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Li L, Wang P, Jiao X, Qin S, Liu Z, Ye Y, Song Y, Hou H. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids: A potential treatment for obesity-related diseases. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13735. [PMID: 38462545 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity, a burgeoning worldwide health system challenge, is associated with multiple chronic diseases, including diabetes and chronic inflammation. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified lipids with mitigating and anti-inflammatory effects in diabetes. Increasing work has shown that FAHFAs exert antioxidant activity and enhance autophagy in neuronal cells and cardiomyocytes. We systematically summarized the biological activities of FAHFAs, including their regulatory effects on diabetes and inflammation, antioxidant activity, and autophagy augmentation. Notably, the structure-activity relationships and potential biosynthesis of FAHFAs are thoroughly discussed. FAHFAs also showed potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers. FAHFAs are a class of resources with promising applications in the biomedical field that require in-depth research and hotspot development, as their structure has not been fully resolved and their biological activity has not been fully revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Jiao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yanrui Ye
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hu Hou
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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2
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Zhu S, He Y, Lei JN, Liu YF, Xu YJ. The chemical and biological characteristics of fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae005. [PMID: 38412339 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
With the continuous advancements in detection methods and the exploration of unknown substances, an increasing number of bioactive compounds are being discovered. Fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids (FAHFAs), a class of endogenous lipids found in 2014, exhibit various physiological activities, such as improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, stimulating insulin secretion, and demonstrating broad anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, some FAHFAs are closely linked to intestinal health and can serve as potential biomarkers for gut health. Various FAHFAs have been observed in food, including palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSA), oleic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (OAHSA), linoleic acid esters of hydroxy linoleic acid (LAHLA). As a type of lipid regularly consumed in the daily diet, it is highly important to ascertain the types and quantities of FAHFAs present in the diet. This article, based on existing research, provides a review of the analysis methods for FAHFAs, particularly focusing on the separation of chiral isomers. It also summarizes the sources and contents of dietary FAHFAs, emphasizing their bioavailability and impact on the gut. Understanding the beneficial effects of these lipids in the diet can serve as a valuable reference for the development of specific functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Nan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Fa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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3
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Riecan M, Domanska V, Lupu C, Patel M, Vondrackova M, Rossmeisl M, Saghatelian A, Lupu F, Kuda O. Tissue-specific sex difference in the metabolism of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.567158. [PMID: 38014093 PMCID: PMC10680750 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous bioactive lipids known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. Despite their therapeutic potential, little is known about the sex-specific variations in FAHFA metabolism. This study investigated the role of Androgen Dependent TFPI Regulating Protein (ADTRP), a FAHFA hydrolase. Additionally, tissue-specific differences in FAHFA levels, focusing on the perigonadal white adipose tissue (pgWAT), subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), plasma, and liver, were evaluated using metabolomics and lipidomics. We found that female mice exhibited higher FAHFA levels in pgWAT, scWAT, and BAT compared to males. FAHFA levels were inversely related to Adtrp mRNA, which showed significantly lower expression in females compared with males in pgWAT and scWAT. However, no significant differences between the sexes were observed in plasma and liver FAHFA levels. Adtrp deletion had minimal impact on both sexes' metabolome and lipidome of pgWAT. However, we discovered higher endogenous levels of triacylglycerol estolides containing FAHFAs, a FAHFA metabolic reservoir, in the pgWAT of female mice. These findings suggest that sex-dependent differences in FAHFA levels occur primarily in specific WAT depots and may modulate local insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. However, further investigations are warranted to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms and implications of sex effects on FAHFA metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riecan
- Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Domanska
- Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
| | - Cristina Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Maulin Patel
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michaela Vondrackova
- Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
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4
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Zong L, Zhang Y, Shao Z, Ljubic A, Jacobsen C, Gao R, Eser BE, Wang Y, Guo Z. Selective and Sustainable Production of Sub-terminal Hydroxy Fatty Acids by a Self-Sufficient CYP102 Enzyme from Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300368. [PMID: 37406107 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydroxylation of fatty acids by Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) offers an eco-friendly route to hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), high-value oleochemicals with various applications in materials industry and with potential as bioactive compounds. However, instability and poor regioselectivity of CYPs are their main drawbacks. A newly discovered self-sufficient CYP102 enzyme, BAMF0695 from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7, exhibits preference for hydroxylation of sub-terminal positions (ω-1, ω-2, and ω-3) of fatty acids. Our studies show that BAMF0695 has a broad temperature optimum (over 70 % of maximal enzymatic activity retained between 20 to 50 °C) and is highly thermostable (T50 >50 °C), affording excellent adaptive compatibility for bioprocesses. We further demonstrate that BAMF0695 can utilize renewable microalgae lipid as a substrate feedstock for HFA production. Moreover, through extensive site-directed and site-saturation mutagenesis, we isolated variants with high regioselectivity, a rare property for CYPs that usually generate complex regioisomer mixtures. BAMF0695 mutants were able to generate a single HFA regiosiomer (ω-1 or ω-2) with selectivities from 75 % up to 91 %, using C12 to C18 fatty acids. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of a recent CYP and its variants for sustainable and green production of high-value HFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zong
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhengkang Shao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Anita Ljubic
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Current address: AGC Biologics, Vandtårnsvej 83, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Renjun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bekir Engin Eser
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yingwu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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6
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Martínez-Ramírez F, Riecan M, Cajka T, Kuda O. Analysis of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in edible mushrooms. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Moyo KM, Choi J, Chang J, Soedono S, Nguyet DVH, Song YR, Park SJ, Go GW, Lee DY, Cho KW. 12-OAHSA is a component of olive oil and mitigates obesity-induced inflammation. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109127. [PMID: 35977667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a new family of endogenous lipids that exert anti-inflammatory action. Among the various FAHFA isomers, the dietary source of oleic acid-hydroxy stearic acid (OAHSA) and its anti-inflammatory functions are poorly understood. This study investigated the composition of OAHSA isomers in dietary oils and the impact of 12-OAHSA on obesity-induced inflammation. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that various dietary oils, including fish oil, corn oil, palm oil, soybean oil, and olive oil, present a wide variation in OAHSA profiles and amounts. The highest amounts of total OAHSAs are present in olive oil including 12-OAHSA. Compared to vehicle-treated obese mice, administration of 12-OAHSA significantly improved glucose homeostasis, independent of body weight. 12-OAHSA-treated mice displayed significantly reduced accumulation of CD11c+ adipose tissue macrophages, and CD4+/CD8+ adipose tissue T lymphocytes. Concomitantly, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway were significantly decreased in the 12-OAHSA-treated adipose tissue, while the expression of the anti-inflammatory gene Il10 was markedly increased. Moreover, in vitro cell culture experiments showed that 12-OAHSA significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharides-induced inflammatory response in macrophages by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway. Collectively, these results indicated that 12-OAHSA, as a component of olive oil, mitigates obesity-induced insulin resistance by regulating AT inflammation. Therefore, 12-OAHSA could be used as a novel nutritional intervention against obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knowledge Mudhibadhi Moyo
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Chang
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shindy Soedono
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Vo Hoang Nguyet
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Song
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Woong Go
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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8
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PAHSAs reduce cellular senescence and protect pancreatic beta cells from metabolic stress through regulation of Mdm2/p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206923119. [PMID: 36375063 PMCID: PMC9704710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206923119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence in pancreatic beta cells plays a major role in beta cell dysfunction, which leads to impaired glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Therefore, prevention of beta cell senescence could reduce the risk of diabetes. Treatment of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of type 1 autoimmune diabetes (T1D), with palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), a novel class of endogenous lipids with antidiabetic and antiinflammatory effects, delays the onset and reduces the incidence of T1D from 82% with vehicle treatment to 35% with PAHSAs. Here, we show that a major mechanism by which PAHSAs protect islets of the NOD mice is by directly preventing and reversing the initial steps of metabolic stress-induced senescence. In vitro PAHSAs increased Mdm2 expression, which decreases the stability of p53, a key inducer of senescence-related genes. In addition, PAHSAs enhanced expression of protective genes, such as those regulating DNA repair and glutathione metabolism and promoting autophagy. We demonstrate the translational relevance by showing that PAHSAs prevent and reverse early stages of senescence in metabolically stressed human islets by the same Mdm2 mechanism. Thus, a major mechanism for the dramatic effect of PAHSAs in reducing the incidence of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice is decreasing cellular senescence; PAHSAs may have a similar benefit in humans.
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Olajide TM, Cao W. Exploring foods as natural sources of FAHFAs—A review of occurrence, extraction, analytical techniques and emerging bioactive potential. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Rychtrmoc D, Staňková P, Kučera O, Červinková Z. Comparison of two anti-diabetic monoestolides regarding effects on intact murine liver tissue. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:985-992. [PMID: 32208934 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1743322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Monoestolides belonging to the fatty acid-hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) family have recently emerged as promising insulin sensitizers. OBJECTIVE To investigate and compare impact of two selected FAHFA isomers, namely 9-hexadecanoyloxy-octadecanoic acid [9-PAHSA] and 9-(9Z-octadecenoyloxy)-octadecanoic acid [9-OAHSA], on intact livers in C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Short-term in vivo study with intragastric gavage of 13 mg/kg of substances. Morphological, biochemical and high-resolution respirometric assessment of plasma and liver tissue or homogenates thereof. RESULTS The 9-OAHSA-gavaged mice had the highest final total body weight, the lowest free fatty acid circulating levels and the highest plasma activities of both ALT and AST. No significant changes of ambient glycaemia were found, however 9-PAHSA-gavaged mice tended to have lower glycaemia than other animals. Respirometry proved no substance-dependent differences. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 9-PAHSA was more metabolically beneficial and less hepatotoxic than 9-OAHSA. Bioenergetic machinery of liver homogenates seemed unaffected at our FAHFA dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rychtrmoc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Staňková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Otto Kučera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Červinková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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11
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Zhu QF, Ge YH, An N, Li N, Xiao Y, Huang GX, Zhang LL, Feng YQ, Wu JL. Profiling of Branched Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Teas and Their Potential Sources in Fermented Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5369-5376. [PMID: 35445595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) is a class of natural lipid with important biological functions. In this study, we first profiled natural-origin FAHFAs in different teas using the chemical labeling-assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Consequently, we observed rich molecular diversity of FAHFAs with multiple regioisomers in teas. Additionally, the FAHFA contents had a positive relationship with the tea fermentation degree and a negative relationship with homologous fatty acids. Moreover, the highly accumulated FAHFAs (e.g., 3-MAHMA) in some postfermented teas (e.g., Fu brick tea) were also basically interpreted with regiospecificity of FAHFAs in both teas and fungus. This study revealed that tea is a rich natural source of FAHFAs, and some abundant FAHFAs might be the functional molecules accounting for the antidiabetic function of teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078 Macau, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Hui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078 Macau, P. R. China
| | - Na An
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078 Macau, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078 Macau, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078 Macau, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078 Macau, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078 Macau, P. R. China
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12
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Zhang Y, Breum NMD, Schubert S, Hashemi N, Kyhnau R, Knauf MS, Mathialakan M, Takeuchi M, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Kristensen P, Guo Z, Eser BE. Semi-rational Engineering of a Promiscuous Fatty Acid Hydratase for Alteration of Regioselectivity. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100606. [PMID: 34929055 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid hydratases (FAHs) catalyze regio- and stereo-selective hydration of unsaturated fatty acids to produce hydroxy fatty acids. Fatty acid hydratase-1 (FA-HY1) from Lactobacillus Acidophilus is the most promiscuous and regiodiverse FAH identified so far. Here, we engineered binding site residues of FA-HY1 (S393, S395, S218 and P380) by semi-rational protein engineering to alter regioselectivity. Although it was not possible to obtain a completely new type of regioselectivity with our mutant libraries, a significant shift of regioselectivity was observed towards cis-5, cis-8, cis-11, cis-14, cis-17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). We identified mutants (S393/S395 mutants) with excellent regioselectivity, generating a single hydroxy fatty acid product from EPA (15-OH product), which is advantageous from application perspective. This result is impressive given that wild-type FA-HY1 produces a mixture of 12-OH and 15-OH products at 63 : 37 ratio (12-OH : 15-OH). Moreover, our results indicate that native FA-HY1 is at its limit in terms of promiscuity and regiospecificity, thus it may not be possible to diversify its product portfolio with active site engineering. This behavior of FA-HY1 is unlike its orthologue, fatty acid hydratase-2 (FA-HY2; 58 % sequence identity to FA-HY1), which has been shown earlier to exhibit significant promiscuity and regioselectivity changes by a few active site mutations. Our reverse engineering from FA-HY1 to FA-HY2 further demonstrates this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sune Schubert
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Negin Hashemi
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kyhnau
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marius Sandholt Knauf
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Masuthan Mathialakan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michiki Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bekir Engin Eser
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Wang YM, Mi SL, Jin H, Guo QL, Yu ZY, Wang JT, Zhang XM, Zhang Q, Wang NN, Huang YY, Zhou HG, Guo JC. 9-PAHSA Improves Cardiovascular Complications by Promoting Autophagic Flux and Reducing Myocardial Hypertrophy in Db/Db Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:754387. [PMID: 34867366 PMCID: PMC8634679 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.754387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a common and severe complication of diabetes. There is a large need to identify the effective and safety strategies on diabetic cardiovascular disease (DCVD). 9-PAHSA is a novel endogenous fatty acid, and has been reported to reduce blood glucose levels and attenuate inflammation. We aim to evaluate the effects of 9-PAHSA on DCVD and investigate the possible mechanisms underlying it. Firstly, serum 9-PAHSA levels in human were detected by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Then 9-PAHSA was synthesized and purified. The synthesized 9-PAHSA was gavaged to db/db mice with 50 mg/kg for 4 weeks. The carotid arterial plaque and cardiac structure was assessed by ultrasound. Cardiac autophagy was tested by western blot analysis, electron microscope and iTRAQ. The results showed that 9-PAHSA, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), was significantly lower than that in non-diabetic subjects. Administration of 9-PAHSA for 2 weeks reduced blood glucose levels. Ultrasound observed that continue administration of 9-PAHSA for 4 weeks ameliorated carotid vascular calcification, and attenuated myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction in db/db mice. Electron microscopy showed continue 9-PAHSA treatment significantly increased autolysosomes, while dramatically decreased greases in the myocardial cells of the db/db mice. Moreover, iTRAQ analysis exhibited that continue 9-PAHSA treatment upregulated BAG3 and HSPB8. Furthermore, western blot analysis confirmed that 9-PAHSA down-regulated Akt/mTOR and activated PI3KIII/BECN1 complex in diabetic myocardium. Thus, 9-PAHSA benefits DCVD in diabetic mice by ameliorating carotid vascular calcification, promoting autophagic flux and reducing myocardial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Ling Mi
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Lin Guo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Yu
- Department of Geriatrics of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Tao Wang
- Department of Geriatrics of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na-Na Wang
- Department of Geriatrics of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- Department of Geriatrics of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hou-Guang Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Chun Guo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Riecan M, Paluchova V, Lopes M, Brejchova K, Kuda O. Branched and linear fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) relevant to human health. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107972. [PMID: 34453998 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) represent a complex lipid class that contains both signaling mediators and structural components of lipid biofilms in humans. The majority of endogenous FAHFAs share a common chemical architecture, characterized by an estolide bond that links the hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) backbone and the fatty acid (FA). Two structurally and functionally distinct FAHFA superfamilies are recognized based on the position of the estolide bond: omega-FAHFAs and in-chain branched FAHFAs. The existing variety of possible HFAs and FAs combined with the position of the estolide bond generates a vast quantity of unique structures identified in FAHFA families. In this review, we discuss the anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of branched FAHFAs and the role of omega-FAHFA-derived lipids as surfactants in the tear film lipid layer and dry eye disease. To emphasize potential pharmacological targets, we recapitulate the biosynthesis of the HFA backbone within the superfamilies together with the degradation pathways and the FAHFA regioisomer distribution in human and mouse adipose tissue. We propose a theoretical involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the generation and degradation of saturated HFA backbones and present an overview of small-molecule inhibitors used in FAHFA research. The FAHFA lipid class is huge and largely unexplored. Besides the unknown biological effects of individual FAHFAs, also the enigmatic enzymatic machinery behind their synthesis could provide new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory metabolic or eye diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of (FA)HFA synthesis at the molecular level should be the next step in FAHFA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riecan
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Magno Lopes
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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15
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Zhang Y, Eser BE, Kougioumtzoglou G, Eser Z, Poborsky M, Kishino S, Takeuchi M, Ogawa J, Kristensen P, Guo Z. Effects of the engineering of a single binding pocket residue on specificity and regioselectivity of hydratases from Lactobacillus Acidophilus. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Optimization and Engineering of a Self-Sufficient CYP102 Enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens towards Synthesis of In-Chain Hydroxy Fatty Acids. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated enzymatic hydroxylation of fatty acids present a green alternative to chemical synthesis of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), which are high-value oleochemicals with various uses in materials industry and medical field. Although many CYPs require the presence of additional reductase proteins for catalytic activity, self-sufficient CYPs have their reductase partner naturally fused into their catalytic domain, leading to a greatly simplified biotransformation process. A recently discovered self-sufficient CYP, BAMF2522 from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7, exhibits novel regioselectivity by hydroxylating in-chain positions of palmitic acid generating ω-1 to ω-7 HFAs, a rare regiodiversity profile among CYPs. Besides, F89I mutant of BAMF2522 expanded hydroxylation up to ω-9 position of palmitic acid. Here, we further characterize this enzyme by determining optimum temperature and pH as well as thermal stability. Moreover, using extensive site-directed and site-saturation mutagenesis, we obtained BAMF2522 variants that demonstrate greatly increased regioselectivity for in-chain positions (ω-4 to ω-9) of various medium to long chain fatty acids. Remarkably, when a six-residue mutant was reacted with palmitic acid, 84% of total product content was the sum of ω-7, ω-8 and ω-9 HFA products, the highest in-chain selectivity observed to date with a self-sufficient CYP. In short, our study demonstrates the potential of a recently identified CYP and its mutants for green and sustainable production of a variety of in-chain hydroxy enriched HFAs.
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17
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Morigny P, Boucher J, Arner P, Langin D. Lipid and glucose metabolism in white adipocytes: pathways, dysfunction and therapeutics. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:276-295. [PMID: 33627836 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the white adipocyte is a cell type that is specialized for storage of energy (in the form of triacylglycerols) and for energy mobilization (as fatty acids). White adipocyte metabolism confers an essential role to adipose tissue in whole-body homeostasis. Dysfunction in white adipocyte metabolism is a cardinal event in the development of insulin resistance and associated disorders. This Review focuses on our current understanding of lipid and glucose metabolic pathways in the white adipocyte. We survey recent advances in humans on the importance of adipocyte hypertrophy and on the in vivo turnover of adipocytes and stored lipids. At the molecular level, the identification of novel regulators and of the interplay between metabolic pathways explains the fine-tuning between the anabolic and catabolic fates of fatty acids and glucose in different physiological states. We also examine the metabolic alterations involved in the genesis of obesity-associated metabolic disorders, lipodystrophic states, cancers and cancer-associated cachexia. New challenges include defining the heterogeneity of white adipocytes in different anatomical locations throughout the lifespan and investigating the importance of rhythmic processes. Targeting white fat metabolism offers opportunities for improved patient stratification and a wide, yet unexploited, range of therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Morigny
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, I2MC, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominique Langin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Toulouse, France.
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, I2MC, UMR1297, Toulouse, France.
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
- Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France.
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18
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Abstract
On this 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, we recognize the critical role that adipocytes, which are exquisitely responsive to insulin, have played in determining the mechanisms for insulin action at the cellular level. Our understanding of adipose tissue biology has evolved greatly, and it is now clear that adipocytes are far more complicated than simple storage depots for fat. A growing body of evidence documents how adipocytes, in response to insulin, contribute to the control of whole-body nutrient homeostasis. These advances highlight adipocyte plasticity, heterogeneity, and endocrine function, unique features that connect adipocyte metabolism to the regulation of other tissues important for metabolic homeostasis (e.g., liver, muscle, pancreas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Zong L, Gao R, Guo Z, Shao Z, Wang Y, Eser BE. Characterization and modification of two self-sufficient CYP102 family enzymes from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7 with distinct regioselectivity towards fatty acid hydroxylation. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Potential physio-pathological effects of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. Biochimie 2021; 182:13-22. [PMID: 33412159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Branched Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) are a new endogenous lipid class with recently uncovered interesting biological effects and which have been detected in food of plant and animal origins. Some FAHFAs can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Other beneficial health effects have also been suggested, in particular against some cancers. FAHFAs could therefore be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of numerous metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes, hepatic steatosis, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. Their recent discovery has generated a great interest in the field of human health. This short review aims at bringing together the information available to date in the literature concerning their chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and degradation pathways as well as their potential physio-pathological beneficial effects.
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21
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Li VL, Kim JT, Long JZ. Adipose Tissue Lipokines: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Diabetes 2020; 69:2541-2548. [PMID: 33219098 PMCID: PMC7679773 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Beyond classical metabolic functions in energy storage and energy expenditure, adipose tissue is also a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes bioactive factors into blood plasma. Historically, studies of the adipose secretome have predominantly focused on polypeptide adipokines. Recently, adipose-derived blood-borne lipids ("lipokines") have emerged as a distinct class of endocrine factors. Lipokines are intimately connected to intracellular pathways of fatty acid metabolism and therefore uniquely poised to communicate the intracellular energy status of adipocytes to other nonadipose tissues including liver, muscle, and pancreas. Here, we discuss recent progress on our understanding of adipose-secreted lipokines as endocrine regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. We also provide our perspective on future directions for adipose-secreted lipids, including limitations of the currently available experimental data as well as potential strategies for addressing the remaining open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Joon T Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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22
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Schultz Moreira AR, Rüschenbaum S, Schefczyk S, Hendgen-Cotta U, Rassaf T, Broering R, Hardtke-Wolenski M, Buitrago-Molina LE. 9-PAHSA Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Increases the Viability of Steatotic Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218279. [PMID: 33167328 PMCID: PMC7663845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is quickly becoming the most common liver disease worldwide. Within the NAFLD spectrum, patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are at the highest risk of developing cirrhosis and disease progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. To date, therapeutic options for NASH patients have been ineffective, and therefore, new options are urgently needed. Hence, a model system to develop new therapeutic interventions is needed. Here, we introduce two new in vitro models of steatosis induction in HepG2 cells and primary murine hepatocytes. We used a recently discovered novel class of bioactive anti-inflammatory lipids called branched fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids. Among these bioactive lipids, palmitic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-PAHSA) is the most promising as a representative nondrug therapy based on dietary supplements or nutritional modifications. In this study, we show a therapeutic effect of 9-PAHSA on lipotoxicity in steatotic primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. This could be shown be increased viability and decreased steatosis. Furthermore, we could demonstrate a preventive effect in HepG2 cells. The outcome of 9-PAHSA administration is both preventative and therapeutically effective for hepatocytes with limited damage. In conclusion, bioactive lipids like 9-PAHSA offer new hope for prevention or treatment in patients with fatty liver and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R. Schultz Moreira
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.R.S.M.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (R.B.); (M.H.-W.)
| | - Sabrina Rüschenbaum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.R.S.M.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (R.B.); (M.H.-W.)
| | - Stefan Schefczyk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.R.S.M.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (R.B.); (M.H.-W.)
| | - Ulrike Hendgen-Cotta
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (U.H.-C.); (T.R.)
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (U.H.-C.); (T.R.)
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.R.S.M.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (R.B.); (M.H.-W.)
| | - Matthias Hardtke-Wolenski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.R.S.M.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (R.B.); (M.H.-W.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.R.S.M.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (R.B.); (M.H.-W.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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23
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Bonafos B, Pessemesse L, Fouret G, Vigor C, Gaillet S, Grober J, Bernex F, Landrier JF, Kuda O, Durand T, Coudray C, Casas F, Feillet-Coudray C. Long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulates favorably the basal metabolism and exerts an insulin sensitizing effect in obesogenic diet-fed mice. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2013-2027. [PMID: 32989473 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a large family of endogenous bioactive lipids. To date, most of the studied FAHFAs are branched regioisomers of Palmitic Acid Hydroxyl Stearic Acid (PAHSA) that were reported to possess anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity in humans and rodents. Recently, we have demonstrated that 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA intake increased basal metabolism and enhanced insulin sensitivity in healthy control diet-fed mice but induced liver damage in some mice. The present work aims to explore whether a long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA may have similar effects in obesogenic diet-fed mice. METHODS C57Bl6 mice were fed with a control or high fat-high sugar (HFHS) diets for 12 weeks. The HFHS diet was supplemented or not with 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA. Whole-body metabolism was explored. Glucose and lipid metabolism as well as mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress status were analyzed. RESULTS As expected, the intake of HFHS diet led to obesity and lower insulin sensitivity with minor effects on liver parameters. The long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulated favorably the basal metabolism and improved insulin sensitivity as measured by insulin tolerance test. On the contrary to what we have reported previously in healthy mice, no marked effect for these FAHFAs was observed on liver metabolism of obese diabetic mice. CONCLUSION This study indicates that both 9-PAHPA and 9-OAHPA may have interesting insulin-sensitizing effects in obese mice with lower insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Claire Vigor
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jacques Grober
- LNC UMR1231, INSERM, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- INSERM, U1194, Network of Experimental Histology, BioCampus, CNRS, UMS3426, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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24
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Brejchova K, Balas L, Paluchova V, Brezinova M, Durand T, Kuda O. Understanding FAHFAs: From structure to metabolic regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101053. [PMID: 32735891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) in humans draw attention of many researches to their biological effects. Although FAHFAs were originally discovered in insects and plants, their introduction into the mammalian realm opened new horizons in bioactive lipid research. Hundreds of isomers from different families have been identified so far and their role in (patho) physiological processes is currently being explored. The family of palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), especially 5-PAHSA and 9-PAHSA regioisomers, stands out in the crowd of other FAHFAs for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. Beneficial effects of PAHSAs have been linked to metabolic disorders such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, colitis, and chronic inflammation. Besides PAHSAs, a growing family of polyunsaturated FAHFAs exerts mainly immunomodulatory effects and biological roles of many other FAHFAs remain currently unknown. Therefore, FAHFAs represent unique lipid messengers capable of affecting many immunometabolic processes. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge concerning the diversity of FAHFAs, nomenclature, and their analysis and detection. Special attention is paid to the total syntheses of FAHFAs, optimal strategies, and to the formation of the stereocenter required for optically active molecules. Biosynthetic pathways of saturated and polyunsaturated FAHFAs in mammals and plants are reviewed together with their metabolism and degradation. Moreover, an overview of biological effects of branched FAHFAs is provided and many unanswered questions regarding FAHFAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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25
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Analytical Methods for the Determination of Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) in Biological Samples, Plants and Foods. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081092. [PMID: 32707994 PMCID: PMC7463945 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) constitute a class of recently identified novel lipids exhibiting anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Due to their high biological significance, a tremendous effort has been devoted to the development of analytical methods for the detection and quantitation of FAHFAs during the last five years. The analysis of FAHFAs is very challenging due to the great number of possible regio-isomers arising from the great number of possible combinations of FAs with HFAs, and the low abundancies of FAHFAs in biological samples. The aim of this review article is to summarize all the cutting-edge analytical methodologies for the determination of FAHFAs in biological samples, plant tissues and food matrices, with emphasis on extraction and analysis steps. All the analytical methodologies rely on the use of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), providing high sensitivity due to the MS detection. Powerful and robust analytical methodologies may highly contribute in studying FAHFAs levels under various biomedical conditions, and facilitate our understanding of the role of these lipid species in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Paluchova V, Oseeva M, Brezinova M, Cajka T, Bardova K, Adamcova K, Zacek P, Brejchova K, Balas L, Chodounska H, Kudova E, Schreiber R, Zechner R, Durand T, Rossmeisl M, Abumrad NA, Kopecky J, Kuda O. Lipokine 5-PAHSA Is Regulated by Adipose Triglyceride Lipase and Primes Adipocytes for De Novo Lipogenesis in Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:300-312. [PMID: 31806624 PMCID: PMC7118252 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Branched esters of palmitic acid and hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) are anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic lipokines that connect glucose and lipid metabolism. We aimed to characterize involvement of the 5-PAHSA regioisomer in the adaptive metabolic response of white adipose tissue (WAT) to cold exposure (CE) in mice, exploring the cross talk between glucose utilization and lipid metabolism. CE promoted local production of 5- and 9-PAHSAs in WAT. Metabolic labeling of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) using 2H2O revealed that 5-PAHSA potentiated the effects of CE and stimulated triacylglycerol (TAG)/fatty acid (FA) cycling in WAT through impacting lipogenesis and lipolysis. Adipocyte lipolytic products were altered by 5-PAHSA through selective FA re-esterification. The impaired lipolysis in global adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) knockout mice reduced free PAHSA levels and uncovered a metabolite reservoir of TAG-bound PAHSAs (TAG estolides) in WAT. Utilization of 13C isotope tracers and dynamic metabolomics documented that 5-PAHSA primes adipocytes for glucose metabolism in a different way from insulin, promoting DNL and impeding TAG synthesis. In summary, our data reveal new cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of 5-PAHSA and its relation to insulin action in adipocytes and independently confirm a PAHSA metabolite reservoir linked to ATGL-mediated lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Oseeva
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Adamcova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zacek
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Division BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, and Faculté de Pharmacie, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hana Chodounska
- Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, and Faculté de Pharmacie, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Brezinova M, Cajka T, Oseeva M, Stepan M, Dadova K, Rossmeislova L, Matous M, Siklova M, Rossmeisl M, Kuda O. Exercise training induces insulin-sensitizing PAHSAs in adipose tissue of elderly women. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Maintenance of systemic homeostasis and the response to nutritional and environmental challenges require the coordination of multiple organs and tissues. To respond to various metabolic demands, higher organisms have developed a system of inter-organ communication through which one tissue can affect metabolic pathways in a distant tissue. Dysregulation of these lines of communication contributes to human pathologies, including obesity, diabetes, liver disease and atherosclerosis. In recent years, technical advances such as data-driven bioinformatics, proteomics and lipidomics have enabled efforts to understand the complexity of systemic metabolic cross-talk and its underlying mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of inter-organ signals and their roles in metabolic control, and highlight recent discoveries in the field. We review peptide, small-molecule and lipid mediators secreted by metabolic tissues, as well as the role of the central nervous system in orchestrating peripheral metabolic functions. Finally, we discuss the contributions of inter-organ signalling networks to the features of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Priest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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29
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Hernández-Saavedra D, Stanford KI. The Regulation of Lipokines by Environmental Factors. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2422. [PMID: 31614481 PMCID: PMC6835582 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly metabolically-active tissue that senses and secretes hormonal and lipid mediators that facilitate adaptations to metabolic tissues. In recent years, the role of lipokines, which are lipid species predominantly secreted from adipose tissue that act as hormonal regulators in many metabolic tissues, has been an important area of research for obesity and diabetes. Previous studies have identified that these secreted lipids, including palmitoleate, 12,13-diHOME, and fatty acid-hydroxy-fatty acids (FAHFA) species, are important regulators of metabolism. Moreover, environmental factors that directly affect the secretion of lipokines such as diet, exercise, and exposure to cold temperatures constitute attractive therapeutic strategies, but the mechanisms that regulate lipokine stimulation have not been thoroughly reviewed. In this study, we will discuss the chemical characteristics of lipokines that position them as attractive targets for chronic disease treatment and prevention and the emerging roles of lipokines as regulators of inter-tissue communication. We will define the target tissues of lipokines, and explore the ability of lipokines to prevent or delay the onset and development of chronic diseases. Comprehensive understanding of the lipokine synthesis and lipokine-driven regulation of metabolic outcomes is instrumental for developing novel preventative and therapeutic strategies that harness adipose tissue-derived lipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hernández-Saavedra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Zhou P, Santoro A, Peroni OD, Nelson AT, Saghatelian A, Siegel D, Kahn BB. PAHSAs enhance hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity through direct and indirect mechanisms. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4138-4150. [PMID: 31449056 PMCID: PMC6763232 DOI: 10.1172/jci127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs) are bioactive lipids with antiinflammatory and antidiabetic effects. PAHSAs reduce ambient glycemia and improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant aged chow- and high-fat diet-fed (HFD-fed) mice. Here, we aimed to determine the mechanisms by which PAHSAs improve insulin sensitivity. Both acute and chronic PAHSA treatment enhanced the action of insulin to suppress endogenous glucose production (EGP) in chow- and HFD-fed mice. Moreover, chronic PAHSA treatment augmented insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in glycolytic muscle and heart in HFD-fed mice. The mechanisms by which PAHSAs enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity included direct and indirect actions involving intertissue communication between adipose tissue and liver. PAHSAs inhibited lipolysis directly in WAT explants and enhanced the action of insulin to suppress lipolysis during the clamp in vivo. Preventing the reduction of free fatty acids during the clamp with Intralipid infusion reduced PAHSAs' effects on EGP in HFD-fed mice but not in chow-fed mice. Direct hepatic actions of PAHSAs may also be important, as PAHSAs inhibited basal and glucagon-stimulated EGP directly in isolated hepatocytes through a cAMP-dependent pathway involving Gαi protein-coupled receptors. Thus, this study advances our understanding of PAHSA biology and the physiologic mechanisms by which PAHSAs exert beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Odile D. Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Barbara B. Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wang H, Kolar MJ, Chang T, Rizo J, Konduri S, McNerlin C, Saghatelian A, Siegel D. Stereochemistry of Linoleic Acid Esters of Hydroxy Linoleic Acids. Org Lett 2019; 21:8080-8084. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Matthew J. Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Tina Chang
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - José Rizo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Clare McNerlin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
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Scheja L, Heeren J. The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:507-524. [PMID: 31296970 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their role in glucose and lipid metabolism, adipocytes respond differentially to physiological cues or metabolic stress by releasing endocrine factors that regulate diverse processes, such as energy expenditure, appetite control, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and tissue repair. Both energy-storing white adipocytes and thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes secrete hormones, which can be peptides (adipokines), lipids (lipokines) and exosomal microRNAs. Some of these factors have defined targets; for example, adiponectin and leptin signal through their respective receptors that are expressed in multiple organs. For other adipocyte hormones, receptors are more promiscuous or remain to be identified. Furthermore, many of these hormones are also produced by other organs and tissues, which makes defining the endocrine contribution of adipose tissues a challenge. In this Review, we discuss the functional role of adipose tissue-derived endocrine hormones for metabolic adaptations to the environment and we highlight how these factors contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. We also cover how this knowledge can be translated into human therapies. In addition, we discuss recent findings that emphasize the endocrine role of white versus thermogenic adipocytes in conditions of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Syed I, Rubin de Celis MF, Mohan JF, Moraes-Vieira PM, Vijayakumar A, Nelson AT, Siegel D, Saghatelian A, Mathis D, Kahn BB. PAHSAs attenuate immune responses and promote β cell survival in autoimmune diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3717-3731. [PMID: 31380811 PMCID: PMC6715391 DOI: 10.1172/jci122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs) are endogenous antidiabetic and antiinflammatory lipids. Here, we show that PAHSAs protect against type 1 diabetes (T1D) and promote β cell survival and function. Daily oral PAHSA administration to nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice delayed the onset of T1D and markedly reduced the incidence of T1D, whether PAHSAs were started before or after insulitis was established. PAHSAs reduced T and B cell infiltration and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, while increasing Treg activation in pancreata of NOD mice. PAHSAs promoted β cell proliferation in both NOD mice and MIN6 cells and increased the number of β cells in NOD mice. PAHSAs attenuated cytokine-induced apoptotic and necrotic β cell death and increased β cell viability. The mechanism appears to involve a reduction of ER stress and MAPK signaling, since PAHSAs lowered ER stress in NOD mice, suppressed thapsigargin-induced PARP cleavage in human islets, and attenuated ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 activation in MIN6 cells. This appeared to be mediated in part by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and not the G protein-coupled receptor GPR40. PAHSAs also prevented impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance in NOD mice. Thus, PAHSAs delayed the onset of T1D and reduced its incidence by attenuating immune responses and exerting direct protective effects on β cell survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria F. Rubin de Celis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James F. Mohan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Archana Vijayakumar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara B. Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Recent articles have highlighted the lack of reproducibility of data from scientific publications. Here we would argue that a better way to describe and also tackle this matter is to use the term "lack of robustness," since it points toward potential solutions. Presenting several case reports, we highlight examples with common underlying issues from Novo Nordisk's experience: animal model variability, reagent quality, and inter-lab variability. We discuss means to prevent these issues and argue for increased collaborative work and transparent manuscript revision procedures. Collectively, we believe these measures will help promote a more rapid and efficient self-corrective process in diabetes drug target research.
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