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Langhans W, Watts AG, Spector AC. The elusive cephalic phase insulin response: triggers, mechanisms, and functions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1423-1485. [PMID: 36422994 PMCID: PMC9942918 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cephalic phase insulin response (CPIR) is classically defined as a head receptor-induced early release of insulin during eating that precedes a postabsorptive rise in blood glucose. Here we discuss, first, the various stimuli that elicit the CPIR and the sensory signaling pathways (sensory limb) involved; second, the efferent pathways that control the various endocrine events associated with eating (motor limb); and third, what is known about the central integrative processes linking the sensory and motor limbs. Fourth, in doing so, we identify open questions and problems with respect to the CPIR in general. Specifically, we consider test conditions that allow, or may not allow, the stimulus to reach the potentially relevant taste receptors and to trigger a CPIR. The possible significance of sweetness and palatability as crucial stimulus features and whether conditioning plays a role in the CPIR are also discussed. Moreover, we ponder the utility of the strict classical CPIR definition based on what is known about the effects of vagal motor neuron activation and thereby acetylcholine on the β-cells, together with the difficulties of the accurate assessment of insulin release. Finally, we weigh the evidence of the physiological and clinical relevance of the cephalic contribution to the release of insulin that occurs during and after a meal. These points are critical for the interpretation of the existing data, and they support a sharper focus on the role of head receptors in the overall insulin response to eating rather than relying solely on the classical CPIR definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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2
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Stojanović O, Miguel-Aliaga I, Trajkovski M. Intestinal plasticity and metabolism as regulators of organismal energy homeostasis. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1444-1458. [PMID: 36396854 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine displays marked anatomical and functional plasticity that includes adaptive alterations in adult gut morphology, enteroendocrine cell profile and their hormone secretion, as well as nutrient utilization and storage. In this Perspective, we examine how shifts in dietary and environmental conditions bring about changes in gut size, and describe how the intestine adapts to changes in internal state, bowel resection and gastric bypass surgery. We highlight the critical importance of these intestinal remodelling processes in maintaining energy balance of the organism, and in protecting the metabolism of other organs. The intestinal resizing is supported by changes in the microbiota composition, and by activation of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, which govern the intestinal stem cell proliferation, intestinal cell fate, as well as survivability of differentiated epithelial cells. The discovery that intestinal remodelling is part of the normal physiological adaptation to various triggers, and the potential for harnessing the reversible gut plasticity, in our view, holds extraordinary promise for developing therapeutic approaches against metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozren Stojanović
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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3
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Cheng TY, Li JX, Chen JY, Chen PY, Ma LR, Zhang GL, Yan PY. Gut microbiota: a potential target for traditional Chinese medicine intervention in coronary heart disease. Chin Med 2021; 16:108. [PMID: 34686199 PMCID: PMC8540100 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a common ischaemic heart disease whose pathological mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Single target drugs, such as antiplatelet aggregation, coronary artery dilation and lipid-lowering medicines, can relieve some symptoms clinically but cannot effectively prevent and treat CHD. Accumulating evidence has revealed that alterations in GM composition, diversity, and richness are associated with the risk of CHD. The metabolites of the gut microbiota (GM), including trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs), affect human physiology by activating numerous signalling pathways. Due to the advantage of multiple components and multiple targets, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can intervene in CHD by regulating the composition of the GM, reducing TMAO, increasing SCFAs and other CHD interventions. We have searched PubMed, Web of science, Google Scholar Science Direct, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), with the use of the keywords "gut microbiota, gut flora, traditional Chinese medicine, herbal medicine, coronary heart disease". This review investigated the relationship between GM and CHD, as well as the intervention of TCM in CHD and GM, and aims to provide valuable insights for the treatments of CHD by TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Cheng
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ying Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Rui Ma
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Yu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Löffler MC, Betz MJ, Blondin DP, Augustin R, Sharma AK, Tseng YH, Scheele C, Zimdahl H, Mark M, Hennige AM, Wolfrum C, Langhans W, Hamilton BS, Neubauer H. Challenges in tackling energy expenditure as obesity therapy: From preclinical models to clinical application. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101237. [PMID: 33878401 PMCID: PMC8122111 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chronic imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure results in excess fat storage. The obesity often caused by this overweight is detrimental to the health of millions of people. Understanding both sides of the energy balance equation and their counter-regulatory mechanisms is critical to the development of effective therapies to treat this epidemic. SCOPE OF REVIEW Behaviors surrounding ingestion have been reviewed extensively. This review focuses more specifically on energy expenditure regarding bodyweight control, with a particular emphasis on the organs and attractive metabolic processes known to reduce bodyweight. Moreover, previous and current attempts at anti-obesity strategies focusing on energy expenditure are highlighted. Precise measurements of energy expenditure, which consist of cellular, animal, and human models, as well as measurements of their translatability, are required to provide the most effective therapies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A precise understanding of the components surrounding energy expenditure, including tailored approaches based on genetic, biomarker, or physical characteristics, must be integrated into future anti-obesity treatments. Further comprehensive investigations are required to define suitable treatments, especially because the complex nature of the human perspective remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona C Löffler
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Matthias J Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Augustin
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anand K Sharma
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heike Zimdahl
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Michael Mark
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anita M Hennige
- Therapeutic Area CardioMetabolism & Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bradford S Hamilton
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Heike Neubauer
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany.
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5
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Park SJ, Yu Y, Beyak MJ. Effect of high-fat diet on mechanosensitive transient receptor potential channel activation in vagal afferent neurons. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:660-666. [PMID: 33108741 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract is an important stimulus of satiety and can be transduced by transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Several studies have revealed attenuated vagally-mediated satiety responses including mechanosensitivity in diet-induced obesity; however, ion channels underlying this hyposensitivity have not been fully understood. This study aimed to examine the effect of chronic high-fat diet on activation of selected mechanosensitive TRP channels in vagal afferents. C57/BL6 mice were fed on either a high-fat or low-fat diet for 6-8 weeks. An increase in the intracellular calcium to hypotonic solution and activators of TRPV1, TRPV4, and TRPA1 was measured in nodose neurons using Ca2+-imaging techniques. Jejunal afferent nerve firing induced by mechanical stimulation and TRP channel agonists was measured using in vitro extracellular multiunit afferent recording. In high-fat diet-fed mice, we observed reduced calcium influx and jejunal afferent response induced by mechanical stimuli and agonists of TRPV4 and TRPA1, but not TRPV1. Our data show diet-induced obesity disrupts the activation of TRPV4 and TRPA1, at both the cellular level and the level of nerve terminals in the small intestine, which may partly explain reduced mechanosensitivity of vagal afferents and may contribute to decreased gut-brain satiety signaling in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Park
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Yang Yu
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Beyak
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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6
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Zhou H, Wang L, Liu F. Immunological Impact of Intestinal T Cells on Metabolic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639902. [PMID: 33679800 PMCID: PMC7930072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence accumulated over the past several years has uncovered intestinal CD4+ T cells as an essential mediator in modulating intestinal immunity in health and diseases. It has also been increasingly recognized that dietary and microbiota-derived factors play key roles in shaping the intestinal CD4+ T-cell compartment. This review aims to discuss the current understanding on how the intestinal T cell immune responses are disturbed by obesity and metabolic stress. In addition, we review how these changes influence systemic metabolic homeostasis and the T-cell-mediated crosstalk between gut and liver or brain in the progression of obesity and its related diseases. Lastly, we highlight the potential roles of some drugs that target intestinal T cells as a therapeutic treatment for metabolic diseases. A better understanding of the interaction among metabolites, bacterial signals, and T cell immune responses in the gut and their roles in systemic inflammation in metabolic tissues should shed new light on the development of effective treatment of obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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7
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Zhou H, Peng X, Hu J, Wang L, Luo H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li G, Ji Y, Zhang J, Bai J, Liu M, Zhou Z, Liu F. DsbA-L deficiency in T cells promotes diet-induced thermogenesis through suppressing IFN-γ production. Nat Commun 2021; 12:326. [PMID: 33436607 PMCID: PMC7804451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-resident T cells have been recognized as a critical regulator of thermogenesis and energy expenditure, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding greatly suppresses the expression of disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L), a mitochondria-localized chaperone protein, in adipose-resident T cells, which correlates with reduced T cell mitochondrial function. T cell-specific knockout of DsbA-L enhances diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and protects mice from HFD-induced obesity, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, DsbA-L deficiency in T cells reduces IFN-γ production and activates protein kinase A by reducing phosphodiesterase-4D expression, leading to increased BAT thermogenesis. Taken together, our study uncovers a mechanism by which T cells communicate with brown adipocytes to regulate BAT thermogenesis and whole-body energy homeostasis. Our findings highlight a therapeutic potential of targeting T cells for the treatment of over nutrition-induced obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/drug effects
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Diet, High-Fat
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior
- Glutathione Transferase/deficiency
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Interferon-gamma/administration & dosage
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
- Thermogenesis/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xinyi Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hairong Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yacheng Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guobao Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujiao Ji
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juli Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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8
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Zhu B, Zhai Y, Ji M, Wei Y, Wu J, Xue W, Tao WW, Wu H. Alisma orientalis Beverage Treats Atherosclerosis by Regulating Gut Microbiota in ApoE -/- Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:570555. [PMID: 33101028 PMCID: PMC7545905 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.570555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alisma orientalis beverage (AOB) is a Chinese traditional medicine formulated with a diversity of medicinal plants and used for treating metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis (AS) since time ago. Given the current limited biological research on AOB, the mechanism by which AOB treats AS is unknown. This study investigats the role of AOB-induced gut microbiota regulation in the expansion of AS. Methods We established an AS model in male apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice that are fed with a high-fat diet (HFD), treated with numerous interventions, and evaluated the inflammatory cytokines and serum biochemical indices. The root of the aorta was stained with oil red O, and the proportion of the lesion area was quantified. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and trimethylamine (TMA) levels in serum were evaluated through liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Flavin−containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) liver protein expression was assessed by Western blotting. 16S rDNA sequencing technique was adopted to establish the changes in the microbiota structure. Results After 8 weeks of HFD feeding, an inflammatory cytokine, and AS development expression were significantly decreased in mice treated with AOB; the same parameters in the mice treated with the antibiotics cocktail did not change. In the gut microbiota study, mice treated with AOB had a markedly different gut microbiota than the HFD-fed mice. Additionally, AOB also decreased serum TMAO and hepatic FMO3 expression. Conclusion The antiatherosclerotic effects of AOB were found associated with changes in the content of gut microbiota and a reduction in TMAO, a gut microbiota metabolite, suggesting that AOB has potential therapeutic value in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjiao Ji
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafei Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenda Xue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoxin Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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9
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Graham S, Wang X, Cai D, Huang M, Pique-Regi R, Dong XC, Chen YE, Willer C, Liu W. Causal relationships between NAFLD, T2D and obesity have implications for disease subphenotyping. J Hepatol 2020; 73:263-276. [PMID: 32165250 PMCID: PMC7371536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are epidemiologically correlated with each other but the causal inter-relationships between them remain incompletely understood. We aimed to explore the causal relationships between the 3 diseases. METHODS Using both UK Biobank and publicly available genome-wide association study data, we performed a 2-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis to test the causal inter-relationships between NAFLD, T2D, and obesity. Transgenic mice expressing the human PNPLA3-I148M isoforms (TghPNPLA3-I148M) were used as an example to validate causal effects and explore underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Genetically driven NAFLD significantly increased the risk of T2D and central obesity but not insulin resistance or generalized obesity, while genetically driven T2D, body mass index and WHRadjBMI causally increased NAFLD risk. The animal study focusing on PNPLA3 corroborated these causal effects: compared to the TghPNPLA3-I148I controls, the TghPNPLA3-I148M mice developed glucose intolerance and increased visceral fat, but maintained normal insulin sensitivity, reduced body weight, and decreased circulating total cholesterol. Mechanistically, the TghPNPLA3-I148M mice demonstrated decreased pancreatic insulin but increased glucagon secretion, which was associated with increased pancreatic inflammation. In addition, transcription of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis pathway genes was significantly suppressed, while transcription of thermogenic pathway genes was activated in subcutaneous and brown adipose tissues but not in visceral fat in TghPNPLA3-I148M mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that lifelong, genetically driven NAFLD causally promotes T2D with a late-onset type 1-like diabetic subphenotype and central obesity; while genetically driven T2D, obesity, and central obesity all causally increase the risk of NAFLD. This causal relationship revealed new insights into how nature and nurture drive these diseases, providing novel hypotheses for disease subphenotyping. LAY SUMMARY Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity are epidemiologically correlated with each other, but their causal relationships were incompletely understood. Herein, we identified causal relationships between these conditions, which suggest that each of these closely related diseases should be further stratified into subtypes. This is important for accurate diagnosis, prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sarah Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Defeng Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; The Affiliated Shenzhen Children's Hospital Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Menghao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Xiaocheng Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cristen Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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10
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Ou Z, Deng L, Lu Z, Wu F, Liu W, Huang D, Peng Y. Protective effects of Akkermansia muciniphila on cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:12. [PMID: 32321934 PMCID: PMC7176648 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a global health problem without effective methods to alleviate the disease progression. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is widely accepted as a key biomarker for AD. Metabolic syndromes, including obesity and insulin resistance, are key high risk factors for AD. Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk), the only representative human gut microbe in the genus Verrucomicrobia, can prevent the weight gain caused by a high-fat diet, repair the damaged integrity of the intestinal epithelium barrier, reduce endotoxin levels in blood and improve insulin resistance. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of Akk administration in AD model mice in different diets. Methods APP/PS1 mice were fed either a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet and were treated with Akk by gavage each day for 6 months. The impacts of Akk on glucose metabolism, intestinal barrier and lipid metabolism in the mouse model of AD were determined. Changes in brain pathology and neuroethology were also analyzed. Results Akk effectively reduced the fasting blood glucose and serum diamine oxidase levels, and alleviated the reduction of colonic mucus cells in APP/PS1 mice. After treatment with Akk, the APP/PS1 mice showed obviously reduced blood lipid levels, improved hepatic steatosis and scapular brown fat whitening. Moreover, Akk promoted the reduction of Aβ 40–42 levels in the cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 mice, shortened the study time and improved the completion rate in Y-maze tests. Conclusion Akk effectively improved glucose tolerance, intestine barrier dysfunction and dyslipidemia in AD model mice. Our study results suggested that Akk could delay the pathological changes in the brain and relieve impairment of spatial learning and memory in AD model mice, which provides a new strategy for prevention and treatment of AD. APP/PS1 mice display alterations in physiological processes after treated with Akk. It is showed that the damaged integrity of the intestinal epithelium barrier is repaired, leading to obviously reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, improved hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and scapular brown fat whitening, which are beneficial to reduce Aβ 40–42 levels in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feifan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 529000, Jangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanting Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongquan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzheng Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Transfusion Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Stojanović O, Kieser S, Trajkovski M. Common traits between the beige fat-inducing stimuli. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:67-73. [PMID: 30007128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissues play an essential role in regulating the metabolic homeostasis and can be found in almost all parts of the body. Excessive adiposity leads to obesity and can contribute to metabolic and other disorders. Adipocytes show remarkable plasticity in their function, which can be pushed toward energy storage, or energy expenditure-a `browning' of fat. Browning is controlled by the cellular milieu of the adipose tissue, with sympathetic innervation and by immune responses as key integrators of the signals that promote browning. Here, we describe the latest contributions to our understanding of how different metabolic stimuli can shape the adipocyte function. We especially focus on the role of the gut microbiota and the negative energy balance in regulating the browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozren Stojanović
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silas Kieser
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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12
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Münger E, Montiel-Castro AJ, Langhans W, Pacheco-López G. Reciprocal Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Host Social Behavior. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:21. [PMID: 29946243 PMCID: PMC6006525 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals harbor an extensive, dynamic microbial ecosystem in their gut. Gut microbiota (GM) supposedly modulate various host functions including fecundity, metabolism, immunity, cognition and behavior. Starting by analyzing the concept of the holobiont as a unit of selection, we highlight recent findings suggesting an intimate link between GM and animal social behavior. We consider two reciprocal emerging themes: (i) that GM influence host social behavior; and (ii) that social behavior and social structure shape the composition of the GM across individuals. We propose that, throughout a long history of coevolution, GM may have become involved in the modulation of their host’s sociality to foster their own transmission, while in turn social organization may have fine-tuned the transmission of beneficial endosymbionts and prevented pathogen infection. We suggest that investigating these reciprocal interactions can advance our understanding of sociality, from healthy and impaired social cognition to the evolution of specific social behaviors and societal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Münger
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Egerod KL, Petersen N, Timshel PN, Rekling JC, Wang Y, Liu Q, Schwartz TW, Gautron L. Profiling of G protein-coupled receptors in vagal afferents reveals novel gut-to-brain sensing mechanisms. Mol Metab 2018; 12:62-75. [PMID: 29673577 PMCID: PMC6001940 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as transmembrane molecular sensors of neurotransmitters, hormones, nutrients, and metabolites. Because unmyelinated vagal afferents richly innervate the gastrointestinal mucosa, gut-derived molecules may directly modulate the activity of vagal afferents through GPCRs. However, the types of GPCRs expressed in vagal afferents are largely unknown. Here, we determined the expression profile of all GPCRs expressed in vagal afferents of the mouse, with a special emphasis on those innervating the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Using a combination of high-throughput quantitative PCR, RNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization, we systematically quantified GPCRs expressed in vagal unmyelinated Nav1.8-expressing afferents. RESULTS GPCRs for gut hormones that were the most enriched in Nav1.8-expressing vagal unmyelinated afferents included NTSR1, NPY2R, CCK1R, and to a lesser extent, GLP1R, but not GHSR and GIPR. Interestingly, both GLP1R and NPY2R were coexpressed with CCK1R. In contrast, NTSR1 was coexpressed with GPR65, a marker preferentially enriched in intestinal mucosal afferents. Only few microbiome-derived metabolite sensors such as GPR35 and, to a lesser extent, GPR119 and CaSR were identified in the Nav1.8-expressing vagal afferents. GPCRs involved in lipid sensing and inflammation (e.g. CB1R, CYSLTR2, PTGER4), and neurotransmitters signaling (CHRM4, DRD2, CRHR2) were also highly enriched in Nav1.8-expressing neurons. Finally, we identified 21 orphan GPCRs with unknown functions in vagal afferents. CONCLUSION Overall, this study provides a comprehensive description of GPCR-dependent sensing mechanisms in vagal afferents, including novel coexpression patterns, and conceivably coaction of key receptors for gut-derived molecules involved in gut-brain communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer L Egerod
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens C Rekling
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yibing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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14
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Krieger JP, Santos da Conceição EP, Sanchez-Watts G, Arnold M, Pettersen KG, Mohammed M, Modica S, Lossel P, Morrison SF, Madden CJ, Watts AG, Langhans W, Lee SJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis via the gut-brain axis in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R708-R720. [PMID: 29847161 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00068.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) controls satiation and glucose metabolism via vagal afferent neurons (VANs). Recently, VANs have received increasing attention for their role in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. It is, however, unclear whether VAN GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling affects BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure (EE) and whether this VAN mechanism contributes to energy balance. First, we tested the effect of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (Ex4, 0.3 μg/kg ip) on EE and BAT thermogenesis and whether these effects require VAN GLP-1R signaling using a rat model with a selective Glp1r knockdown (kd) in VANs. Second, we examined the role of VAN GLP-1R in energy balance during chronic high-fat diet (HFD) feeding in VAN Glp1r kd rats. Finally, we used viral transsynaptic tracers to identify the possible neuronal substrates of such a gut-BAT interaction. VAN Glp1r kd attenuated the acute suppressive effects of Ex4 on EE and BAT thermogenesis. Consistent with this finding, the VAN Glp1r kd increased EE and BAT activity, diminished body weight gain, and improved insulin sensitivity compared with HFD-fed controls. Anterograde transsynaptic viral tracing of VANs infected major hypothalamic and hindbrain areas involved in BAT sympathetic regulation. Moreover, retrograde tracing from BAT combined with laser capture microdissection revealed that a population of VANs expressing Glp1r is synaptically connected to the BAT. Our findings reveal a novel role of VAN GLP-1R signaling in the regulation of EE and BAT thermogenesis and imply that through this gut-brain-BAT connection, intestinal GLP-1 plays a role in HFD-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | | | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Klaus G Pettersen
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Mazher Mohammed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Salvatore Modica
- Translational Nutrition Biology Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Pius Lossel
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Shaun F Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher J Madden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Shin J Lee
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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