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Lisiecki M, Belé TGA, Ügdüler S, Fiorio R, Astrup TF, De Meester S, Ragaert K. Mechanical recycling of printed flexible plastic packaging: The role of binders and pigments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134375. [PMID: 38691991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), extensively employed in flexible plastic packaging, often undergoes printing with inks. However, during the mechanical recycling of post-consumer waste, these inks act as contaminants, subsequently compromising the quality and usability of recycled material. To understand better exactly which ink components cause which effects, this study comprehensively assesses the thermal behavior of three organic pigments and two commonly utilised binders, correlated with the impact on the mechanical recycling of LDPE-based flexible plastic packaging. In this regard, the study focuses on four pivotal factors: processability, mechanical properties, aesthetic attributes, and volatile organic compound profiles. The results indicate that nitrocellulose, used as a binder, degrades during reprocessing, resulting in film discoloration and the emission of potentially odorous compounds. Conversely, pigments are found to be dispersed within droplets of polyurethane binder in LDPE recyclates, whilst reprocessing printed samples detrimentally affects film properties, notably dart drop impact resistance, strain at break, and the number of inclusions. Additionally, it is shown that both inks comprise components that emit volatile compounds during reprocessing: non-thermally stable components, nitrocellulose and pigment yellow PY13, as well as low-molecular weight molecules from polyurethane and by-products from wax, plasticisers, and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lisiecki
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Tiago G A Belé
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestraße 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S Ügdüler
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - R Fiorio
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T F Astrup
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; Ramboll, Hannemanns Allé 53, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S De Meester
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - K Ragaert
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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2
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Wu S, Li D, Li H, Su QZ, Liang J, Zheng J, Zhong HN, Dong B. Characterization and elimination efficiency of volatile organic compounds in mechanically recycled polyethylene terephthalate at various recycling stages. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:91-101. [PMID: 38643526 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) stands as an effective strategy for mitigating plastic pollution and reducing resource waste. The study aimed to investigate the characterization and elimination efficiency of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in rPET at various recycling stages using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry coupled with chemometrics. The results revealed that 52, 135, 95, 44, and 33 VOCs, mostly classified into three chemical groups, were tentatively identified in virgin - PET (v-PET), cold water washed - rPET (C-rPET), decontaminated - rPET (D-rPET), melt-extruded - rPET (M-rPET), and solid-state polycondensation - rPET (S-rPET), respectively. Regarding the VOCs with high and median detection frequencies, fatty acyls showed the highest elimination efficiency (100 % and 92 %), followed by organooxygen compounds (81 % and 99 %), others (97 % and 95 %), and benzene and substituted derivatives (82 % and 95 %) in term of HS-SPME. Following the recycling process, there was a general decrease in the concentration of almost all VOCs, as evidenced by the substantial reduction of o-Xylene, hexanoic acid, octanal, and D-limonene from 18.11, 22.43, 30.74, and 7.41 mg/kg to 0, 0, 3.97, and 0 mg/kg, respectively. However, it was noteworthy that the VOCs identified in the samples were not completely extracted, owing to the limitations of HS-SPME. Furthermore, chemometrics analysis indicated significant discrimination among VOCs from vPET, C-rPET, D-rPET, and M-rPET, while indistinct differences were observed between M-rPET and S-rPET. This study contributes to the enhancement of the recycling process and emphasizes the importance of safeguarding consumer health in terms of elimination of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jinxin Liang
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
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3
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De Felice B, Gazzotti S, Roncoli M, Conterosito E, Gianotti V, Ortenzi MA, Parolini M. Exposure to Microplastics Made of Plasmix-Based Materials at Low Amounts Did Not Induce Adverse Effects on the Earthworm Eisenia foetida. TOXICS 2024; 12:300. [PMID: 38668523 PMCID: PMC11054649 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The implementation of recycling techniques represents a potential solution to the plastic pollution issue. To date, only a limited number of plastic polymers can be efficiently recycled. In the Italian plastic waste stream, the residual, non-homogeneous fraction is called 'Plasmix' and is intended for low-value uses. However, Plasmix can be used to create new materials through mechanical recycling, which need to be tested for their eco-safety. This study aimed to investigate the potential toxicity of two amounts (0.1% and 1% MPs in soil weight) of microplastics (MPs) made of naïve and additivated Plasmix-based materials (Px and APx, respectively) on the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Changes in oxidative status and oxidative damage, survival, gross growth rate and reproductive output were considered as endpoints. Although earthworms ingested both MP types, earthworms did not suffer an oxidative stress condition or growth and reproductive impairments. The results suggested that exposure to low amounts of both MPs can be considered as safe for earthworms. However, further studies testing a higher amount or longer exposure time on different model species are necessary to complete the environmental risk assessment of these new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Gazzotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Maddalena Roncoli
- Department of Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via T. Michel 11, I-13100 Vercelli, Italy; (M.R.); (E.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Eleonora Conterosito
- Department of Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via T. Michel 11, I-13100 Vercelli, Italy; (M.R.); (E.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Department of Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via T. Michel 11, I-13100 Vercelli, Italy; (M.R.); (E.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy;
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4
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De Somer T, Nguyen Luu Minh T, Roosen M, Nachtergaele P, Manhaeghe D, Van Laere T, Schlummer M, Van Geem KM, De Meester S. Application of chemometric tools in the QSAR development of VOC removal in plastic waste recycling. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141069. [PMID: 38160949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Deodorization and, in a broader sense, the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plastic waste have become increasingly important in the field of plastic recycling, and various new decontamination techniques have been developed. Both in research and industrial practice, the selection of VOCs has been random or unsubstantiated, making it difficult to compare studies and assess decontamination processes objectively. Thus, this study proposes the use of Statistical Molecular Design (SMD) and Quantitative Structure - Activity Relationship (QSAR) as chemometric tools for the selection of representative VOCs, based on physicochemical properties. Various algorithms are used for SMD; hence, several frequently used D-Optimal Onion Design (DOOD) and Space-Filling (SF) algorithms were assessed. Hereby, it was validated that DOOD, by dividing the layers based on the equal-distance approach without so-called 'Adjacent Layer Bias', results in the most representative selection of VOCs. QSAR models that describe VOC removal by water-based washing of plastic waste as a function of molecular weight, polarizability, dipole moment and Hansen Solubility Parameters Distance were successfully established. An adjusted-R2 value of 0.77 ± 0.09 and a mean absolute error of 24.5 ± 4 % was obtained. Consequently, by measuring a representative selection of VOCs compiled using SMD, the removal of other unanalyzed VOCs was predicted on the basis of the QSAR. Another advantage of the proposed chemometric selection procedure is its flexibility. SMD allows to extend or modify the considered dataset according to the available analytical techniques, and to adjust the considered physicochemical properties according to the intended process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias De Somer
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Thien Nguyen Luu Minh
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter Nachtergaele
- Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Dave Manhaeghe
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Laere
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Martin Schlummer
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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5
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Su QZ, Vera P, Nerín C. Combination of Structure Databases, In Silico Fragmentation, and MS/MS Libraries for Untargeted Screening of Non-Volatile Migrants from Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Milk Bottles. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contamination is one of the major obstacles for mechanical recycling of plastics. In this article, we built and open-sourced an in-house MS/MS library containing more than 500 plastic-related chemicals and developed mspcompiler, an R package, for the compilation of various libraries. We then proposed a workflow to process untargeted screening data acquired by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. These tools were subsequently employed to data originating from recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) obtained from milk bottles. A total of 83 compounds were identified, with 66 easily annotated by making use of our in-house MS/MS libraries and the mspcompiler R package. In silico fragmentation combined with data obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and lists of chemicals related to plastics were used to identify those remaining unknown. A pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring method was also applied to sensitively target and screen the identified chemicals in the samples. Quantification results demonstrated that a good sorting of postconsumer materials and a better recycling technology may be necessary for food contact applications. Removal or reduction of non-volatile substances, such as octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, is still challenging but vital for the safe use of rHDPE as food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Dong B, Wu X, Wu S, Li H, Su QZ, Li D, Lin Q, Chen S, Zheng J, Zhu L, Zhong HN. Occurrence of volatile contaminants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) by HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics for authenticity assessment of geographical recycling regions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130407. [PMID: 36444813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was performed on various methods detecting the volatile contaminants (VCs) in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) flakes, the results demonstrated that head-space solid phase micro-extraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph-tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS) was a sensitive, effective, accurate method, and successfully applied to analyze 57 rPET flakes collected from different recycling plants in China. A total of 212 VCs were tentatively identified, and the possible source were associated with plastic, food, and cosmetics. 45 VCs are classified as high-priority compounds with toxicity level IV or V and may pose a risk to human health. Combined chemometrics for further analysis revealed that significant differences among these three geographical recycling regions. 6, 7, and 6 volatile markers were chosen based on VIP values and S-plot among plant1 plant 2 and plant 3, respectively. The markers differed significantly between recycled rPET samples in three geographical recycling regions based on chemometrics analysis. The initial classification rate and cross-validation accuracy were 100% on the identified VCs. These significant differences demonstrate that a systematic study is needed to obtain a comprehensive data on the contamination of rPET for food contact applications in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qinbao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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7
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Undas AK, Groenen M, Peters RJB, van Leeuwen SPJ. Safety of recycled plastics and textiles: Review on the detection, identification and safety assessment of contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137175. [PMID: 36370761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, 368 mln tonnes of plastics were produced worldwide. Likewise, the textiles and apparel industry, with an annual revenue of 1.3 trillion USD in 2016, is one of the largest fast-growing industries. Sustainable use of resources forces the development of new plastic and textile recycling methods and implementation of the circular economy (reduce, reuse and recycle) concept. However, circular use of plastics and textiles could lead to the accumulation of a variety of contaminants in the recycled product. This paper first reviewed the origin and nature of potential hazards that arise from recycling processes of plastics and textiles. Next, we reviewed current analytical methods and safety assessment frameworks that could be adapted to detect and identify these contaminants. Various contaminants can end up in recycled plastic. Phthalates are formed during waste collection while flame retardants and heavy metals are introduced during the recycling process. Contaminants linked to textile recycling include; detergents, resistant coatings, flame retardants, plastics coatings, antibacterial and anti-mould agents, pesticides, dyes, volatile organic compounds and nanomaterials. However, information is limited and further research is required. Various techniques are available that have detected various compounds, However, standards have to be developed in order to identify these compounds. Furthermore, the techniques mentioned in this review cover a wide range of organic chemicals, but studies covering potential inorganic contamination in recycled materials are still missing. Finally, approaches like TTC and CoMSAS for risk assessment should be used for recycled plastic and textile materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Undas
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marc Groenen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Ruud J B Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands
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8
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Buwono NR, Risjani Y, Soegianto A. Spatio-temporal patterns of occurrence of microplastics in the freshwater fish Gambusia affinis from the Brantas River, Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119958. [PMID: 35973453 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first investigation of microplastics in G. affinis from the Brantas River was carried out in this study. Microplastics were found at higher concentrations in gambusia fish captured downstream (209.18 ± 48.85 particles/gram) than upstream (24.44 ± 0.14 particles/gram). Microplastic particle concentrations in G. affinis have a positive linear relationship with fish length. The fiber was the most prominent shape at Sites 1 and 2, whereas the fragment was dominant at Sites 3 and 4. With a value of 45-48%, black dominates the entire site, followed by blue (29-38%), transparent colors (7-11%), red (2-4%), purple (1-3%), and other colors (5-7%). Microplastics measuring <0.1 mm are commonly found in fish bodies. Cyclohexylmethyl octyl ester (phthalic acid) is the most abundant component found in microplastics, accounting for 30.11% of the total. This study provides evidence that G. affinis can be used to monitor the presence of microplastic pollution in the Brantas River but further studies are needed regarding the effects of microplastics and their health hazards on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanik Retno Buwono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. Soekarno Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; Departement of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran Malang, 65145, Indonesia; AquaRES Research Group, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yenny Risjani
- Departement of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Agoes Soegianto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. Soekarno Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; Research Group of Environmental Technology and Innovation, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. Soekarno Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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9
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Kirchkeszner C, Petrovics N, Nyiri Z, Sámuel Szabó B, Eke Z. Role of gas chromatography–single quadrupole mass spectrometry in the identification of compounds migrating from polypropylene-based food contact plastics. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Peñalver R, Marín C, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Viñas P. Authentication of recycled plastic content in water bottles using volatile fingerprint and chemometrics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134156. [PMID: 35240154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environment is threatened by the continuously increasing volume of plastic residue. Plastic recycling is an interesting alternative to mitigate this problem. However, recycled plastic products may have pollutants from their recycling process, collecting system and/or previous life which may hurt consumers health, thus making it key to authenticate and characterize recycled materials. An innovative non-targeted methodology by means of static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) has been developed to measure the volatile organic profile of virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and with diverse content of recycled PET samples. A home-made MS database, with 161 organic compounds characteristics from plastic materials based on the literature, was made. Seventeen of those compounds were found in the studied samples and identified by matching their MS spectra with MS database libraries. These compounds are mainly aldehydes (pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal), and benzene derivatives (styrene, p-xylene, benzaldehyde, methylbenzene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene) which we found to be the common in the samples of recycled PET. The combination of the dataset consisting in the peak area of the detected species by SHS-GC-MS and the use of chemometrics shown to be a valuable methodology for the discrimination between virgin PET samples and those with different recycled PET content based on their volatile profile. In addition, a novel strategy applying a statistical model based on partial least squares (PLS) regression was proposed, for the first time, to quantify the recycled plastic content in the PET samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Peñalver
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Marín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
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11
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Roosen M, Harinck L, Ügdüler S, De Somer T, Hucks AG, Belé TGA, Buettner A, Ragaert K, Van Geem KM, Dumoulin A, De Meester S. Deodorization of post-consumer plastic waste fractions: A comparison of different washing media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152467. [PMID: 34952061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An important impediment to the acceptance of recyclates into a broader market is their unwanted odor after reprocessing. Different types of washing procedures are already in place, but fundamental insights into the deodorization efficiencies of different washing media are still relatively scarce. Therefore, in this study, the deodorization efficiencies of different types of plastics after washing with different media were determined via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 169 compounds subdivided into various chemical classes, such as alkanes, terpenes, and oxygenated compounds, were detected across all packaging types. Around 60 compounds were detected on plastic bottles, and around 40 were detected on trays and films. Owing to the differences in physicochemical properties of odor compounds, different deodorization efficiencies were obtained with different washing media. Water and caustic soda were significantly more efficient for poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles with deodorization efficiencies up to 80%, whereas for polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene bottles, the washing media were relatively inefficient (around 30-40%). Adding a detergent or an organic solvent could increase deodorization efficiencies by up to 70-90% for these packaging types. A similar trend was observed for PE films having deodorization efficiencies in the range of 40-50% when washing with water or caustic soda and around 70-80% when a detergent was added. Polystyrene trays were most effectively deodorized with a detergent, achieving efficiencies up to 67%. Hence, this study shows that optimal washing processes should be tailored to specific packaging types to further improve deodorization and to eventually be able to meet ambitious European recycling targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Lies Harinck
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Sibel Ügdüler
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Tobias De Somer
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Amaury-Gauvain Hucks
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Tiago G A Belé
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestraße 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestraße 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Ann Dumoulin
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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12
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Chen ZF, Lin QB, Dong B, Zhong HN, Wang ZW. Comparison of the ability of UV-Vis and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with chemometrics to discriminate recycled and virgin polyethylene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127165. [PMID: 34844336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A growing attention is attracted to the use of recycled plastics as food contact materials, and its chemical safety research and discrimination approach are indispensable. In current study, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-Vis) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were used to provide spectral and mass fingerprinting for polyethylene (PE). Coupling with chemometrics, two methods were developed to discriminate recycled and virgin PE. UV-Vis combined with chemometrics could be a more accessible, simpler and faster approach. 237-331 nm in UV spectrum was regarded as marker region selected by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) and the accuracy of both calibration and validation set could reach 100% in linear discrimination analysis (LDA) based on this region. Besides, 2314 ions were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and processed by MS-DIAL. 48 candidate chemicals were identified, including ketone, esters, carboxylic acid, alcohols and phenols, amine, nitriles, aldehydes and others. Possible origins of these compounds could be classified as plastic, food, drug, cosmetics and pesticide related. Many of these compounds are highly toxic, especially pesticide related, indicating that recycling in closed loop or sorting by the recycled plastic articles is very necessary if the recycled PE is going to be used as food contact material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Qin-Bao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China.
| | - Ben Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Import and Export Technical Measures of Animal, Plant and Food, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Import and Export Technical Measures of Animal, Plant and Food, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; China Certification and Inspection Group Guangdong Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
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13
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Characterization of Polyester Coatings Intended for Food Contact by Different Analytical Techniques and Migration Testing by LC-MS n. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030487. [PMID: 35160476 PMCID: PMC8839341 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric coating formulations may contain different components such as cross-linking agents, resins, lubricants, and solvents, among others. If the reaction process or curing conditions are not applied in a proper way, these components may remain unreacted in the polymeric network and could be released and migrate into foods. In this study, several polyester coatings intended for food contact were investigated. Firstly, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer and confocal Raman microscopy were used to identify the type of coating. Then, different techniques, including gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), among others, were used to investigate the potential volatile and non-volatile migrants. Moreover, migration assays were carried out to evaluate the presence of monomers and to tentatively identify possible oligomers below 1000 Da. The analyses were performed by liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). Using the information collected from each analytical technique, it was possible to elucidate some of the starting substances used in the formulation of the polyester coatings analyzed in this study. In migration tests, several polyester oligomers were tentatively identified for which there is not toxicological data available and, therefore, no migration limits established to date.
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14
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Identification of recycled polyethylene and virgin polyethylene based on untargeted migrants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Prosenc F, Leban P, Šunta U, Bavcon Kralj M. Extraction and Identification of a Wide Range of Microplastic Polymers in Soil and Compost. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234069. [PMID: 34883573 PMCID: PMC8658807 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is globally widespread; however, the presence of microplastics in soil systems is poorly understood, due to the complexity of soils and a lack of standardised extraction methods. Two commonly used extraction methods were optimised and compared for the extraction of low-density (polyethylene (PE)) and high-density microplastics (polyethylene (PET)), olive-oil-based extraction, and density separation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2). Comparable recoveries in a low-organic-matter matrix (soil; most >98%) were observed, but in a high-organic-matter matrix (compost), density separation yielded higher recoveries (98 ± 4% vs. 80 ± 11%). Density separation was further tested for the extraction of five microplastic polymers spiked at different concentrations. Recoveries were >93% for both soil and compost, with no differences between matrices and individual polymers. Reduction in levels of organic matter in compost was tested before and after extraction, as well as combined. Double oxidation (Fenton’s reagent and 1 M NaOH) exhibited the highest reduction in organic matter. Extracted microplastic polymers were further identified via headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS). This method has shown the potential for descriptive quantification of microplastic polymers. A linear relationship between the number of particles and the signal response was demonstrated for PET, polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and PE (R2 > 0.98 in alluvial soil, and R2 > 0.80 in compost). The extraction and identification methods were demonstrated on an environmental sample of municipal biowaste compost, with the recovery of 36 ± 9 microplastic particles per 10 g of compost, and the detection of PS and PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franja Prosenc
- Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pia Leban
- Department for Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.L.); (M.B.K.)
| | - Urška Šunta
- Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mojca Bavcon Kralj
- Department for Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.L.); (M.B.K.)
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16
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Jędruchniewicz K, Ok YS, Oleszczuk P. COVID-19 discarded disposable gloves as a source and a vector of pollutants in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125938. [PMID: 34010776 PMCID: PMC8076738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of the virus SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019 and its spreading all over the world has caused global panic and increase of personal protection equipment usage to protect people against infection. Increased usage of disposable protective gloves, their discarding to random spots and getting to landfills may result in significant environmental pollution. The knowledge concerning possible influence of gloves and potential of gloves debris on the environment (water, soil, etc.), wildlife and humans is crucial to predict future consequences of disposable gloves usage caused by the pandemic. This review focuses on the possibility of chemical release (heavy metals and organic pollutants) from gloves and gloves materials, their adsorptive properties in terms of contaminants accumulation and effects of gloves degradation under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jędruchniewicz
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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17
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Marcela Melo Cardozo I, Pereira Dos Anjos J, Oliveira Campos da Rocha F, de Andrade JB. Exploratory analysis of the presence of 14 carbonyl compounds in bottled mineral water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers. Food Chem 2021; 365:130475. [PMID: 34237580 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds (CCs) can migrate from bottles to mineral water because of plastic degradation. An exploratory analysis of the presence a significant number of CCs (14) in bottled mineral water with and without gas in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers was performed using ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS). The data from the analysis was submitted to chemometric treatment (principal component analysis, PCA). Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde were found in all samples (0.07-125 ng mL-1). Acrolein and acetone were present in 81% and 75% of the samples, respectively. The concentration of acrolein in carbonated water was up to 3.8 times greater than that measured in non-carbonated water (0.07-0.44 ± 0.01 ng mL-1). PCA analysis showed that gasification can influence the composition of CCs present in mineral water and that the plastic material of the bottles is a likely source of CCs. In addition, benzaldehyde levels may be associated with the use of recycled materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Marcela Melo Cardozo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, UFBA, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Jeancarlo Pereira Dos Anjos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, UFBA, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, CEP41650-010 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Franciele Oliveira Campos da Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, UFBA, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, CEP41650-010 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, UFBA, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, CEP41650-010 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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18
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Šunta U, Trebše P, Kralj MB. Simply Applicable Method for Microplastics Determination in Environmental Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071840. [PMID: 33805927 PMCID: PMC8036651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have gained significant attention in the last two decades and have been widely researched in the marine environment. There are, however, less studies on their presence, routes of entry, and impacts on the biota in the soil environment. One of the main issues in the study of MPs is a lack of standardized methods for their identification in environmental samples. Currently the most commonly used techniques are thermal desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) methods and pyrolysis followed by GC–MS. In this study, headspace-solid phase microextraction followed by GC–MS is proposed as a simple and widely applicable method for the determination of commonly present polymer MPs (polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and polypropylene) in environmental samples, for analytical laboratories with basic equipment worldwide. The proposed method is based on the identification of compounds, which are formed during the well-controlled melting process of specific coarse (1–5 mm) and fine fraction (1 mm–100 μm) MPs. The method was upgraded for the identification of individual polymer type in blends and in complex environmental matrices (soil and algae biomass). The successful application of the method in complex matrices makes it especially suitable for widescale use.
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19
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Ouyang X, Lu Z, Hu Y, Xie Z, Li G. Research progress on sample pretreatment methods for migrating substances from food contact materials. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:879-894. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ouyang
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zicheng Lu
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Xie
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
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20
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Application of chromatographic analysis for detecting components from polymeric can coatings and further determination in beverage samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461886. [PMID: 33465586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Major type of internal can coating used for food and beverages is made from epoxy resins, which contain among their components bisphenol A (BPA) or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE). These components can be released and contaminate the food or beverage. There is no specific European legislation for coatings, but there is legislation on specific substances setting migration limits. Many investigations have paid attention to BPA due to its classification as endocrine disruptor, however, few studies are available concerning to other bisphenol analogues that have been used in the manufacture of these resins. To evaluate the presence of this family of compounds, ten cans of beverages were taken as study samples. Firstly, the type of coating was verified using an attenuated total reflectance-FTIR spectrometer to check the type of coating presents in most of the samples examined. A screening method was also performed to investigate potential volatiles from polymeric can coatings of beverages using Purge and Trap (P&T) technique coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS). Moreover, a selective analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous identification and quantification of thirteen compounds including bisphenol analogues (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPG) and BADGEs (BADGE, BADGE.H2O, BADGE.2H2O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl, BADGE.H2O.HCl, cyclo-di-BADGE) in the polymeric can coatings and in the beverage samples was applied. In addition, a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was optimized for confirmation purposes. The method showed an adequate linearity (R2 >0.9994) and low detection levels down to 5 µg/L. Cyclo-di-BADGE was detected in all extracts of polymeric coatings. The concentrations ranged from 0.004 to 0.60 mg/dm2. No detectable amounts of bisphenol related compounds were found in any of the beverage samples at levels that may pose a risk to human health, suggesting a low intake of bisphenols from beverages.
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21
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Chen ZF, Lin QB, Song XC, Chen S, Zhong HN, Nerin C. Discrimination of Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Based on Volatile Organic Compounds Using a Headspace GC-MS Coupled with Chemometrics Approach. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Walker TW, Frelka N, Shen Z, Chew AK, Banick J, Grey S, Kim MS, Dumesic JA, Van Lehn RC, Huber GW. Recycling of multilayer plastic packaging materials by solvent-targeted recovery and precipitation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eaba7599. [PMID: 33219017 PMCID: PMC7679168 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many plastic packaging materials manufactured today are composites made of distinct polymer layers (i.e., multilayer films). Billions of pounds of these multilayer films are produced annually, but manufacturing inefficiencies result in large, corresponding postindustrial waste streams. Although relatively clean (as opposed to municipal wastes) and of near-constant composition, no commercially practiced technologies exist to fully deconstruct postindustrial multilayer film wastes into pure, recyclable polymers. Here, we demonstrate a unique strategy we call solvent-targeted recovery and precipitation (STRAP) to deconstruct multilayer films into their constituent resins using a series of solvent washes that are guided by thermodynamic calculations of polymer solubility. We show that the STRAP process is able to separate three representative polymers (polyethylene, ethylene vinyl alcohol, and polyethylene terephthalate) from a commercially available multilayer film with nearly 100% material efficiency, affording recyclable resins that are cost-competitive with the corresponding virgin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W Walker
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nathan Frelka
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhizhang Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alex K Chew
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jesse Banick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Amcor Flexibles, Neenah Innovation Center, Neenah, WI 54956, USA
| | - Steven Grey
- Amcor Flexibles, Neenah Innovation Center, Neenah, WI 54956, USA
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - James A Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Reid C Van Lehn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - George W Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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23
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Franz R, Welle F. Contamination Levels in Recollected PET Bottles from Non-Food Applications and their Impact on the Safety of Recycled PET for Food Contact. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25214998. [PMID: 33126687 PMCID: PMC7663040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PET beverage bottles have been recycled and safely reprocessed into new food contact packaging applications for over two decades. During recollection of post-consumer PET beverage bottles, PET containers from non-food products are inevitably co-collected and thereby enter the PET recycling feed stream. To explore the impact of this mixing on the safety-in-use of recycled PET (rPET) bottles, we determined the concentrations of post-consumer substances in PET containers used for a range of non-food product applications taken from the market. Based on the chemical nature and amounts of these post-consumer substances, we evaluated their potential carry-over into beverages filled in rPET bottles starting from different fractions of non-food PET in the recollection systems and taking worst-case cleaning efficiencies of super-clean recycling processes into account. On the basis of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) concept and Cramer classification tools, we present a risk assessment for potential exposure of the consumer to the identified contaminants as well as unidentified, potentially genotoxic substances in beverages. As a result, a fraction of 5% non-food PET in the recycling feed stream, which is very likely to occur in the usual recollection systems, does not pose any risk to the consumer. Our data show that fractions of up to 20%, which may sporadically be contained in certain, local recollection systems, would also not raise a safety concern.
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24
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Horodytska O, Cabanes A, Fullana A. Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in recycled plastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126373. [PMID: 32163780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The demand for high quality recycled polymers in the European plastic industry is on the increase, likely due to the EU's Plastic Strategy intended to implement the circular economy model in this sector. The problem is that there is not enough recycled plastic in the market. In terms of volume, post-consumer plastic waste could be key to meet the current and future demand. Nevertheless, a high level of contamination originated during the product's life cycle restricts its use. The first step to change this must be identifying the undesired substances in post-consumer plastics and performing an effective risk assessment. The acquired knowledge will be fundamental for the development of innovative decontamination technologies. In this study, 134 substances including volatile and semi-volatile compounds have been identified in recycled LDPE and HDPE from domestic waste. Headspace and solvent extraction followed by GC/MS were used. The possible origin of each substance was studied. The main groups were additives, polymer and additives breakdown products, and contamination from external sources. The results suggest that recycled LDPE contains a broader number of additives and their degradation products. Some of them may cause safety concerns if reused in higher added value applications. Regarding recycled HDPE, the contaminants from the use phase are predominant creating problems such as intense odors. To reduce the number of undesired substances, it is proposed to narrow the variety of additives used in plastic manufacturing and to opt for separate waste collection systems to prevent cross-contamination with organic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Horodytska
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - A Cabanes
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - A Fullana
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
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Diana Z, Sawickij N, Rivera NA, Hsu-Kim H, Rittschof D. Plastic pellets trigger feeding responses in sea anemones. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 222:105447. [PMID: 32145485 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms for plastic consumption by marine animals have been proposed based on the feeding cues and behavior of the animal studied. We investigated plastic consumption in sea anemones. We found that anemones readily consumed pristine National Institute of Standards and Technology low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene II and III pre-production pellets. Anemone weight, crown area, and number of tentacles were measured before and after 12 days of daily pellet consumption. Crown area significantly increased for control anemones only. Fresh anemones were then sequentially fed consumed and egested pellets from two of the earlier daily trials to measure feeding retention time, which decreased over three to four feedings. The concentrations of elements in anemones (zinc, iron, arsenic, manganese, chromium, copper, vanadium, selenium, nickel, cadmium, and cobalt) were similar to control anemones that were not exposed to pellets. Lead concentrations were significantly higher in anemones fed HDPE III pellets as compared to control. Plastic consumption by marine animals might be reduced by reducing the amount of plastic that enters the ocean and understanding the chemical triggers underlying plastic consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoie Diana
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States.
| | - Natasha Sawickij
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States.
| | - Nelson A Rivera
- Duke University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, United States.
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Duke University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, United States.
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States.
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Murat P, Harohalli Puttaswamy S, Ferret PJ, Coslédan S, Simon V. Identification of Potential Extractablesand Leachables in Cosmetic Plastic Packagingby Microchambers-Thermal Extraction and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092115. [PMID: 32366050 PMCID: PMC7248719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most container-content interaction studies are carried out through migration tests on end products or simulants involving generally toxic solvents. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying potential leachables from materials used in cosmetic plastic packaging by using two approaches based on solvent-free extraction, i.e., solid-phase microextraction sampling and pyrolyzer/thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Volatile and semi-volatile intentionally and non-intentionally added substances were detected in seven packaging samples made of polypropylene, polyethylene, and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer. Thirty-five compounds related to the polymers industry or packaging industry were identified, among them phthalates, alkanes, styrene, and cyanide derivates including degradation products, impurities, additives, plasticizers, and monomers. All except eight belong to the Cramer class I. These thermodesorption techniques are complementary to those used for migration tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Murat
- Chimie analytique et Compatibilité, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, 17 allée Camille Soula, 31320 Vigoulet-Auzil, France; (P.M.); (S.C.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 31030 Toulouse, France;
| | | | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, 3 avenue Hubert Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex, France;
| | - Sylvie Coslédan
- Chimie analytique et Compatibilité, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, 17 allée Camille Soula, 31320 Vigoulet-Auzil, France; (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Valérie Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 31030 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence:
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Wrona M, Nerín C. Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Safety of Modern Food Packaging: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E752. [PMID: 32050512 PMCID: PMC7037176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, food packaging is a crucial tool for preserving food quality and has become an inseparable part of our daily life. Strong consumer demand and market trends enforce more advanced and creative forms of food packaging. New packaging development requires safety evaluations that always implicate the application of complex analytical methods. The present work reviews the development and application of new analytical methods for detection of possible food contaminants from the packaging origin on the quality and safety of fresh food. Among food contaminants migrants, set-off migrants from printing inks, polymer degradation products, and aromatic volatile compounds can be found that may compromise the safety and organoleptic properties of food. The list of possible chemical migrants is very wide and includes antioxidants, antimicrobials, intentionally added substances (IAS), non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), monomers, oligomers, and nanoparticles. All this information collected prior to the analysis will influence the type of analyzing samples and molecules (analytes) and therefore the selection of a convenient analytical method. Different analytical strategies will be discussed, including techniques for direct polymer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Lestido Cardama A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Santillana MI, Paseiro Losada P, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A. GC-MS Screening for the Identification of Potential Migrants Present in Polymeric Coatings of Food Cans. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122086. [PMID: 31847163 PMCID: PMC6960813 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The coatings used in cans can release complex chemical mixtures into foodstuffs. Therefore, it is important to develop analytical methods for the identification of these potential migrant compounds in packaged food to guarantee the compliance with European food packaging legislation and ensure consumer safety. In the present work, the type of coating in a total of twelve cans collected in Santiago de Compostela (Spain) were evaluated using an ATR (attenuated total reflectance)-FTIR spectrometer. These samples were analysed after extraction with acetonitrile in order to identify potential migrants through a screening method by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of forty-seven volatile and semi-volatile compounds were identified in these samples, including plasticizers, photoinitiators, antioxidants, lubricants, etc. Then, in a second step, a targeted analysis was carried out for the simultaneous determination of 13 compounds, including bisphenols (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPG) and BADGEs (BADGE, BADGE.H2O, BADGE.2H2O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl, BADGE.H2O.HCl, cyclo-di-BADGE) by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) source. Among all the bisphenols analysed, only the bisphenol A was detected in four samples; while cyclo-di-BADGE was the predominant compound detected in all the samples analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Lestido Cardama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.L.C.); (R.S.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.L.C.); (R.S.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Juana Bustos
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, E-28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (J.B.); (M.I.S.)
| | - M. Isabel Santillana
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, E-28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (J.B.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Perfecto Paseiro Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.L.C.); (R.S.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.L.C.); (R.S.); (P.P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-881814965
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Song XC, Wrona M, Nerin C, Lin QB, Zhong HN. Volatile non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) identified in recycled expanded polystyrene containers and their migration into food simulants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Habchi B, Kassouf A, Padellec Y, Rathahao-Paris E, Alves S, Rutledge DN, Maalouly J, Ducruet V. An untargeted evaluation of food contact materials by flow injection analysis-mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) combined with independent components analysis (ICA). Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1022:81-88. [PMID: 29729741 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs), especially plastics, are known to be a potential source of contaminants in food. In fact, various groups of additives are used to protect the integrity of the material during processing and life time. However, these intentionally added substances (IAS) could also lead to degradation products called non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), due to reactions occurring in the polymeric material. Complex mixtures of components may therefore be generated within the material, creating a source of potential migrating substances towards food in contact. In this context, an innovative analytical approach is proposed in order to assess IAS and NIAS in plastic FCMs for a fast screening of their composition. For this purpose, solvent extracts of polyethylene (PE) pellets, containers and films were analyzed by flow injection analysis-mass spectrometry (FIA-MS). This direct approach offers the ability to perform a large number of analyses in a short time. Mass spectral fingerprints were then treated by a multivariate data analysis technique called independent components analysis (ICA) in order to overcome the complexity of such data and to highlight hidden information related to IAS and NIAS molecules. ICA applied on mass spectral fingerprints of PE extracts highlighted group discriminations related to different m/z values which were putatively assigned to IAS and also to NIAS. In order to confirm these putative annotations, a hybrid LTQ-Orbitrap was used for high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, MS/MS experiments were performed on some discriminant ions to improve their putative identification. The proposed methodology combining FIA-MS fingerprints and ICA proved its efficiency in identifying IAS and NIAS in plastic FCMs and its capability to discriminate different PE samples, in a relatively fast approach compared to classical analytical techniques. This approach may help the FCMs classification for compounders in the selection of the starting substances in plastic formulation and for plastic converters in the control of manufacturing processes as well as for the monitoring of final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baninia Habchi
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amine Kassouf
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France; ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656, Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Yann Padellec
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France
| | - Estelle Rathahao-Paris
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandra Alves
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Douglas N Rutledge
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France
| | - Jacqueline Maalouly
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656, Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Violette Ducruet
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France.
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Ubeda S, Aznar M, Nerín C. Determination of oligomers in virgin and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples by UPLC-MS-QTOF. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2377-2384. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Fang X, Vitrac O. Predicting diffusion coefficients of chemicals in and through packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:275-312. [PMID: 25831407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.849654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most of the physicochemical properties in polymers such as activity and partition coefficients, diffusion coefficients, and their activation with temperature are accessible to direct calculations from first principles. Such predictions are particularly relevant for food packaging as they can be used (1) to demonstrate the compliance or safety of numerous polymer materials and of their constitutive substances (e.g. additives, residues…), when they are used: as containers, coatings, sealants, gaskets, printing inks, etc. (2) or to predict the indirect contamination of food by pollutants (e.g. from recycled polymers, storage ambiance…) (3) or to assess the plasticization of materials in contact by food constituents (e.g. fat matter, aroma…). This review article summarizes the classical and last mechanistic descriptions of diffusion in polymers and discusses the reliability of semi-empirical approaches used for compliance testing both in EU and US. It is concluded that simulation of diffusion in or through polymers is not limited to worst-case assumptions but could also be applied to real cases for risk assessment, designing packaging with low leaching risk or to synthesize plastic additives with low diffusion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Fang
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
| | - Olivier Vitrac
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
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33
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Palkopoulou S, Joly C, Feigenbaum A, Papaspyrides CD, Dole P. Critical review on challenge tests to demonstrate decontamination of polyolefins intended for food contact applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kadam AA, Karbowiak T, Voilley A, Debeaufort F. Techniques to measure sorption and migration between small molecules and packaging. A critical review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1395-1407. [PMID: 25123587 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mass transfer parameters diffusion and sorption in food and packaging or between them are the key parameters for assessing a food product's shelf-life in reference to consumer safety. This has become of paramount importance owing to the legislations set by the regulated markets. The technical capabilities that can be exploited for analyzing product-package interactions have been growing rapidly. Different techniques categorized according to the state of the diffusant (gas or liquid) in contact with the packaging material are emphasized in this review. Depending on the diffusant and on the analytical question under review, the different ways to study sorption and/or migration are presented and compared. Some examples have been suggested to reach the best possible choice, consisting of a single technique or a combination of different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish A Kadam
- UMR A 02.102 PAM, Université de Bourgogne-AgroSup Dijon, Equipe PAPC, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000, Dijon, France
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Nerin C, Alfaro P, Aznar M, Domeño C. The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Ghanem A, Maalouly J, Saad RA, Salameh D, Saliba CO. Safety of Lebanese Bottled Waters: VOCs Analysis and Migration Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2013.44023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Gallego E, Roca FJ, Perales JF, Sánchez G, Esplugas P. Characterization and determination of the odorous charge in the indoor air of a waste treatment facility through the evaluation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using TD-GC/MS. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:2469-81. [PMID: 22883687 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste treatment facilities are generally faced with odorous nuisance problems. Characterizing and determining the odorous charge of indoor air through odour units (OU) is an advantageous approach to evaluate indoor air quality and discomfort. The assessment of the OU can be done through the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations and the knowledge of their odour thresholds. The evaluation of the presented methodology was done in a mechanical-biological waste treatment plant with a processing capacity of 245.000 tons year(-1) of municipal residues. The sampling was carried out in five indoor selected locations of the plant (Platform of Rotating Biostabilizers, Shipping warehouse, Composting tunnels, Digest centrifugals, and Humid pre-treatment) during the month of July 2011. VOC and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) were sampled using multi-sorbent bed (Carbotrap, Carbopack X, Carboxen 569) and Tenax TA tubes, respectively, with SKC AirCheck 2000 pumps. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with a capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). One hundred and thirty chemical compounds were determined qualitatively in all the studied points (mainly alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and terpenes), from which 86 were quantified due to their odorous characteristics as well as their potentiality of having negative health effects. The application of the present methodology in a municipal solid waste treatment facility has proven to be useful in order to determine which type of VOC contribute substantially to the indoor air odorous charge, and thus it can be a helpful method to prevent the generation of these compounds during the treatment process, as well as to find a solution in order to suppress them.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, LCMA-UPC, Avda Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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