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Zhang X, Liu M, Wang Z, Wang P, Kong L, Wu J, Wu W, Ma L, Jiang S, Ren W, Du L, Ma W, Liu X. A review of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, synthetic biology and comprehensive utilization of Silybum marianum. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1417655. [PMID: 39055491 PMCID: PMC11269164 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1417655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, a herbaceous plant with a long history in traditional medicine for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, particularly in Europe, which has attracted attention for its remarkable therapeutic effect. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, comprehensive utilization and synthetic biology of S. marianum. Up to now, more than 20 types of flavonolignan components have been isolated from S. marianum. In addition, the rearch on fatty acids and triterpenoids is also constantly improving. Among them, silybin is the most active compound in flavonolignans components. Its pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective and immunoregulatory properties. The use of coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin as substrates to produce silybin and isosilybin under the action of enzyme catalysis is the commonly used biosynthetic pathway of silymarin, which provides support for a comprehensive analysis of the synthetic pathway of silymarin. In addition to medicinal use, the extracts of plants also have broad application prospects in the production of food, healthcare products, cosmetics and other aspects. In addition, the chemical composition, pharmacological mechanism and synthetic biology of S. marianum need to be further studied, which is very important for its clinical efficacy and resource development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Meiqi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lingyang Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhao Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lengleng Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Weichao Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Likun Du
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiubo Liu
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi, China
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Mascarenhas-Melo F, Mathur A, Murugappan S, Sharma A, Tanwar K, Dua K, Singh SK, Mazzola PG, Yadav DN, Rengan AK, Veiga F, Paiva-Santos AC. Inorganic nanoparticles in dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic products: Properties, formulation development, toxicity, and regulatory issues. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:25-40. [PMID: 37739239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology strategies is a current hot topic, and research in this field has been growing significantly in the cosmetics industry. Inorganic nanoparticles stand out in this context for their distinctive physicochemical properties, leading in particular to an increased refractive index and absorption capacity giving them a broad potential for cutaneous applications and making them of special interest in research for dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. This performance is responsible for its heavy inclusion in the manufacture of skin health products such as sunscreens, lotions, beauty creams, skin ointments, makeup, and others. In particular, their suitable bandgap energy characteristics allow them to be used as photocatalytic semiconductors. They provide excellent UV absorption, commonly known as UV filters, and are responsible for their wide worldwide use in sunscreen formulations without the undesirable white residue after consumer application. In addition, cosmetics based on inorganic nanoparticles have several additional characteristics relevant to formulation development, such as being less expensive compared to other nanomaterials, having greater stability, and ensuring less irritation, itching, and propensity for skin allergies. This review will address in detail the main inorganic nanoparticles used in dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic products, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, silver, gold, copper, and aluminum nanoparticles, nanocrystals, and quantum dots, reporting their physicochemical characteristics, but also their additional intrinsic properties that contribute to their use in this type of formulations. Safety issues regarding inorganic nanoparticles, based on toxicity studies, both to humans and the environment, as well as regulatory affairs associated with their use in dermopharmaceuticals and cosmetics, will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ankita Mathur
- Abode Biotec India Private Limited, Hyderbad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivasubramanian Murugappan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Arpana Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Mewar University, Gangrar, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
| | | | - Dokkari Nagalaxmi Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Huang RY, Chang HY, Chih SM, Dyke TV, Cheng CD, Sung CE, Weng PW, Shieh YS, Cheng WC. Silibinin alleviates inflammation-induced bone loss by modulating biological interaction between human gingival fibroblasts and monocytes. J Periodontol 2023; 94:905-918. [PMID: 36716169 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silibinin has shown various pharmacological effects that could be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. However, the therapeutic potential of silibinin for periodontitis has not been investigated. METHODS The therapeutic effects of silibinin in ligation-induced experimental periodontitis were investigated using biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical methods. The effects of silibinin on the osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 cells were investigated using TRAP staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), pit formation, and immunoblotting. Moreover, its effects on inflammatory cytokine production, RANKL expression, and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were evaluated using qPCR and flow cytometry. A coculture system was established to elucidate the effects of silibinin on the crosstalk between LPS-stimulated HGFs and undifferentiated monocytes. RESULTS Silibinin significantly reduced the alveolar bone loss, decreased the gingival inflammation and RANKL expression, and decreased the RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio in gingival tissues in experimental periodontitis. The in vitro results showed that silibinin inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and function of RAW264.7 cells and suppressed RANKL-induced nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) induction and translocation through the nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Silibinin decreased the inflammatory cytokine level and oxidative stress production in LPS-stimulated HGFs; significantly suppressed membrane-bound RANKL expression on LPS-stimulated HGFs; and significantly disrupted TRAP+ cell differentiation in the coculture system. CONCLUSIONS Silibinin effectively inhibits inflammation-induced bone loss in experimental periodontitis based on the regulation of stimulated HGFs by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory and osteoclastogenic mediators. Collectively, targeting the inflamed HGF resolution that mediates osteogenesis may use silibinin as a potential drug-repurposing candidate for modulating alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. SUMMARY Silibinin effectively inhibits inflammation-induced bone loss in experimental periodontitis based on the regulation of stimulated HGFs by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory and osteoclastogenic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yeong Huang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Yang Chang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mi Chih
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Van Dyke
- Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chia-Dan Cheng
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Sung
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wei Weng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shing Shieh
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chien Cheng
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ain QU, Saleem U, Ahmad B, Khalid I. Pharmacological screening of silibinin for antischizophrenic activity along with its acute toxicity evaluation in experimental animals. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111915. [PMID: 36817163 PMCID: PMC9936411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin (SIL), a flavolignan extracted from the medicinal plant "silybum marianum (milk thistle)", has traditionally been used to treat liver disease. This phytochemical has displayed neuroprotective properties, its activity against schizophrenia is not elucidated. The present study was designed to evaluate the antipsychotic potential of silibinin and probe its toxic potential. The acute oral toxicity study was assessed as per OECD 425 guidelines. Animals were divided into two groups of female rats (n = 6): one group served as the normal control and the other group received a 2,000 mg/kg dose of SIL. We also evaluated the antipsychotic potential of SIL. To this end, animals were divided into six groups (n = 10) of mice for both the preventive and curative protocols. Group I (CMC 1 mL/kg) served as the normal control and received CMC 1 mL/kg; group II was the diseased group treated with ketamine (10 mg/kg) i.p; group III was the standard group treated with clozapine 1 mg/kg; groups IV, V, and VI served as the treatment groups, receiving SIL 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively, orally for both protocols. Improvement in positive symptoms of the disease was evaluated by stereotypy and hyperlocomotion, while negative symptoms (behavioral despair) were determined by a forced swim test and a tail suspension test in the mice models. The results suggested that the LD50 of SIL was greater than 2,000 mg/kg. Moreover, SIL prevented and reversed ketamine-induced increase in stereotypy (p < 0.001) and behavioral despair in the forced swim and tail suspension tests (p < 0.001). Taken together, the findings suggest that silibinin is a safe drug with low toxicity which demonstrates significant antipsychotic activity against the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat Ul Ain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Qurat Ul Ain, ; Uzma Saleem,
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Qurat Ul Ain, ; Uzma Saleem,
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Hamza College of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Khalid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Do NH, Truong QT, Le PK, Ha AC. Recent developments in chitosan hydrogels carrying natural bioactive compounds. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ikhlef A, Ait‐Amar H, Khelifi L, Chemat S. Optimization of silybin production from
Silybum marianum
tissue cell cultures using different elicitor solutions. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Ikhlef
- Faculty of Process and Mechanical Engineering University Sciences and Technologies Houari Boumediene (USTHB) BP 32 16112 Alger Algeria
| | - Hamid Ait‐Amar
- Faculty of Process and Mechanical Engineering University Sciences and Technologies Houari Boumediene (USTHB) BP 32 16112 Alger Algeria
| | - Lakhdar Khelifi
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Biotechnology National School of Agricultural Sciences (ENSA) El‐Harrach Algiers Algeria
| | - Smain Chemat
- Extraction & Separation Techniques Team Research Centre in Chemical and Physical Analysis (CRAPC) Zone Industrielle de Bousmail BP 384 RP 42004 Tipaza Algeria
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Abstract
Nutrition and dietary supplements have been used to promote a youthful appearance for millennia. Despite high public demand for these products, evidence supporting their efficacy is limited and often inconsistent. We discuss the structural and functional changes that occur in the skin during the aging process. We also review evidence supporting the use of nutritional supplements commonly used to promote a youthful appearance, including essential fatty acids, coenzyme Q, collagen peptides, curcumin, polyphenols, flavonoids, probiotics, silymarin, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. We also consider the role of advanced glycosylated end products, antiinflammatory diets, and caloric restriction in delaying premature skin aging. Although evidence supporting the use of some dietary interventions is promising, further long-term studies in humans are required to fully understand their effects on the promotion of a youthful appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Muzumdar
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Katalin Ferenczi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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8
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Cho K, Lee HG, Piao JY, Kim SJ, Na HK, Surh YJ. Protective Effects of Silibinin on Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastritis: NF-κB and STAT3 as Potential Targets. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:118-127. [PMID: 34258250 PMCID: PMC8249208 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of the world's populations are considered to be infected by Helicobacter pylori. It causes a chronic inflammation of the stomach, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and cancer. Silibinin, a polyphenolic flavonoid derived from milk thistle, has been known for its hepatoprotective effects, and recent studies have revealed its chemopreventive potential. In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of silibinin in human gastric cancer MKN-1 cells and in the stomach of C57BL/6 mice infected by H. pylori. Pretreatment with silibinin attenuated the up-regulation of COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in H. pylori-infected MKN-1 cells and mouse stomach. In addition, the elevated translocation and DNA binding of NF-κB and STAT3 induced by H. pylori infection were inhibited by silibinin treatment. Moreover, H. pylori infection in combination with high salt diet resulted in dysplasia and hyperplasia in mouse stomach, and these pathological manifestations were substantially mitigated by silibinin administration. Taken together, these findings suggest that silibinin exerts anti-inflammatory effects against H. pylori infection through suppression of NF-κB and STAT3 and subsequently, expression of COX-2 and iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghwa Cho
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Geum Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juan-Yu Piao
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Verdura S, Cuyàs E, Ruiz-Torres V, Micol V, Joven J, Bosch-Barrera J, Menendez JA. Lung Cancer Management with Silibinin: A Historical and Translational Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060559. [PMID: 34208282 PMCID: PMC8230811 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavonolignan silibinin, the major bioactive component of the silymarin extract of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) seeds, is gaining traction as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic. Here, we review the historical developments that have laid the groundwork for the evaluation of silibinin as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent in human lung cancer, including translational insights into its mechanism of action to control the aggressive behavior of lung carcinoma subtypes prone to metastasis. First, we summarize the evidence from chemically induced primary lung tumors supporting a role for silibinin in lung cancer prevention. Second, we reassess the preclinical and clinical evidence on the effectiveness of silibinin against drug resistance and brain metastasis traits of lung carcinomas. Third, we revisit the transcription factor STAT3 as a central tumor-cell intrinsic and microenvironmental target of silibinin in primary lung tumors and brain metastasis. Finally, by unraveling the selective vulnerability of silibinin-treated tumor cells to drugs using CRISPR-based chemosensitivity screenings (e.g., the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway inhibitor azaserine), we illustrate how the therapeutic use of silibinin against targetable weaknesses might be capitalized in specific lung cancer subtypes (e.g., KRAS/STK11 co-mutant tumors). Forthcoming studies should take up the challenge of developing silibinin and/or next-generation silibinin derivatives as novel lung cancer-preventive and therapeutic biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Verdura
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain; (S.V.); (E.C.)
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain; (S.V.); (E.C.)
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Verónica Ruiz-Torres
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (V.R.-T.); (V.M.)
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (V.R.-T.); (V.M.)
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB), Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital of Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona (UdG), 17003 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.B.-B.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain; (S.V.); (E.C.)
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.B.-B.); (J.A.M.)
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Ou M, Xu X, Chen Y, Li L, Zhang L, Liao Y, Sun W, Quach C, Feng J, Tang L. MDM2 induces EMT via the B‑Raf signaling pathway through 14‑3‑3. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:120. [PMID: 33955525 PMCID: PMC8129971 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (MDM2) is a well-known oncogene and has been reported to be closely associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The present study first demonstrated that the expression levels of MDM2 were markedly increased in TGF-β-induced EMT using quantitative PCR and western blotting. In addition, MDM2 was demonstrated to be associated with pathological grade in clinical glioma samples by immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, overexpression of MDM2 promoted EMT in glioma, lung cancer and breast cancer cell lines using a scratch wound migration assay. Subsequently, the present study explored the mechanism by which MDM2 promoted EMT and revealed that MDM2 induced EMT by upregulating EMT-related transcription factors via activation of the B-Raf signaling pathway through tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activation protein ε using RNA sequencing and western blotting. This mechanism depended on the p53 gene. Furthermore, in vivo experiments and the colony formation experiment demonstrated that MDM2 could promote tumor progression and induce EMT via the B-Raf signaling pathway. Since EMT contributes to increased drug resistance in tumor cells, the present study also explored the relationship between MDM2 and drug sensitivity using an MTT assay, and identified that MDM2 promoted cell insensitivity to silibinin treatment in an EMT-dependent manner. This finding is crucial for the development of cancer therapies and can also provide novel research avenues for future biological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Ou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Xichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Weichao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Christine Quach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
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11
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Palit P, Mukhopadhyay A, Chattopadhyay D. Phyto-pharmacological perspective of Silymarin: A potential prophylactic or therapeutic agent for COVID-19, based on its promising immunomodulatory, anti-coagulant and anti-viral property. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4246-4257. [PMID: 33817867 PMCID: PMC8250558 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) triggered by a new viral pathogen, named severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is now a global health emergency. This debilitating viral pandemic not only paralyzed the normal daily life of the global community but also spread rapidly via global travel. To date there are no effective vaccines or specific treatments against this highly contagious virus; therefore, there is an urgent need to advocate novel prophylactic or therapeutic interventions for COVID‐19. This brief opinion critically discusses the potential of Silymarin, a flavonolignan with diverse pharmacological activity having antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet, and antiviral properties, with versatile immune‐cytokine regulatory functions, that able to bind with transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and induce endogenous antiviral cytokine interferon‐stimulated gene 15, for the management of COVID‐19. Silymarin inhibits the expression of host cell surface receptor TMPRSS2 with a docking binding energy corresponding to −1,350.61 kcal/mol and a full fitness score of −8.11. The binding affinity of silymarin with an impressive virtual score exhibits significant potential to interfere with SARS‐CoV‐2 replication. We propose in‐depth pre‐clinical and clinical review studies of silymarin for the development of anti‐COVID‐19 lead, based on its clinical manifestations of COVID‐19 and multifaceted bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- Division of Microbiology & Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.,Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Drouet S, Tungmunnithum D, Lainé É, Hano C. Gene Expression Analysis and Metabolite Profiling of Silymarin Biosynthesis during Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4730. [PMID: 32630801 PMCID: PMC7370286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature fruits (i.e., achenes) of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Asteraceae) accumulate high amounts of silymarin (SILM), a complex mixture of bioactive flavonolignans deriving from taxifolin. Their biological activities in relation with human health promotion and disease prevention are well described. However, the conditions of their biosynthesis in planta are still obscure. To fill this gap, fruit development stages were first precisely defined to study the accumulation kinetics of SILM constituents during fruit ripening. The accumulation profiles of the SILM components during fruit maturation were determined using the LC-MS analysis of these defined developmental phases. The kinetics of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and peroxidase (POX) activities suggest in situ biosynthesis of SILM from l-Phenylalanine during fruit maturation rather than a transport of precursors to the achene. In particular, in contrast to laccase activity, POX activity was associated with the accumulation of silymarin, thus indicating a possible preferential involvement of peroxidase(s) in the oxidative coupling step leading to flavonolignans. Reference genes have been identified, selected and validated to allow accurate gene expression profiling of candidate biosynthetic genes (PAL, CAD, CHS, F3H, F3'H and POX) related to SILM accumulation. Gene expression profiles were correlated with SILM accumulation kinetic and preferential location in pericarp during S. marianum fruit maturation, reaching maximum biosynthesis when desiccation occurs, thus reinforcing the hypothesis of an in situ biosynthesis. This observation led us to consider the involvement of abscisic acid (ABA), a key phytohormone in the control of fruit ripening process. ABA accumulation timing and location during milk thistle fruit ripening appeared in line with a potential regulation of the SLIM accumulation. A possible transcriptional regulation of SILM biosynthesis by ABA was supported by the presence of ABA-responsive cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of the SILM biosynthetic genes studied. These results pave the way for a better understanding of the biosynthetic regulation of SILM during the maturation of S. marianum fruit and offer important insights to better control the production of these medicinally important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.); (É.L.)
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.); (É.L.)
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.); (É.L.)
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.); (É.L.)
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
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13
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Shie Morteza M, Hayati Z, Namazi N, Abdollahimajd F. Efficacy and safety of oral silymarin in comparison with oral doxycycline and their combination therapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e13095. [PMID: 31579978 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two factors of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are implicated in pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Silymarin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study was done to evaluate the effect of oral silymarin in the treatment of acne vulgaris compared to doxycycline and also their combination therapy. This randomized controlled trial was performed on 60 patients with acne vulgaris were divided into three groups of 20 patients, including: Silymarin (Group 1), Doxycycline (Group 2), and both compounds (Group 3). The patients' response was monitored every month and the lesions were evaluated using photography and two methods of Global Acne Grading system (GAGS) and Acne Severity Index (ASI). According to the results, the response to silymarin was not significantly different with doxycycline in the GAGS index (p = .260), but was lower in the ASI (p = .021). In this study, the synergistic effects of silymarin and doxycycline combination have been investigated in comparison with doxycycline. Although the improvement was more favorable in combination group, there was no statistically significant difference (p = .9 in ASI and p = .5 in GAGS). The results of our study suggest that although the silymarin monotherapy is not as effective as doxycycline for the treatment of acne vulgaris, it can be a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shie Morteza
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Hayati
- Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Namazi
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Im AR, Seo YK, Cho SH, O KH, Kim KM, Chae S. Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a timosaponin A-III-based antiwrinkle agent against skin aging. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:423-436. [PMID: 31215156 PMCID: PMC7003920 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timosaponin A-III (TA-III) is known to exist in the medicinal herb of Anemarrhena asphodeloides as one of major chemical components. AIMS The photoprotective properties of TA-III on UVB-exposed HaCaT cells were evaluated on the antiwrinkle effects and skin safety in terms of clinical trial. METHODS The level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in HaCaT cells following UVB irradiation. To evaluate the clinical safety of an agent containing 0.25% of TA-III for use on human skin. Female subjects (n = 21) between the ages of 43 and 55 who met the criteria for subject selection were selected. They were beginning to form or had already formed wrinkles. RESULTS UVB irradiation increased MMP-1 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These increases were attenuated by TA-III pretreatment of UVB-exposed HaCaT cells. We found that the agent containing 0.25% of TA-III ameliorated skin wrinkling. A comparison between groups showed that wrinkle parameters were significantly reduced after 12 weeks of product use (P < 0.05). According to skin safety result, TA-III showed no dermatological toxicity was found in participants. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, TA-III could provide protection against photoaging and daily application of TA-III for 12 weeks significantly reduced signs of facial aging by limiting wrinkle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Rang Im
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Seo
- Dermapro, Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Cosmetics & Cosmeceuticals, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Ki Mo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungwook Chae
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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Vijayakumar R, Abd Gani S, Zaidan U, Halmi M. Optimization of the Antioxidant Potentials of Red Pitaya Peels and Its In Vitro Skin Whitening Properties. APPLIED SCIENCES 2018; 8:1516. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the optimization of the antioxidant potentials of red pitaya peels using independent variables: temperature (45–65 °C), ethanol concentration (70–90%, v/v) and time (80–120 min) through its responses, which were DPPH scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and beta-carotene bleaching (BCB) inhibition, respectively. In Vitro anti-tyrosinase and vitamin C content assays were carried out spectrophotometrically to determine the skin whitening efficacy of the optimized red pitaya peel extract. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was employed to identify the chemical constituents present in the optimized extract. The optimized conditions were ethanol 82% (v/v) for 103 min at 56 °C with values of 75.98% for DPPH, 7.45 mM Fe2+/g dry weight for FRAP and 93.29% for BCB respectively. The in vitro anti-tyrosinase and vitamin C content evaluation of the optimized extract showed a good tyrosinase inhibition of 66.29% with IC50 of 24.06 µg/mL while the vitamin C content was 5.45 mg/g of the extract. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirty phytoconstituents with l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate being the most abundant with a peak area of 14.66%. This study evidently suggests the potential of red pitaya peels to be exploited as a natural skin whitening agent in the cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical formulations.
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Arif T, Dorjay K, Adil M. Silymarin: An interesting modality in dermatological therapeutics. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2018; 84:238-243. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_746_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Adhikari D, Panthi VK, Pangeni R, Kim HJ, Park JW. Preparation, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Topical Anti-Aging Ingredients in a Citrus junos Callus Extract. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122198. [PMID: 29232889 PMCID: PMC6149992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we prepared and characterized a callus extract from Citrus junos and assessed its utility as a source of topical anti-aging ingredients. Callus extract was produced by aqueous extraction from Citrus junos grown on Murashige and Skoog medium with picloram as a growth regulator. After measuring the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the major phenolic compound in calli was identified as p-hydroxycinnamoylmalic acid (1) by spectroscopic analysis. The total phenol content in the extract was determined to be 24.50 ± 0.43 mg/g of gallic acid equivalents; however, the total flavonoid content of the extract was not determined. The biological activities of the callus extract, in terms of skin anti-aging, were assessed by measuring the anti-tyrosinase activity in, and melanogenesis by, melanoma cells; and proliferation of, and procollagen synthesis by, human fibroblasts. The callus extract was incorporated into nanoliposomes (NLs) to improve its percutaneous absorption. Addition of the callus extract resulted in a 1.85-fold decrease in the melanin content of melanocytes compared with that with arbutin. The extract (500 μg/mL) significantly promoted the proliferation of, and procollagen synthesis by, fibroblasts (by 154% and 176%, respectively). In addition, the flux through the human epidermis of Citrus junos callus extract incorporated into NLs was 17.67-fold higher than that of the callus extract alone. These findings suggest that Citrus junos callus extract-loaded NLs have promise as an anti-aging cosmetic, as well as having a skin-lightening effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Adhikari
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Vijay Kumar Panthi
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Rudra Pangeni
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Park
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
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Chambers CS, Holečková V, Petrásková L, Biedermann D, Valentová K, Buchta M, Křen V. The silymarin composition… and why does it matter??? Food Res Int 2017; 100:339-353. [PMID: 28964357 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae)), known as silymarin, contains a variety of flavonolignans and displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective properties. As silybin is the main component of silymarin, the literature mainly focuses on this compound, ignoring all other components. This leads to problems in reproducibility of scientific results, as the exact composition of silymarin is often unknown and can vary to a certain degree depending on the processing, chemo-variety of the plant used and climatic conditions during the plant growth. There are studies dealing with the analytical separation and quantification of silymarin components as well as studies focused on silymarin content in clinically used drugs, in various plant parts, seasons, geographic locations etc. However, no comparison of detail flavonolignan profiles in various silymarin preparations is available to date. Also, as a result of the focus on the flavonolignans; the oil fraction, which contains linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids, sterols, tocopherol (vitamin E) and phospholipids, has been neglected. Due to all these factors, the whole plant is used e.g. as animal feed, the leaves can be eaten in salads and seed oil, besides culinary uses, can be also utilized for biodiesel or polymer production. Various HPLC separation techniques for the determination of the content of the flavonolignans have been vastly summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Steven Chambers
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Holečková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Biedermann
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Buchta
- Stolařská 601/4, CZ74714 Ludgeřovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Corrêa RCG, Peralta RM, Haminiuk CWI, Maciel GM, Bracht A, Ferreira ICFR. New phytochemicals as potential human anti-aging compounds: Reality, promise, and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:942-957. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1233860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rúbia C. G. Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosane M. Peralta
- Graduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Charles W. I. Haminiuk
- Graduate Program in Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giselle Maria Maciel
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Graduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Byun HJ, Darvin P, Kang DY, Sp N, Joung YH, Park JH, Kim SJ, Yang YM. Silibinin downregulates MMP2 expression via Jak2/STAT3 pathway and inhibits the migration and invasive potential in MDA-MB-231 cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3270-3278. [PMID: 28440514 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, breast cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer in women. Among its subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form associated with diminished survival. TNBCs are characterized by their absence, or minimal expression, of the estrogen and progesterone receptors, as well as the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (i.e. ER-/-, PR-/-, Her2-/Low). Consequently, treatment for this subtype of BCa remains problematic. Silibinin, a derivative of the flavonoid silymarin, is reported to have anticancer activities against hepatic and non-small cell lung cancers. We hypothesized that silibinin might inhibit cell-extracellular matrix interactions via the regulation, expression, and activation of STAT3 in TNBCs, which could directly inhibit metastasis in silibinin-treated BCa cells. Using proliferation assays, we found that exposure to silibinin at a concentration of 200 µM inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer (BCa) cells; this concentration also inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 and its principal upstream kinase, Jak2. Furthermore, we found that silibinin inhibited the nuclear translocation of STAT3, as well as its binding to the MMP2 gene promoter. The ability of silibinin to inhibit metastasis was further studied using an in vitro invasion assay. The results confirm the role of STAT3 as a critical mediator in the invasive potential of BCa cells, and STAT3 knock-down resulted in inhibition of invasion. The invasion ability of silibinin-treated BCa cells was studied in detail with the expression of MMP2. Prevention of STAT3 activation also resulted in the inhibition of MMP2 expression. Use of a small interfering RNA to knock down STAT3 (siSTAT3) allowed us to confirm the role of STAT3 in regulating MMP2 expression, as well as the mechanism of action of silibinin in inhibiting MMP2. Taken together, we found that silibinin inhibits the Jak2/STAT3/MMP2 signaling pathway, and inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of triple-negative BCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Joo Byun
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Pramod Darvin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Kang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Nipin Sp
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hee Joung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young Mok Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
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21
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Biler M, Trouillas P, Biedermann D, Křen V, Kubala M. Tunable optical properties of silymarin flavonolignans. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal R. Mustard vesicating agent-induced toxicity in the skin tissue and silibinin as a potential countermeasure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:184-92. [PMID: 27326543 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the vesicating agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) causes severe skin injury with delayed blistering. Depending upon the dose and time of their exposure, edema and erythema develop into blisters, ulceration, necrosis, desquamation, and pigmentation changes, which persist weeks and even years after exposure. Research advances have generated data that have started to explain the probable mechanism of action of vesicant-induced skin toxicity; however, despite these advances, effective and targeted therapies are still deficient. This review highlights studies on two SM analogs, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) and NM, and CEES- and NM-induced skin injury mouse models that have substantially added to the knowledge on the complex pathways involved in mustard vesicating agent-induced skin injury. Furthermore, employing these mouse models, studies under the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats program have identified the flavanone silibinin as a novel therapeutic intervention with the potential to be developed as an effective countermeasure against skin injury following exposure to mustard vesicating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Mady FM, Essa H, El-Ammawi T, Abdelkader H, Hussein AK. Formulation and clinical evaluation of silymarin pluronic-lecithin organogels for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:1101-10. [PMID: 27022248 PMCID: PMC4790491 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a naturally occurring flavonoid drug; evidence from recent research has highlighted its use as a potential treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD). Both poor water solubility and drug permeability have hindered the percutaneous absorption of silymarin. Formulation of silymarin into pluronic-lecithin organogel (PLO) basis for topical skin delivery is the main aim of this work. Six different PLO formulations were prepared containing various pluronic to lecithin ratios using two cosolvent systems of ethyl alcohol and dimethyl sulfoxide. Formulation 2 (20% pluronic and 3% lecithin) was found to be the optimal base for topical delivery of silymarin as it showed optimum pH, viscosity, drug content, and satisfactory in vitro silymarin permeation. The silymarin PLO formulation significantly relieved inflammatory symptoms of AD such as redness, swelling, and inflammation. These findings warrant the ability for application of these novel silymarin PLO formulations as a novel treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Mady
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Essa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Tarek El-Ammawi
- Department of Dermatology, STDs, and Andrology, Minia University Hospital, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hamdy Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amal K Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Rajnochová Svobodová A, Zálešák B, Biedermann D, Ulrichová J, Vostálová J. Phototoxic potential of silymarin and its bioactive components. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 156:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singh P, Arya M, Kanoujia J, Singh M, Gupta KP, Saraf SA. Design of topical nanostructured lipid carrier of silymarin and its effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced cellular differentiation in mouse skin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of silymarin NLC on DMBA induced cell changes in mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
| | - Malti Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
| | - Jovita Kanoujia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
| | - Krishna P. Gupta
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow 226001
- India
| | - Shubhini A. Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
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Abstract
Skin aging is caused by several factors. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure as well as oxidative stress elevates inflammatory mediators causing degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is regarded as the major cause of skin wrinkles, one of the signs of aging. Topical applications of active ingredients protect against dermal photodamage and scavenge radicals that can delay skin aging. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors against degradation of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronan are the key strategy to combat cutaneous aging. In addition, active ingredients with the efficacy to enhance extracellular matrix production, including those with UV protection efficacy, play an important role in protecting the skin from aging. Naturally derived compounds for combating skin wrinkles are gaining more interest among the consumers as they are perceived to be milder, safer, and healthier. This article, therefore, briefly addresses the causes of skin aging and extensively summarizes on herbs appraisal for skin wrinkles treatment. Therefore, delaying aging of skin using the functional herbs would maintain the individual's appearance with high esthetic and psychosocial impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nattaya Lourith
- a School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University , Chiang Rai , Thailand
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Kumar R, Deep G, Agarwal R. An Overview of Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Skin Cancer Chemoprevention by Silibinin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:206-215. [PMID: 26097804 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer incidences are rising worldwide, and one of the major causative factors is excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Annually, ~5 million skin cancer patients are treated in United States, mostly with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which is also frequent in other Western countries. As sunscreens do not provide adequate protection against deleterious effects of UVR, additional and alternative chemoprevention strategies are urgently needed to reduce skin cancer burden. Over the last couple of decades, extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of skin carcinogenesis, and to identifying novel agents which could be useful in the chemoprevention of skin cancer. In this regard, several natural non-toxic compounds have shown promising efficacy in preventing skin carcinogenesis at initiation, promotion and progression stages, and are considered important in better management of skin cancer. Consistent with this, we and others have studied and established the notable efficacy of natural flavonolignan silibinin against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Extensive pre-clinical animal and cell culture studies report strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, DNA damage repair, immune-modulatory and anti-proliferative properties of silibinin. Molecular studies have identified that silibinin targets pleotropic signaling pathways including mitogenic, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, p53, NF-κB, etc. Overall, the skin cancer chemopreventive potential of silibinin is well supported by comprehensive mechanistic studies, suggesting its greater use against UV-induced cellular damages and photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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30
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Fred-Jaiyesimi A, Ajibesin KK, Tolulope O, Gbemisola O. Ethnobotanical studies of folklore phytocosmetics of South West Nigeria. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:313-318. [PMID: 25327488 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.918155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Phytocosmetic is an important aspect of folklore medicine of many cultures whose records and information are scanty. OBJECTIVES This study inventoried the various plants used as folklore cosmetics in some parts of Oyo, Ogun, Ekiti, and Lagos States of Nigeria by administering semi-structured questionnaires. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey was carried out between February 2010 and August 2013 through a semi-structured interview; questionnaires were given to obtain information on the local names, morphological parts used, and part(s) of the body where cosmetic preparations are applied. RESULT In this study, 80 species belonging to 39 families were identified with members of the Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae most often mentioned. CONCLUSION This study is able to record the remaining available information on phytocosmetics in traditional medicine orally passed down through generations in South West Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adediwura Fred-Jaiyesimi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University , Sagamu Campus, Sagamu, Ogun State , Nigeria and
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31
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Lall N, Kishore N. Are plants used for skin care in South Africa fully explored? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:61-84. [PMID: 24566124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE South Africa is an important focal point of botanical diversity, and although many plant species have been used since ancient times in ethnomedicine, only a few species have hitherto been fully investigated scientifically. A large proportion of the South African population use traditional medicines for their physical and psychological health needs. Many medicinal plants have recently gained popularity as ingredient in cosmetic formulations based on their ethnomedicinal values and many cosmetic products sold in stores are of natural origin. The present review discusses the ethnopharmacological values, pharmacological and toxicological evidence of 117 plant species grown in South Africa, which are used traditionally for skin care purposes. Special focus was on their traditional use for many skin disorders in order to identify their therapeutic potential, the state of ethnopharmacological knowledge and special emphasis has been on areas which require further research. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information regarding all 117 plant species mentioned was extracted from Sci-Finder, Science direct, Medline and Google Scholar. All the available relevant data for medicinal plants was collated from literature review articles from the 19th century to early 2013. RESULTS The extracts from different parts of plants exhibited significant pharmacological properties, proving significant skin care potentials. Special emphasis was on those plant species which still need further exploration and these have been documented separately. CONCLUSIONS Despite the immense use of plants in ethnomedicine for skin care, limited research has been done on the activity of the crude extracts and very little on the active constituents. Consequently, almost 35 out of the 117 species are totally unexplored in the area of skin care. This investigation would be of interest to a broad readership including those researchers working in this field. The plant species namely: Greyia flanaganii, Sideroxylon inerme, Sclerocarya birrea, Calodendrum capense, Hyaenanche globosa, Harpephyllum caffrum, Ximenia americana, Leucosidea sericea Artemisia afra, and six Aloe species have been scientifically validated by our research group for skin hyperpigmentation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Science Complex, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Navneet Kishore
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Science Complex, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Milić N, Milošević N, Suvajdžić L, Žarkov M, Abenavoli L. New Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a bioflavonoid complex extract derived from dry seeds of Milk thistle [( Silybum marianum(L.) Gaernt. (Fam. Asteraceae/Compositaceae)] whose hepatoprotective effect has clinically been proved. Low toxicity, favorable pharmacokinetics, powerful antioxidant, detoxifying, preventive, protective and regenerative effects and side effects similar to placebo make silymarin extremely attractive and safe for therapeutic use. The medicinal properties of silymarin and its main component silibinin have been studied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, sepsis, burns, osteoporosis, diabetes, cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Owing to its apoptotic effect, without cytotoxic effects, silymarin possesses potential applications in the treatment of various cancers. Silymarin is being examined as a neuro-, nephro- and cardio-protective in the damage of different etiologies due to its strong antioxidant potentials. Furthermore, it has fetoprotective (against the influence of alcohol) and prolactin effects and is safe to be used during pregnancy and lactation. Finally, the cosmetics industry is examining the antioxidant and UV-protective effects of silymarin. Further clinical studies and scientific evidence that silymarin and silibinin are effective in the therapy of various pathologies are indispensable in order to confirm their different flavonolignan pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Milić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Suvajdžić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Žarkov
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Du B, Bian Z, Xu B. Skin Health Promotion Effects of Natural Beta-Glucan Derived from Cereals and Microorganisms: A Review. Phytother Res 2013; 28:159-66. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Du
- Analysis and Testing Center; Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology; Qinhuangdao Hebei 066600 China
- School of Chinese Medicine; Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine; Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program; Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College; Zhuhai Guangdong 519085 China
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Spada G, Gavini E, Cossu M, Rassu G, Carta A, Giunchedi P. Evaluation of the effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on topical administration of milk thistle extract. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:40-7. [PMID: 23218263 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two water in oil emulsions composed by eudermic ingredients as glycerin, cocoa butter, almond oil and a variety of lipids, were enriched respectively with milk thistle dry extract (MT) or with a binary complex composed by MT and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP) (1:4 w/w) correspondent to 1% (w/w) in sylimarine in order to obtain two different emulsions designed for the skin delivery and determine influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the extract delivery and permeation. Uv-vis spectrophotometric analyses demonstrated that phytocomplex formation influences the finding of MT after the complexation process and the in vitro antioxidant activity. Further in vitro and ex vivo experiments demonstrated that the penetration capability of MT from formulations is strictly influenced by the phytocomplex able to control MT permeation; moreover phytocomplex increases flavonoids stability during the in vitro tests. Additionally, in vivo studies showed that the penetration into the stratum corneum of the active ingredients is effectively achieved by the phytocomplex formation, in fact about 80% of MT is absorbed by the skin along 1h despite the 30% of MT not complexed absorbed during the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiera Spada
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Sahu RK, Roy A, Matlam M, Deshmukh VK, Dwivedi J, Jha AK. Review on Skin Aging and Compilation of Scientific Validated Medicinal Plants, Prominence to Flourish a Better Research Reconnoiters in Herbal Cosmetic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2013.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tewari-Singh N, Jain AK, Inturi S, Agarwal C, White CW, Agarwal R. Silibinin attenuates sulfur mustard analog-induced skin injury by targeting multiple pathways connecting oxidative stress and inflammation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46149. [PMID: 23029417 PMCID: PMC3459894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD) inflicts delayed blistering and incapacitating skin injuries. To identify effective countermeasures against HD-induced skin injuries, efficacy studies were carried out employing HD analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES)-induced injury biomarkers in skin cells and SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. The data demonstrate strong therapeutic efficacy of silibinin, a natural flavanone, in attenuating CEES-induced skin injury and oxidative stress. In skin cells, silibinin (10 µM) treatment 30 min after 0.35/0.5 mM CEES exposure caused a significant (p<0.05) reversal in CEES-induced decrease in cell viability, apoptotic and necrotic cell death, DNA damage, and an increase in oxidative stress. Silibinin (1 mg) applied topically to mouse skin 30 min post-CEES exposure (2 mg), was effective in reversing CEES-induced increases in skin bi-fold (62%) and epidermal thickness (85%), apoptotic cell death (70%), myeloperoxidase activity (complete reversal), induction of iNOS, COX-2, and MMP-9 protein levels (>90%), and activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 (complete reversal). Similarly, silibinin treatment was also effective in attenuating CEES-induced oxidative stress measured by 4-hydroxynonenal and 5,5-dimethyl-2-(8-octanoic acid)-1-pyrolline N-oxide protein adduct formation, and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine levels. Since our previous studies implicated oxidative stress, in part, in CEES-induced toxic responses, the reversal of CEES-induced oxidative stress and other toxic effects by silibinin in this study indicate its pleiotropic therapeutic efficacy. Together, these findings support further optimization of silibinin in HD skin toxicity model to develop a novel effective therapy for skin injuries by vesicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anil K. Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Swetha Inturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Carl W. White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tewari-Singh N, Jain AK, Inturi S, Ammar DA, Agarwal C, Tyagi P, Kompella UB, Enzenauer RW, Petrash JM, Agarwal R. Silibinin, dexamethasone, and doxycycline as potential therapeutic agents for treating vesicant-inflicted ocular injuries. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:23-31. [PMID: 22841772 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are no effective and approved therapies against devastating ocular injuries caused by vesicating chemical agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM). Herein, studies were carried out in rabbit corneal cultures to establish relevant ocular injury biomarkers with NM for screening potential efficacious agents in laboratory settings. NM (100nmol) exposure of the corneas for 2h (cultured for 24h), showed increases in epithelial thickness, ulceration, apoptotic cell death, epithelial detachment microbullae formation, and the levels of VEGF, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Employing these biomarkers, efficacy studies were performed with agent treatments 2h and every 4h thereafter, for 24h following NM exposure. Three agents were evaluated, including prescription drugs dexamethasone (0.1%; anti-inflammatory steroid) and doxycycline (100nmol; antibiotic and MMP inhibitor) that have been studied earlier for treating vesicant-induced eye injuries. We also examined silibinin (100μg), a non-toxic natural flavanone found to be effective in treating SM analog-induced skin injuries in our earlier studies. Treatments of doxycycline+dexamethasone, and silibinin were more effective than doxycycline or dexamethasone alone in reversing NM-induced epithelial thickening, microbullae formation, apoptotic cell death, and MMP-9 elevation. However, dexamethasone and silibinin alone were more effective in reversing NM-induced VEGF levels. Doxycycline, dexamethasone and silibinin were all effective in reversing NM-induced COX-2 levels. Apart from therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline and dexamethasone, these results show strong multifunctional efficacy of silibinin in reversing NM-induced ocular injuries, which could help develop effective and safe therapeutics against ocular injuries by vesicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Martin KI, Glaser DA. Cosmeceuticals: the new medicine of beauty. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2011; 108:60-63. [PMID: 21462614 PMCID: PMC6188460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cosmeceuticals represent a new category of products placed between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals that are intended for the enhancement of both the health and beauty of skin. Encompassing an ever-increasing part of the skin care industry, cosmeceuticals are formulated from a multitude of ingredients, the main categories of which are discussed in this article. Given the growing interest in these products among patients and the strong claims made by manufacturers, it is important that physicians recognize these agents and understand their benefits, limitations, and potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine I Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, USA.
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39
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Svobodová A, Vostálová J. Solar radiation induced skin damage: review of protective and preventive options. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:999-1030. [PMID: 20807180 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.501842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Solar energy has a number of short- and long-term detrimental effects on skin that can result in several skin disorders. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on endogenous systems within the skin for protection from solar radiation and present research findings to date, on the exogenous options for such skin photoprotection. RESULTS Endogenous systems for protection from solar radiation include melanin synthesis, epidermal thickening and an antioxidant network. Existing lesions are eliminated via repair mechanisms. Cells with irreparable damage undergo apoptosis. Excessive and chronic sun exposure however can overwhelm these mechanisms leading to photoaging and the development of cutaneous malignancies. Therefore exogenous means are a necessity. Exogenous protection includes sun avoidance, use of photoprotective clothing and sufficient application of broad-spectrum sunscreens as presently the best way to protect the skin. However other strategies that may enhance currently used means of protection are being investigated. These are often based on the endogenous protective response to solar light such as compounds that stimulate pigmentation, antioxidant enzymes, DNA repair enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidants. CONCLUSION More research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of new alternatives to photoprotection such as use of DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes and plant polyphenols and to find an efficient way for their delivery to the skin. New approaches to the prevention of skin damage are important especially for specific groups of people such as (young) children, photosensitive people and patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Changes in public awareness on the subject too must be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Svobodová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Tůmová L, Tůma J, Megušar K, Doležal M. Substituted pyrazinecarboxamides as abiotic elicitors of flavolignan production in Silybum marianum (L.) gaertn cultures in vitro. Molecules 2010; 15:331-40. [PMID: 20110894 PMCID: PMC6256978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substituted pyrazinecarboxamides markedly influenced production of flavonolignans in Silybum marianum callus and suspension cultures. In this study the effect of two compounds, N-(3-iodo-4-methylphenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (1) and N-(3-iodo-4-methylphenyl)-5-tert-butyl-pyrazine-2-carboxamide (2), as abiotic elicitors on flavono-lignan production in callus culture of S. marianum was investigated. Silymarin complex compounds have hepatoprotective, anticancer and also hypocholesterolemic activity. In vitro flavonolignan concentration in cells is very low and the elicitation is one of the methods to increase production. Elicitors were tested at three concentrations and at different culture times. In the case of elicitation with 1, the greatest increase of flavonolignan and taxifoline production was observed at concentration c(1a) after 6-hours of elicitation and after 24 and 72-hours at concentration c(1b). However, increased production of silychristin, one of the compounds in the silymarin complex, was achieved after only 6-hours elicitation with c(1a) (2.95 x 10(-4) mol/L). The content of silychristin was 2-times higher compared to the control sample. An increased production of silychristin was reached with compound 2 at the concentration c(2) (2.53 x 10(-3) mol/L) after 72 h of elicitation. The production of silychristin in this case was increased 12-times compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tůmová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (M.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Králové, Víta Nejedlého 573, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.T.)
| | - Klara Megušar
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (M.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Martin Doležal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (M.D.); (K.M.)
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