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Okuma H, Tsuchiya K. Tissue-specific activation of insulin signaling as a potential target for obesity-related metabolic disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 262:108699. [PMID: 39111411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide. Obesity-associated insulin resistance has long been established as a significant risk factor for obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Insulin plays a key role in systemic glucose metabolism, with the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue as the major acting tissues. Insulin receptors and the downstream insulin signaling-related molecules are expressed in various tissues, including vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and monocytes/macrophages. In obesity, decreased insulin action is considered a driver for associated disorders. However, whether insulin action has a positive or negative effect on obesity-related disorders depends on the tissue in which it acts. While an enhancement of insulin signaling in the liver increases hepatic fat accumulation and exacerbates dyslipidemia, enhancement of insulin signaling in adipose tissue protects against obesity-related dysfunction of various organs by increasing the capacity for fat accumulation in the adipose tissue and inhibiting ectopic fat accumulation. Thus, this "healthy adipose tissue expansion" by enhancing insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, but not in the liver, may be an effective therapeutic strategy for obesity-related disorders. To effectively address obesity-related metabolic disorders, the mechanisms of insulin resistance in various tissues of obese patients must be understood and drugs that enhance insulin action must be developed. In this article, we review the potential of interventions that enhance insulin signaling as a therapeutic strategy for obesity-related disorders, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of insulin action in each tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Okuma
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan
| | - Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan.
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2
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Aravindhan V, Yuvaraj S. Immune-endocrine network in diabetes-tuberculosis nexus: does latent tuberculosis infection confer protection against meta-inflammation and insulin resistance? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1303338. [PMID: 38327565 PMCID: PMC10848915 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1303338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis patients with diabetes, have higher sputum bacillary load, delayed sputum conversion, higher rates of drug resistance, higher lung cavitary involvement and extra-pulmonary TB infection, which is called as "Diabetes-Tuberculosis Nexus". However, recently we have shown a reciprocal relationship between latent tuberculosis infection and insulin resistance, which has not been reported before. In this review, we would first discuss about the immune-endocrine network, which operates during pre-diabetes and incipient diabetes and how it confers protection against LTBI. The ability of IR to augment anti-TB immunity and the immunomodulatory effect of LTBI to quench IR were discussed, under IR-LTB antagonism. The ability of diabetes to impair anti-TB immunity and ability of active TB to worsen glycemic control, were discussed under "Diabetes-Tuberculosis Synergy". The concept of "Fighter Genes" and how they confer protection against TB but susceptibility to IR was elaborated. Finally, we conclude with an evolutionary perspective about how IR and LTBI co-evolved in endemic zones, and have explained the molecular basis of "IR-LTB" Antagonism" and "DM-TB Synergy", from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanandhan Aravindhan
- Department of Genetics, Dr Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliyar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (Dr ALM PG IBMS), University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Kim DM, Lee JH, Pan Q, Han HW, Shen Z, Eshghjoo S, Wu CS, Yang W, Noh JY, Threadgill DW, Guo S, Wright G, Alaniz R, Sun Y. Nutrient-sensing growth hormone secretagogue receptor in macrophage programming and meta-inflammation. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101852. [PMID: 38092245 PMCID: PMC10772824 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-associated chronic inflammation, aka meta-inflammation, is a key pathogenic driver for obesity-associated comorbidity. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is known to mediate the effects of nutrient-sensing hormone ghrelin in food intake and fat deposition. We previously reported that global Ghsr ablation protects against diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, but the site(s) of action and mechanism are unknown. Macrophages are key drivers of meta-inflammation. To unravel the role of GHSR in macrophages, we generated myeloid-specific Ghsr knockout mice (LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f). METHODS LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f and control Ghsrf/f mice were subjected to 5 months of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding to induce obesity. In vivo, metabolic profiling of food intake, physical activity, and energy expenditure, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT) were performed. At termination, peritoneal macrophages (PMs), epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and liver were analyzed by flow cytometry and histology. For ex vivo studies, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were generated from the mice and treated with palmitic acid (PA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For in vitro studies, macrophage RAW264.7 cells with Ghsr overexpression or Insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) knockdown were studied. RESULTS We found that Ghsr expression in PMs was increased under HFD feeding. In vivo, HFD-fed LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice exhibited significantly attenuated systemic inflammation and insulin resistance without affecting food intake or body weight. Tissue analysis showed that HFD-fed LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice have significantly decreased monocyte/macrophage infiltration, pro-inflammatory activation, and lipid accumulation, showing elevated lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) in eWAT and liver. Ex vivo, Ghsr-deficient macrophages protected against PA- or LPS-induced pro-inflammatory polarization, showing reduced glycolysis, increased fatty acid oxidation, and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. At molecular level, GHSR metabolically programs macrophage polarization through PKA-CREB-IRS2-AKT2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These novel results demonstrate that macrophage GHSR plays a key role in the pathogenesis of meta-inflammation, and macrophage GHSR promotes macrophage infiltration and induces pro-inflammatory polarization. These exciting findings suggest that GHSR may serve as a novel immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and its associated comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jong Han Lee
- Department of Marine Bioindustry, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, South Korea; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Quan Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hye Won Han
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sahar Eshghjoo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Agilent technologies, Aanta Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wanbao Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Noh
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gus Wright
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Tlaloc Therapeutics Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Gindri dos Santos B, Goedeke L. Macrophage immunometabolism in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00032. [PMID: 37849988 PMCID: PMC10578522 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play fundamental roles in atherosclerotic plaque formation, growth, and regression. These cells are extremely plastic and perform different immune functions depending on the stimuli they receive. Initial in vitro studies have identified specific metabolic pathways that are crucial for the proper function of pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving macrophages. However, the plaque microenvironment, especially in the context of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, constantly challenges macrophages with several simultaneous inflammatory and metabolic stimuli, which may explain why atherosclerosis is accelerated in diabetic patients. In this mini review, we discuss how macrophage mitochondrial function and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids may be affected by this complex plaque microenvironment and how risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes alter the metabolic rewiring of macrophages and disease progression. We also briefly discuss current challenges in assessing macrophage metabolism and identify future tools and possible strategies to alter macrophage metabolism to improve treatment options for diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Gindri dos Santos
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Tsuchiya K. Cardiovascular complications in insulin resistance and endocrine diseases. Endocr J 2023; 70:249-257. [PMID: 36754416 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke and cardiovascular disease, are one of the leading causes of death in Japan. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and an important risk factor for these diseases. Among various pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance has already been reported to be an important risk factor for diabetic complications. The major sites of insulin action in glucose metabolism in the body include the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. However, insulin signaling molecules are also constitutively expressed in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and monocytes/macrophages. Forkhead box class O family member proteins (FoxOs) of transcription factors play important roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress response and redox signaling, and cell cycle progression and apoptosis. FoxOs in vascular endothelial cells strongly promote arteriosclerosis by suppressing nitric oxide production, enhancing inflammatory response, and promoting cellular senescence. In addition, primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome are known to have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, apart from hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In the treatment of endocrine disorders, hormonal normalization by surgical treatment and receptor antagonists play an important role in preventing cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Makhijani P, Basso PJ, Chan YT, Chen N, Baechle J, Khan S, Furman D, Tsai S, Winer DA. Regulation of the immune system by the insulin receptor in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1128622. [PMID: 36992811 PMCID: PMC10040865 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1128622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways downstream of the insulin receptor (InsR) are some of the most evolutionarily conserved pathways that regulate organism longevity and metabolism. InsR signaling is well characterized in metabolic tissues, such as liver, muscle, and fat, actively orchestrating cellular processes, including growth, survival, and nutrient metabolism. However, cells of the immune system also express the InsR and downstream signaling machinery, and there is increasing appreciation for the involvement of InsR signaling in shaping the immune response. Here, we summarize current understanding of InsR signaling pathways in different immune cell subsets and their impact on cellular metabolism, differentiation, and effector versus regulatory function. We also discuss mechanistic links between altered InsR signaling and immune dysfunction in various disease settings and conditions, with a focus on age related conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and infection vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Makhijani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Paulo José Basso
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yi Tao Chan
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nan Chen
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan Baechle
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Furman
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Stanford 1, 000 Immunomes Project, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pilar, Argentina
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Thomas MC, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME. The postprandial actions of GLP-1 receptor agonists: The missing link for cardiovascular and kidney protection in type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab 2023; 35:253-273. [PMID: 36754019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials in people with type 2 diabetes have demonstrated beneficial actions on heart and kidney outcomes following treatment with GLP-1RAs. In part, these actions are consistent with improved glucose control and significant weight loss. But GLP-1RAs may also have additive benefits by improving postprandial dysmetabolism. In diabetes, dysregulated postprandial nutrient excursions trigger inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, thrombogenicity, and endotoxemia; alter hormone levels; and modulate cardiac output and regional blood and lymphatic flow. In this perspective, we explore the actions of GLP-1RAs on the postprandial state and their potential role in end-organ benefits observed in recent trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin C Thomas
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia; Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia.
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8
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Tsuchiya K. Role of insulin action in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Diabetol Int 2022; 13:591-598. [PMID: 36117926 PMCID: PMC9477992 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-022-00601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Among the various pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance has long been reported to be a potent risk factor for diabetic complications. The liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue are the major organs of action of insulin in systemic glucose metabolism, but insulin receptors and their downstream insulin signaling molecules are also constitutively expressed in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and monocytes/macrophages. Forkhead box class O family member proteins (FoxOs) of transcription factors are essential regulators of cellular homeostasis, including glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress response and redox signaling, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. In vascular endothelial cells, FoxOs strongly promote atherosclerosis via suppressing nitric oxide production and enhancing inflammatory responses. In liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, FoxOs induces hepatic insulin resistance by inducing nitration of insulin receptor in hepatocytes. Insulin resistance in adipose tissue limits capacity of lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, which promotes ectopic lipid accumulation and organ dysfunction in liver, vascular, and kidney. Modulation of insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue to induce healthy adipose expansion is expected to be a promising strategy for diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898 Japan
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9
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Macrophages, Low-Grade Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia: A Mutual Ambiguous Relationship in the Development of Metabolic Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154358. [PMID: 35955975 PMCID: PMC9369133 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic derangement with poor glycemic control accompanying overweight and obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages, which present a very heterogeneous population of cells, play a key role in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis, but functional alterations in the resident macrophage pool as well as newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are important drivers in the development of low-grade inflammation. While metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and tissue damage may trigger or advance pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages, the inflammation itself contributes to the development of insulin resistance and the resulting hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages express insulin receptors whose downstream signaling networks share a number of knots with the signaling pathways of pattern recognition and cytokine receptors, which shape macrophage polarity. The shared knots allow insulin to enhance or attenuate both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophage responses. This supposedly physiological function may be impaired by hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance in macrophages. This review discusses the mutual ambiguous relationship of low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and the insulin-dependent modulation of macrophage activity with a focus on adipose tissue and liver.
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10
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Bornfeldt KE. The Remnant Lipoprotein Hypothesis of Diabetes-Associated Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:819-830. [PMID: 35616031 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Research based on human-first or bedside-to-bench approaches has provided new insights into likely mechanisms behind this increased risk. Although both forms of diabetes are associated with hyperglycemia, it is becoming increasingly clear that altered lipoprotein metabolism also plays a critical role in predicting CVD risk in people with diabetes. This review examines recent findings indicating that increased levels of circulating remnant lipoproteins could be a missing link between diabetes and CVD. Although CVD risk associated with diabetes is clearly multifactorial in nature, these findings suggest that we should increase efforts in evaluating whether remnant lipoproteins or the proteins that govern their metabolism are biomarkers of incident CVD in people living with diabetes and whether reducing remnant lipoproteins will prevent the increased CVD risk associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle
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11
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Eckel RH, Bornfeldt KE, Goldberg IJ. Cardiovascular disease in diabetes, beyond glucose. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1519-1545. [PMID: 34289375 PMCID: PMC8411849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the decades-old knowledge that diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the reasons for this association are only partially understood. While this association is true for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, different pathophysiological processes may be responsible. Lipids and other risk factors are indeed important, whereas the role of glucose is less clear. This lack of clarity stems from clinical trials that do not unambiguously show that intensive glycemic control reduces cardiovascular events. Animal models have provided mechanisms that link diabetes to increased atherosclerosis, and evidence consistent with the importance of factors beyond hyperglycemia has emerged. We review clinical, pathological, and animal studies exploring the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans living with diabetes and in mouse models of diabetes. An increased effort to identify risk factors beyond glucose is now needed to prevent the increased cardiovascular disease risk associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Eckel
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Choi JSY, de Haan JB, Sharma A. Animal models of diabetes-associated vascular diseases: an update on available models and experimental analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:748-769. [PMID: 34131901 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with the accelerated development of macrovascular (atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease) and microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy), which remain the principal cause of mortality and morbidity in this population. Current understanding of cellular and molecular pathways of diabetes-driven vascular complications, as well as therapeutic interventions has arisen from studying disease pathogenesis in animal models. Diabetes-associated vascular complications are multi-faceted, involving the interaction between various cellular and molecular pathways. Thus, the choice of an appropriate animal model to study vascular pathogenesis is important in our quest to identify innovative and mechanism-based targeted therapies to reduce the burden of diabetic complications. Herein, we provide up-to-date information on available mouse models of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic vascular complications as well as experimental analysis and research outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S Y Choi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy B de Haan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arpeeta Sharma
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sanchez-Pino MD, Gilmore LA, Ochoa AC, Brown JC. Obesity-Associated Myeloid Immunosuppressive Cells, Key Players in Cancer Risk and Response to Immunotherapy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:944-953. [PMID: 33616242 PMCID: PMC8154641 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for developing several cancers. The dysfunctional metabolism and chronic activation of inflammatory pathways in obesity create a milieu that supports tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Obesity-associated metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory mediators, besides interacting with cells leading to a malignant transformation, also modify the intrinsic metabolic and functional characteristics of immune myeloid cells. Here, the evidence supporting the hypothesis that obesity metabolically primes and promotes the expansion of myeloid cells with immunosuppressive and pro-oncogenic properties is discussed. In consequence, the accumulation of these cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and some subtypes of adipose-tissue macrophages, creates a microenvironment conducive to tumor development. In this review, the role of lipids, insulin, and leptin, which are dysregulated in obesity, is emphasized, as well as dietary nutrients in metabolic reprogramming of these myeloid cells. Moreover, emerging evidence indicating that obesity enhances immunotherapy response and hypothesized mechanisms are summarized. Priorities in deeper exploration involving the mechanisms of cross talk between metabolic disorders and myeloid cells related to cancer risk in patients with obesity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dulfary Sanchez-Pino
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Augusto C. Ochoa
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Justin C. Brown
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- LSU Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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14
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High-fat diet-induced splenic, hepatic, and skeletal muscle architecture damage: cellular and molecular players. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3671-3679. [PMID: 34050900 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The trend of consuming food high in calories, fat, and sugar with little nutritional value and reduced physical exercise has resulted in an alarming ratio of overweight and obese subjects worldwide. Low-grade chronic inflammation is the key feature of obesity that causes an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines in circulation. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of high-fat diet on the architecture of spleen, liver, and skeletal muscle and changes in the expression of hepatic cytokines. Two groups of experimental rats were established, against control that were given different percentage of fats in their diet. After a period of sixteen weeks, rats were dissected and their organs were excised out and processed accordingly. Spleen sections of experimental groups, revealed increased recruitment of lymphocytes, sinusoidal dilatations, necrotic lymphocytes, increased ratio of white-to-red pulp, and hemosiderin and iron deposits in red pulp indicating immune system activation. Hepatic sections showed enlarged sinusoidal spaces, disruptive hepatocytes, necrosis and dilation of portal veins. Sections of skeletal muscle showed degenerating fibers, increased fat accumulation, and recruitment of macrophages. Elevated expression of IFN-γ and decreased expression of IFN-α and IFN-β cytokines verified the adverse effect of high-fat diet on immune system as well. Fats tend to accumulate in organs due to increased intake of fat-rich diet disturbing their normal function and histology. In addition, gene expression analysis of cytokines confirmed the effect of high-fat diet as an inflammatory agent.
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15
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Mori Y, Gonzalez Medina M, Liu Z, Guo J, Dingwell LS, Chiang S, Kahn CR, Husain M, Giacca A. Roles of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the vasculoprotective effect of insulin in a mouse model of restenosis. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2021; 18:14791641211027324. [PMID: 34190643 PMCID: PMC8482728 DOI: 10.1177/14791641211027324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin exerts vasculoprotective effects on endothelial cells (ECs) and growth-promoting effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro, and suppresses neointimal growth in vivo. Here we determined the role of ECs and SMCs in the effect of insulin on neointimal growth. METHODS Mice with transgene CreERT2 under the control of EC-specific Tie2 (Tie2-Cre) or SMC-specific smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoter/enhancer (SMMHC-Cre) or littermate controls were crossbred with mice carrying a loxP-flanked insulin receptor (IR) gene. After CreERT2-loxP-mediated recombination was induced by tamoxifen injection, mice received insulin pellet or sham (control) implantation, and underwent femoral artery wire injury. Femoral arteries were collected for morphological analysis 28 days after wire injury. RESULTS Tamoxifen-treated Tie2-Cre+ mice showed lower IR expression in ECs, but not in SMCs, than Tie2-Cre- mice. Insulin treatment reduced neointimal area after arterial injury in Tie2-Cre- mice, but had no effect in Tie2-Cre+ mice. Tamoxifen-treated SMMHC-Cre+ mice showed lower IR expression in SMCs, but not in ECs, than SMMHC-Cre- mice. Insulin treatment reduced neointimal area in SMMHC-Cre- mice, whereas unexpectedly, it failed to inhibit neointima formation in SMMHC-Cre+ mice. CONCLUSION Insulin action in both ECs and SMCs is required for the "anti-restenotic" effect of insulin in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Implants
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/injuries
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Femoral Artery/drug effects
- Femoral Artery/injuries
- Femoral Artery/metabolism
- Femoral Artery/pathology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Insulin/administration & dosage
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Receptor, Insulin/agonists
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/drug therapy
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Anti-Glycation Research Section, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marel Gonzalez Medina
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - June Guo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luke S Dingwell
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Chiang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mansoor Husain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Fu J, Yu MG, Li Q, Park K, King GL. Insulin's actions on vascular tissues: Physiological effects and pathophysiological contributions to vascular complications of diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101236. [PMID: 33878400 PMCID: PMC8513152 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin has been demonstrated to exert direct and indirect effects on vascular tissues. Its actions in vascular cells are mediated by two major pathways: the insulin receptor substrate 1/2-phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt (IRS1/2/PI3K/Akt) pathway and the Src/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, both of which contribute to the expression and distribution of metabolites, hormones, and cytokines. Scope of review In this review, we summarize the current understanding of insulin's physiological and pathophysiological actions and associated signaling pathways in vascular cells, mainly in endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), and how these processes lead to selective insulin resistance. We also describe insulin's potential new signaling and biological effects derived from animal studies and cultured capillary and arterial EC, VSMC, and pericytes. We will not provide a detailed discussion of insulin's effects on the myocardium, insulin's structure, or its signaling pathways' various steps, since other articles in this issue discuss these areas in depth. Major conclusions Insulin mediates many important functions on vascular cells via its receptors and signaling cascades. Its direct actions on EC and VSMC are important for transporting and communicating nutrients, cytokines, hormones, and other signaling molecules. These vascular actions are also important for regulating systemic fuel metabolism and energetics. Inhibiting or enhancing these pathways leads to selective insulin resistance, exacerbating the development of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, restenosis, poor wound healing, and even myocardial dysfunction. Targeted therapies to improve selective insulin resistance in EC and VSMC are thus needed to specifically mitigate these pathological processes. Insulin's actions in vascular cells have a significant influence on systemic metabolism. Insulin exerts its vascular effects through its receptors and signaling cascades. Inhibition or enhancement of different insulin signaling leads to selective insulin resistance. Loss of insulin's actions causes endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Fu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Marc Gregory Yu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George L King
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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17
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Thibaut R, Gage MC, Pineda-Torra I, Chabrier G, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Liver macrophages and inflammation in physiology and physiopathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:3024-3057. [PMID: 33860630 PMCID: PMC9290065 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, being a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes and with important links to inflammation and insulin resistance. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver conditions ranging from steatosis in the form of ectopic lipid storage, to inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Macrophages that populate the liver play important roles in maintaining liver homeostasis under normal physiology and in promoting inflammation and mediating fibrosis in the progression of NAFLD toward to NASH. Liver macrophages are a heterogenous group of innate immune cells, originating from the yolk sac or from circulating monocytes, that are required to maintain immune tolerance while being exposed portal and pancreatic blood flow rich in nutrients and hormones. Yet, liver macrophages retain a limited capacity to raise the alarm in response to danger signals. We now know that macrophages in the liver play both inflammatory and noninflammatory roles throughout the progression of NAFLD. Macrophage responses are mediated first at the level of cell surface receptors that integrate environmental stimuli, signals are transduced through multiple levels of regulation in the cell, and specific transcriptional programmes dictate effector functions. These effector functions play paramount roles in determining the course of disease in NAFLD and even more so in the progression towards NASH. The current review covers recent reports in the physiological and pathophysiological roles of liver macrophages in NAFLD. We emphasise the responses of liver macrophages to insulin resistance and the transcriptional machinery that dictates liver macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Thibaut
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Inès Pineda-Torra
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Gwladys Chabrier
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
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18
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Liu T, Han Q, Pan Y, Li J, Song H. Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule-3 Regulates the Polarization of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophages. Inflammation 2021; 44:1737-1749. [PMID: 33751324 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages show two main phenotypes, the M1-type (pro-inflammatory) and the M2-type (anti-inflammatory). The purpose of this research was to investigate the regulatory effect of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) on LPS-induced macrophage polarization. LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells were exposed to CORM-3 for 24 h. Polarization of cells was checked by flow cytometry; expression of M1 or M2 macrophage-related factors and NF-κB signaling factors was examined by RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot. Male C57 mice were divided into three groups: normal group; periodontitis group, where experimental periodontitis was established in mice; LPS+CORM-3 group, where mice with experimental periodontitis were treated with CORM-3. Polarization of macrophages and the expression of M1 or M2 macrophage-related factors were detected by immunofluorescence, ELISA, and RT-PCR. CORM-3 significantly reduced M1 macrophage proportion, but increased M2 proportion in LPS-stimulated cells. Accordingly, CORM-3 significantly suppressed the expression of M1 macrophage-related TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6, but promoted M2-related IL-10 and Arg-1. The expression of p-p65, p-p50, and p-IκB induced with LPS was inhibited by CORM-3. In vivo experiments indicated that CORM-3 induced more M2 macrophages in periodontal tissues in mice with experimental periodontitis. The expression of M1 macrophage-related factor in periodontitis was inhibited, but the expression of M2-related factors was increased by CORM-3. CORM-3 inhibits macrophage polarization to pro-inflammatory M1-type and promotes to anti-inflammatory M2-type, which provides scientific basis for the application of CORM-3 in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Vip Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qingbin Han
- Department of Vip Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Stomatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Vip Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Vip Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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19
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Nakamura S, Mori K, Okuma H, Sekine T, Miyazaki A, Tsuchiya K. Age-associated decline of monocyte insulin sensitivity in diabetic and healthy individuals. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2021; 18:1479164121989281. [PMID: 33611932 PMCID: PMC8481716 DOI: 10.1177/1479164121989281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether monocyte/macrophage insulin signaling in humans is affected by type 2 diabetes (T2DM), systemic insulin sensitivity, and other unknown factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty-three adult volunteers (control group) not taking any medication and without cardiovascular risk factors, and 59 patients with T2DM (T2DM group) were included. Monocytes were isolated and cultured from all participants. RESULTS In cultured monocytes, insulin-stimulated AKT and FOXO3 phosphorylation was significantly suppressed in T2DM compared with that in the control group. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AKT was significantly correlated with body mass index and serum insulin level only in the control group. In both groups, significant negative correlation between age and insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AKT and FOXO3 was commonly observed. In the control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated induction of TNFA, and NOS2 was significantly and negatively correlated with insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation. Age was also significantly correlated with LPS-stimulated induction of TNFA. DISCUSSION Aging plays an important role in the development of monocyte insulin resistance, not only in patients with T2DM but also in healthy participants. Monocyte insulin sensitivity is negatively correlated with inflammatory responses and may be helpful for subclinical risk assessment of CVDs and/or insulin resistance in participants without risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Nakamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okuma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sekine
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- Kyoichiro Tsuchiya, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan.
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20
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Al-Mukh H, Baudoin L, Bouaboud A, Sanchez-Salgado JL, Maraqa N, Khair M, Pagesy P, Bismuth G, Niedergang F, Issad T. Lipopolysaccharide Induces GFAT2 Expression to Promote O-Linked β- N-Acetylglucosaminylation and Attenuate Inflammation in Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2499-2510. [PMID: 32978282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. However, little is known concerning the mechanisms that regulate the protein O-GlcNAcylation level in these cells. In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. More specifically, we observed that LPS potently stimulated GFAT2 isoform mRNA and protein expression. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 impaired the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression, suggesting a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. We conclude that GFAT2 should be considered a new LPS-inducible gene involved in regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which permits limited exacerbation of inflammation upon macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasanain Al-Mukh
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Léa Baudoin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nabih Maraqa
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Mostafa Khair
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Pagesy
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Georges Bismuth
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Tarik Issad
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
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21
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Stitziel NO, Kanter JE, Bornfeldt KE. Emerging Targets for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:744-757. [PMID: 32423639 PMCID: PMC7395866 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM) increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), resulting in acute cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke. Recent clinical trials point toward new treatment and prevention strategies for cardiovascular complications of T2DM. New antidiabetic agents show unexpected cardioprotective benefits. Moreover, genetic and reverse translational strategies have revealed potential novel targets for CVD prevention in diabetes, including inhibition of apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3). Modeling and pharmacology-based approaches to improve insulin action provide additional potential strategies to combat CVD. The development of new strategies for improved diabetes and lipid control fuels hope for future prevention of CVD associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan O Stitziel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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22
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Mujaj B, Bos D, Kavousi M, van der Lugt A, Staessen JA, Franco OH, Vernooij MW. Serum insulin levels are associated with vulnerable plaque components in the carotid artery: the Rotterdam Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 182:343-350. [PMID: 31958313 PMCID: PMC7087499 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association between fasting serum insulin and glucose levels with atherosclerotic plaque composition in the carotid artery. Impaired insulin and glucose levels are implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular disease; however, their influence on the formation and composition of atherosclerotic plaque remains unclear. METHODS In 1740 participants (mean age 72.9 years, 46% women, 14.4% diabetes mellitus) from the population-based Rotterdam Study, we performed carotid MRI to evaluate the presence of calcification, lipid core, and intraplaque hemorrhage in carotid atherosclerosis. All participants also underwent blood sampling to obtain information on serum insulin and glucose levels. Using logistic regression models, we assessed the association of serum insulin and glucose levels (per s.d. and in tertiles) with the different plaque components, while adjusting for sex, age, intima-media thickness, and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS Serum insulin levels were associated with the presence of intraplaque hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.42 (95% CI: 1.12-1.7)) We found no association with the presence of calcification or lipid core. Sensitivity analyses restricted to individuals without diabetes mellitus yielded similar results. No associations were found between serum glucose levels and any of the plaque components. CONCLUSIONS Serum insulin levels are associated with the presence of vulnerable components of carotid plaque, specifically with intraplaque hemorrhage. These findings suggest a complex role for serum insulin in the pathophysiology of carotid atherosclerosis and in plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blerim Mujaj
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Bos
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Bos;
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Sharif O, Brunner JS, Vogel A, Schabbauer G. Macrophage Rewiring by Nutrient Associated PI3K Dependent Pathways. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2002. [PMID: 31497027 PMCID: PMC6712174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Class 1 Phosphoinositide-3-Kinases (PI3Ks) have been widely studied and mediate essential roles in cellular proliferation, chemotaxis, insulin sensitivity, and immunity. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of how macrophage expressed PI3Ks and their downstream pathways orchestrate responses to metabolic stimuli and nutrients, polarizing macrophages, shaping their cellular identity and function. Particular emphasis will be given to adipose tissue macrophages, crucial players of insulin resistance and chronic metabolically triggered inflammation during obesity. An understanding of PI3K dependent wiring of macrophage responses is important as this is involved in various diseases ranging from obesity, type 2 diabetes to chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Sharif
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute for Vascular Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Stefanie Brunner
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute for Vascular Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Vogel
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute for Vascular Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute for Vascular Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
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Higashi Y, Gautam S, Delafontaine P, Sukhanov S. IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 45:6-16. [PMID: 30735831 PMCID: PMC6504961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory arterial pathogenic condition, which leads to ischemic cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disorder and its pathophysiology is highly complex. Changes in expression of multiple genes coupled with environmental and lifestyle factors initiate cascades of adverse events involving multiple types of cells (e.g. vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages). IGF-1 is a pleiotropic factor, which is found in the circulation (endocrine IGF-1) and is also produced locally in arteries (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells). IGF-1 exerts a variety of effects on these cell types in the context of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In fact, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that IGF-1 has beneficial effects on the biology of atherosclerosis. This review will discuss recent findings relating to clinical investigations on the relation between IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease and basic research using animal models of atherosclerosis that have elucidated some of the mechanisms underlying atheroprotective effects of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States.
| | - Sandeep Gautam
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Patrick Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Rached MT, Millership SJ, Pedroni SMA, Choudhury AI, Costa ASH, Hardy DG, Glegola JA, Irvine EE, Selman C, Woodberry MC, Yadav VK, Khadayate S, Vidal-Puig A, Virtue S, Frezza C, Withers DJ. Deletion of myeloid IRS2 enhances adipose tissue sympathetic nerve function and limits obesity. Mol Metab 2019; 20:38-50. [PMID: 30553769 PMCID: PMC6358539 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sympathetic nervous system and immune cell interactions play key roles in the regulation of metabolism. For example, recent convergent studies have shown that macrophages regulate obesity through brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT) via effects upon local catecholamine availability. However, these studies have raised issues about the underlying mechanisms involved including questions regarding the production of catecholamines by macrophages, the role of macrophage polarization state and the underlying intracellular signaling pathways in macrophages that might mediate these effects. METHODS To address such issues we generated mice lacking Irs2, which mediates the effects of insulin and interleukin 4, specifically in LyzM expressing cells (Irs2LyzM-/- mice). RESULTS These animals displayed obesity resistance and preservation of glucose homeostasis on high fat diet feeding due to increased energy expenditure via enhanced BAT activity and WAT beiging. Macrophages per se did not produce catecholamines but Irs2LyzM-/- mice displayed increased sympathetic nerve density and catecholamine availability in adipose tissue. Irs2-deficient macrophages displayed an anti-inflammatory transcriptional profile and alterations in genes involved in scavenging catecholamines and supporting increased sympathetic innervation. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identify a critical macrophage signaling pathway involved in the regulation of adipose tissue sympathetic nerve function that, in turn, mediates key neuroimmune effects upon systemic metabolism. The insights gained may open therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Rached
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Steven J Millership
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Silvia M A Pedroni
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Darran G Hardy
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Justyna A Glegola
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elaine E Irvine
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Megan C Woodberry
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Vijay K Yadav
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Sanjay Khadayate
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Dominic J Withers
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Kanter JE, Kramer F, Barnhart S, Duggan JM, Shimizu-Albergine M, Kothari V, Chait A, Bouman SD, Hamerman JA, Hansen BF, Olsen GS, Bornfeldt KE. A Novel Strategy to Prevent Advanced Atherosclerosis and Lower Blood Glucose in a Mouse Model of Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes 2018; 67:946-959. [PMID: 29483182 PMCID: PMC5909997 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of mortality associated with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Insulin therapy is often needed to improve glycemic control, but it does not clearly prevent atherosclerosis. Upon binding to the insulin receptor (IR), insulin activates distinct arms of downstream signaling. The IR-Akt arm is associated with blood glucose lowering and beneficial effects, whereas the IR-Erk arm might exert less desirable effects. We investigated whether selective activation of the IR-Akt arm, leaving the IR-Erk arm largely inactive, would result in protection from atherosclerosis in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. The insulin mimetic peptide S597 lowered blood glucose and activated Akt in insulin target tissues, mimicking insulin's effects, but only weakly activated Erk and even prevented insulin-induced Erk activation. Strikingly, S597 retarded atherosclerotic lesion progression through a process associated with protection from leukocytosis, thereby reducing lesional accumulation of inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes. S597-mediated protection from leukocytosis was accompanied by reduced numbers of the earliest bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and reduced IR-Erk activity in hematopoietic stem cells. This study provides a conceptually novel treatment strategy for advanced atherosclerosis associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Kanter
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Farah Kramer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Shelley Barnhart
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeffrey M Duggan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Masami Shimizu-Albergine
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Alan Chait
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Bo F Hansen
- Insulin Biology Department, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Grith S Olsen
- Insulin Biology Department, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pathology, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Al-Sharea A, Murphy AJ, Huggins LA, Hu Y, Goldberg IJ, Nagareddy PR. SGLT2 inhibition reduces atherosclerosis by enhancing lipoprotein clearance in Ldlr -/- type 1 diabetic mice. Atherosclerosis 2018. [PMID: 29518749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leukocytosis, particularly monocytosis, has been shown to promote atherosclerosis in both diabetic and non-diabetic mouse models. We previously showed that hyperglycemia independently promotes monocytosis and impairs the resolution of atherosclerosis. Since patients with chronic diabetes often develop dyslipidemia and also have increased risk for atherosclerosis, we sought to examine how controlling blood glucose affects atherosclerosis development in the presence of severe hyperlipidemia. METHODS Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) in low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice after which they were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Control and diabetic mice were treated with vehicle or sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitor (SGLT2i, Phlorizin or Dapagliflozin) for the duration of the diet. RESULTS Induction of diabetes resulted in a dramatic increase in plasma cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. These mice also exhibited an increased number of circulating monocytes and neutrophils. Monocytosis was driven by increased proliferation of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Tighter glycemic control by SGLT2i treatment not only reduced monocytosis and atherosclerosis but also improved plasma lipoprotein profile. Interestingly, improved lipoprotein profile was not due to decreased TG synthesis or clearance via low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (Lrp) 1 or scavenger receptor class B member (Scarb1) pathways, but likely mediated by heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)-dependent clearance mechanisms in the liver. Further examination of the liver revealed an important role for bile acid transporters (Abcg5, Abcg8) and cytochrome P450 enzymes in the clearance of hepatic cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tighter glycemic control in diabetes can improve lipoprotein clearance exclusive of Ldlr, likely via HSPG and bile acid pathways, and has an overall net positive effect on atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/metabolism
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol, Dietary
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Heparin/analogs & derivatives
- Heparin/metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Phlorhizin/pharmacology
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L A Huggins
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Y Hu
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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28
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Pharmacological inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B protects against atherosclerotic plaque formation in the LDLR -/- mouse model of atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2489-2501. [PMID: 28899902 PMCID: PMC6365594 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most prevalent cause of mortality among patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, due to accelerated atherosclerosis. Recent evidence suggests a strong link between atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, due to impaired insulin receptor (IR) signalling. Here, we demonstrate that inhibiting the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), the major negative regulator of the IR prevents and reverses atherosclerotic plaque formation in an LDLR−/− mouse model of atherosclerosis. Acute (single dose) or chronic PTP1B inhibitor (trodusquemine) treatment of LDLR−/− mice decreased weight gain and adiposity, improved glucose homeostasis and attenuated atherosclerotic plaque formation. This was accompanied by a reduction in both, circulating total cholesterol and triglycerides, a decrease in aortic monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression levels and hyperphosphorylation of aortic Akt/PKB and AMPKα. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that PTP1B inhibitors could be used in prevention and reversal of atherosclerosis development and reduction in CVD risk.
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29
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Vinué Á, Navarro J, Herrero-Cervera A, García-Cubas M, Andrés-Blasco I, Martínez-Hervás S, Real JT, Ascaso JF, González-Navarro H. The GLP-1 analogue lixisenatide decreases atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant mice by modulating macrophage phenotype. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1801-1812. [PMID: 28608285 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent clinical studies indicate that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues prevent acute cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus but their mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, the impact of GLP-1 analogues and their potential underlying molecular mechanisms in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis are investigated. METHODS Atherosclerosis development was evaluated in Apoe -/- Irs2 +/- mice, a mouse model of insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, treated with the GLP-1 analogues lixisenatide or liraglutide. In addition, studies in Apoe -/- Irs2 +/- mice and mouse-derived macrophages treated with lixisenatide were performed to investigate the potential inflammatory intracellular pathways. RESULTS Treatment of Apoe -/- Irs2 +/- mice with either lixisenatide or liraglutide improved glucose metabolism and blood pressure but this was independent of body weight loss. Both drugs significantly decreased atheroma plaque size. Compared with vehicle-treated control mice, lixisenatide treatment generated more stable atheromas, with fewer inflammatory infiltrates, reduced necrotic cores and thicker fibrous caps. Lixisenatide-treated mice also displayed diminished IL-6 levels, proinflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes and activated T cells. In vitro analysis showed that, in macrophages from Apoe -/- Irs2 +/- mice, lixisenatide reduced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 accompanied by enhanced activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, which is a determinant for M2 macrophage differentiation. STAT1 activation, which is essential for M1 phenotype, was also diminished. Furthermore, atheromas from lixisenatide-treated mice showed higher arginase I content and decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, indicating the prevalence of the M2 phenotype within plaques. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Lixisenatide decreases atheroma plaque size and instability in Apoe -/- Irs2 +/- mice by reprogramming macrophages towards an M2 phenotype, which leads to reduced inflammation. This study identifies a critical role for this drug in macrophage polarisation inside plaques and provides experimental evidence supporting a novel mechanism of action for GLP-1 analogues in the reduction of cardiovascular risk associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vinué
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avda Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avda Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta García-Cubas
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avda Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Andrés-Blasco
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avda Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avda Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José T Real
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avda Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avda Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avda Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
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Vergadi E, Ieronymaki E, Lyroni K, Vaporidi K, Tsatsanis C. Akt Signaling Pathway in Macrophage Activation and M1/M2 Polarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1006-1014. [PMID: 28115590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages become activated initiating innate immune responses. Depending on the signals, macrophages obtain an array of activation phenotypes, described by the broad terms of M1 or M2 phenotype. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway mediates signals from multiple receptors including insulin receptors, pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors, cytokine receptors, adipokine receptors, and hormones. As a result, the Akt pathway converges inflammatory and metabolic signals to regulate macrophage responses modulating their activation phenotype. Akt is a family of three serine-threonine kinases, Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3. Generation of mice lacking individual Akt, PI3K, or mTOR isoforms and utilization of RNA interference technology have revealed that Akt signaling pathway components have distinct and isoform-specific roles in macrophage biology and inflammatory disease regulation, by controlling inflammatory cytokines, miRNAs, and functions including phagocytosis, autophagy, and cell metabolism. Herein, we review the current knowledge on the role of the Akt signaling pathway in macrophages, focusing on M1/M2 polarization and highlighting Akt isoform-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vergadi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece; and.,Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Ieronymaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece; and
| | - Konstantina Lyroni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece; and
| | - Katerina Vaporidi
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Christos Tsatsanis
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece; and
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31
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Thompson D, Morrice N, Grant L, Le Sommer S, Ziegler K, Whitfield P, Mody N, Wilson HM, Delibegović M. Myeloid protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) deficiency protects against atherosclerotic plaque formation in the ApoE -/- mouse model of atherosclerosis with alterations in IL10/AMPKα pathway. Mol Metab 2017; 6:845-853. [PMID: 28752048 PMCID: PMC5518727 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most prevalent cause of mortality among patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, due to accelerated atherosclerosis. Recent evidence suggests a strong link between atherosclerosis and insulin resistance due to impaired insulin receptor (IR) signaling. Moreover, inflammatory cells, in particular macrophages, play a key role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance in humans. We hypothesized that inhibiting the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), the major negative regulator of the IR, specifically in macrophages, would have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects and lead to protection against atherosclerosis and CVD. Methods We generated novel macrophage-specific PTP1B knockout mice on atherogenic background (ApoE−/−/LysM-PTP1B). Mice were fed standard or pro-atherogenic diet, and body weight, adiposity (echoMRI), glucose homeostasis, atherosclerotic plaque development, and molecular, biochemical and targeted lipidomic eicosanoid analyses were performed. Results Myeloid-PTP1B knockout mice on atherogenic background (ApoE−/−/LysM-PTP1B) exhibited a striking improvement in glucose homeostasis, decreased circulating lipids and decreased atherosclerotic plaque lesions, in the absence of body weight/adiposity differences. This was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of aortic Akt, AMPKα and increased secretion of circulating anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), without measurable alterations in IR phosphorylation, suggesting a direct beneficial effect of myeloid-PTP1B targeting. Conclusions Here we demonstrate that inhibiting the activity of PTP1B specifically in myeloid lineage cells protects against atherosclerotic plaque formation, under atherogenic conditions, in an ApoE−/− mouse model of atherosclerosis. Our findings suggest for the first time that macrophage PTP1B targeting could be a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis treatment and reduction of CVD risk. PTP1B inhibition as therapy for atherosclerosis/cardiovascular disease is proposed. Myeloid-PTP1B mice on ApoE−/− background (ApoE−/−/LysM-PTP1B) were generated. ApoE−/−/LysM-PTP1B had improved glucose homeostasis with no body weight differences. ApoE−/−/LysM-PTP1B had lower lipids and protection against atherosclerotic plaques. Protection was via a PGE2/IL-10/AMPKα mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thompson
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - N Morrice
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - L Grant
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Le Sommer
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - K Ziegler
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Inverness, UK
| | - P Whitfield
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Inverness, UK
| | - N Mody
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - H M Wilson
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Delibegović
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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32
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With mouse age comes wisdom: A review and suggestions of relevant mouse models for age-related conditions. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:54-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Mori Y, Chiang S, Bendeck MP, Giacca A. Insulin decreases atherosclerotic plaque burden and increases plaque stability via nitric oxide synthase in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E335-45. [PMID: 27221119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00320.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been argued whether insulin accelerates or prevents atherosclerosis. Although results from in vitro studies have been conflicting, recent in vivo mice studies demonstrated antiatherogenic effects of insulin. Insulin is a known activator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), leading to increased production of NO, which has potent antiatherogenic effects. We aimed to examine the role of NOS in the protective effects of insulin against atherosclerosis. Male apolipoprotein E-null mice (8 wk old) fed a high-cholesterol diet (1.25% cholesterol) were assigned to the following 12-wk treatments: control, insulin (0.05 U/day via subcutaneous pellet), N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME, via drinking water at 100 mg/l), and insulin plus l-NAME. Insulin reduced atherosclerotic plaque burden in the descending aorta by 42% compared with control (plaque area/aorta lumen area: control, 16.5 ± 1.9%; insulin, 9.6 ± 1.3%, P < 0.05). Although insulin did not decrease plaque burden in the aortic sinus, macrophage accumulation in the plaque was decreased by insulin. Furthermore, insulin increased smooth muscle actin and collagen content and decreased plaque necrosis, consistent with increased plaque stability. In addition, insulin treatment increased plasma NO levels, decreased inducible NOS staining, and tended to increase phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein staining in the plaques of the aortic sinus. All these effects of insulin were abolished by coadministration of l-NAME, whereas l-NAME alone showed no effect. Insulin also tended to increase phosphorylated endothelial NOS and total neuronal NOS staining, effects not modified by l-NAME. In conclusion, we demonstrate that insulin treatment decreases atherosclerotic plaque burden and increases plaque stability through NOS-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Simon Chiang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research TBEP/ University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Shai SY, Danchuk S, Tang R, Snarski P, Li Z, Lobelle-Rich P, Wang M, Wang D, Yu H, Korthuis R, Delafontaine P. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Deficiency in Macrophages Accelerates Atherosclerosis and Induces an Unstable Plaque Phenotype in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 2016; 133:2263-78. [PMID: 27154724 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.021805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that systemic infusion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and reduces atherosclerotic burden in apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-deficient mice. Monocytes/macrophages express high levels of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) and play a pivotal role in atherogenesis, but the potential effects of IGF-1 on their function are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine mechanisms whereby IGF-1 reduces atherosclerosis and to explore the potential involvement of monocytes/macrophages, we created monocyte/macrophage-specific IGF1R knockout (MΦ-IGF1R-KO) mice on an Apoe(-/-) background. We assessed atherosclerotic burden, plaque features of stability, and monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions. Phenotypic changes of IGF1R-deficient macrophages were investigated in culture. MΦ-IGF1R-KO significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion formation, as assessed by Oil Red O staining of en face aortas and aortic root cross-sections, and changed plaque composition to a less stable phenotype, characterized by increased macrophage and decreased α-smooth muscle actin-positive cell population, fibrous cap thinning, and decreased collagen content. Brachiocephalic artery lesions of MΦ-IGF1R-KO mice had histological features implying plaque vulnerability. Macrophages isolated from MΦ-IGF1R-KO mice showed enhanced proinflammatory responses on stimulation by interferon-γ and oxidized low-density lipoprotein and elevated antioxidant gene expression levels. Moreover, IGF1R-deficient macrophages had decreased expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 and reduced lipid efflux. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that macrophage IGF1R signaling suppresses macrophage and foam cell accumulation in lesions and reduces plaque vulnerability, providing a novel mechanism whereby IGF-1 exerts antiatherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.).
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Shaw-Yung Shai
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Svitlana Danchuk
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Richard Tang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patricia Snarski
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Zhaohui Li
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patricia Lobelle-Rich
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Meifang Wang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Derek Wang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Hong Yu
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Ronald Korthuis
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
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35
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Fitzgibbons TP, Czech MP. Emerging evidence for beneficial macrophage functions in atherosclerosis and obesity-induced insulin resistance. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:267-75. [PMID: 26847458 PMCID: PMC4803808 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that obesity promotes macrophage accumulation in visceral fat led to the emergence of a new field of inquiry termed "immunometabolism". This broad field of study was founded on the premise that inflammation and the corresponding increase in macrophage number and activity was a pathologic feature of metabolic diseases. There is abundant data in both animal and human studies that supports this assertation. Established adverse effects of inflammation in visceral fat include decreased glucose and fatty acid uptake, inhibition of insulin signaling, and ectopic triglyceride accumulation. Likewise, in the atherosclerotic plaque, macrophage accumulation and activation results in plaque expansion and destabilization. Despite these facts, there is an accumulating body of evidence that macrophages also have beneficial functions in both atherosclerosis and visceral obesity. Potentially beneficial functions that are common to these different contexts include the regulation of efferocytosis, lipid buffering, and anti-inflammatory effects. Autophagy, the process by which cytoplasmic contents are delivered to the lysosome for degradation, is integral to many of these protective biologic functions. The macrophage utilizes autophagy as a molecular tool to maintain tissue integrity and homeostasis at baseline (e.g., bone growth) and in the face of ongoing metabolic insults (e.g., fasting, hypercholesterolemia, obesity). Herein, we highlight recent evidence demonstrating that abrogation of certain macrophage functions, in particular autophagy, exacerbates both atherosclerosis and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Insulin signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a crucial regulatory node that links nutrient availability to macrophage autophagic flux. A more precise understanding of the metabolic substrates and triggers for macrophage autophagy may allow therapeutic manipulation of this pathway. These observations underscore the complexity of the field "immunometabolism", validate its importance, and raise many fascinating and important questions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Fitzgibbons
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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36
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Knuever J, Willenborg S, Ding X, Akyüz MD, Partridge L, Niessen CM, Brüning JC, Eming SA. Myeloid Cell-Restricted Insulin/IGF-1 Receptor Deficiency Protects against Skin Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5296-5308. [PMID: 26519530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are key regulators of tissue homeostasis and disease. Alterations in cell-autonomous insulin/IGF-1 signaling in myeloid cells have recently been implicated in the development of systemic inflammation and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM). Impaired wound healing and inflammatory skin diseases are frequent DM-associated skin pathologies, yet the underlying mechanisms are elusive. In this study, we investigated whether myeloid cell-restricted IR/IGF-1R signaling provides a pathophysiologic link between systemic insulin resistance and the development of cutaneous inflammation. Therefore, we generated mice lacking both the insulin and IGF-1 receptor in myeloid cells (IR/IGF-1R(MKO)). Whereas the kinetics of wound closure following acute skin injury was similar in control and IR/IGF-1R(MKO) mice, in two different conditions of dermatitis either induced by repetitive topical applications of the detergent SDS or by high-dose UV B radiation, IR/IGF-1R(MKO) mice were protected from inflammation, whereas controls developed severe skin dermatitis. Notably, whereas during the early phase in both inflammatory conditions the induction of epidermal proinflammatory cytokine expression was similar in control and IR/IGF-1R(MKO) mice, during the late stage, epidermal cytokine expression was sustained in controls but virtually abrogated in IR/IGF-1R(MKO) mice. This distinct kinetic of epidermal cytokine expression was paralleled by proinflammatory macrophage activation in controls and a noninflammatory phenotype in mutants. Collectively, our findings provide evidence for a proinflammatory IR/IGF-1R-dependent pathway in myeloid cells that plays a critical role in the dynamics of an epidermal-dermal cross-talk in cutaneous inflammatory responses, and may add to the mechanistic understanding of diseases associated with disturbances in myeloid cell IR/IGF-1R signaling, including DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Knuever
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Xiaolei Ding
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mehmet D Akyüz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Partridge
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
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37
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Bornfeldt KE. Uncomplicating the Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: The 2014 Edwin Bierman Award Lecture. Diabetes 2015; 64:2689-97. [PMID: 26207031 PMCID: PMC4512224 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The risk of cardiovascular events in humans increases in the presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, in large part due to exacerbated atherosclerosis. Genetically engineered mouse models have begun to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis. Research on these mouse models has revealed that diabetes independently accelerates initiation and progression of lesions of atherosclerosis and also impairs the regression of lesions following aggressive lipid lowering. Myeloid cell activation in combination with proatherogenic changes allowing for increased monocyte recruitment into arteries of diabetic mice has emerged as an important mediator of the effects of diabetes on the three stages of atherosclerosis. The effects of diabetes on atherosclerosis appear to be dependent on an interplay between glucose and lipids, as well as other factors, and result in increased recruitment of monocytes into both progressing and regressing lesions of atherosclerosis. Importantly, some of the mechanisms revealed by mouse models are now being studied in human subjects. This Perspective highlights new mechanistic findings based on mouse models of diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis and discusses the relevance to humans and areas in which more research is urgently needed in order to lessen the burden of macrovascular complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition and Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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38
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Elliott KJ, Eguchi S. Phosphorylation Regulation by Kinases and Phosphatases in Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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39
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Zeadin MG, Petlura CI, Werstuck GH. Molecular mechanisms linking diabetes to the accelerated development of atherosclerosis. Can J Diabetes 2015; 37:345-50. [PMID: 24500563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been shown to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of most myocardial infarctions. Despite the profound clinical importance of vascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus, our understanding of the relative contributions of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia to atherogenesis is not complete. Furthermore, the molecular and cellular pathways that are involved in disease progression are not clear. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the potential mechanisms that link diabetes to atherosclerosis and indicate existing gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melec G Zeadin
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina I Petlura
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoff H Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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40
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Heinonen SE, Genové G, Bengtsson E, Hübschle T, Åkesson L, Hiss K, Benardeau A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Jönsson-Rylander AC, Gomez MF. Animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications: key players in the development of new therapeutic approaches. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:404085. [PMID: 25785279 PMCID: PMC4345079 DOI: 10.1155/2015/404085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong, incapacitating metabolic disease associated with chronic macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease) and microvascular disorders leading to damage of the kidneys (nephropathy) and eyes (retinopathy). Based on the current trends, the rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide will lead to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, novel means to prevent and treat these complications are needed. Under the auspices of the IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative), the SUMMIT (SUrrogate markers for Micro- and Macrovascular hard end points for Innovative diabetes Tools) consortium is working on the development of novel animal models that better replicate vascular complications of diabetes and on the characterization of the available models. In the past years, with the high level of genomic information available and more advanced molecular tools, a very large number of models has been created. Selecting the right model for a specific study is not a trivial task and will have an impact on the study results and their interpretation. This review gathers information on the available experimental animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications and evaluates their pros and cons for research purposes as well as for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi E. Heinonen
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
- *Suvi E. Heinonen:
| | - Guillem Genové
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hübschle
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lina Åkesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katrin Hiss
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Agnes Benardeau
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Pharmaceutical Division, pRED, CV and Metabolic Disease, Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Cathrine Jönsson-Rylander
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria F. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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41
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Chung S, Ranjan R, Lee YG, Park GY, Karpurapu M, Deng J, Xiao L, Kim JY, Unterman TG, Christman JW. Distinct role of FoxO1 in M-CSF- and GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages contributes LPS-mediated IL-10: implication in hyperglycemia. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:327-39. [PMID: 25420919 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0514-251r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cells that are essential for the initiation and containment inflammation. There are 2 well-established populations of inflammatory macrophages: classically activated M1 and alternatively activated M2 macrophages. The FoxO family of transcription factors plays key roles in a number of cellular processes, including cell growth, metabolism, survival, and inflammation. In this study, we determined whether the expression of FoxO1 contributes polarization of macrophages toward the M2-like phenotype by enhancing IL-10 cytokine expression. We identified that FoxO1 is highly expressed in M-CSF-derived (M2-like) macrophage subsets, and this M2-like macrophages showed a preferential FoxO1 enrichment on the IL-10 promoter but not in GM-CSF-derived (M1-like) macrophages during classic activation by LPS treatment, which suggests that FoxO1 enhances IL-10 by binding directly to the IL-10 promoter, especially in BMMs. In addition, our data show that macrophages in the setting of hyperglycemia contribute to the macrophage-inflammatory phenotype through attenuation of the contribution of FoxO1 to activate IL-10 expression. Our data identify a novel role for FoxO1 in regulating IL-10 secretion during classic activation and highlight the potential for therapeutic interventions for chronic inflammatory conditions, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoon Chung
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yong Gyu Lee
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gye Young Park
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manjula Karpurapu
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jing Deng
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lei Xiao
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ji Young Kim
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Terry G Unterman
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John W Christman
- *Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
In recent years white adipose tissue inflammation has been recognized to be associated with obesity. Adipocytes and adipose tissue associated macrophages (ATMs) secrete bioactive molecules, including adipokines, chemokines/cytokines and free fatty acids that modulate the development of low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance responsible for obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Nuclear receptors, notably peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors, are sensors of dietary lipids and control transcriptional programs of key metabolic and inflammatory pathways in adipocytes and macrophages. This review focuses on mechanisms by which nuclear receptors maintain white adipose tissue homeostasis. The identification of ATMs as active players in the initiation of chronic inflammation and the links between inflammatory signaling and metabolic dysfunction will be presented, followed by discussion of recent evidence for nuclear receptors in ATM function, with an emphasis on the paracrine interaction between adipocytes and ATMs.
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Martínez-Hervás S, Vinué Á, Núñez L, Andrés-Blasco I, Piqueras L, Real JT, Ascaso JF, Burks DJ, Sanz MJ, González-Navarro H. Insulin resistance aggravates atherosclerosis by reducing vascular smooth muscle cell survival and increasing CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:324-336. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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44
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Jin SY, Kim EK, Ha JM, Lee DH, Kim JS, Kim IY, Song SH, Shin HK, Kim CD, Bae SS. Insulin regulates monocyte trans-endothelial migration through surface expression of macrophage-1 antigen. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1539-48. [PMID: 24915517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium and subsequent migration across the endothelium has been recognized as a key process in the chronic inflammatory response in atherosclerosis. As type 2 diabetes is closely associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we investigated whether monocyte adhesion and migration were affected by insulin. We found that insulin activated Akt and induced subsequent migration in THP-1. However, glucose and insulin-like growth factor-1, which is a growth factor that is structurally similar to insulin, were not effective. Insulin-dependent migration of THP-1 was blocked by inhibition of PI3K or Akt and by silencing of Akt1. Insulin-dependent migration of bone marrow-derived monocytic cells (BDMCs) was attenuated by inhibition of PI3K and Akt. In addition, BDMCs from Akt1(-/-) mice showed defects in insulin-dependent migration. Stimulation of THP-1 with insulin caused adhesion with human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that was blocked by silencing of Akt1. However, stimulation of HUVECs did not cause adhesion with THP-1. Moreover, BDMCs from Akt1(-/-) mice showed defects in insulin-dependent adhesion with HUVECs. Insulin induced surface expression of Mac-1, and neutralization of Mac-1 blocked insulin-induced adhesion of THP-1 as well as BDMCs. Surface expression of Mac-1 was blocked in THP-1 with silenced Akt1, and in BDMCs isolated from mice lacking Akt1. Finally, trans-endothelial migration of THP-1 and BDMCs was blocked by Mac-1-neutralizing antibody, in THP-1 with silenced Akt1 and in BDMCs from Akt1(-/-) mice. These results suggest that insulin stimulates monocyte trans-endothelial migration through Akt-dependent surface expression of Mac-1, which may be part of the atherogenesis in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yeon Jin
- MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Medical Research Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Kim
- MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Medical Research Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Ha
- MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Medical Research Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyung Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Kim
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heon Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Medical Research Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sik Bae
- MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Medical Research Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus will likely increase globally from 371 million individuals in 2013 to 552 million individuals in 2030. This epidemic is mainly attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which represents about 90-95% of all cases. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality among individuals with diabetes mellitus, and >50% of patients will die from a cardiovascular event-especially coronary artery disease, but also stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Classic risk factors such as elevated levels of LDL cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as smoking, are risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM to a similar degree as they are in healthy individuals. Patients with T1DM develop insulin resistance in the months after diabetes mellitus diagnosis, and patients with T2DM typically develop insulin resistance before hyperglycaemia occurs. Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia, in turn, further increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. This Review discusses the mechanisms by which T1DM and T2DM can lead to cardiovascular disease and how these relate to the risk factors for coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Science, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Yliopistonranta 1E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Science, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Yliopistonranta 1E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Bornfeldt KE. 2013 Russell Ross memorial lecture in vascular biology: cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:705-14. [PMID: 24665124 PMCID: PMC3967130 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adults with diabetes mellitus are much more likely to have cardiovascular disease than those without diabetes mellitus. Genetically engineered mouse models have started to provide important insight into the mechanisms whereby diabetes mellitus promotes atherosclerosis. Such models have demonstrated that diabetes mellitus promotes formation of atherosclerotic lesions, progression of lesions into advanced hemorrhaged lesions, and that it prevents lesion regression. The proatherosclerotic effects of diabetes mellitus are driven in part by the altered function of myeloid cells. The protein S100A9 and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products are important modulators of the effect of diabetes mellitus on myelopoiesis, which might promote monocyte accumulation in lesions. Furthermore, myeloid cell expression of the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1), which converts long-chain fatty acids into their acyl-CoA derivatives, has emerged as causal to diabetes mellitus-induced lesion initiation. The protective effects of myeloid ACSL1-deficiency in diabetic mice, but not in nondiabetic mice, indicate that myeloid cells are activated by diabetes mellitus through mechanisms that play minor roles in the absence of diabetes mellitus. The roles of reactive oxygen species and insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis are also discussed, primarily in relation to endothelial cells. Translational studies addressing whether the mechanisms identified in mouse models are equally important in humans with diabetes mellitus will be paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Signaling by IL-6 promotes alternative activation of macrophages to limit endotoxemia and obesity-associated resistance to insulin. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:423-30. [PMID: 24681566 PMCID: PMC4161471 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are closely associated with the development of low-grade inflammation. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is linked to obesity-associated inflammation, however its role in this context remains controversial. Here, we show that mice with inactivated Il6ra gene in myeloid cells (Il6raΔmyel) displayed exaggerated deterioration of glucose homeostasis upon diet-induced obesity due to enhanced insulin resistance. Insulin target tissues showed increased inflammation and a shift in macrophage polarization. IL-6 induced IL-4-receptor expression and augmented the response to IL-4 in macrophages in a cell-autonomous manner. Il6raΔmyel mice were resistant to IL-4-mediated alternative macrophage polarization and exhibited increased susceptibility to LPS-induced endotoxemia. These results reveal IL-6 signaling as an important determinant for alternative macrophage-activation and assign IL-6 an unexpected homeostatic role to limit inflammation.
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Bojic LA, Burke AC, Chhoker SS, Telford DE, Sutherland BG, Edwards JY, Sawyez CG, Tirona RG, Yin H, Pickering JG, Huff MW. Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor δ Agonist GW1516 Attenuates Diet-Induced Aortic Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:52-60. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
The peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) δ regulates systemic lipid homeostasis and inflammation. However, the ability of PPARδ agonists to improve the pathology of pre-established lesions and whether PPARδ activation is atheroprotective in the setting of insulin resistance have not been reported. Here, we examine whether intervention with a selective PPARδ agonist corrects metabolic dysregulation and attenuates aortic inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Approach and Results—
Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed a chow or a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet (42% fat, 0.2% cholesterol) for 4 weeks. For a further 8 weeks, the HFHC group was fed either HFHC or HFHC plus GW1516 (3 mg/kg per day). GW1516 significantly attenuated pre-established fasting hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia, as well as glucose and insulin intolerance. GW1516 intervention markedly reduced aortic sinus lesions and lesion macrophages, whereas smooth muscle α-actin was unchanged and collagen deposition enhanced. In aortae, GW1516 increased the expression of the PPARδ-specific gene
Adfp
but not PPARα- or γ-specific genes. GW1516 intervention decreased the expression of aortic proinflammatory M1 cytokines, increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory M2 cytokine
Arg1
, and attenuated the
iNos
/
Arg1
ratio. Enhanced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, known to induce inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro, was enhanced in aortae of HFHC-fed mice. Furthermore, the HFHC diet impaired aortic insulin signaling through Akt and forkhead box O1, which was associated with elevated endoplasmic reticulum stress markers CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein and 78kDa glucose regulated protein. GW1516 intervention normalized mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, insulin signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Conclusions—
Intervention with a PPARδ agonist inhibits aortic inflammation and attenuates the progression of pre-established atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar A. Bojic
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy C. Burke
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjiv S. Chhoker
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawn E. Telford
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian G. Sutherland
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane Y. Edwards
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia G. Sawyez
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rommel G. Tirona
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Yin
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Geoffrey Pickering
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murray W. Huff
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Rensing KL, de Jager SC, Stroes ES, Vos M, Twickler MT, Dallinga-Thie GM, de Vries CJ, Kuiper J, Bot I, von der Thüsen JH. Akt2/LDLr double knockout mice display impaired glucose tolerance and develop more complex atherosclerotic plaques than LDLr knockout mice. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:277-87. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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