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Arena A, Ferracane A, Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. A dilute-and-inject liquid-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the analysis of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extra-virgin olive oil. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1312:342740. [PMID: 38834260 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a diverse group of organic compounds characterized by the fusion of two or more benzene rings arranged in various structural forms. Due to their harmful effects on human health, it is essential to implement monitoring systems and preventive measures to regulate human exposure. Given the affinity of PAHs for lipids, extensive research has been focused on their presence in vegetable oils. This study aimed to develop an on-line liquid-gas chromatography (LC-GC) method (using tandem mass spectrometry) with minimized solvent consumption for the determination of 16 PAHs in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). RESULTS A side-by-side comparison of the selected-ion-monitoring and the pseudo multiple-reaction-monitoring (p-MRM) acquisition modes was performed, in terms of specificity and detectability. The results obtained using the p-MRM mode were superior, and for this reason it was selected. The method was linear over the concentration range 1-200 μg kg-1 (except in five cases, over 2-200 and 5-200 μg kg-1 ranges). Accuracy (at the 2 μg kg-1 and 20 μg kg-1 concentration levels) was in the 86.9-109.3 % range, with an RSD <10 %. Intra-day and inter-day precision (at 2 μg kg-1 and 20 μg kg-1 concentration levels) were in the 1.2-9.7 % and 3.2-10.8 % ranges, respectively. For all the PAHs, a negative matrix effect was observed. Three out of sixteen PAHs were detected in three EVOOs (among ten samples), albeit at the low ppb level. Limits of quantification were satisfactory in relation to EU legislation on the presence of PAHs in vegetable oils. SIGNIFICANCE A dilute-and-inject LC-GC-tandem mass spectrometry method is herein proposed fulfilling EU legislation requirements; sample preparation was very simple, inasmuch that it involved only a dilution step, thus avoiding extraction, clean-up, and thus a high consumption of organic solvents. In fact, considering both oil dilution and the LC mobile phase, less than 8 mL of solvents were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arena
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferracane
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Maroto A, Dit Fouque DJ, Lartia R, Memboeuf A. Removal of isobaric interference using pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring and energy-resolved mass spectrometry for the isotope dilution quantification of a tryptic peptide. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5025. [PMID: 38607249 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Energy-resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS) and an isotopically labelled internal standard were successfully combined to accurately quantify a tryptic peptide despite the presence of an isobaric interference. For this purpose, electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) experiments were conducted into an ion trap instrument using an unconventional 8 m/z broadband isolation window, which encompassed both the tryptic peptide and its internal standard. Interference removal was assessed by determining an excitation voltage that was high enough to maintain a constant value for the analyte/internal standard peaks intensity ratio, thus ensuring accurate quantification even in the presence of isobaric contamination. Pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was employed above this excitation voltage to quantify the trypic peptide. The internal standard calibration model showed no lack of fit and exhibited a linear dynamic range from 0.5 μM up to 2.5 μM. The detection limit was 0.08 μM. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by quantifying the tryptic peptide of three reference samples intentionally contaminated with the isobaric interference. All the reference samples were accurately quantified with ∼1% deviation despite the isobaric contamination. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that this methodology can also be applied to quantify the isobaric peptide by standard additions down to 0.2 μM. Finally, liquid chromatography ERMS (LC ERMS) experiments yielded similar results, suggesting the potential of the proposed methodology for analysing complex samples.
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Vitharana NN, Halldorson T, Xia Z, Francisco O, Marvin C, Thomas PJ, Liebzeit E, Lucas AM, Moradi V, Tomy GT. A validated approach for analysis of heterocyclic aromatic compounds in sediment samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464723. [PMID: 38341899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The scientific literature is replete with analytical methods for the analysis of homocyclic aromatic compounds especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their alkylated analogs. However, there is a paucity of methods for the analysis of nitrogen-, sulfur- and oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The lack of commercially available analytical standards, the presence of many structural derivatives and isomers and lack of certified reference materials all contribute to the inherent challenges in measuring these compounds. Gas chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer was used to develop two multiple reaction monitoring methods to detect and quantify fifty-three non-halogenated and halogenated hetero-polycyclic aromatic compounds (HPACs). Because of their greater polarity, strongly non-polar solvents typically employed to extract homocyclic PACs from sediment samples did not yield acceptable recoveries of our target analytes. By adding ethyl acetate to dichloromethane (50:50), recoveries of our target analytes using accelerated solvent extraction increased markedly. The performance characteristics of the validated method including accuracy [> than 67% for 46 (out of 53) analytes], inter- and intra-day precision [<30% for all analytes, (expressed as relative standard deviation)], limits of detection (0.1 to 2.3 ng/g) and quantitation (1.5 to 7.6 ng/g) imply that the method is fit for its intended purpose. A sediment sample from a known contaminated site in Canada was analyzed for both homo- and hetero-PACs. Measured concentrations of Σ27HPAC (7.3 μg/g, dry weight) were significantly smaller (p<0.05) than Σ16PAHs (80.9 μg/g, dry weight) and Σ30Alkylated-PAHs (14.2 μg/g, dry weight). These results suggest that the developed method is an effective and efficient approach for the targeted analysis of HPACs and their halogenated derivatives in sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipuni N Vitharana
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Thor Halldorson
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Zhe Xia
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Olga Francisco
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Wildlife Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Erin Liebzeit
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Amica-Mariae Lucas
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Vida Moradi
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Maroto A, Fouque DJD, Lartia R, Memboeuf A. LC-MS accurate quantification of a tryptic peptide co-eluted with an isobaric interference by using in-source collisional purification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7211-7221. [PMID: 37864586 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Interferences from isobaric and isomeric compounds represent a common problem in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In this paper, in-source purification and chromatographic separation were combined with the aim of identifying isobaric contamination and quantifying accurately a compound despite the presence of an isobaric co-eluted interference. This is achieved by totally fragmenting in-source the precursor ions of the isobaric interference providing then LC-pseudo-MS2 capability, which allows an accurate quantification without the need for optimizing the chromatographic conditions to separate the co-eluted interference. To illustrate this concept, mixtures of tryptic and non-tryptic peptides were used. The ratio of peak areas of the tryptic peptide and its isotopically labelled internal standard was used not only for quantification with an internal standard calibration curve but also to know (1) if an isobaric interference co-eluted with the tryptic peptide; and (2) what is the minimum cone voltage necessary to ensure the complete removal of isobaric interference. This strategy was applied to quantify the tryptic peptide of two standards with known concentrations and, intentionally contaminated with the isobaric interference. The confidence intervals of the concentrations calculated with the internal standard calibration curve were 8.0 ± 0.5 μM (prepared at 8.0 μM) and 15.7 ± 0.5 μM (prepared at 16.1 μM) that confirm the tryptic peptide can be correctly quantified by in-source purification without the need for improving the chromatographic separation from its isobaric interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Maroto
- Univ Brest, CNRS, UMR 6521 CEMCA, F-29200, Brest, France
| | | | - Rémy Lartia
- Univ Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5250 DCM, F-38058, Grenoble, France
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Sensitive determination of benzo(a)pyrene in vegetable oils based on the electrochemiluminescence quenching of ruthenium (II) dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine complex. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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Park J, Kim K, Ryu D, Whang JH, Mah JH. GC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093853. [PMID: 37175264 PMCID: PMC10179879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic organic contaminants that have a highly carcinogenic and mutagenic nature. This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive analytical method to determine 8 PAHs in 51 herbal medicines (HMs) using gas chromatography (GC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Liquid--liquid extraction and florisil SPE cartridge purification were basically adopted for pretreatment. For the samples containing essential oil, starch grain, etc., N,N-dimethyl formamide/water mixture (9:1, v/v) was added in the extraction step. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions were newly obtained by the infusion of reference solutions of the targeted compounds at a concentration of 100 ng/mL into the GC-MS/MS system used in this study. The 51 items were classified according to whether or not they contained essential oil. Eight PAHs were not detected in 39 (8.3%) of the 459 samples monitored. The total content of 8 PAHs ranged from 0.45 μg/kg in Anemarrhenae Rhizoma to 270.94 μg/kg in Zingiberis Rhizoma. The average content of those ranged from 0.9 μg/kg in Araliae Continentalis Radix to 110.8 μg/kg in Coptidis Rhizoma Preparata cum Vinum. The results of this study prove that the proposed method is useful for determining 8 PAHs in HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwahaeng Park
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuyeob Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoun Ryu
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Whang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Mah
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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Thambirajah AA, Miliano RC, Abbott EA, Buday C, Shang D, Kwok H, Helbing CC. Dynamic cyp1a1 transcript responses in the caudal fin of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts to low sulfur marine diesel water accommodated fraction exposures and depuration. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106412. [PMID: 36716652 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills that occur in high traffic coastal environments can have profound consequences for the health of marine ecosystems and the commercial and social interests that are dependent upon these habitats. Given that the global reliance on marine fuels is not abating, it is imperative to develop sensitive and robust tools to monitor oil contamination and remediation in a timely manner. Such tools are increasingly important for ascertaining the immediate and long-term effects of oil contamination on species of interest and local habitats as water-soluble components of oils, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can persist post-remediation. We previously demonstrated that 3-methylcholanthrene responsive cytochrome P450-1a (cyp1a1) transcript abundance in the liver and caudal fin of coho salmon smolts (Onchorhynchus kisutch) was sensitive to exposure to low sulfur marine diesel (LSMD) seawater accommodated fractions (seaWAF) in cold water. We expanded upon this paradigm by assessing the utility of the cyp1a1 transcript to track both exposure to LSMD seaWAF and recovery from exposure by measuring cyp1a1 abundance in coho smolts using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Smolts were exposed to either 100 mg/L LSMD seaWAF or clean seawater (control) for 4 days. Fish were then transferred to clean seawater for depuration and tissues sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 days from both treatments. Livers and caudal fins were dissected from 40 smolts per group (ntotal = 400 smolts). The LSMD seaWAF-induced cyp1a1 transcript levels significantly decreased one day after depuration in the liver and caudal fin in a sex-independent manner in genotyped females and males. After four days of depuration, cyp1a1 transcript abundance decreased to baseline control levels, regardless of tissue or sex. The present study demonstrates the value of using the caudal fin as a reliable, sensitive, and non-lethal sampling and monitoring tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A Thambirajah
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Rachel C Miliano
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 1B1, Canada
| | - Ethan A Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Craig Buday
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 1B1, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 1B1, Canada
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 1B1, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.
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McCallum P, Filewood T, Sawitsky J, Kwok H, Brunswick P, Yan J, Chibwe L, Tikkisetty K, Shang D. Enhancement of oil forensic methodology through the addition of polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycle biomarkers for diagnostic ratios. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:416. [PMID: 36807828 PMCID: PMC9941221 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-10941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Current oil spill forensic identification of source oils relies upon hydrocarbon biomarkers resistant to weathering. This international technique was developed by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), under EN 15522-2 Oil Spill Identification guidelines. The number of biomarkers have expanded at pace with technological advances, while distinguishing new biomarkers becomes more challenging due to interference of isobaric compounds, matrix effects, and high cost of weathering experiments. Application of high-resolution mass spectrometry enabled exploration of potential polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycle (PANH) oil biomarkers. The instrumentation showed reduction in isobaric and matrix interferences, allowing for identification of low-level PANH and alkylated PANHs (APANHs). Weathered oil samples, obtained from a marine microcosm weathering experiment, enabled comparison with source oils to identify new, stable forensic biomarkers. This study highlighted eight new APANH diagnostic ratios that expanded the biomarker suite, increasing the confidence for identifying highly weathered oils back to their source oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige McCallum
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Taylor Filewood
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Julia Sawitsky
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Leah Chibwe
- Institute for Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, SK, Regina, Canada
| | - Krishnaja Tikkisetty
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada.
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Guzel B. Temporal Variations and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rainwater Collected in a Semi-Urban Area within an Industrial Area in Turkey. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1922467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barış Guzel
- Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Galmiche M, Rodrigues A, Motsch E, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. The use of pseudo-MRM for a sensitive and selective detection and quantification of polycyclic aromatic compounds by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9307. [PMID: 35355348 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) is a sensitive and selective detection mode for target trace-level analysis. However, it requires the fragmentation of labile bonds which are not present in molecules such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their heterocyclic derivatives (PANHs, PASHs). METHODS We present the application of an alternative tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) mode called "pseudo-MRM" for the GCMS/MS analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs). This mode is based on the monitoring of transitions with no mass loss between the precursor and the product ion. Pseudo-MRM peak areas were compared with those of classic MRM on three different mass spectrometers: two triple quadrupoles and an ion trap. RESULTS For all non-polar PACs studied here (PAHs, PANHs and PASHs), the pseudo-MRM transition was always the most intense. The classic MRM transitions exhibited peak areas 2 to 5 times lower. On the contrary, for the functionalized PACs (oxygenated and nitrated PAHs), classic MRM was favored over pseudo-MRM. These observations were confirmed on two triple quadrupoles (QqQs), and the real-world applicability of pseudo-MRM on QqQs was validated by the successful analysis of Diesel PM. However, a comparison with an ion trap showed that pseudo-MRM was never favored on that instrument, which caused fragmentation of non-polar PACs in MS/MS. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show an important gain in sensitivity when using pseudo-MRM instead of MRM for non-polar PACs on QqQ instruments. The selectivity of MRM is preserved in pseudo-MRM by applying non-zero collision energies to which only these non-polar PACs are resistant, not the isobaric interferences. No interference issue was observed when analyzing Diesel PM, a complex matrix, with our pseudo-MRM method. Therefore, we advise for a broader use of this MS/MS mode for trace-level determination of non-polar PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Galmiche
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anaïs Rodrigues
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Estelle Motsch
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg - Biogéochimie moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Delhomme
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UFR Sciences fondamentales et appliquées, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Mallah MA, Changxing L, Mallah MA, Noreen S, Liu Y, Saeed M, Xi H, Ahmed B, Feng F, Mirjat AA, Wang W, Jabar A, Naveed M, Li JH, Zhang Q. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its effects on human health: An overeview. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133948. [PMID: 35151703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals of considerable environmental significance. PAHs are chemical contaminants of fused carbon and hydrogen aromatic rings, basically white, light-yellow, or solid compounds without color. Natural sources of pollution are marginal or less significant, such as volcanic eruptions, natural forest fires, and moorland fires that trigger lightning bursts. The significant determinants of PAH pollution are anthropogenic pollution sources, classified into four groups, i.e., industrial, mobile, domestic, and agricultural pollution sources. Humans can consume PAHs via different routes, such as inhalation, dermal touch, and ingestion. The Effect of PAHs on human health is primarily based on the duration and route of exposure, the volume or concentration of PAHs to which one is exposed, and the relative toxicity of PAHs. Many PAHs are widely referred to as carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens and thus pose a significant danger to human health and the well-being of humans. Skin, lung, pancreas, esophagus, bladder, colon, and female breast are numerous organs prone to tumor development due to long-term PAH exposure. PAH exposure may increase the risk of lung cancer as well as cardiovascular disease (CVD), including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (MI). Preclinical studies have found a relationship between PAH exposure, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis. In addition, investigations have discovered a relationship between PAH exposure at work and CVD illness and mortality development. This review aims to explain PAH briefly, its transportation, its effects on human health, and a relationship between environmental exposures to PAHs and CVD risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthar Ali Mallah
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Li Changxing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 81000, China
| | - Mukhtiar Ali Mallah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah, 67480, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 6300, Pakistan
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- The Cholestane University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - He Xi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy. Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ali Asghar Mirjat
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Abdul Jabar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy. Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 81000, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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12
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Gas chromatography combined with flame-induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters and saturated hydrocarbons. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Dimbarre Lao Guimarães I, Casanova Monteiro F, Vianna da Anunciação de Pinho J, de Almeida Rodrigues P, Gomes Ferrari R, Adam Conte-Junior C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic animals: a systematic review on analytical advances and challenges. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:198-217. [PMID: 35262454 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2048614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the main component of petroleum, are a concern due to their environmental persistence, long-range transport, and potential toxic effects on animal, human health, and the environment. PAHs are considered persistent compounds and can be bioaccumulated in sediments and aquatic biota. Determining PAHs in animals and environmental samples consists of three steps: extraction, clean-up or purification, and analytical determination. The matrix complexity and the diversity of environmental contaminants, such as PAHs resulted in the development of numerous analytical techniques and protocols for the extraction of these components and analysis in several samples. This systematic review article seeks to relate the extraction and preparation methods of complex samples from aquatic animals and the two main detection techniques of PAHs. For the elaboration of the research, 67 articles published between 2011 and 2021 were sought, which specifically contemplated the isolation of aquatic extracts and detection and quantification techniques of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues
- Department of Food Technology, Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Zootechnics, Agrarian Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Food Technology, Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Machado ME, Nascimento MM, Bomfim Bahia PV, Martinez ST, Bittencourt de Andrade J. Analytical advances and challenges for the determination of heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-HET) in sediment: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Filewood T, Kwok H, Brunswick P, Yan J, Ollinik JE, Cote C, Kim M, van Aggelen G, Helbing CC, Shang D. A rapid gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur heterocycles in spilled crude oils. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:717-725. [PMID: 35107097 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spilled crude oil samples contain various toxic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and their related alkylated forms (APAHs and APASHs). In this study, a method was successfully developed employing a gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (GC-QToF) mass spectrometer to quantitatively analyze both PAHs/APAHs and PASHs/APASHs in these samples. With GC-QToF, the monoisotopic mass of the compounds is distinguished, allowing the PASHs/APASHs to be extracted separately from the PAHs/APAHs in crude oil. A gas chromatography triple quadrupole (GC-MS/MS) mass spectrometer was also used to confirm that a GC-QToF is the preferred instrument for analyzing these compounds. With the use of PASH/APASH standards to determine response correction factors (RCFs) in relation to PAH standards, the developed method is capable of analyzing PAHs, APAHs, PASHs, and APASHs in a single injection. The use of RCFs allowed for the development of a practical polycyclic aromatic carbon (PAC) method for analyzing a total of 77 compounds of the 2 groups in crude oil. This newly developed method was applied to spilled crude oils, demonstrating its potential in toxicological study as well as oil spill forensic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Filewood
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jessica E Ollinik
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Christopher Cote
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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16
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Nagyová S, Tölgyessy P, Laurenčík M, Kirchner M. Miniaturized QuEChERS based sample preparation method combined with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crustacean gammarids. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe monitoring of food contaminants is of interests to both food regulatory bodies and the consumers. This literature review covers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with regard to their background, sources of exposures, and occurrence in food and environment as well as health hazards. Furthermore, analytical methods focusing on the analysis of PAHs in tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples for the last 16 years are presented. Numerous experimental methods have been developed aiming to obtain better limits of detections (LODs) and percent recoveries as well as to reduce solvent consumption and laborious work. These include information such as the selected PAHs analyzed, food matrix of PAHs, methods of extraction, cleanup procedure, LOD, limits of quantitation (LOQ), and percent recovery. For the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples, a majority of the research papers focused on the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs, while PAH4, PAH8, and methylated PAHs were also of interests. Extraction methods range from the classic Soxhlet extraction and liquid–liquid extraction to newer methods such as QuEChERS, dispersive solid-phase microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. The cleanup methods involved mainly the use of column chromatography and SPE filled with either silica or Florisil adsorbents. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detectors are the main analytical instruments used. A majority of the selected combined methods used are able to achieve LODs and percent recoveries in the ranges of 0.01–5 ug/kg and 70–110%, respectively, for the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples.
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18
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Stramenga A, Tavoloni T, Stecconi T, Galarini R, Giannotti M, Siracusa M, Ciriaci M, Bacchiocchi S, Piersanti A. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): An optimized LC-MS/MS procedure for feed analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1186:123009. [PMID: 34763303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are extremely stable highly fluorinated aliphatic compounds, widely used in chemical and industrial applications since 1950s. They are ubiquitously detected in the environment and diet is the main route for human exposure. To ensure human safety, it is necessary to follow the whole food production chain, including animal feed. Still PFASs are not regulated as undesirable substances in feed, although several studies have shown they can be transferred from feed to livestock and thereafter to food. This paper describes the development, optimization and the full validation of a sensitive and reliable analytical protocol enabling the quantification of 19 PFASs in animal feeds by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was optimized, assessing the possible matrix interferences, and submitted to comprehensive validation (55 independent spiking experiments). Validation experiments were conducted on blank fish feed samples (natural levels of PFASs < 0.10 ng g-1) spiked at five different concentrations (0.10, 0.50, 1.0, 5.0 and 10 ng g-1). Apparent recoveries (R%) were generally between 88 and 111%; R% < 80% were obtained only at the lower validation levels for those molecules not having the corresponding labelled analogues. Relative standard deviations in repeatability conditions (RSDr) and within-lab reproducibility conditions (RSDwR) were lower or equal to 11% and 22% respectively. Limits of quantification were set for most of the analytes at 0.10 ng g-1 (LOQs) and verified with repeated analysis on fortified samples (0.10 ng g-1). Limits of detection (LODs) were calculated as 1/3 LOQ. Finally the method was applied to 23 feed samples of different type (compound feed, vegetable feed material, complementary feed, pre-mixture and mineral feed) and all of them did not show PFAS above LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Stramenga
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Tamara Tavoloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Stecconi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Giannotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Melania Siracusa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Martina Ciriaci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Simone Bacchiocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Arianna Piersanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, Ancona 60131, Italy.
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19
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Bioanalysis of plasma acetate levels without derivatization by LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:373-386. [PMID: 33661702 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The acetate ion has important physiological functions and important therapeutic applications. A rapid LC-MS/MS method is described to measure acetate ions in human plasma without chemical derivatization. Materials & methods: A 200 μl sample was spiked with the internal standard 1,2-13C-acetate and proteins precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. The supernatant was recovered and separated under acidic conditions on a C18-column. The eluent was alkalinized by post-column infusion of methanolic ammonium hydroxide. Acetate ions were monitored on a low resolution mass spectrometer in negative ion mode. Results: Method was validated for accuracy and precision with a lower limit of quantitation of 9.7 μM and linear dynamic range up to 339.6 μM. Conclusion: The method is open for analytical improvement and adapts with metabolomic and pharmacometabolomic studies on chemicals of similar nature.
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20
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Chibwe L, Muir DCG, Gopalapillai Y, Shang D, Kirk JL, Manzano CA, Atkinson B, Wang X, Teixeira C. Long-term spatial and temporal trends, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115351. [PMID: 33152634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the spatio-temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) deposition in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) between 2008 and 2017, and applied source apportionment tools to assess sources using snowpacks. Estimated PAC mass deposition was significantly correlated with crude oil production (R2 = 0.48, p = 0.03), and increased between 2008 and 2017. Loadings of alkylated PACs c1-, c2-fluorenes/pyrenes and c1-, c3-benzo[a]anthracenes/chrysenes/triphenylenes significantly increased at mid-field sites (25-50 km from central industrial reference site, AR6) (Mann-Kendall, p < 0.05) reflecting physical expansion of the AOSR. The distance from emission sources was important in the deposition of PACs, including the distance from AR6 (R2 = 0.69-0.91), nearest petcoke storage (R2 = 0.77-0.88), 0.89) and upgrader stack (R2 = 0.56-0.61). Source apportionment PAC distribution profiles of the source materials (petcokes, oil sand ores, road dust) did not show unique matching profiles with the snowpacks. However, the minimal presence of retene in petcokes and an abundance of benzo[ghi]fluoranthene in road dust was observed, and suggests potential for these compounds as chemical markers in distinguishing sources. Furthermore, correlations between PACs and selected metal(loid)s in the AOSR snowpacks were assessed to infer potential common sources. Significant positive (p < 0.05) correlations between metal(loid)s enriched in bitumen (vanadium, molybdenum, nickel) and PACs, at near to mid-field (0-50 km from AR6) sites suggests common sources or similar transfer and fate processes. The results of our study convey data necessary for monitoring studies in the constantly developing AOSR, advance our knowledge of PACs profiles in source materials (including the much less studied alkylated PACs and dibenzothiophenes), which will be valuable for other studies related to oil pollution, urban run-off and forest fires. PACs mass deposition increasing between 2008 and 2017 coincident with crude oil production, and retene and benzo[ghi]fluoranthene show potential in distinguishing AOSR sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
| | - Yamini Gopalapillai
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jane L Kirk
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos A Manzano
- Center for Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beau Atkinson
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
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21
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Chibwe L, Roberts S, Shang D, Yang F, Manzano CA, Wang X, Kirk JL, Muir DCG. A one-century sedimentary record of N- and S-polycyclic aromatic compounds in the Athabasca oil sands region in Canada. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127641. [PMID: 32688322 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is considered a major pathway to isolated lakes and bogs in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), Canada. However, the suite of PACs measured has been limited. We report the detailed depositional history of nitrogen and sulphur heterocyclic PACs using a 210Pb dated sediment core (1914-2015) near major developments in the AOSR. We observed (1) an exponential growth in the deposition of heterocyclic PACs to recent times with an average doubling time of 12 years, (2) significant breakpoints in PAC fluxes in the mid to late 1980s, and (3) a synchronous increase of PACs with crude oil production (r2 = 0.82, p = 0.001). NPACs were not detected prior to the 1960s in the sediment core studied, suggesting they may hold promise in serving as indicators for atmospheric PAC deposition of industrial origin. Furthermore, a change in heterocyclic PAC distribution profiles beginning in the 1970-1980s, after the onset of mining, resembling a petcoke signature, was also observed. Significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between heterocyclic PACs, and several metal(loid)s, including priority pollutant elements, chromium and beryllium, and rare earth elements, cerium, lanthanum and yttrium (r2 > 0.75), suggesting the potential of a common source or similar transport and fate mechanisms. Significant negative or no correlations were observed between heterocyclic PACs and other metal(loid)s, including vanadium, total mercury and lead, possibly reflecting the impact of broader regulatory controls introduced in the mid-1970s on some metal(loids) but not on PACs, including the installation of electrostatic precipitators in major upgrader stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada; The University of Guelph. School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Roberts
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fan Yang
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos A Manzano
- Center for Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Jane L Kirk
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
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22
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Chua CC, Brunswick P, Kwok H, Yan J, Cuthbertson D, van Aggelen G, Helbing CC, Shang D. Enhanced analysis of weathered crude oils by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry diagnostic ratios, and multivariate statistics. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Chua CC, Brunswick P, Kwok H, Yan J, Cuthbertson D, van Aggelen G, Shang D. Tiered approach to long-term weathered lubricating oil analysis: GC/FID, GC/MS diagnostic ratios, and multivariate statistics. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5236-5246. [PMID: 33084639 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01510e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frequent small-scale environmental releases of lubricating (lube) oils have deleterious effects on aquatic ecosystems. In the event of a spill, oil fingerprinting is critical to source attribution, clean-up procedures, and liability assignment. Oil forensic investigations are particularly challenging when oils are weathered over an extended period of time, as a large number of biomarkers become lost and the chemical composition changes significantly from its source. This study simulated an environmental case in which long-term weathered lube oil "spill" samples were matched to unweathered suspect "source" oils. While traditional oil fingerprinting techniques including GC/FID and GC/MS diagnostic ratios were insufficient for reliably attributing the source, a comprehensive and systematically tiered approach proved successful. The proposed methodology featured three tiers: Tier 1 GC/FID, Tier 2 GC/MS diagnostic ratios, and Tier 3 multivariate statistics. This novel approach provided environmental chemists with a powerful tool for dealing with an otherwise extremely challenging lube oil forensic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Chua
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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24
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Ahad JME, Macdonald RW, Parrott JL, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Siddique T, Kuznetsova A, Rauert C, Galarneau E, Studabaker WB, Evans M, McMaster ME, Shang D. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: A review of sampling techniques, strategies and instrumentation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:114988. [PMID: 32679437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of sampling techniques and strategies are needed to analyze polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and interpret their distributions in various environmental media (i.e., air, water, snow, soils, sediments, peat and biological material). In this review, we provide a summary of commonly employed sampling methods and strategies, as well as a discussion of routine and innovative approaches used to quantify and characterize PACs in frequently targeted environmental samples, with specific examples and applications in Canadian investigations. The pros and cons of different analytical techniques, including gas chromatography - flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet, fluorescence or MS detection, GC high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) and compound-specific stable (δ13C, δ2H) and radiocarbon (Δ14C) isotope analysis are considered. Using as an example research carried out in Canada's Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), where alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing dibenzothiophenes are frequently targeted, the need to move beyond the standard list of sixteen EPA priority PAHs and for adoption of an AOSR bitumen PAC reference standard are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Tariq Siddique
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Alsu Kuznetsova
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Galarneau
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Marlene Evans
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Mark E McMaster
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, BC, V7H 1B1, Canada
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25
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An N, Zhu QF, Yu L, Chen YT, Chen SL, Feng YQ. Derivatization assisted LC-p-MRM-MS with high CID voltage for rapid analysis of brassinosteroids. Talanta 2020; 217:121058. [PMID: 32498827 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a derivatization-assisted pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring with high CID voltage (HV-p-MRM) strategy was proposed for the analysis of brassinosteroids (BRs) by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ MS). The concept of the HV-p-MRM strategy was proposed on the basis of an assumption that the precursor ion of analyte is stable in collision cell and less prone to fragmentation at high CID voltage, while co-existing ions (impurity) of easy fragmentation can break down into smaller fragment ions. In such case, by increasing the CID voltage, the co-existing ions that are introduced due to the low resolution of the quadrupole 1 (Q1) can be filtered out by quadrupole 3 (Q3), while the stable precursor ion of analyte will pass through Q3, thereby that the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the analysis can be improved. As a proof-of-concept study, BRs were derivatized with rhodamine B-boronic acid (RhB-BA) and then the derivatives were used to investigate their variations in MS signal, background noise, and S/N upon the CID voltage and MS scanning resolution. The results showed that S/N of these derivatives can be improved in HV-p-MRM mode. To further demonstrate the feasibility of HV-p-MRM strategy, a RhB-BA derivatization assisted LC-HV-p-MRM-MS method was developed for the analysis of BRs. Using this method, rapid and sensitive determination of BRs in different organs of rape flower was achieved. It can be expected that HV-p-MRM may be suitable for the analytes that are stable or can be converted into compounds of high stability in collision cell at high CID voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na An
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Quan-Fei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Yong-Ting Chen
- Hubei Electrochemical Power Sources Key Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Sheng-Li Chen
- Hubei Electrochemical Power Sources Key Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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Mahamuni G, Rutherford J, Davis J, Molnar E, Posner JD, Seto E, Korshin G, Novosselov I. Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy for Analysis of Chemical Composition of Combustion Generated Particulate Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8198-8209. [PMID: 32479734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of particulate matter (PM) is important for the assessment of human exposures to potentially harmful agents, notably combustion-generated PM. Specifically, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in ultrafine PM have been linked to cardiovascular diseases and carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. In this study, we quantify the presence and concentrations of PAHs with lower molecular weight (LMW, 126 < MW < 202) and higher molecular weight (HMW, 226 < MW < 302), i.e., smaller and larger than Pyrene, in combustion-generated PM using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. Laboratory combustion PM samples were generated in a laminar diffusion inverted gravity flame reactor (IGFR) operated on ethylene and ethane. Fuel dilution by Ar in 0% to 90% range controlled the flame temperature. The colder flames result in lower PM yields however, the PM PAH content increases significantly. Temperature thresholds for PM transition from low to high organic carbon content were characterized based on the maximum flame temperature (Tmax,c ∼ 1791 to 1857 K) and the highest soot luminosity region temperature (T*c ∼ 1600 to 1650K). Principal component regression (PCR) analysis of the EEM spectra of IGFR samples correlates to GCMS data with R2 = 0.988 for LMW and 0.998 for HMW PAHs. PCR-EEM analysis trained on the IGFR samples was applied to PM samples from woodsmoke and diesel exhaust, the model accurately predicts HMW PAH concentrations with R2 = 0.976 and overestimates LMW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Mahamuni
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jay Rutherford
- University of Washington, Chemical Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Justin Davis
- University of Washington, Molecular Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Eric Molnar
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan D Posner
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- University of Washington, Chemical Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edmund Seto
- University of Washington, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gregory Korshin
- University of Washington, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Igor Novosselov
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- University of Washington, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- University of Washington, Institute for Nano-Engineered Systems, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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27
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Han Y, Yin F, John GF, Clement TP. Understanding the relative performance of SCAN, SIM, PMRM and MRM methods for quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oil samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8765. [PMID: 32110840 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in oil spill samples are analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) using four different methods: (1) full scan (SCAN), (2) selected ion monitoring (SIM), (3) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and (4) pseudo multiple reaction monitoring (PMRM). This study quantifies the relative performance of these methods. METHODS Novel experiments were designed to measure the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of all four methods. This was accomplished by spiking the crude oil with five deuterated PAHs (dPAHs) in two distinct ways: (1) varying the background noise by changing crude oil concentrations before spiking the samples with 1 ng/mL of dPAHs, and (2) varying the signal by spiking dPAHs concentrations of 0.5 and 5 ng/mL into a crude oil sample. RESULTS The MRM method is the most selective and sensitive of the four methods. It also provides the lowest limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). MRM is the optimal approach for quantifying PAHs in complex petroleum samples containing high levels of background noise. Also, our data show that the PAHs in complex oil spill samples can be quantified by MRM without using any complicated sample preparation steps. CONCLUSIONS Based on our experimental data, the relative performance of the four methods used for quantifying PAHs in crude oil samples can be ranked as MRM > PMRM > SIM > SCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Fang Yin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gerald F John
- Department of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Smithfield, RI, USA
| | - T Prabhakar Clement
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Kolomijeca A, Parrott J, Khan H, Shires K, Clarence S, Sullivan C, Chibwe L, Sinton D, Rochman CM. Increased Temperature and Turbulence Alter the Effects of Leachates from Tire Particles on Fathead Minnow ( Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1750-1759. [PMID: 31904226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tire particles are of concern as a stressor due to the combination of their chemical constituents, high emission rates, and global distribution. Once in the environment, they will interact with physical parameters (e.g., UV, temperature). The interaction of chemical pollution with changing physical environmental parameters is often underestimated in ecotoxicology. Here, we investigate the role of temperature, mechanical stress (i.e., turbulence), UV, and CO2 on the effects of tire leachates on fish. Two samples of tire particles were exposed to four different levels of each physical stressor. A toxicological assessment was performed with fathead minnow embryos assessing five end points (hatching success, time to hatch, length, deformities, and heart rate). Results showed that variations of temperature and mechanical stress affect the toxicological impact of tire leachates. Zn and/or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene, phenanthrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, anthracene, naphthalene, fluoranthene, and benzo[ghi]perylene) were identified in the leachate and tire samples by Raman/surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kolomijeca
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of Toronto , M5S3B2 Toronto , Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , M5S3B2 Toronto , Canada
| | - Joanne Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , L7S 1A1 Burlington , Canada
| | - Hufsa Khan
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , L7S 1A1 Burlington , Canada
| | - Kallie Shires
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , L7S 1A1 Burlington , Canada
| | - Stacey Clarence
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , L7S 1A1 Burlington , Canada
| | - Cheryl Sullivan
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , L7S 1A1 Burlington , Canada
| | - Leah Chibwe
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , L7S 1A1 Burlington , Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences , The University of Guelph , N1G2W1 Guelph , Canada
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , M5S3B2 Toronto , Canada
| | - Chelsea M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of Toronto , M5S3B2 Toronto , Canada
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Rivera-Vera C, Lasarte-Aragonés G, Bravo MA, Muñoz-Lira D, Salazar R, Toledo-Neira C. Ionic liquids-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea beverages: Evaluation of infusion preparation on pollutants release. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Chen D, Shi L, Song G. Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalic Acid Esters in Gums and Soapstocks Obtained from Soybean Oil Refinery. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Chen
- Department of Oil Processing and Engineering, COFCO ET (Xi'an) International Engineering Co., Ltd. Xi'an 710082 China
| | - Longkai Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Gaoxiang Song
- Department of Product Development and Quality Control, Changqingmaixiangyuan (HuBei) Catering Management Food Co., Ltd. Wuhan 430043 China
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31
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Droppo IG, di Cenzo P, Parrott J, Power J. The Alberta oil sands eroded bitumen/sediment transitional journey: Influence on sediment transport dynamics, PAH signatures and toxicological effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:718-731. [PMID: 31071673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated the sediment/contaminant continuum of bitumen containing sediment, from eroded exposed natural bitumen outcrops to river depositional zone, in order to improve our understanding of the transitional sediment, chemistry and toxicological influence on aquatic health. To achieve this aim, we linked a rainfall simulator with an annular flume to allow for connectivity between terrestrial erosion to stream flow. Bulk sediments were collected from the minable McMurray Formation (MF) on the Ells (EL) and Steepbank (STB) Rivers and from the Clearwater Formation (CF) on the STB. All plots generated similar washoff rates (~25 L hr-1) and fine eroded sediment (d50 = 5 μm) regardless of strata. The CF generated the highest total eroded sediment (TES) followed by EL-MF and STB-MF. The STB-MF generated up to three orders of magnitude lower TES than the STB-CF. The EL generated the highest PAH concentrations, however, when normalizing by TES mass delivered to the flume, STB-MF PAH was one to two orders of magnitude higher per unit mass than EL-MF. The TES concentrations were inversely proportional to the degree of bitumen within the sediment (STB-MF > EL-MF > STB-CF). Once the TES was suspended in the flume, there was a change in the dominant PAH for most classes [e.g., Dibenzothiophenes C4 (parent material) to a C3 (TES)]. Further, no flocculation and the buoyant properties of the TES suggested that the sediment and associated PAHs may travel long distances. The EL-MF proved to be the most toxic to fathead minnow embryo survival due principally to the high PAH concentrations and sediment loads. The CF exhibited no toxicological effect. This work has shown the importance of assessing sediment/contaminant characteristics over the continuum (terrestrial erosion/washoff to river deposition) in order to support basin wide management strategies for the protection of aquatic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Droppo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
| | - Peter di Cenzo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3R5, Canada
| | - Joanne Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Jessica Power
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
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32
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Mo S, Wang Y, Xiong F, Ai C. Effects of asphalt source and mixing temperature on the generated asphalt fumes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:342-351. [PMID: 30856445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Asphalt fumes generated in pavement construction have been extensively studied from the perspective of occupational health. In this paper, they are examined from the perspective of material and construction. Asphalt binders from different sources were used to create standard mixtures. An asphalt fume generation and collection system was designed and built for generating fumes at simulated construction conditions and collecting fumes similar to the procedure used in field exposure studies. Total particulates (TP) in the fume samples were analyzed gravimetrically, and the chemical components of the samples were identified by using GC/MS. Results indicate that the TP concentration and chemical component of asphalt fumes are dependent on asphalt source and temperature. The concentration from one asphalt can be several times higher than that from another. With a temperature rise in 20 °C, the concentration increases about 3-7 times. At 140 °C, the total number of detected PAHs ranges from 4 to 9; at 160 °C, the number ranges from 4 to 12. The hazardous potentials of asphalt fumes vary with asphalt source and mixing temperature. Therefore, standardized laboratory test procedures are needed for risk assessment, based on which proper material selection and construction strategies may be chosen for hazard mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Mo
- Dept. of Civil & Environment Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Dept. of Civil & Environment Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Xiong
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, China
| | - Chunjin Ai
- Dept. of Civil & Environment Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Ma X, Huang P, Dang X, Ai Y, Zheng D, Chen H. MWCNTs/MnO2 nanocomposite-based polythiophene coating for solid-phase microextraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chibwe L, Manzano CA, Muir D, Atkinson B, Kirk JL, Marvin CH, Wang X, Teixeira C, Shang D, Harner T, De Silva AO. Deposition and Source Identification of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Snow, Sediment, and Air Samples from the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2981-2989. [PMID: 30741540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) can have multiple sources in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR). The current study was designed to identify and explore the potential of nitrogen heterocyclic PACs (NPACs) as source indicators in snowpack, lake sediment and passive air samples from the AOSR during 2014-2015. Source samples including petroleum coke (petcoke), haul road dust, and unprocessed oil sands were also analyzed. Samples were analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Over 200 NPACs were identified and classified into at least 24 isomer groups, including alkylated carbazoles, benzocarbazoles, and indenoquinolines. Levels of NPACs in environmental samples decreased with distance from the main developments and with increasing depth in lake sediments but were detected within 50 km from the major developments. The composition profiles of several NPAC isomer classes, such as dimethylcarbazoles, showed that petcoke had a distinct distribution of NPACs compared to the haul road dust and unprocessed oil sands ores and was the most similar source material to near-field environmental samples. These results suggest that petcoke is a major contributing source for the identified NPACs and that these compounds have the potential to be used as source indicators for future research in the AOSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Carlos A Manzano
- Center for Environmental Science, Faculty of Science , University of Chile , Santiago 7800003 , Chile
- School of Public Health , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA 92182 , United States of America
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Beau Atkinson
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Jane L Kirk
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Christopher H Marvin
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , BC V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Toronto , ON M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
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Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cosmetic products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:815-824. [PMID: 31324297 PMCID: PMC9307039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method is developed to determine 18 representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cosmetics, including Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and others. The method offers high sensitivity and selectivity under selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode to satisfy the requirements of both quantitation and qualitation. The extraction solvent system used in this study is acetone/hexane 1:1 (v/v) and other purification procedure is unnecessary. The linearities of 18 PAHs are validated in different concentration in the range of 0.25–20 ng/mL individually with coefficient correlation (r) higher than 0.996. The recoveries for spiking 3 different concentrations are from 87.40% to 120.44% for 18 PAHs and the coefficient of variation (CV) are below 12.32%. Limit of quantification (LOQ) of 18 PAHs is in the range of 0.05–0.2 mg/kg. A matrix enhancement effect is observed and can be compensated with deuterated internal standard. The method has been successfully applied to 73 samples, over 40 of them are lipsticks. The results show none of the samples detect Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA), both are classified as the most carcinogenic. 8 PAHs are detected and the average value between 0.08 and 0.27 mg/kg. This study offers a sensitive and simple method to analyze 18 representative PAHs successfully and can be applied to cosmetic products and raw materials.
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Imbery JJ, Buday C, Miliano RC, Shang D, Round JM, Kwok H, Van Aggelen G, Helbing CC. Evaluation of Gene Bioindicators in the Liver and Caudal Fin of Juvenile Pacific Coho Salmon in Response to Low Sulfur Marine Diesel Seawater-Accommodated Fraction Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1627-1638. [PMID: 30614687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low sulfur marine diesel (LSMD) is frequently involved in coastal spills and monitoring ecosystem damage, and the effectiveness of cleanup methods remains a challenge. The present study investigates the concentration and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dispersed in LSMD seawater accommodated fractions (WAFs) and assesses the effects of exposure on juvenile coho salmon ( Onchorhynchus kisutch). Three WAFs were prepared with 333, 1067, and 3333 mg/L LSMD. The sum of 50 common PAHs and alkylated PAHs (tPAH50) measured by gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry showed saturation at ∼90 mg/L for all WAFs. These WAFs were diluted 30% for 96 h fish exposures. qPCR was performed on liver and caudal fin from the same genotypically sexed individuals to evaluate PAH exposure, general and oxidative stress, estrogenic activity, and defense against metals. Excluding metal response, our analyses reveal significant changes in gene expression following WAF exposure on juvenile salmon with differential sensitivity between males and females. The 3-methylcholanthrene responsive cytochrome P450-1a ( cyp1a) transcript exhibited the greatest increase in transcript abundance in the caudal fin (10-18-fold) and liver (6-10-fold). This demonstrates that cyp1a is a robust, sex-independent bioindicator of oil exposure in caudal fin, a tissue that is amenable to nonlethal sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Imbery
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8P 5C2 , Canada
| | - Craig Buday
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Rachel C Miliano
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Jessica M Round
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8P 5C2 , Canada
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Graham Van Aggelen
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8P 5C2 , Canada
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Zhang H, Watts S, Philix MC, Snyder SA, Ong CN. Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in precipitation as revealed by targeted screening through GC-MS/MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:210-217. [PMID: 30075377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Facing the tough challenge of precise measurement of ever-increasing numbers of organic contaminants in the environment, there is an urgent need for more reliable and cost-effective methodologies. In this study, we developed and validated a screening method for analysis of over 450 pesticides in precipitation using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied to extract target analytes from precipitation. Using this targeted approach, we managed to detect 123 pesticides with maximum retention time shifts below 0.1 min (except for DEET) in 101 precipitation samples collected between October 2015 and March 2017 in Singapore. This is probably the first study to report the measurements of a wide range of pesticides in precipitation. A spectrum of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and their synergists were detected and among them DEET, malathion and carbaryl were the most frequently detected pesticides (detection frequency: 100%, 96% & 67%). The Spearman correlations suggest that some pesticides of different subgroups had significant correlations. It is believed that these finding could shed light on the understanding of the contribution of precipitation to environmental contaminants in water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Simon Watts
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Martin C Philix
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Shane A Snyder
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549, Singapore.
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Droppo IG, di Cenzo P, Power J, Jaskot C, Chambers PA, Alexander AC, Kirk J, Muir D. Temporal and spatial trends in riverine suspended sediment and associated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) within the Athabasca oil sands region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1382-1393. [PMID: 29898545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen-bearing suspended sediment (SS) eroded from the McMurray Formation (MF) are fine grained (silts and clays) and coated with natural hydrophobic oils. This results in poor settling and long range transport of associated contaminants. There was a longitudinal increase in polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) concentrations for rivers that erode the MF from upstream to downstream regardless of time-of-year, while loads were substantially increased during high flow periods when the erosive forces are the greatest and the overland flow contribution is high. Within the MF, variation in PAC contributions is seen by the Ells River having higher loads than the Steepbank River. Using the Ells and Steepbank as examples, double plot PACs ratios suggest that the PAC concentrations and signatures vary spatially within the MF but that the weathering processes may be the same. Plots of the various homologs of PACs generally illustrated a normal distribution which suggests petrogenic origins. However, several PAC ratios suggested that both the parent material and the SS are pyrogenic in nature. While it is likely that some level of atmospheric deposition (anthropogenic or from forest fire) is incorporated into the SS of the rivers, it is likely to be limited relative to the proportion of naturally eroded MF sediments. Additional analysis will be needed to distinguish the relative risk of both anthropogenic (e.g., industrial operations) and natural sources (bitumen deposits, forest fire) of PACs to the SS and to long-range depositional environments, as they may have potential aquatic ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Droppo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Peter di Cenzo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica Power
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Jaskot
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alexa C Alexander
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jane Kirk
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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Idowu I, Francisco O, Thomas PJ, Johnson W, Marvin C, Stetefeld J, Tomy GT. Validation of a simultaneous method for determining polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylated isomers in biota. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:277-287. [PMID: 29178235 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is a need for a validated method to improve detection limits and simultaneously quantify polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs, both parent and alkylated homologues) in biota by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry because of their environmental significance. The validation of the method was performed in accordance to the Eurachem Guide to Quality in Analytical Chemistry. METHODS Gas chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer used in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for detection and quantification. Retention time windows and selective MRM ion transitions were optimized for a suite of PACs. The developed method was validated by comparing our measurements made on a reference material of freeze-dried mussel tissue (Mytilus edulis) with the certified values. RESULTS Linearity was observed between 10-1000 pg/μL (PAHs) and 2-500 pg/μL (alkyl-PACs including S-based PACs). The overall mean (±SD) for the limits of detection of 43 PACs studied were 0.305 ± 0.276 and 2.69 ± 1.10 ng/g, respectively. For the 14 certified target analytes, the percent relative error ranged from 1.3 to 33%. With the exception of benzo(a)pyrene, the between-day and within-day repeatability for all target analytes was lower than 15% RSD. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a fully validated method to simultaneously quantify PACs in biota performed in an ISO accredited laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa Idowu
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Olga Francisco
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Wesley Johnson
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Qasem RJ, Farh IK, Al Essa MA. A novel LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative measurement of the acetate content in pharmaceutical peptides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:354-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Piersanti A, Tavoloni T, Bastari E, Lestingi C, Romanelli S, Rossi R, Saluti G, Moretti S, Galarini R. A GC-EI-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 15 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Fish and Shellfish Tissues. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gazioglu I, Tekkeli SEK. Development and validation of a HPLC method for the determination of benzo(a)pyrene in human breast milk. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:319-322. [PMID: 30263545 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple analytical procedure was developed for the quantitation of benzo(a)pyrene in human breast milk using solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with high performance liquid chromatography. Before the chromatographic process, SPE, including C18 functional groups in silicagel cartridges, was conducted for sample preparation. A C18 column (100×4.6 mm id, 3 μm particle size) was used with acetonitrile:water (80:20) as the mobile phase at a flow rate 1mL/min at 30°C. Fluorimetric detection was performed for excitation and emission at 290 and 406 nm, respectively. It was observed that the calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.5-80 ng/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.5 and 1.07 ng/mL, respectively. Intraday and interday relative standard deviation values were less than 5.15%. Moreover, the newly developed method provides a fast, simple, cost effective, and sensitive assay to detect an important carcinogen substance, benzo(a)pyrene, in human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Gazioglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serife Evrim Kepekci Tekkeli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey
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KAMAO M, HIROTA Y, SUHARA Y, TSUGAWA N, NAKAGAWA K, OKANO T, HASEGAWA H. Determination of Menadione by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Pseudo Multiple Reaction Monitoring. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:863-867. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya KAMAO
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yoshihisa HIROTA
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Yoshitomo SUHARA
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Naoko TSUGAWA
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women’s University
| | - Kimie NAKAGAWA
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Toshio OKANO
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
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Koshlaf E, Shahsavari E, Aburto-Medina A, Taha M, Haleyur N, Makadia TH, Morrison PD, Ball AS. Bioremediation potential of diesel-contaminated Libyan soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:297-305. [PMID: 27479774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation is a broadly applied environmentally friendly and economical treatment for the clean-up of sites contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons. However, the application of this technology to contaminated soil in Libya has not been fully exploited. In this study, the efficacy of different bioremediation processes (necrophytoremediation using pea straw, bioaugmentation and a combination of both treatments) together with natural attenuation were assessed in diesel contaminated Libyan soils. The addition of pea straw was found to be the best bioremediation treatment for cleaning up diesel contaminated Libyan soil after 12 weeks. The greatest TPH degradation, 96.1% (18,239.6mgkg(-1)) and 95% (17,991.14mgkg(-1)) were obtained when the soil was amended with pea straw alone and in combination with a hydrocarbonoclastic consortium respectively. In contrast, natural attenuation resulted in a significantly lower TPH reduction of 76% (14,444.5mgkg(-1)). The presence of pea straw also led to a significant increased recovery of hydrocarbon degraders; 5.7log CFU g(-1) dry soil, compared to 4.4log CFUg(-1) dry soil for the untreated (natural attenuation) soil. DGGE and Illumina 16S metagenomic analyses confirm shifts in bacterial communities compared with original soil after 12 weeks incubation. In addition, metagenomic analysis showed that original soil contained hydrocarbon degraders (e.g. Pseudoxanthomonas spp. and Alcanivorax spp.). However, they require a biostimulant (in this case pea straw) to become active. This study is the first to report successful oil bioremediation with pea straw in Libya. It demonstrates the effectiveness of pea straw in enhancing bioremediation of the diesel-contaminated Libyan soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Koshlaf
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Algabal Algarbi University, Gharian, Libya
| | - Esmaeil Shahsavari
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Arturo Aburto-Medina
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Mohamed Taha
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Nagalakshmi Haleyur
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Tanvi H Makadia
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Lian W, Ren F, Tang L, Dong D. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette samples using gel permeation chromatography clean-up by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Haleyur N, Shahsavari E, Mansur AA, Koshlaf E, Morrison PD, Osborn AM, Ball AS. Comparison of rapid solvent extraction systems for the GC-MS/MS characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aged, contaminated soil. MethodsX 2016; 3:364-70. [PMID: 27200269 PMCID: PMC4864413 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major class of organic hydrocarbons with high molecular weight that originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Sixteen PAHs are included in the U.S Environmental Protection agency list of priority pollutants due to their mutagenic, carcinogenic, toxic and teratogenic properties. In this study, the development and optimization of a simplified and rapid solvent extraction for the characterisation of 16 USEPA priority poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aged contaminated soils was established with subsequent analysis by GC–MS/MS. Five different extraction solvent systems: dichloromethane: acetone, chloroform: methanol, dichloromethane, acetone: hexane and hexane were assessed in terms of their ability to extract PAHs from aged PAH-contaminated soils. Highest PAH concentrations were extracted using acetone: hexane and chloroform: methanol. Given the greater toxicity associated with chloroform: methanol, acetone: hexane appears the best choice of solvent extraction system. This protocol enables efficient extraction of PAHs from aged weathered soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagalakshmi Haleyur
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Shahsavari
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Abdulatif A Mansur
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Azawia University, Libya
| | - Eman Koshlaf
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - A Mark Osborn
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
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Wu R, Li N, Shu R, An N, Yi F, Yang W, Li C. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mosses by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1166371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Bigus P, Tsakovski S, Simeonov V, Namieśnik J, Tobiszewski M. Hasse diagram as a green analytical metrics tool: ranking of methods for benzo[a]pyrene determination in sediments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3833-41. [PMID: 27038058 PMCID: PMC4848339 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an application of the Hasse diagram technique (HDT) as the assessment tool to select the most appropriate analytical procedures according to their greenness or the best analytical performance. The dataset consists of analytical procedures for benzo[a]pyrene determination in sediment samples, which were described by 11 variables concerning their greenness and analytical performance. Two analyses with the HDT were performed—the first one with metrological variables and the second one with “green” variables as input data. Both HDT analyses ranked different analytical procedures as the most valuable, suggesting that green analytical chemistry is not in accordance with metrology when benzo[a]pyrene in sediment samples is determined. The HDT can be used as a good decision support tool to choose the proper analytical procedure concerning green analytical chemistry principles and analytical performance merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bigus
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stefan Tsakovski
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Simeonov
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Shi LK, Zhang DD, Liu YL. Survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of vegetable oils and oilseeds by GC-MS in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:603-11. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1144935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Determination of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tea by Simultaneous Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled with gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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