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Du XN, He Y, Chen YW, Liu Q, Sun L, Sun HM, Wu XF, Lu Y. Decoding Cosmetic Complexities: A Comprehensive Guide to Matrix Composition and Pretreatment Technology. Molecules 2024; 29:411. [PMID: 38257324 PMCID: PMC10818968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in analytical technologies, the complex nature of cosmetic matrices, coupled with the presence of diverse and trace unauthorized additives, hinders the application of these technologies in cosmetics analysis. This not only impedes effective regulation of cosmetics but also leads to the continual infiltration of illegal products into the market, posing serious health risks to consumers. The establishment of cosmetic regulations is often based on extensive scientific experiments, resulting in a certain degree of latency. Therefore, timely advancement in laboratory research is crucial to ensure the timely update and adaptability of regulations. A comprehensive understanding of the composition of cosmetic matrices and their pretreatment technologies is vital for enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of cosmetic detection. Drawing upon the China National Medical Products Administration's 2021 Cosmetic Classification Rules and Classification Catalogue, we streamline the wide array of cosmetics into four principal categories based on the following compositions: emulsified, liquid, powdered, and wax-based cosmetics. In this review, the characteristics, compositional elements, and physicochemical properties inherent to each category, as well as an extensive overview of the evolution of pretreatment methods for different categories, will be explored. Our objective is to provide a clear and comprehensive guide, equipping researchers with profound insights into the core compositions and pretreatment methods of cosmetics, which will in turn advance cosmetic analysis and improve detection and regulatory approaches in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xian-Fu Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (X.-N.D.); (Y.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (H.-M.S.)
| | - Yong Lu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (X.-N.D.); (Y.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (Q.L.); (L.S.); (H.-M.S.)
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Xiao G, Yuan L, Liao D, Dong H, Luo X, Huang Y. A study on the applicability of one-step vortex extraction and purification combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of four skin penetration enhancers in cosmetics. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464379. [PMID: 37778099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on one-step vortex extraction and purification combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), we established a simple, rapid, and efficient method for the simultaneous determination of four skin penetration enhancers in cosmetics, including isosorbide dimethyl ether, isopropyl myristate, N-butylsaccharin and Azone. The extraction procedure was performed in a centrifuge tube, allowing extraction and purification in a single step. The cosmetic sample was extracted by n-hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1, V/V), purified by silica gel and anhydrous magnesium sulfate as the solid phase purification agent, separated on a TG-5 ms column (30.0 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μ m), confirmed and detected by GC-MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, and quantified by the internal standard method with Di-n‑butyl phthalate-D4(DBP-D4) as the internal standard. The selections of a column, extraction solvent, and solid phase purification agent were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the four skin penetration enhancers showed good linearities in the range of 0.02∼0.50 mg L - 1. The correlation coefficients (r) were 0.992 ∼ 0.997, exceeding the specifications requirements (r ≥ 0.990); The detection (LODs, S/N = 3) and quantification limits (LOQs, S/N = 10) of the method were 0.08 ∼ 0.12 mg kg-1 and 0.25 ∼ 0.40 mg kg-1, respectively. According to the cosmetic matrix in different formulation systems, the spiked recovery tests were carried out at three levels, i.e., low, medium, and high. The average recoveries of the analytes were 85.3% ∼ 95.6%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 6) were 2.1% ∼ 7.8%. The established method was also employed to analyze cosmetics in the market. Azone, isosorbide dimethyl ether, and isopropyl myristate resulted as the most widely used skin penetration enhancers in cosmetics. The method established in this study has the advantages of operational simplicity, high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and low consumption of samples and solvents. Moreover, it can be used to determine skin penetration enhancers in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengpeng Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; Development Research Institute of Testing and Certification Technology, Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Development Research Institute of Testing and Certification Technology, Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Dandan Liao
- Development Research Institute of Testing and Certification Technology, Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Huanhuan Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Development Research Institute of Testing and Certification Technology, Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Yousheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; Development Research Institute of Testing and Certification Technology, Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification, Nanchang 330039, China.
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3
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Han I, Seo JY, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Yakimavets V, D’Souza PE, An-Han H, Afshar M, Chao YY. Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12411. [PMID: 36231706 PMCID: PMC9566193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Greater New York City area ranks highest in the United States in the number of nail salon technicians, primarily Asian immigrant women. Nail salon technicians are exposed to toxic phthalates and volatile organic compounds daily in nail salons. The purpose of this pilot study was to measure a mixture of phthalates and volatile organic compounds in nail salons in the Greater New York City area, and to characterize work-related determinants of indoor air quality in these nail salons. Working with four Asian nail salon organizations in the Greater New York City area, we measured indoor air phthalates and volatile organic compounds at 20 nail salons from February to May 2021 using silicone wristbands and passive samplers, respectively. Nail salon characteristics were also examined. We measured six phthalates and 31 volatile organic compounds. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Diethyl phthalate had the highest concentrations among the six phthalates measured. Concentrations of toluene, d-limonene, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate were higher than that of the rest. Manicure/pedicure tables, the number of customers per day, and application of artificial nail (acrylic) services were positively associated with the levels of phthalates and volatile organic compounds. Given the large number of people employed in the nail industry and the even larger number of customers visiting such establishments, exposures to these toxic chemicals are likely to be widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jin Young Seo
- Hunter College School of Nursing, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priya Esilda D’Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heyreoun An-Han
- Gulf Coast Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masoud Afshar
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Chao
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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4
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Karimi-Maleh H, Darabi R, Shabani-Nooshabadi M, Baghayeri M, Karimi F, Rouhi J, Alizadeh M, Karaman O, Vasseghian Y, Karaman C. Determination of D&C Red 33 and Patent Blue V Azo dyes using an impressive electrochemical sensor based on carbon paste electrode modified with ZIF-8/g-C 3N 4/Co and ionic liquid in mouthwash and toothpaste as real samples. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 162:112907. [PMID: 35271984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic azo dyes are widely used in a variety of industries, but many of them pose a risk to human health, particularly when consumed in large quantities. As a result, their existence in products should be closely monitored. D&C red 33 and Patent Blue V are mostly used in cosmetics, especially in toothpaste and mouthwashes. A novel carbon paste electrode modified with ZIF-8/g-C3N4/Co nanocomposite and 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide as an ionic liquid was employed as a highly sensitive reproducible electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of these common dyes. ZIF structure has unique properties such as high surface area, suitable conductivity, and excellent porosity. The electrochemical behavior of the suggested electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To characterize the synthesized nanocomposites, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied to investigate the structure of nanocomposites. Under the optimized conditions, the modified sensor offered a wide linear concentration range 0.08-10 μM (R2 = 0.9906) and 10-900 μM (R2 = 0.9932) with a low limit of detection of 0.034 μM. The value of diffusion coefficient (D), and the electron transfer coefficient (α) was calculated to be 310 × 10-5, and 0.9 respectively. This technique offered a successful performance for the determination of target analyte in the real samples with acceptable results between 96% and 107%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Rozhin Darabi
- Institute of Nano Science and Nano Technology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shabani-Nooshabadi
- Institute of Nano Science and Nano Technology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Baghayeri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 397, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Jalal Rouhi
- Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51566, Iran
| | - Marzieh Alizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Mohammad Rasul Allah Research Tower, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 234567890, Iran
| | - Onur Karaman
- Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Ceren Karaman
- Department of Electricity and Energy, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
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5
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Wahlang B, Gripshover TC, Gao H, Krivokhizhina T, Keith RJ, Sithu ID, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A, McClain CJ, Srivastava S, Cave MC. Associations Between Residential Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Liver Injury Markers. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:50-63. [PMID: 34668566 PMCID: PMC8714366 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been associated with numerous health complications including steatohepatitis and liver cancer. However, the potential impact of environmental/residential VOC exposures on liver health and function is largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, the objective of this cross-sectional study is to investigate associations between VOCs and liver injury biomarkers in community residents. Subjects were recruited from six Louisville neighborhoods, and informed consent was obtained. Exposure biomarkers included 16 creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites corresponding to 12 parent VOCs. Serological disease biomarkers measured included cytokertain-18 (K18 M65 and M30), liver enzymes, and direct bilirubin. Associations between exposure and disease biomarkers were assessed using generalized linear models. Smoking status was confirmed through urinary cotinine levels. The population comprised of approximately 60% females and 40% males; White persons accounted 78% of the population; with more nonsmokers (n = 413) than smokers (n = 250). When compared with nonsmokers, males (45%) and Black persons (26%) were more likely to be smokers. In the overall population, metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, crotonaldehyde, styrene, and xylene were positively associated with alkaline phosphatase. These associations persisted in smokers, with the exception of crotonaldehyde, and addition of N,N-dimethylformamide and propylene oxide metabolites. Although no positive associations were observed for K18 M30, the benzene metabolite was positively associated with bilirubin, irrespective of smoking status. Taken together, the results demonstrated that selected VOCs were positively associated with liver injury biomarkers. These findings will enable better risk assessment and identification of populations vulnerable to liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Tyler C Gripshover
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Hong Gao
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Tatiana Krivokhizhina
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Rachel J Keith
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Israel D Sithu
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health and Information Sciences, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Mathew C Cave
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Wejnerowska G, Narloch I. Determination of Benzophenones in Water and Cosmetics Samples: A Comparison of Solid-Phase Extraction and Microextraction by Packed Sorbent Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226896. [PMID: 34833988 PMCID: PMC8621114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are extensively used in a wide variety of cosmetic products and other materials (e.g., textiles or plastics) to avoid damaging effects of UV radiation. In the present work, we compared two extraction methods for the determination of BPs, namely, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3) and 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8), in water and cosmetics samples. The following extraction methods were used for the research: solid-phase extraction (SPE) and microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), whereas analysis was performed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. A comparison between the methods indicates that the MEPS technique(s) can be reliably used for analysis of BPs (sunscreen residue) in water samples and cosmetic samples with satisfactory results. This microextraction technique is cheap, easy, quick to implement, and consumes small amounts of solvents. On the other hand, the main advantage of the SPE method are low detection limits for the determination of BPs in water samples, i.e., from 0.034 to 0.067 µg L−1, while, for the MEPS method, LODs were at the level of 1.8–3.2 µg L−1. For both methods, the recoveries of BPs were 96–107% and 44–70% for water and cosmetics samples, respectively. The presented methods are suitable for use in cosmetics quality control and environmental pollution assessment.
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Narloch I, Wejnerowska G. An Overview of the Analytical Methods for the Determination of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Cosmetic Products and Human Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:4780. [PMID: 34443367 PMCID: PMC8400378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UV filters are a group of compounds commonly used in different cosmetic products to absorb UV radiation. They are classified into a variety of chemical groups, such as benzophenones, salicylates, benzotriazoles, cinnamates, p-aminobenzoates, triazines, camphor derivatives, etc. Different tests have shown that some of these chemicals are absorbed through the skin and metabolised or bioaccumulated. These processes can cause negative health effects, including mutagenic and cancerogenic ones. Due to the absence of official monitoring protocols, there is an increased number of analytical methods that enable the determination of those compounds in cosmetic samples to ensure user safety, as well as in biological fluids and tissues samples, to obtain more information regarding their behaviour in the human body. This review aimed to show and discuss the published studies concerning analytical methods for the determination of organic UV filters in cosmetic and biological samples. It focused on sample preparation, analytical techniques, and analytical performance (limit of detection, accuracy, and repeatability).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grażyna Wejnerowska
- Department of Food Analysis and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Martín-Pozo L, Gómez-Regalado MDC, Moscoso-Ruiz I, Zafra-Gómez A. Analytical methods for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in cosmetics and personal care products: A review. Talanta 2021; 234:122642. [PMID: 34364451 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) and cosmetics are indispensable product in our daily routine. Their widespread use makes them a potential route of exposure for certain contaminants to which human would not be normally exposed. One of these contaminants includes endocrine disrupting chemicals, molecules capable of mimicking the body's natural hormones and interfering with the endocrine system. Some of them are ingredients included in the product's formulation, such as UV-filters (sunscreens), phthalates (plasticizers and preservatives), synthetic musks (fragrances), parabens and other antimicrobial agents (antimicrobial preservatives). Others are non-intended added substances that may result from the manufacturing process or migration from the plastic packaging, as with bisphenols and perfluorinated compounds. Some of these endocrine disruptors have been restricted or even banned in cosmetics and PCPs given the high risk they pose to health. Thus, the development of fast, sensitive and precise methods for the identification and quantification of these compounds in cosmetics is a substantial need in order to ensure consumer safety and provide insight into the real risk of human exposure. The present work aims at reviewing the more recently developed analytical methods published in the literature for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in cosmetics and PCPs using chromatographic techniques, with a focus on sample treatment and the quality of analytical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Pozo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, E-18016, Granada, Spain.
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9
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Zhan T, Cui S, Liu X, Zhang C, Huang YMM, Zhuang S. Enhanced Disrupting Effect of Benzophenone-1 Chlorination Byproducts to the Androgen Receptor: Cell-Based Assays and Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1140-1149. [PMID: 33684284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzophenone-1 (BP-1), one of the commonly used ultraviolet filters, has caused increasing public concern due to frequently detected residues in environmental and recreational waters. Its susceptibility to residual chlorine and the potential to subsequently trigger endocrine disruption remain unknown. We herein investigated the chlorination of BP-1 in swimming pool water and evaluated the endocrine disruption toward the human androgen receptor (AR). The structures of monochlorinated (P1) and dichlorinated (P2) products were separated and characterized by mass spectrometry and 1H-1H NMR correlation spectroscopy. P1 and P2 exhibited significantly higher antiandrogenic activity in yeast two-hybrid assays (EC50, 6.13 μM and 9.30 μM) than did BP-1 (12.89 μM). Our 350 ns Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations showed the protein dynamics in a long-time scale equilibrium, and further energy calculations revealed that although increased hydrophobic interactions are primarily responsible for enhanced binding affinities between chlorinated products and the AR ligand binding domain, the second chloride in P2 still hinders the complex motion because of the solvation penalty. The mixture of BP-1-P1-P2 elicited additive antiandrogenic activity, well fitted by the concentration addition model. P1 and P2 at 1 μM consequently downregulated the mRNA expression of AR-regulated genes, NKX3.1 and KLK3, by 1.7-9.1-fold in androgen-activated LNCaP cells. Because chlorination of BP-1 occurs naturally by residual chlorine in aquatic environments, our results regarding enhanced antiandrogenic activity and disturbed AR signaling provided evidence linking the use of personal care products with potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjie Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shixuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Houston, Clear Lake,Texas 77058, United States
| | - Yu-Ming M Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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10
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Meng Q, Yeung K, Kwok ML, Chung CT, Hu XL, Chan KM. Toxic effects and transcriptome analyses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to benzophenones. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114857. [PMID: 32497821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen chemicals, such as benzophenones (BPs), are common environmental contaminants that are posing a growing health concern due to their increasing presence in water, fish, and human systems. Benzoresorcinol (BP1), oxybenzone (BP3), and dioxybenzone (BP8) are the most commonly used BPs for their ability to protect from sunburn by absorbing a broad spectrum of ultraviolet radiation. In this study, zebrafish larvae were used as an in vivo model to investigate the potential risks and molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects of BPs. The effects of these BPs on the gene expression in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, estrogen receptor pathway, and sex differentiation were detected using quantitative real-time PCR. All BPs were found to function as agonists of the estrogen receptors α and β1, indicating that these BPs likely undergo similar molecular metabolism in vivo, whereby they can activate cytochrome P450 genes and promote the expression of CYP19A and DMRT1. Furthermore, the gene expression profile of larvae after BP3 exposure was evaluated using a whole transcriptome sequencing approach. BP3 affected estradiol biosynthesis and sex differentiation. It also regulated gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thus interfering with the endocrine system. As a xenobiotic toxicant, BP3 upregulated the expression of cytochrome P450 genes (CYP1A and CYP3A65) and glutathione metabolism-related genes (GSTA, GSTM, and GSTP). It also interfered with the nervous system by regulating the calcium signaling pathway. These findings will be useful for understanding the toxicity mechanisms and metabolism of BPs in aquatic organisms and promote the regulation of these chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Karen Yeung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Man Long Kwok
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Chun Ting Chung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Xue Lei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Guerra E, Alvarez-Rivera G, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C. Simultaneous determination of preservatives and synthetic dyes in cosmetics by single-step vortex extraction and clean-up followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 188:251-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Guerra E, Lamas JP, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C. Determination of oxidative hair dyes using miniaturized extraction techniques and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Huang J, Zhou L, Xun Z, Wang Q, Lin S, Guo X, Cai Y. Simultaneous determination of seven nitrogen-containing phenyl ethers in cosmetics by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and dispersive solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1718-1723. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Huang
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Langjun Zhou
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Xun
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Senyu Lin
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xindong Guo
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yongtong Cai
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
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14
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Zhong Z, Li G. Current trends in sample preparation for cosmetic analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:152-169. [PMID: 27333942 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The widespread applications of cosmetics in modern life make their analysis particularly important from a safety point of view. There is a wide variety of restricted ingredients and prohibited substances that primarily influence the safety of cosmetics. Sample preparation for cosmetic analysis is a crucial step as the complex matrices may seriously interfere with the determination of target analytes. In this review, some new developments (2010-2016) in sample preparation techniques for cosmetic analysis, including liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase microextraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, pressurized liquid extraction, cloud point extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microwave digestion, are presented. Furthermore, the research and progress in sample preparation techniques and their applications in the separation and purification of allowed ingredients and prohibited substances are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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