEs were found within the same family of marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; China State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Juntong Wei
- China State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianghong Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui Ge
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huanyu Tao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Hefei University of Technology (Xuancheng Campus) Xuancheng, China
| | - Qing Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- China State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Aznar-Alemany Ò, Sala B, Plön S, Bouwman H, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardants in cetaceans from the southwestern Indian Ocean. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:791-799. [PMID: 30965250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs, HBCD, DBDPE, PBEB and HBB, dechloranes and OPFRs, as well as natural MeO-PBDEs were monitored in muscle tissue of three dolphin species from the southwestern Indian Ocean (Delphinus delphis, Sousa plumbea and Tursiops aduncus) collected between 2012 and 2015. The mean PBDE concentration was 416 ± 333 ng g-1 lw. BDE-47 was found in all samples and was almost half the total PBDE contamination. BDE-209, BDE-100 and BDE-99 were present in ≥85% of the samples. HBCD was detected in just two samples at 20 and 330 ng g-1 lw. PBEB and HBB were not detected, while DBDPE was in all samples but always below its limit of quantification. Dec 602 was the only quantifiable dechlorane at 232 ± 549 ng g-1 lw. Mean OPFR concentration was 10452 ± 11301 ng g-1 lw. TBOEP was found in all samples making up most of the total OPFR contamination. MeO-PBDEs were detected in all samples at 114 ± 137 ng g-1 lw. Data on flame retardants in biota and environmental samples from the southwestern Indian Ocean are scarce and, as a result, comparisons are difficult. However, data from other marine predators in the region, such as penguins, suggest that further studies are needed to determine if these concentrations are the consequence of a high local contamination or widespread thoughout the Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Berta Sala
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Stephanie Plön
- Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute (ESSRI), Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Choo G, Lee IS, Oh JE. Species and habitat-dependent accumulation and biomagnification of brominated flame retardants and PBDE metabolites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:175-182. [PMID: 30849572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, species- and habitat-dependent distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and PBDE metabolites comprising 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 3 hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 17 methoxylated (MeO-) BDEs, and 8 hydroxylated (OH-) BDEs were determined in marine environments (sediment and seawater) and 20 biota species in food web in the southern part of Korea. The concentration of HBCDs was statistically higher in both pelagic (5.73-60.1 ng/g lipid weight [lw]) and demersal fish (2.45-31.3 ng/g lw), whereas a higher level of OH-BDEs was observed in benthic invertebrates (2.48-40.7 ng/g lw), suggesting different composition of BFRs and PBDE metabolites between species. The concentrations of TBBPA and MeO-BDEs were significantly higher in pelagic fish (1.31-11.3, 6.15-61.5 ng/g lw) than in demersal fish (not detected [N.D.]-4.45, 0.956-8.52 ng/g lw) and benthic invertebrates (N.D.-8.11, 0.182-4.65 ng/g lw), reflecting a dependence on habitat. Additionally, analogue distribution of PBDEs in pelagic fish was similar to that in seawater, whereas the distribution in demersal fish and benthic invertebrates was similar to the distribution in sediment. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and trophic magnification factor (TMF) of α-HBCD, some of PBDEs, and 6-MeO-BDE47 were up to 5000 and 1, respectively, suggesting strong bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216, GijangHaean-ro, Gijang-Eup, Gijang-Gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Mekni S, Barhoumi B, Aznar-Alemany Ò, Touil S, Driss MR, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Occurrence of halogenated flame retardants in sediments and sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus) from a North African Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Bizerte, Tunisia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1316-1325. [PMID: 30841404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) such as hexabromobenzenze (HBB), pentabromoetilbenzene (PBEB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and halogenated norbornenes (HNs), as well as naturally produced methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), were analyzed in 12 sediment and 30 urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) samples collected from Bizerte Lagoon in northern Tunisia. Levels of HFRs in the sediments ranged from nd to 51.8 ng/g dry weight (dw), while MeO-PBDEs were not detected. As regards levels in urchins, concentrations of PBDEs, HNs and MeO-PBDEs ranged from 3.67 to 56.9, 4.52 to 116 and nd to 364 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. Thus, levels of naturally occurring compounds were higher than those of an anthropogenic origin. As regards HFRs, the highest contribution comes from HNs with levels ranging between 9.98 and 143 ng/g lw. HN and PBDE concentrations in sea urchin are similar or slightly lower than other reports for other species, while total MeO-PBDE concentrations are higher. The comsumption of sea urchins in Bizerte city is not a threat to public health concerning PBDE intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Mekni
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Aznar-Alemany Ò, Yang X, Alonso MB, Costa ES, Torres JPM, Malm O, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Preliminary study of long-range transport of halogenated flame retardants using Antarctic marine mammals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1889-1897. [PMID: 30286355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eight PBDE congeners, three emerging brominated flame retardants, five dechloranes and eight MeO-PBDEs were monitored in tissues (muscular, adipose, brain) and fur of southern elephant seal and Antarctic fur seal of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. Total PBDEs and total dechloranes concentrations ranged between n.d.-6 ng/g lw. While PBDEs were not detected in brain tissue, Dec 602 was found in brain tissue of both seal species indicating that dechloranes -with potential neurological toxicity- could cross the blood-brain barrier. Emerging brominated flame retardants were not detected in any sample and only two MeO-PBDEs, which are of natural origin, were found. The presence of the detected compounds in biota from the Antarctic evidences their long-range transportation, being of special interest the detection of emerging compounds such as dechloranes. This is the first time that these contaminants have been detected in marine mammals from the Antarctic. BDE-47 concentrations were lower than previously reported for the same species, suggesting a successful effect of the existing regulation and bans on PBDEs. CAPSULE ABSTRACT: Halogenated flame retardants were in tissues of Antarctic seals proving long-range transport. Dechloranes showed similar behaviour to PBDEs, additionally they crossed the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erli Schneider Costa
- Mestrado Profissional em Ambiente e Sustentabilidade, State University of Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), Rua Assis Brasil, 842, 95400-000 São Francisco de Paula, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Liu C, Wang B, Zhou B, Jian X, Zhang X, Wang Y. The responses of Oncorhynchus mykiss coping with BDE-47 stress via PXR-mediated detoxification and Nrf2-mediated antioxidation system. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:63-71. [PMID: 30530205 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The low brominated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is ubiquitous in the marine environment. To elucidate the stress response and possible mechanisms underlying BDE-47, the rainbow trout fish Oncorhynchus mykiss were selected and orally fed bait with BDE-47 concentrations of 50 ng/g and 500 ng/g. BDE-47 was found to be mainly accumulated in head kidney and caused lipid peroxidation after prolonged exposure. We studied the detoxification system genes pregnane X receptor (PXR) and downstream genes (cytochrome 3 A, CYP3 A; glutathione S-transferase, GST) and their corresponding enzyme activity and found that the above indicators in the treatment groups increased first and then decreased with time, while the 500 ng/g group showed more significant changes. Further, the antioxidant system gene expression levels of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream genes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT) were found significantly up-regulated with concentration and time. The change in the enzyme activity of SOD and CAT showed the same tendency as that of indicators of detoxifying system. The results showed that BDE-47 can accumulated in head kidney and caused activate and fast increase of genes and enzymes of detoxification and antioxidant system in the short-term and then damage the response systems in longer times. After Pearson correlation analysis, the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) Index was established with malondialdehyde (MDA) content; PXR, Nrf2, SOD, and CAT gene expression; and CYP3 A, GST, and CAT enzymatic activity, which were significantly related to BDE-47 bioaccumulation (P < 0.5). The IBR value can indicate the ecotoxicological responses of the head kidney to different BDE-47 concentrations exposure, but the high activity of the antioxidant system might obscure the damage of the detoxification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Boyuan Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Jian
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Fushun Road 22, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266033, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - You Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
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15
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Ma Z, Zhuang H. Biotin–streptavidin system-based real-time immuno-polymerase chain reaction for sensitive detection of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in marine fish. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1489374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huisheng Zhuang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Kim UJ, Oh JE. Mass-flow-based removal and transformation potentials for TBBPA, HBCDs and PBDEs during wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 355:82-88. [PMID: 29775881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At a sewage treatment plant, 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 17 methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers, nine hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers, three hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers, and tetrabromobisphenol A were monitored at five major treatment stages (the influent, primary settlement stage, biological reaction stage, secondary settlement stage, and the UV irradiation disinfection stage). Hexabromocyclododecanes were the dominant chemicals, contributing 40% of the total concentrations of the chemicals in the dissolved phase of the sewage. Brominated flame retardant mass flow in the wastewater was lower after than before the biological reaction stage, and more than 70% of the inflowing mass load was removed from the mainstream wastewater by becoming associated with the sludge. More than half of mass loads of parent brominated flame retardants in the wastewater were removed after the treatments, but up to 10% of the initial mass loads remained in the final effluent and was expected to be released into the aquatic environment. The hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ether concentrations decreased by <25%, much less than the polybrominated diphenyl ethers. It is possible that hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers formed through the transformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers during the biological reactions of treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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17
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A global database of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant congeners in foods and supplements. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Jiang J, Zhao H, Sun S, Wang Y, Liu S, Xie Q, Li X. Occurrence and profiles of halogenated phenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the effluents of waste water treatment plants around Huang-Bo Sea, North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1-7. [PMID: 29197640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs), as ubiquitous environment contaminants, have attracted increasing concerns due to the potential adverse health impacts on organisms and even humans. Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are one source of HOPs to the environment through their discharge of treated effluent. In this study, the presence and profiles of 6 halogenated phenols (HP), 17 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and 11 hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDE) were investigated in 12 WWTP effluent samples collected near Huang-Bo Sea in Dalian, China. These targeted organohalogen pollutants were found in all the effluent samples with the total concentrations of ΣHPs, ΣPBDEs and ΣOH-PBDEs ranging from 77.2 to 168.5ng/L, from not-detected to 5.3ng/L and from 0.08 to 0.88ng/L, respectively. The most abundant congeners of HPs and PBDEs in the effluents were pentachlorophenol (PCP), BDE-47 and BDE-99, while for OH-PBDEs, 6-OH-BDE-47 and 5-OH-BDE-47 were the most abundant. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation was observed between BDE-47 and its metabolite 6-OH-BDE-47, indicating that PBDEs may be a source of OH-PBDEs detected in the effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Shibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiangkun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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19
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Choo G, Kim DH, Kim UJ, Lee IS, Oh JE. PBDEs and their structural analogues in marine environments: Fate and expected formation mechanisms compared with diverse environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 343:116-124. [PMID: 28942184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and relative distributions of 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 17 methoxylated (MeO-) and 8 hydroxylated (OH-) BDEs were determined in marine environments including sediments, bivalves, and seawater along the southern coast of South Korea to understand their fates and possible formation mechanisms. The relative and substituent distributions of the PBDEs and their structural analogues varied according to the characteristics of the media. PBDEs were dominant in marine sediments and seawater, whereas MeO-BDEs made the highest contributions in bivalves. Similar patterns were previously identified in inland environments in Korea, except in river water where OH-BDEs were dominant. The natural formation of structural analogues might be the main mechanism in marine, as ortho-substituted naturally occurring MeO- and OH-BDEs were dominant in all media and seemed to be more produced than in inland environments. In addition, the higher concentrations of meta-substituted MeO-BDEs nearshore than offshore was observed. This is the first study comparing marine (near- and offshore) and inland to understand the differences in their fate and possible formation mechanisms in each environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216, GijangHaean-ro, Gijang-Eup, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Aznar-Alemany Ò, Aminot Y, Vilà-Cano J, Köck-Schulmeyer M, Readman JW, Marques A, Godinho L, Botteon E, Ferrari F, Boti V, Albanis T, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardants in European aquaculture samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:492-500. [PMID: 28865267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This work monitors flame retardants in sediment, mussel and water samples from European fish farms. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in 95% of the sediment and mussel samples with mean levels of 8.60±22.6ngg-1 dw in sediments and 0.07±0.18ngg-1 dw in mussels. BDE-209 was the main contributor for the sediments and BDE-47 was found in about 60% of the samples of both matrices. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) were detected in 42% of the sediments, but not in mussels. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was found in about 55% of the samples of both matrices. The same happened for dechloranes in mussels, but they were detected in 92% of the sediments. Syn-DP and anti-DP were always the main contributors. Methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) were detected in all mussels and some sediments, mainly 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 2'-MeO-BDE-68. Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) were found in all matrices with concentrations of 0.04-92.8ngg-1 dw in sediment, 0.50-102ngg-1 dw in mussel and 0.43-867ngl-1 in water. Only OPFRs were analysed in water samples as halogenated flame retardants and MeO-PBDEs are highly unlikely to be detected in water due to their physicochemical properties. Flame retardants have no application in fish farming so results should reflect the impact of human activity on the farm locations. A large majority of the most contaminated samples were collected from sampling spots that were at urban shores or in enclosed water bodies not completely open to the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yann Aminot
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
| | - Judit Vilà-Cano
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marianne Köck-Schulmeyer
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - James W Readman
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lia Godinho
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Elena Botteon
- Aeiforia Srl, Località Faggiola 12-16, 29027 Gariga, Podenzano (PC), Italy.
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Aeiforia Srl, Località Faggiola 12-16, 29027 Gariga, Podenzano (PC), Italy.
| | - Vasiliki Boti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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21
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Methodology for non-target screening of sewage sludge using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28646300 PMCID: PMC5519657 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the wide range of pollutants occurring in sewage sludge, an analytical method for comprehensive non-target screening is needed. To the best of our knowledge, no procedures currently exist for the full screening of organic contaminants in sewage sludge, which is the ultimate goal of this project. We developed non-discriminating sample preparation methods for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was used for extraction, with in-line (silica gel selective PLE, SPLE) or off-line clean-up (gel permeation chromatography, GPC). This combination allowed the analysis of non-polar compounds of all sizes and small semi-polar and non-polar compounds. The results show that the combination of SPLE and PLE with GPC is suitable for analysis of established as well as new contaminants. Both methods were validated for 99 compounds with different properties. For all GC suitable analytes, either one of the methods produced acceptable recoveries (64 to 136%). As a test, the two methods were used for non-target screening of Swedish sewage sludge. A tiered approach was used to tentatively identify the sludge contaminants. In total, 1865 and 1593 compounds were found of which 321 and 192 compounds were tentatively identified for the PLE and SPLE method, respectively. For a comprehensive coverage of contaminants, the two methods should be used together, with the PLE method covering a wider polarity range and the SPLE method a wider size range. In addition, polar substances will require liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the method for which will be developed soon.
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Hu D, Hu X, Chen W, Wang H, Wang H, Zhu K, Bin Wu, Lin C. Determination of Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Chinese Aquatic Products by LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:918-925. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Occurrence of halogenated flame retardants in commercial seafood species available in European markets. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 104:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Cruz R, Cunha SC, Marques A, Casal S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites – An analytical review on seafood occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Berton P, Mammana SB, Locatelli DA, Lana NB, Hapon MB, Camargo AB, Altamirano JC. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in milk samples. Development of green extraction coupled techniques for sample preparation. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:460-468. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berton
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología; Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET); Mendoza Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Mendoza Argentina
| | - Sabrina B. Mammana
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología; Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET); Mendoza Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Mendoza Argentina
| | - Daniela A. Locatelli
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM, CONICET); Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Chacras de Coria Mendoza Argentina
| | - Nerina B. Lana
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología; Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET); Mendoza Mendoza Argentina
| | - María B. Hapon
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Mendoza Argentina
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET); Mendoza Argentina
| | - Alejandra B. Camargo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Mendoza Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM, CONICET); Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Chacras de Coria Mendoza Argentina
| | - Jorgelina C. Altamirano
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología; Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET); Mendoza Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Mendoza Argentina
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26
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Analysis of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs) by supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 161:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Kim UJ, Lee IS, Oh JE. Occurrence, removal and release characteristics of dissolved brominated flame retardants and their potential metabolites in various kinds of wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:551-557. [PMID: 27524250 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved phase compound and congener specific distribution characteristics of three widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) comprising 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 12 hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites (OH- and MeO-BDEs), 3 hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in influents and effluents of various kinds of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with varying source of wastewater and type of treatment, and nearby rivers in Korea. The concentration of total BFRs were the highest in industrial WWTPs nearby large industrial complexes specialized in heavy chemicals. The distribution of BFRs was differed according to composition of wastewater, with predominance of TBBPA in WWTPs with higher portion of inflowing industrial wastewater. Among HBCD diastereomers, γ-HBCD was dominant in industrial wastewater as consistent to the previous reports, however, similar contribution of α- and γ-HBCD was found in sewage and human wastewater. Through treatment process, PBDEs were the most effectively removed with a mean removal efficiency of 68.3%. HBCDs and TBBPA had removal efficiencies of 41.3% and 48.7%, respectively. The lowest removal efficiency (10.3%) was observed for PBDE metabolites and their concentration in effluent of human wastewater was even increased at maximum 1.9 fold compared with influent, implying the possibility of transformation during treatment. The estimated dissolved phase daily load of PBDEs was highest in sewage while that of TBBPA was highest in industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Chokwe TB, Okonkwo OJ, Sibali LL, Mporetji SM. Occurrence and Distribution Pattern of Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and Brominated Flame Retardants in Sediment Samples from Vaal River, South Africa. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:353-358. [PMID: 27443342 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High environmental concentrations for alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been observed near cities than in rural environment. This is due, in part, to sewage systems receiving effluents from many industrial processes along with domestic wastewater. While these classes of compounds are being phased out in most developed countries, there is still widespread use in low to middle income countries. To better understand the extent of APEs and BFRs contamination in the environment, this study reports on the concentration and distribution of APEs and BFRs in sediments samples collected from Vaal River, South Africa. Measurable concentrations of these contaminants were obtained using GC-MS after heptafluorobutyric derivatization. The concentrations range (ng g(-1)) for these pollutants were as follows: nd-46, 20-127, 24-38, 3-5, 14-28, 16-54 for octylphenol penta ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates (mono- di), nonylphenol penta ethoxylates, PBB101, PBDEs, and HBCD; respectively. The distribution observed in this study indicated higher levels of sediment contamination by APEs relative to BFRs. These results underline the need to further investigate the burden and risks associated with chemical contamination in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Chokwe
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, 2 Barrage Road, Vereeniging, 1930, South Africa.
| | - O J Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Mandela Drive, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - L L Sibali
- Academic Development and Research, Da Vinci Institute, 16 Park Avenue, Modderfontein, 1608, South Africa
| | - S M Mporetji
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, 2 Barrage Road, Vereeniging, 1930, South Africa
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29
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Zhang Z, Li S, Liu L, Wang L, Xiao X, Sun Z, Wang X, Wang C, Wang M, Li L, Xu Q, Gao W, Wang SL. Environmental exposure to BDE47 is associated with increased diabetes prevalence: Evidence from community-based case-control studies and an animal experiment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27854. [PMID: 27291303 PMCID: PMC4904204 DOI: 10.1038/srep27854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants exposure has been associated with increasing trends of diabetes and metabolic disease. Thus, the purpose of this study was to provide evidence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) exposure in relation to diabetes prevalence and to reveal the potential underlying mechanism in epidemiological and animal studies. All the participants received a questionnaire, health examination, and the detection of 7 PBDE congeners in serum in two independent community-based studies from 2011 to 2012 in China. Male rats were exposed to 2,2’4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) for 8 weeks to explore its effects on glucose homeostasis and potential mechanisms using high-throughput genomic analysis. Among the 7 congeners, BDE47 showed significant high detection rate and concentration in cases in Study I and Study II. Every tertile of BDE47 exposure significantly increased the risk of diabetes prevalence in Study I (Ptrend = 0.001) and Study II (Ptrend < 0.001). Additionally, BDE47 treatments induced hyperglycemia in rats. Furthermore, gene microarray analysis showed that diabetes pathway and three gene ontology terms involved in glucose transport were enriched. The results indicated that environmental exposure to BDE47 was associated with increased diabetes prevalence. However, further prospective and mechanistic studies are needed to the causation of diabetes in relation to BDE47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Shushu Li
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Sun
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Xichen Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Qiujin Xu
- Lake Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing Anwai Beiyuan, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, U.S.A
| | - Shou-Lin Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
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30
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Isomer Separation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Metabolites using nanoESI-TIMS-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 19:69-76. [PMID: 27642261 DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, high-resolution nano-electrospray ionization-trapped ion mobility spectrometry coupled to mass spectrometry (nESI-TIMS-MS) is used for the study of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (OH-PBDE) metabolites. In particular, experimental ion-neutral collision cross sections (CCS) were measured for five structural OH-PBDE isomers using TIMS-MS. Candidate structures were proposed for each IMS band observed in good agreement with the experimental CCS measurements (5% error). The analytical power of TIMS-MS to baseline and partially separate structural isomers of OH-BDE in binary and ternary mixtures is shown for single charge species with a mobility resolving power of RIMS ~ 400. This work provides the proof of concept for the analysis of low concentration OH-PBDE in environmental samples based on accurate collision cross section and mass measurements without the need for derivatization and pre-fractionation protocols, thus significantly reducing the cost and analysis time.
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31
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Berton P, Lana NB, Ríos JM, García-Reyes JF, Altamirano JC. State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 905:24-41. [PMID: 26755134 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Green chemistry principles for developing methodologies have gained attention in analytical chemistry in recent decades. A growing number of analytical techniques have been proposed for determination of organic persistent pollutants in environmental and biological samples. In this light, the current review aims to present state-of-the-art sample preparation approaches based on green analytical principles proposed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metabolites (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples. Approaches to lower the solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction, such as pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to miniaturized sample preparation methodologies and strategies proposed to reduce organic solvent consumption. Additionally, extraction techniques based on alternative solvents (surfactants, supercritical fluids, or ionic liquids) are also commented in this work, even though these are scarcely used for determination of PBDEs. In addition to liquid-based extraction techniques, solid-based analytical techniques are also addressed. The development of greener, faster and simpler sample preparation approaches has increased in recent years (2003-2013). Among green extraction techniques, those based on the liquid phase predominate over those based on the solid phase (71% vs. 29%, respectively). For solid samples, solvent assisted extraction techniques are preferred for leaching of PBDEs, and liquid phase microextraction techniques are mostly used for liquid samples. Likewise, green characteristics of the instrumental analysis used after the extraction and clean-up steps are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berton
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Nerina B Lana
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan M Ríos
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina.
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32
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Yu B, Zhang R, Liu P, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Bai Y. Determination of nine hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water by precolumn derivatization-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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An integrated method for the simultaneous determination of alkylphenol ethoxylates and brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge samples by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, solid phase clean-up, and GC-MS analysis. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Kim UJ, Jo H, Lee IS, Joo GJ, Oh JE. Investigation of bioaccumulation and biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in varying trophic level freshwater fishes. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:108-114. [PMID: 26092317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (OH- and MeO-BDEs) were determined in seven representative fish species from a river in the Republic of Korea. The PBDEs and their derivatives were found to be accumulated in the internal organs of the fish to different extents. PBDEs were preferentially accumulated in the internal organs rather than muscle tissue, and especially, showed increasing accumulation tendencies with increasing bromination level in liver. The OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs were preferentially accumulated in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, respectively. MeO-BDE concentrations were found to increase according to relative trophic level, suggesting that the PBDE derivatives can be biomagnified to a greater extent than the parent PBDEs in freshwater food webs. In a comparison with the dissolved analyte concentrations in the water that were measured by using semi-permeable membrane devices, the greater uptake of non-ortho substituted MeO-BDEs by fish was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbin Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), 216, Gijanghaeanro, Gijang-Eup, Gijang-Gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Gea-Jae Joo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Gao S, Wan Y, Zheng G, Luo K, Kannan K, Giesy JP, Lam MHW, Hu J. Organobromine compound profiling in human adipose: Assessment of sources of bromophenol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:81-9. [PMID: 25935608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols (BRPs) have been widely detected in human tissues, however, relative proportions from natural products and/or anthropogenic flame retardants are not clear. 21 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 15 MeO/OH-PBDEs, and 10 BRPs were simultaneously quantified in adipose collected from people from New York City, USA. An in vitro assay utilizing human liver microsomes was performed for detected predominant organobromine. High concentrations of 2,4,6-triBRP and PBDEs were observed, and extremely low concentrations of naturally occurring MeO/OH-PBDEs were detected. Similar biotransformatioin rates of BRPs and MeO/OH-PBDEs indicated that the relative high concentration of 2,4,6-triBRP in humans was not of natural origin. Significant correlation observed between concentrations of 2,4,6-triBRP and BDE-209 suggested that the two chemicals may share a common source. Both 2,4,6-triBRP and BDE-209 were detected in commercial ABS resins, suggesting that plastic products made from ABS resins could be potential sources of co-exposure of the two compounds for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Gao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Guomao Zheng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - John P Giesy
- Dept. Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Michael H W Lam
- Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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36
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Chokwe TB, Okonkwo JO, Sibali LL, Ncube EJ. Alkylphenol ethoxylates and brominated flame retardants in water, fish (carp) and sediment samples from the Vaal River, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11922-11929. [PMID: 25869432 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are known to be bio-accumulative, persistent, and endocrine disruptors and can cause adverse health effects in animals and humans. In this study, environmental samples were collected from sites along the Vaal River, South Africa in order to determine the concentrations of APEs and BFRs in water, sediment, and fish samples. The highest concentrations of these pollutants were observed from discharge of the Rietspruit WWTW. Measurable levels of both APEs and BFRs were observed with APEs exhibiting higher concentrations than BFRs in all the matrices. The concentrations observed for APEs and BFRs were as follows: 1.00-3.85 μg/L APEs, 0.09-0.26 μg/L PBDEs, ND- 0.14 PBBs and 0.51-1.77 μg/L HBCD for water samples; 47-63 ng/g lipid APEs, 3.24-12.4 ng/g lipid PBB, 4.63-33 ng/g lipid PBDEs and 10-13 ng/g lipid HBCD for fish; and 40-184 ng/g (wet weight (ww)) APEs, 2.93-5.9 ng/g (ww) PBB, 10-24 ng/g (ww) PBDEs, and 15-52 ng/g (ww) HBCD for sediment samples. The concentrations of APEs and BFRs in water samples were found to be in the range with the results reported in the literature while the concentration in fish and sediment were lower than the concentrations reported in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Chokwe
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging, 1930, South Africa
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Ben Hassine S, Ben Ameur W, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Touil S, Driss MR. Methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDE) in human milk from Bizerte, Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:32-37. [PMID: 25682256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) were determined in 36 human milk samples collected in 2010 from healthy mothers living in Bizerte region from Tunisia. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry working with negative ion chemical ionization (GC-NCI-MS) was used to identify and quantify residue levels on a lipid basis of organo-brominated compounds. Among the 8 examined MeO-PBDE congeners 6-MeO-BDE-47, 2'-MeO-BDE-68, 4'-MeO-BDE-49 and 5'-MeO-BDE-100 were detected in human milk at different levels and frequencies. This is the first study reporting 5'-MeO-BDE-100 and 4'-MeO-BDE-49 levels in human milk samples. Levels of ∑MeO-PBDEs ranged from 0.23 to 4.70ngg(-)(1) lipid weight (lw) in the samples, with a mean and median value of 1.52 and 1.11ngg(-1)lw respectively. Concentrations of ∑MeO-PBDEs in human milk were negatively correlated with age of primapara mothers (p<0.05) and no age-dependency was observed for multipara mothers. Primapara mothers had higher levels of MeO-PBDEs than multipara mothers however no statistical significance was observed. A weak correlation between ∑PBDEs and ∑MeO-PBDEs was found but not between BDE-47 and its methoxylated analog 6-MeO-BDE-47, suggesting differences in exposure pathways for these contaminants in humans and further supporting the hypothesis that MeO-PBDEs were likely not only originated from PBDE precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Ben Hassine
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Walid Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
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Hu X, Hu D, Chen W, Wu B, Lin C. Simultaneous Determination of Methoxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Water, Soil and Sediment from China by GC–MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1239-49. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Chokwe TB, Okonkwo JO, Sibali LL, Krȕger E, Preez HD, Hariram R, Ncube EJ. A Simplified Analytical Procedure for Simultaneous Determination of Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and Brominated Flame Retardants in Fish Tissue Samples from Vaal River, South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2015.65041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Levels of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in hen eggs from China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Fan Y, Lan J, Li H, Li G, Cao Y, Zhao Z, Zhao M, Jiang G. Spatial distributions of methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the East China Sea--a seaward increasing trend. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 114:247-254. [PMID: 25113209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Methoxylated (MeO-) and hydroxylated (OH-) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine environments have been of increasing concern due to their potential ecological toxicities and worldwide occurrence. However, few reports have been referred to their occurrence and distributions in marine sediments despite large numbers of studies on marine organisms have been reported. In the present paper, nine MeO-BDEs, ten OH-BDEs and three phytoplankton biomarkers (PBs) of brassicasterol, dinosterol and alkenones have been measured in surface sediments from the East China Sea. 6-MeO-BDE47, 2'-MeO-BDE68 and 6-OH-BDE47 were predominant congeners, ranging from 5.2 to 599.5 pg g(-1)dw, 5.2 to 562.4 pg g(-1)dw, and 11.4 to 129.1 pg g(-1)dw, respectively. Their spatial patterns all presented a seaward increasing trend and higher levels of these compounds were mainly concentrated in the outer shelf influenced by the Kuroshio Current. The patterns further prove that these ortho-substituted MeO-BDEs and OH-BDEs in marine sediments are natural compounds. Furthermore, alkenones also presented a seaward increasing trend. Statistical analysis shows that there are significant correlations between MeO-BDEs, OH-BDEs and alkenones, impling the potential of coccolithophorids for producing these natural compounds and their global distribution, especially in open oceans. Comparison between TOC and the ratio of 6-MeO-BDE47/6-OH-BDE47 suggests that TOC should be a potential controlling factor of the conversion between MeO-BDE and OH-BDE pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Lan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yali Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Meixun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Guo J, Li Z, Sandy AL, Li A. Method development for simultaneous analyses of multiple legacy and emerging organic chemicals in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1370:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Iparraguirre A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Bizkarguenaga E, Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Cela R, Fernández LA. Matrix solid-phase dispersion of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated analogues in lettuce, carrot and soil. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:57-65. [PMID: 25130091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a novel analytical method for the simultaneous determination of ten polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), eight methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and seven hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) in soil, lettuce and carrot samples was developed. The procedure was based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). Under optimum conditions, 0.5g of sample (freeze-dried in the case of lettuce and carrot samples) was dispersed with 0.5g of octadecyl-functionalized silica (C18) and 1.75g of acidified silica (10% H2SO4, w/w) was used as clean-up sorbent. A two-step fractionated elution was carried out. First, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs were eluted in 75:25% (v/v) n-hexane/dichloromethane mixture and, then, the retained OH-PBDEs were eluted in pure dichloromethane. Both extracts were analyzed by GC-NCI-MS separately, in the case of OH-PBDEs after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy for soil, lettuce and carrot matrices, spiked at two fortification levels (5 and 25ngg(-1)). After correction with the corresponding surrogate, apparent recovery values (defined as the recovery obtained after correction with the corresponding surrogate) were in the 80-129% range. Precision (as relative standard deviation) in the 1-21% range and method detection limits (MDLs) in the 0.003 and 0.3ngg(-1) range for soil and in the 0.003-0.4ngg(-1) range (dry weight) for lettuce and carrot samples were obtained. For PBDEs the method was also validated with a standard reference material (SRM-2585) of house dust. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of target analytes in soil, lettuce and carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L A Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Fan Y, Huh CA, Lan J, Zhao M, Zhao Z, Li G, Sun J, Jiang G. Major sources of MeO/OH-BDEs in the East China Sea elucidated from their records and phytoplankton biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:1-8. [PMID: 24874793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have caused much concern because of their potential toxicity and worldwide distribution. These compounds are recently suggested to originate from the natural process in the ocean. However, their source remains highly controversial. In this study, we analyzed the contents of nine MeO-BDEs, ten OH-BDEs, and phytoplankton biomarkers (PBs) in two sediment cores collected from the East China Sea (ECS). The detection of 6-MeO-BDE-47, 2'-MeO-BDE-68, and 6-OH-BDE-47 have been reported since the 1920s, prior to the production of PBDEs. Significant relations were found between MeO/OH-BDEs and indicators of marine organic matters. The similar down-core variations and significant correlations between MeO/OH-BDEs and PBs suggest the possibility that phytoplankton produced these natural compounds. Laboratory incubation further demonstrates that phytoplankton can produce MeO-BDEs. Comparisons between the content ratios of 6-MeO-BDE-47/2'-MeO-BDE-68 and brassicasterol/dinosterol indicate that the signature of MeO-BDEs is controlled by the phytoplankton community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chih-An Huh
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing Lan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Meixun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Fan Y, Lan J, Zhao Z, Zhao M. Sedimentary records of hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the southern Yellow Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 84:366-372. [PMID: 24910183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have caused much concern in recent years, few reports had discussed on their input history. In this study, we measured the contents of nine MeO-BDEs, ten OH-BDEs, and total organic carbon (TOC) of two sediment cores from the southern Yellow Sea. 6-MeO-BDE-47, 2'-MeO-BDE-68, 6-OH-BDE-47, and 2'-OH-BDE-68 were the predominant congeners in HH12, while only 2'-OH-BDE-68 and 6-OH-BDE-47 were frequently detected in core HH11. The records showed that OH-/MeO-BDEs in both cores had increased rapidly since the 1950s. Their existence was detected at the bottom layers (∼1800 s) prior to the production of PBDEs (1960s), thus OH-/MeO-BDEs originate from natural origins rather than artificial PBDEs. Comparisons between TOC and OH-/MeO-BDEs indicated that TOC is a potential factor affecting the accumulation of OH-/MeO-BDEs in marine environments. Similar trends and significant correlations between OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs suggest their common origins or interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Organic Geochemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Lan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Organic Geochemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Meixun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Organic Geochemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Zhai C, Peng S, Yang L, Wang Q. Evaluation of BDE-47 hydroxylation metabolic pathways based on a strong electron-withdrawing pentafluorobenzoyl derivatization gas chromatography/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8117-8126. [PMID: 24925108 DOI: 10.1021/es405446y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the metabolic pathways of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is a key issue in the evaluation of their cytotoxicity after they enter the biota. In order to obtain more information concerning the metabolic pathways of PBDEs, we developed a strong electron-withdrawing pentafluorobenzoyl (PFBoyl) derivatization capillary gas chromatography/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-qMS). PFBoyl esterification greatly improves separation of the metabolites of PBDEs such as hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) and bromophenols (BPs) metabolites in rat liver microsomes (RLMs). On the other hand, the strong electron-withdrawing property of PFBoyl derivatized on OH-PBDEs and/or BPs makes cleavage of the ester bond on ECNI easier resulting in higher abundance of the structure-informative characteristic fragment ions at a high m/z region, which facilitate the identification of OH-PBDEs metabolites. Subsequent quantification can be performed by monitoring not only 79Br- (or 81Br-) but also their characteristic fragment ions, achieving more accurate isotope dilution quantification using GC/ECNI-qMS. These merits allow us to identify totally 12 metabolites of BDE-47, a typical example of PBDEs, in the RLMs in vitro incubation systems. In addition to the already known metabolites of BDE-47, one dihydroxylated 3,6-di-OH-BDE-47 and one dihydroxylated 3,5-di-OH-tetrabrominated dioxin were found. Moreover, the second hydroxylation took place on the same bromophenyl ring, where the first hydroxyl group was located, and was further confirmed via the identification of the dihydroxylated 2',6'-di-OH-BDE-28 of an asymmetric 2'-OH-BDE-28. This methodological development and its subsequent findings of the metabolic pathways of BDE-47 provided experimental evidence for understanding its dioxin-like behavior and endocrine disrupting risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Kim UJ, Yen NTH, Oh JE. Hydroxylated, methoxylated, and parent polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the inland environment, Korea, and potential OH- and MeO-BDE source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7245-7253. [PMID: 24911666 DOI: 10.1021/es5006972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, congener profiles, and phase-specific distribution profiles of 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers and 10 hydroxylated and 18 methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (OH- and MeO-BDEs; later called structural analogues of PBDEs) were determined in surface soil, water, air, and vegetation from the southeastern city of Busan, Korea for 2010-2011. The total PBDE concentrations were 0.18-7.7 ng/g in soil, 6.3-87 pg/L [corrected] in water, 5.3-16 pg/m(3) in air, and 0.06-0.22 ng/g in vegetation. The OH- and MeO-BDE concentrations were lower than the parent PBDE concentrations in soil samples but OH-BDEs were much greater in the water samples and MeO-BDEs were much greater in the air samples. The relative concentrations of the PBDEs and their structural analogues varied depending on the type and homologue of the degradation product, the substituent position, and the characteristics of the environmental medium. In particular, the OH-BDEs were not found in air samples and the OH-penta BDEs were not detected in any of the matrices. The dominance of the ortho-substituted structural analogues found in water and vegetation suggested that they may have natural sources, but different substituent patterns were found in the air and soil samples, suggesting that the structural analogues had different formation mechanisms in these media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University , Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Novak P, Zuliani T, Milačič R, Ščančar J. Development of an analytical procedure for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental water samples by GC–ICP-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 827:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Barón E, Santín G, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Occurrence of classic and emerging halogenated flame retardants in sediment and sludge from Ebro and Llobregat river basins (Spain). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 265:288-295. [PMID: 24295901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants such as hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoetilbenzene (PBEB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and Dechlorane plus (DP) were analyzed in 33 sediments and 7 sludges from two Iberian river basins, Ebro and Llobregat. In sediment samples, PBDE levels ranged between nd and 44.3ng/g dw with BDE-209 being the most abundant congener. Levels of DBDPE and halogenated norbornenes ranged between nd and 31.5ng/g dw and between nq and 3.74ng/g dw, respectively. This is the first study to report halogenated norbornene levels in sediment samples from Spain. PBDE, DBDPE and halogenated norbornene levels in sludge ranged from 13 to 340, nq to 124 and 2.7 to 19ng/g dw, respectively. HBB and PBEB were not detected in any sample. Levels of classic and emerging HFRs were compared. Our results suggest that DBDPE is the most frequently used compound to replace BDE-209, whereas the use of halogenated norbornenes is still low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Barón
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giselle Santín
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Lu D, Lin Y, Feng C, Wang D, Qiu X, Jin Y, Xiong L, Jin Y, Wang G. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in fishery and aquaculture products using sequential solid phase extraction and large volume injection gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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