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Kowal M, Woźniacka R, Ścisłowska‐Czarnecka A, Homa J, Głodzik W. The effect of physical activity on cytokine levels in adults living with type 1 diabetes-a preliminary study. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15985. [PMID: 38639648 PMCID: PMC11027896 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether physical activity and the level of body fat are factors reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in people with T1DM. Twenty-five men (27.8 ± 9.4 years old; 178.9 ± 6.9 cm; 80.6 ± 12 kg) and 18 women (28.1 ± 12.5 years old; 162.4 ± 5.5; 63.1 ± 9.9 kg) were divided into four groups based on body fat percentage and level of physical activity (AN-active people with normal body fat; IAN-inactive people with normal body fat; AO-active people with excessive body fat, IAO-inactive people with excessive body fat). The level of cytokines in the blood serum was assessed. The level of IL-8 was higher (measurable) in inactive men, regardless of adiposity degree and in women, only in the inactive group with normal body fat. IL-6 was found only in active men with excessive adiposity. In conclusion, the findings from this study allow to indicate that moderate level of physical activity may contribute to a reduction in the development of systemic low-grade inflammation in patients with T1DM, and thus, may reduce the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kowal
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and SportBronislaw Czech University of Physical EducationKrakówPoland
| | - Renata Woźniacka
- Department at Cosmetology, Faculty of Motor RehabilitationBronislaw Czech University of Physical Education in KrakowKrakowPoland
| | - Anna Ścisłowska‐Czarnecka
- Department at Cosmetology, Faculty of Motor RehabilitationBronislaw Czech University of Physical Education in KrakowKrakowPoland
| | - Joanna Homa
- Department of Evolutionary ImmunologyInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
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Cifre M, Palou A, Oliver P. The Metabolically Obese, Normal-Weight Phenotype in Young Rats Is Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Partially Preventable with Leptin Intake during Lactation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:228. [PMID: 38203399 PMCID: PMC10778589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The intake of high-fat diets (HFDs) and obesity are linked to cognitive impairment. Here, we aimed to investigate whether an early metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW) phenotype, induced with an HFD in young rats, also leads to cognitive dysfunction and to evaluate the potential cognitive benefits of neonatal intake of leptin. To achieve this, Wistar rats orally received physiological doses of leptin or its vehicle during lactation, followed by 11 weeks of pair-feeding with an HFD or control diet post-weaning. Working memory was assessed using a T-maze, and gene expression in the hippocampus and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assessed with real-time RT-qPCR to identify cognition biomarkers. Young MONW-like rats showed hippocampal gene expression changes and decreased working memory. Animals receiving leptin during lactation presented similar gene expression changes but preserved working memory despite HFD intake, partly due to improved insulin sensitivity. Notably, PBMC Syn1 expression appears as an accessible biomarker of cognitive health, reflecting both the detrimental effect of HFD intake at early ages despite the absence of obesity and the positive effects of neonatal leptin treatment on cognition. Thus, the MONW phenotype developed at a young age is linked to cognitive dysfunction, which is reflected at the transcriptomic level in PBMCs. Neonatal leptin intake can partly counteract this impaired cognition resulting from early HFD consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Cifre
- Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation (NuBE) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), 07122 Palma, Spain (A.P.)
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation (NuBE) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), 07122 Palma, Spain (A.P.)
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Paula Oliver
- Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation (NuBE) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), 07122 Palma, Spain (A.P.)
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
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Reynés B, Cifre M, Palou A, Oliver P. Perinatal Treatment with Leptin, but Not Celastrol, Protects from Metabolically Obese, Normal-Weight Phenotype in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112277. [PMID: 35684076 PMCID: PMC9183119 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal nutrition has a well-known influence on obesity susceptibility. We previously demonstrated the protective anti-obesity effects of perinatal leptin administration. Celastrol is a natural compound acting as a leptin sensitizer with anti-obesity effects when administered in adult animals. Here, we aimed to determine if perinatal treatment with leptin, celastrol, or their combination was able to improve metabolic health in animals fed an isocaloric high-fat (HF) diet. Leptin and/or celastrol or their vehicle were administered orally to rats during the suckling period. After weaning, animals were chronically pair-fed with an HF diet provided isocaloric to the intake of a normal-fat diet by control animals to avoid obesity. Isocaloric HF feeding in vehicle-treated animals resulted in metabolic features characteristic of the metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW) phenotype, i.e., obesity-related disturbances without increased body weight. Leptin treatment prevented liver fat deposition and insulin resistance, induced greater insulin and leptin signaling capacity, decreased gene expression of orexigenic signals at the hypothalamic level, and induced browning in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. However, celastrol treatment did not provide any protective effect and resulted in greater size of the retroperitoneal adipose depot, higher circulating glucose and insulin levels, and decreased leptin sensitivity capacity in adipose tissue. The co-administration of leptin ameliorated the negative effects of celastrol on the retroperitoneal depot, inducing browning and decreasing its size. In conclusion, the perinatal administration of leptin, but not celastrol, provided protection against the consequences of dietary unbalances leading to an MONW phenotype in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Reynés
- Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (B.R.); (M.C.); (P.O.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Margalida Cifre
- Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (B.R.); (M.C.); (P.O.)
- CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (B.R.); (M.C.); (P.O.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-173-170
| | - Paula Oliver
- Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (B.R.); (M.C.); (P.O.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Jones LR, Emmett PM, Hays NP, Shahkhalili Y, Taylor CM. Association of Nutrition in Early Childhood with Body Composition and Leptin in Later Childhood and Early Adulthood. Nutrients 2021; 13:3264. [PMID: 34579140 PMCID: PMC8466313 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), this study aimed to replicate the finding of the Etude Longitudinale Alimentation Nutrition Croissance des Enfants (ELANCE) that low fat intake in early childhood was associated with increased adiposity in adulthood. METHODS Diet was assessed at 8 and 18 months using 3-day food records. Body composition variables were measured at 9 and 17 years, and serum leptin at 9 years. Associations were modelled using adjusted linear regression. RESULTS In replication analyses, in contrast to ELANCE, there was a positive association between fat intake (% energy) at 18 months and fat mass (FM) at 9 years (B coefficient 0.10 (95% CI 0.03, 0.20) kg, p = 0.005). There was no association with serum leptin. In extended analyses fat intake at 18 months was positively associated with FM in boys (0.2 (0.00, 0.30), p = 0.008) at 9 years but not in girls. Fat intake was positively associated with serum leptin concentration in boys (0.2 (0.1, 0.4) ng/mL, p = 0.011) but not in girls. CONCLUSIONS Our results did not corroborate the findings from the ELANCE study. A high fat diet in early life may have implications for later childhood and adolescent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise R. Jones
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK; (P.M.E.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Pauline M. Emmett
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK; (P.M.E.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Nicholas P. Hays
- NPTC Nutrition—SBU Nutrition, Avenue Nestle 55, 1800 Vevey, Switzerland;
| | | | - Caroline M. Taylor
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK; (P.M.E.); (C.M.T.)
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Association between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Fitness with Body Composition Parameters in 1717 European Adolescents: The AdolesHealth Study. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010077. [PMID: 31892139 PMCID: PMC7019378 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, low levels of physical fitness, and unhealthy eating patterns are responsible for part of the health problems of adolescents today. The current study aimed at examining the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), through each answer to the items of the Adherence to the MD Questionnaire (KIDMED), and physical fitness with body composition parameters (body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, and waist circumference) in 1717 European adolescents (N = 900 boys, N = 817 girls). Data of body composition, physical fitness results, and the answers to KIDMED were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Additionally, the effect size (ES) was calculated and a Chi-square test analyzed the proportion of participants with and without over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight in each KIDMED question. The relative risk of suffering over waist circumference, overfat and overweight in relation to the responses was calculated by Odd-Ratio. Adherence to the MD did not influence the condition of over waist circumference, overfat and overweight, although certain dietary habits were identified as risk factors for their development. Over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight boys and girls presented higher levels of body mass, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and BMI (p < 0.001; ES = 1.73–3.38), as well as lower levels of all the parameters of the physical fitness analyzed (p < 0.001; ES = 0.45–1.08), except the handgrip test. A direct relationship between fitness and over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight was found.
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Fernandez-Jimenez R, Santos-Beneit G, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Bodega P, de Miguel M, de Cos-Gandoy A, Rodríguez C, Carral V, Orrit X, Haro D, Carvajal I, Ibañez B, Storniolo C, Domènech M, Estruch R, Fernández-Alvira JM, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Fuster V. Rationale and design of the school-based SI! Program to face obesity and promote health among Spanish adolescents: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2019; 215:27-40. [PMID: 31277052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy habits in adolescents are increasing at an alarming rate. The school offers a promising environment in which to implement effective preventive strategies to improve adolescents' lifestyle behaviors. The SI! Program is a multilevel multicomponent school-based health-promotion intervention aimed at all stages of compulsory education in Spain. We present the study design of the SI! Program for Secondary Schools, targeting adolescents aged 12 to 16 years. AIM The main goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of the SI! Program educational intervention on adolescent lifestyle behaviors and health parameters. METHODS The study was designed as a cluster-randomized controlled intervention trial and enrolled 1326 adolescents from 24 public secondary schools in Spain, together with their parents/caregivers. Schools and their students were randomly assigned to the intervention group (the SI! curriculum-based educational program over 2 or 4 academic years) or to the control group (usual curriculum). The primary endpoint will be the change from baseline at 2-year and 4-year follow-up in the composite Ideal Cardiovascular Health (ICH) score, consisting of four health behaviors (body mass index, dietary habits, physical activity, and smoking) and three health factors (blood pressure, total cholesterol, and glucose). Secondary endpoints will include 2-year and 4-year changes from baseline in ICH score subcomponents, the Fuster-BEWAT health scale, adiposity markers (waist circumference and body composition), polyphenol and carotenoid intake, and emotion management. DISCUSSION The overarching goal of the SI! Program is to instill healthy behaviors in children and adolescents that can be sustained into adulthood. The SI! Program for Secondary School is a comprehensive health-promotion intervention targeting 12-16-year-old adolescents and their immediate environment. The present study addresses the optimal timing and impact of the educational intervention on health in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain; The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Gloria Santos-Beneit
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
- Human Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pere Virgili Health Research Center, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center-Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Government of Spain, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Bodega
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes de Miguel
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaya de Cos-Gandoy
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Rodríguez
- Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Carral
- Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Orrit
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Domènech Haro
- Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Carvajal
- Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ibañez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain; IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Storniolo
- Biomedical Research Networking Center-Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Government of Spain, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, XaRTA, INSA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Domènech
- Biomedical Research Networking Center-Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Government of Spain, Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Biomedical Research Networking Center-Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Government of Spain, Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Maria Lamuela-Raventós
- Biomedical Research Networking Center-Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Government of Spain, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, XaRTA, INSA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.
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Aars NA, Jacobsen BK, Furberg A, Grimsgaard S. Self-reported physical activity during leisure time was favourably associated with body composition in Norwegian adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:1122-1127. [PMID: 30472756 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM We studied the cross-sectional association between self-reported physical activity and body composition in adolescents. METHODS The Norwegian Fit Futures Cohort Study was conducted in the Tromsø and Balsfjord municipalities during 2010-2011. All 1,117 students in their first year of upper secondary high school were invited to attend an examination at the Clinical Research Unit at the University Hospital of Northern Norway and 93% agreed. After exclusions, we analysed 945 participants (51% boys) with a mean age of 16.1 years (range 15.5-17.5 years) with valid measurements. The associations between self-reported weekly hours of physical activity during leisure time and four measures of body composition were explored using linear regression. RESULTS Self-reported physical activity was significantly associated with the fat mass index (p < 0.03) and lean mass index (p < 0.001) in both genders. The lean mass index increased with higher levels of activity and the fat mass index decreased. Physical activity was not associated with body mass index for either gender, but there was an inverse association with waist circumference in girls (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Physical activity was favourably associated with body composition in Norwegian adolescents and showed contrasting associations with the fat mass and lean mass indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Abel Aars
- Department of Community Medicine UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
- Nordland Hospital Bodø Norway
| | - Bjarne K. Jacobsen
- Department of Community Medicine UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Anne‐Sofie Furberg
- Department of Community Medicine UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control University Hospital of North Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Sameline Grimsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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Adipocytes and intestinal epithelium dysfunctions linking obesity to inflammation induced by high glycemic index pellet-diet in Wistar rats. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180304. [PMID: 29950343 PMCID: PMC6019358 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the inflammatory effect of a pellet-diet with high glycemic index and load (HGLI) on the histological organization of adipocytes, intestinal epithelium, and fat in liver and pancreas in adult male Wistar rats. Two groups (n=10) received for 17 weeks: (1) HGLI diet or (2) Standard diet (Labina®). Histological analyses of adipose tissue, jejunum, liver, and pancreas were performed. Stereology analysis, visceral adiposity index, gene expression, and immunohistochemistry of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in visceral adipose tissue and plasma TNF-α were also assessed. The HGLI diet-induced hypertrophy of adipocytes with adipocyte volume density equal to 97.0%, cross-sectional area of adipocytes equivalent to 1387 µm² and a total volume of adipocytes of 6.97 cm³ an elevation of 8%, 25%, and 58%, respectively. Furthermore, the HGLI diet increased liver and pancreatic fat deposition, altered and inflamed the intestinal epithelia, and increased TNF-α gene expression (P=0.014) with a positive immunostaining in visceral adipose tissue and high plasma TNF-α in comparison with standard diet. The results suggest that this diet was able to generate changes commonly caused to solid diets with high fat or fructose-rich beverages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature concerning the properties of low-cost, sucrose-rich pellet-diet presenting high glycemic index and high glycemic load efficient on the development of obesity complications in Wistar rats that were subjected to diet-induced obesity. Therefore, the HGLI pellet-diet may be considered an effective tool to be used by the scientific community in experimental research.
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Associations between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiorespiratory fitness with total and central obesity in preschool children: the PREFIT project. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2975-2983. [PMID: 29127475 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early recognition of risk factors associated with overweight/obesity is an important step towards preventing long-term health consequences. The aim of the current study was to examine the associations of the adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with adiposity in preschool children from the north of Spain. METHODS The adherence to the MDP (KIDMED), CRF (20-m shuttle run test), total (BMI) and central (waist circumference) adiposity and socio-demographic factors were assessed in 619 children (48.6% girls) who were on average 4.7 years old. RESULTS Higher MDP index (P < 0.05) and CRF levels (P < 0.01) were significantly related to lower waist circumference. CRF was inversely associated with BMI (P ≤ 0.001), yet no significant association was observed between MDP and BMI. Children not having high CRF levels and high MDP (i.e., non-upper sex-specific tertile of CRF or MDP, respectively) had the highest waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that higher adherence to the MDP and higher CRF are associated with lower waist circumference in preschool children, pointing them as relevant modifiable factors to be targeted by educational strategies aiming to prevent central obesity and later obesity-related comorbidities.
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Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Huybrechts I, Ortega FB, Castillo M, Sjöstrom M, González-Gross M, Manios Y, Widhalm K, Kafatos A, Breidenassel C, Rodríguez G, Dallongeville J, Gottrand F, Moreno LA. Ideal cardiovascular health and liver enzyme levels in European adolescents; the HELENA study. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:225-234. [PMID: 28063097 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest for the role of liver enzymes as predictors of non-liver-related morbidity and mortality. The American Heart Association (AHA) described the ideal cardiovascular health concept as a score of seven cardiovascular health behaviors and factors that can be used to monitor and predict ideal cardiovascular health over time. This study aimed to examine the association of the ideal cardiovascular health (ICH), as defined by the AHA, with liver enzyme levels in European adolescents. A total of 637 adolescents (54.6% females), aged 14.6 ± 1.2 years from nine European countries participated in this cross-sectional study. Blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyltransferase were measured and the AST/ALT ratio calculated. Ideal cardiovascular health was defined as meeting ideal levels of the following components: four behaviors (smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and diet) and three factors (total cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose). A higher number of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors, factors, and ideal cardiovascular health index were associated with lower ALT (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively) levels. Similarly, a higher number of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors (P < 0.01), factors (P < 0.01), and ideal cardiovascular health index (P < 0.001) were associated with a higher aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio. These findings reinforce the usefulness of the ICH index as an instrument to identify target individuals and promote cardiovascular health in adolescents, and it also extends these observations to the liver manifestation of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Nutrition, Exercise and Health Research Group, Elikadura, Ariketa Fisikoa eta Osasuna, ELIKOS Group, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, Lyon, France
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Manuel Castillo
- Departament of Physiology, Medicine School, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Michael Sjöstrom
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gerardo Rodríguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jean Dallongeville
- INSERM, U744, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeanne de Flandre Children's University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Díaz-Rúa R, Palou A, Oliver P. Cpt1a gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as an early biomarker of diet-related metabolic alterations. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:33554. [PMID: 27885970 PMCID: PMC5123217 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.33554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on biomarkers that provide early information about the development of future metabolic alterations is an emerging discipline. Gene expression analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is a promising tool to identify subjects at risk of developing diet-related diseases. OBJECTIVE We analysed PBMC expression of key energy homeostasis-related genes in a time-course analysis in order to find out early markers of metabolic alterations due to sustained intake of high-fat (HF) and high-protein (HP) diets. DESIGN We administered HF and HP diets (4 months) to adult Wistar rats in isocaloric conditions to a control diet, mainly to avoid overweight associated with the intake of hyperlipidic diets and, thus, to be able to characterise markers of metabolically obese normal-weight (MONW) syndrome. PBMC samples were collected at different time points of dietary treatment and expression of relevant energy homeostatic genes analysed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Serum parameters related with metabolic syndrome, as well as fat deposition in liver, were also analysed. RESULTS The most outstanding results were those obtained for the expression of the lipolytic gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a). Cpt1a expression in PBMC increased after only 1 month of exposure to both unbalanced diets, and this increased expression was maintained thereafter. Interestingly, in the case of the HF diet, Cpt1a expression was altered even in the absence of increased body weight but correlated with alterations such as higher insulin resistance, alteration of serum lipid profile and, particularly, increased fat deposition in liver, a feature characteristic of metabolic syndrome, which was even observed in animals fed with HP diet. CONCLUSIONS We propose Cpt1a gene expression analysis in PBMC as an early biomarker of metabolic alterations associated with MONW phenotype due to the intake of isocaloric HF diets, as well as a marker of increased risk of metabolic diseases associated with the intake of HF or HP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Díaz-Rúa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - Paula Oliver
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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12
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Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Huybrechts I, Ortega FB, Arenaza L, González-Gross M, Widhalm K, Molnar D, Manios Y, DeHenauw S, Meirhaeghe A, Moreno LA. Dietary fat intake modifies the influence of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity in adolescents: The HELENA cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:937-43. [PMID: 27514607 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) has been associated with obesity and dietary intake. The aims were: (i) To assess whether energy and macronutrient intakes were different across the FTOrs9939609 genotypes in adolescents, and (ii) to explore whether dietary fat intake modified the association of the rs9939609 polymorphism with adiposity. METHODS AND RESULTS The FTOrs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped in 652 adolescents (53% females, 14.8 ± 1.2 years, TT = 246, TA = 296, AA = 110). Energy and macronutrient intake were assessed by two non-consecutive 24 h-recalls. Weight, height, waist circumference and skinfold thicknesses were measured and body fat percent was calculated. Energy and macronutrient intake were similar across the FTOrs9939609 genotypes (P > 0.2). There were significant interactions between the FTO polymorphism and fat intake on adiposity estimates (P < 0.05). In adolescents whose fat intake was below 30% (N = 203), the A allele of rs9939609 was not associated with adiposity indices. In contrast, in adolescents whose fat intake was between 30% and 35% of energy (N = 190), the rs9939609 polymorphism was associated with a 1.9% higher body fat per risk allele (95%CI: 0.39, 3.33; P < 0.05), and in those whose fat intake was higher than 35% (N = 259), it was associated with a 2.8% higher body fat per risk allele (95%CI: 1.27, 4.43; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the concept that the deleterious effect of the FTOrs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity is exacerbated in adolescents consuming high fat diets. In contrast, the consumption of low fat diets (<30% of energy) may attenuate the genetic predisposition to obesity in risk allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain; Nutrition, Exercise and Health Research Group, Elikadura, Ariketa Fisikoa eta Osasuna, ELIKOS Group, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - J R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - I Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, Lyon, France
| | - F B Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - L Arenaza
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain; Nutrition, Exercise and Health Research Group, Elikadura, Ariketa Fisikoa eta Osasuna, ELIKOS Group, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - M González-Gross
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Widhalm
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Y Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - S DeHenauw
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Meirhaeghe
- INSERM U1167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, France
| | - L A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Olson J, Aldrich H, Callahan TJ, Matthews EE, Gance-Cleveland B. Characterization of Childhood Obesity and Behavioral Factors. J Pediatr Health Care 2016; 30:444-52. [PMID: 26614274 PMCID: PMC7783778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood obesity is a major public health threat in the United States. Recent data indicate that 34.2% of children ages 6 to 11 years are overweight or obese. The purpose of this study is to describe childhood obesity levels and identify risk behaviors in two school-based health centers in Michigan, one urban and one rural. METHODS This study is a secondary data analysis from a multicenter comparative effectiveness trial. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine behavioral factors associated with overweight/obesity in children. RESULTS In this sample (n = 105), 41.9% were obese and 16.2% were overweight. The duration of sleep per night (p = .04) and the frequency of eating breakfast (p = .04) were significant predictors of being overweight/obese. DISCUSSION Health care providers in school-based health centers must be comfortable assessing, preventing, and treating childhood obesity in this high-risk group of patients. Interventions should encourage children to eat breakfast daily and to get adequate sleep.
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14
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Blasetti A, Franchini S, Comegna L, Prezioso G, Chiarelli F. Role of nutrition in preventing insulin resistance in children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:247-57. [PMID: 26630690 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition during prenatal, early postnatal and pubertal period is crucial for the development of insulin resistance and its consequences. During prenatal period fetal environment and nutrition seems to interfere with metabolism programming later in life. The type of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, protein, fat and micronutrient content in maternal nutrition could influence insulin sensitivity in the newborn. The effects of lactation on metabolism and nutritional behavior later in life have been studied. Dietary habits and quality of diet during puberty could prevent the onset of a pathological insulin resistance through an adequate distribution of macro- and micronutrients, a diet rich in fibers and vegetables and poor in saturated fats, proteins and sugars. We want to overview the latest evidences on the risk of insulin resistance later in life due to both nutritional behaviors and components during the aforementioned periods of life, following a chronological outline from fetal development to adolescence.
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15
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Pichiah PBT, Cha YS. Salicornia herbacea prevents weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation in obese ICR mice fed a high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:3150-3159. [PMID: 25523516 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foods that are rich in fat and or sodium chloride promote obesity and associated diseases, whereas intake of dietary fiber averts obesity development. Salicornia herbacea (SH) is a rich source of dietary fiber and high in sodium chloride; therefore, we investigated whether replacing common salt with SH in a high-fat diet could prevent obesity development. RESULTS Mice were divided into five groups: group ND was fed a normal diet, group HD was fed a high-fat diet, group HD-NaCl was fed a high fat diet with sodium chloride 10 g kg(-1) , group HD-CL was fed a high-fat diet with cellulose 30 g kg(-1) and group HD-SH was fed a high-fat diet with SH powder 50 g kg(-1) . The amount of sodium chloride and cellulose added in the respective diet was equivalent to their amount in SH. Data from our study showed that, SH supplementation significantly decreased body weight gain, liver weight, hepatic triglyceride, serum leptin and insulin, along with the mRNA level of key lipid anabolic genes such as SREBP-1c, PPARγ and FAS compared to the HD group. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated that SH is a potential natural anti-obesity agent that can be used in place of sodium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Tirupathi Pichiah
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
- Jeonju Makgeolli Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Fischer K, Rüttgers D, Müller HP, Jacobs G, Kassubek J, Lieb W, Nöthlings U. Association of Habitual Patterns and Types of Physical Activity and Inactivity with MRI-Determined Total Volumes of Visceral and Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue in a General White Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143925. [PMID: 26618489 PMCID: PMC4664408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Population-based evidence for the role of habitual physical activity (PA) in the accumulation of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAAT) abdominal adipose tissue is limited. We investigated if usual patterns and types of self-reported PA and inactivity were associated with VAT and SAAT in a general white population. Total volumes of VAT and SAAT were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging in 583 men and women (61 ± 11.9 y; BMI 27.2 ± 4.4 kg/m2). Past-year PA and inactivity were self-reported by questionnaire. Exploratory activity patterns (APAT) were derived by principal components analysis. Cross-sectional associations between individual activities, total PA in terms of metabolic equivalents (PA MET), or overall APAT and either VAT or SAAT were analyzed by multivariable-adjusted robust or generalized linear regression models. Whereas vigorous-intensity PA (VPA) was negatively associated with both VAT and SAAT, associations between total PA MET, moderate-intensity PA (MPA), or inactivity and VAT and/or SAAT depended on sex. There was also evidence of a threshold effect in some of these relationships. Total PA MET was more strongly associated with VAT in men (B = -3.3 ± 1.4; P = 0.02) than women (B = -2.1 ± 1.1; P = 0.07), but was more strongly associated with SAAT in women (B = -5.7 ± 2.5; P = 0.05) than men (B = -1.7 ± 1.6; P = 0.3). Men (-1.52 dm3 or -1.89 dm3) and women (-1.15 dm3 or -2.61 dm3) in the highest (>6.8 h/wk VPA) or second (4.0-6.8 h/wk VPA) tertile of an APAT rich in VPA, had lower VAT and SAAT, respectively, than those in the lowest (<4.0 h/wk VPA) tertile (P ≤ 0.016; P trend ≤ 0.0005). They also had lower VAT and SAAT than those with APAT rich in MPA and/or inactivity only. In conclusion, our results suggest that in white populations, habitual APAT rich in MPA might be insufficient to impact on accumulation of VAT or SAAT. APAT including ≥ 4.0-6.8 h/wk VPA, by contrast, are more strongly associated with lower VAT and SAAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Fischer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital Zurich & Centre on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniela Rüttgers
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Jacobs
- PopGen Biobank, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- PopGen Biobank, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Ijiri D, Nojima T, Kawaguchi M, Yamauchi Y, Fujita Y, Ijiri S, Ohtsuka A. Effects of feeding outer bran fraction of rice on lipid accumulation and fecal excretion in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1337-41. [PMID: 25867004 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1032883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Outer bran fraction of rice (OBFR) contains higher concentrations of crude fiber, γ-oryzanol, and phytic acid compared to whole rice bran (WRB). In this study, we examined the effects of feeding OBFR on lipid accumulation and fecal excretion in rats. Twenty-one male rats at seven-week-old were divided into a control group and two treatment groups. The control group was fed a control diet, and the treatment groups were fed OBFR- or WRB-containing diet for 21 days. There was no significant difference in growth performance. Feeding OBFR diet increased fecal number and weight accompanied by increased fecal lipid content, while it did not affect mRNA expressions encoding lipid metabolism-related protein in liver. In addition, feeding OBFR-diet decreased the abdominal fat tissue weight and improved plasma lipid profiles, while WRB-containing diet did not affect them. These results suggested that feeding OBFR-diet might prevent lipid accumulation via enhancing fecal lipid excretion in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Ijiri
- a Department of Biochemical Science and Technology , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
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18
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Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A, Keshteli AH, Feizi A, Feinle-Bisset C, Adibi P. Patterns of dietary habits in relation to obesity in Iranian adults. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:713-728. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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