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Moalem Y, Katz R, Subramaniam AG, Malis Y, Yaffe Y, Borenstein-Auerbach N, Tadmor K, Raved R, Maoz BM, Yoo JS, Lustig Y, Luxenburg C, Perlson E, Einav S, Sklan EH. Numb-associated kinases regulate sandfly-borne Toscana virus entry. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2382237. [PMID: 39017647 PMCID: PMC11285224 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2382237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Sandfly-borne Toscana virus (TOSV) is an enveloped tri-segmented negative single-strand RNA Phlebovirus. It is an emerging virus predominantly endemic in southwestern Europe and Northern Africa. Although TOSV infection is typically asymptomatic or results in mild febrile disease, it is neurovirulent and ranks among the three most common causes of summer meningitis in certain regions. Despite this clinical significance, our understanding of the molecular aspects and host factors regulating phlebovirus infection is limited. This study characterized the early steps of TOSV infection. Our findings reveal that two members of the Numb-associated kinases family of Ser/Thr kinases, namely adaptor-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) and cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), play a role in regulating the early stages of TOSV entry. FDA-approved inhibitors targeting these kinases demonstrated significant inhibition of TOSV infection. This study suggests that AAK1 and GAK represent druggable targets for inhibiting TOSV infection and, potentially, related Phleboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Moalem
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rodolfo Katz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anand G. Subramaniam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehonathan Malis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yakey Yaffe
- The Drimmer-Fischler Family Stem Cell Core Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nofit Borenstein-Auerbach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keshet Tadmor
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roey Raved
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ben M. Maoz
- The Drimmer-Fischler Family Stem Cell Core Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ji Seung Yoo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ella H. Sklan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Xie A, Zhang Y, Breed MF, An X, Yao H, Huang Q, Su J, Sun X. Terrestrial invertebrate hosts of human pathogens in urban ecosystems. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2024; 3:369-380. [PMID: 39281069 PMCID: PMC11399638 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial invertebrates in urban ecosystems are extremely species-rich, have many important roles in material flow and energy circulation, and are host to many human pathogens that pose threats to human health. These invertebrates are widely distributed in urban areas, including both out- and in-door environments. Consequently, humans are frequently in contact with them, which provides many opportunities for them to pose human health risks. However, comprehensive knowledge on human pathogen transfer via invertebrates is lacking, with research to date primarily focused on dipterans (e.g., mosquitoes, flies). Here, we take a broad taxonomic approach and review terrestrial invertebrate hosts (incl. mosquitoes, flies, termites, cockroaches, mites, ticks, earthworms, collembola, fleas, snails, and beetles) of human pathogens, with a focus on transmission pathways. We also discuss how urbanization and global warming are likely to influence the communities of invertebrate hosts and have flow-on risks to human health. Finally, we identify current research gaps and provide perspectives on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xie
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Xinli An
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Haifeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jianqiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
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Marsili G, Pallotto C, Fortuna C, Amendola A, Fiorentini C, Esperti S, Blanc P, Suardi LR, Giulietta V, Argentini C. Fifty years after the first identification of Toscana virus in Italy: Genomic characterization of viral isolates within lineage A and aminoacidic markers of evolution. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105601. [PMID: 38830443 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Toscana Virus (TosV) was firstly isolated from phlebotomine in our Institute about fifty years ago. Later, in 1984-1985, TosV infection, although asymptomatic in most cases, was shown to cause disease in humans, mainly fever and meningitis. By means of genetic analysis of part of M segment, we describe 3 new viral isolates obtained directly from cerebrospinal fluid or sera samples of patients diagnosed with TosV infection in July 2020 in Tuscany region. Phylogenesis was used to propose the clustering of TosV lineage A strains in 3 main groups, whereas deep mutational analysis based on 12 amino acid positions, allowed the identification of 9 putative strains. We discuss deep mutational analysis as a method to identify molecular signature of host adaptation and/or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marsili
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Pallotto
- SOC Malattie Infettive 1, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy; Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria della Misericordia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Fortuna
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Sara Esperti
- SOC Malattie Infettive 1, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Policlinico di Modena, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Blanc
- SOC Malattie Infettive 1, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy; SOC Malattie Infettive 2, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Pistoia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Roberto Suardi
- SOC Malattie Infettive 1, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy; UO Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Venturi Giulietta
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Argentini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
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Antonello RM, Formica G, Attala L, Mannini D, Zammarchi L, Bartoloni A, Di Pietro MA. Toscana virus (TOSV) meningitis with atypical characteristics: Report of two cases. IDCases 2024; 37:e02034. [PMID: 39135893 PMCID: PMC11318471 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an emerging cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections, especially in endemic countries during summer. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is usually clear, with < 500 leukocytes/mm3, normal glucose (> 60 % serum glucose) and normal (< 45 mg/dL) to slightly increased protein levels. Here we present two cases of TOSV meningitis with misleading CSF characteristics observed at Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital (Bagno a Ripoli, Florence, Italy). Case 1 presented with signs and symptoms of meningitis. CSF was opalescent on macroscopic examination, with 1192 cells/mm3, hypoglycorrhachia (30 % serum glucose) and hyperproteinorachia (228.0 mg/dL). TOSV meningitis was confirmed with serology. Case 2 presented with headache, vomiting and mild neck stiffness. CSF was slightly turbid, with 1092 cells/mm3, normal glucose (61 % serum glucose) and slightly increased protein (77.0 mg/dL) levels. TOSV meningitis was confirmed with serology and molecular test on CSF. We performed a literature review including cases of TOSV neuroinvasive infections in which CSF characteristics were reported. Pleocytosis > 500 cells/mm3 was reported in 12/62 (19.4 %) patients, hypoglycorrhachia in 3/62 (4.8 %) patients, mild hyperproteinorachia (45 - 75 mg/dL) in 7/62 (11.3 %) patients and severe hyperproteinorachia (> 75 mg/dL) in 40/62 (64.5 %) patients. TOSV should be considered in the differential diagnosis of CNS infections in endemic areas during the warm season even when CSF examination shows atypical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Formica
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia Attala
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria Annunziata, Bagno a Ripoli, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Mannini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria Annunziata, Bagno a Ripoli, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Polat C, Ayhan N, Ergünay K, Charrel RN. Comprehensive evaluation of nucleic acid amplification methods widely used for generic detection of sandfly-borne phleboviruses. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0342823. [PMID: 38456695 PMCID: PMC10986501 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03428-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sandfly-borne phleboviruses (SBPs), which cause sandfly fever, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and meningoencephalitis, are emerging pathogens of major public health concern. Virus nucleic acid testing is essential for SBP diagnosis, especially in the early stages of infection, and for the discovery of novel SBPs. The efficacy of utilizing generic primers that target conserved nucleotide sequences for the detection of both known and novel SBPs has not been extensively evaluated. We aimed to compare and evaluate the performance of five generic primer sets, widely used to detect S- and L-segments of arthropod-borne phleboviruses and designed as singleplex (n = 3) and nested (n = 2) formats, including both well-known and recently characterized 15 Old World virus strains. Furthermore, we performed in silico analysis to assess the detection capabilities of these generic primer sets. The initial evaluation of previously published generic primer sets for SBP detection yielded two singleplex primer sets with the potential to be adapted for use in real-time or high-throughput detection settings. Studies are ongoing to develop and further optimize a preliminary assay and test various hosts and vectors to assess their capacity to detect known and novel viruses. IMPORTANCE Virus nucleic acid testing is the primary diagnostic method, particularly in the early stages of illness. Virus-specific or syndromic tests are widely used for this purpose. The use of generic primers has had a considerable impact on the discovery, identification, and detection of Old World sandfly-borne phleboviruses (OWSBP). The study is significant because it is the first to carry out a comparative evaluation of all published OWSBP generic primer sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceylan Polat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Nazli Ayhan
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Koray Ergünay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, Maryland, USA
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Remi N. Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire des Infections Virales Aigues et Tropicales, Pole des Maladies Infectieuses, AP-HM Hopitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Marseille, France
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Alatrash R, Herrera BB. The Adaptive Immune Response against Bunyavirales. Viruses 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38543848 PMCID: PMC10974645 DOI: 10.3390/v16030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order includes at least fourteen families with diverse but related viruses, which are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by arthropod or rodent vectors. These viruses are responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks worldwide and represent a threat to public health. Infection in humans can be asymptomatic, or it may present with a range of conditions from a mild, febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic syndromes and/or neurological complications. There is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines, a process requiring better understanding of the adaptive immune responses involved during infection. This review highlights the most recent findings regarding T cell and antibody responses to the five Bunyavirales families with known human pathogens (Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Arenaviridae). Future studies that define and characterize mechanistic correlates of protection against Bunyavirales infections or disease will help inform the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Liu S, Zhang WW, Jia L, Zhang HL. Guillain-Barré syndrome: immunopathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:131-143. [PMID: 38470316 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2330435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a group of acute immune-mediated disorders in the peripheral nervous system. Both infectious and noninfectious factors are associated with GBS, which may act as triggers of autoimmune responses leading to neural damage and dysfunction. AREAS COVERED Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its vaccines as well as flaviviruses have been associated with GBS, although a robust conclusion has yet to be reached. Immunomodulatory treatments, including intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) and plasma exchange (PE), have long been the first-line therapies for GBS. Depending on GBS subtype and severity at initial presentation, the efficacy of IVIg and PE can be variable. Several new therapies showing benefits to experimental animals merit further investigation before translation into clinical practice. We review the state-of-the-art knowledge on the immunopathogenesis of GBS in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Immunomodulatory therapies in GBS, including IVIg, PE, corticosteroids, and potential therapies, are summarized. EXPERT OPINION The association with SARS-CoV-2 remains uncertain, with geographical differences that are difficult to explain. Evidence and guidelines are lacking for the decision-making of initiating immunomodulatory therapies in mildly affected patients or patients with regional subtypes of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linpei Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
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Mori A, Matucci A, Pomari E, Accordini S, Piubelli C, Donini A, Nicolini L, Castilletti C. Urine: A Pitfall for Molecular Detection of Toscana Virus? An Analytical Proof-of-Concept Study. Viruses 2024; 16:98. [PMID: 38257798 PMCID: PMC10821263 DOI: 10.3390/v16010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV), a sandfly-borne virus, is an important etiological agent in human acute meningitis and meningoencephalitis in the Mediterranean area during the summer. However, the actual number of TOSV infections is underestimated. Laboratory confirmation is necessary because TOSV infection has overlapping clinical features with other neuro-invasive viral infections. Nowadays, the reference test for direct diagnosis in the acute phase of TOSV infection is the PCR based method for detecting TOSV in cerebrospinal fluid and/or plasma, serum, or blood. Although poorly employed, urine is another helpful biological matrix for TOSV detection. Urine is a matrix rich in PCR inhibitors that affect PCR efficiency; consequently, false negatives could be generated. To investigate the potential effect of urine PCR inhibitors on TOSV detection, we compared undiluted and diluted urine using 10-fold series of spiked TOSV. The results showed a significant improvement in TOSV detection performance in diluted urine (1 TCID50 vs. 1 × 104 TCID50 limit of detection and 101.35% vs. 129.62% efficiency, respectively, in diluted and undiluted urine). In conclusion, our data provide preliminary important insights into the use of diluted urine to limit the impact of the inhibitory effects of urine on the detection of TOSV in RT-PCR-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Pomari
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (A.M.); (S.A.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (L.N.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Concetta Castilletti
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (A.M.); (S.A.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (L.N.)
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9
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Al-numaani SA, Al-Nemari AT, El-Kafrawy SA, Hassan AM, Tolah AM, Alghanmi M, Zawawi A, Masri BE, Hindawi SI, Alandijany TA, Bajrai LH, Bukhari A, Mahmoud AB, Al Salem WS, Algaissi A, Charrel RN, Azhar EI, Hashem AM. Seroprevalence of Toscana and sandfly fever Sicilian viruses in humans and livestock animals from western Saudi Arabia. One Health 2023; 17:100601. [PMID: 37520847 PMCID: PMC10372353 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High seroprevalence rates of several phleboviruses have been reported in domestic animals and humans in sandfly-infested regions. Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) and Toscana virus (TOSV) are two of these viruses commonly transmitted by Phlebotomus sandflies. While SFSV can cause rapidly resolving mild febrile illness, TOSV could involve the central nervous system (CNS), causing diseases ranging from aseptic meningitis to meningoencephalitis. Sandfly-associated phleboviruses have not been investigated before in Saudi Arabia and are potential causes of infection given the prevalence of sandflies in the country. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of SFSV and TOSV in the western region of Saudi Arabia in samples collected from blood donors, livestock animals, and animal handlers. An overall seroprevalence of 9.4% and 0.8% was found in humans for SFSV and TOSV, respectively. Seropositivity was significantly higher in non-Saudis compared to Saudis and increased significantly with age especially for SFSV. The highest seropositivity rate was among samples collected from animal handlers. Specifically, in blood donors, 6.4% and 0.7% tested positive for SFSV and TOSV nAbs, respectively. Animal handlers showed higher seroprevalence rates of 16% and 1% for anti-SFSV and anti-TOSV nAbs, respectively, suggesting that contact with livestock animals could be a risk factor. Indeed, sera from livestock animals showed seropositivity of 53.3% and 4.4% in cows, 27.5% and 7.8% in sheep, 2.2% and 0.0% in goats, and 10.0% and 2.3% in camels for SFSV and TOSV, respectively. Together, these results suggest that both SFSV and TOSV are circulating in the western region of Saudi Arabia in humans and livestock animals, albeit at different rates, and that age and contact with livestock animals could represent risk factors for infection with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ayman Al-numaani
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit- BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Talat Al-Nemari
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit- BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A. El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit- BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit- BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit- BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Zawawi
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Essa Masri
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa I. Hindawi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A. Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit- BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena H. Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit- BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Bukhari
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S. Al Salem
- Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Emerging and Epidemic Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Remi N. Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit- BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Gámbaro F, Pérez AB, Prot M, Agüera E, Baidaliuk A, Sánchez-Seco MP, Martínez-Martínez L, Vázquez A, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Simon-Loriere E. Untargeted metagenomic sequencing identifies Toscana virus in patients with idiopathic meningitis, southern Spain, 2015 to 2019. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200913. [PMID: 37943504 PMCID: PMC10636744 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.45.2200913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundVarious pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses can lead to meningitis. Among viruses causing meningitis, Toscana virus (TOSV), a phlebovirus, is transmitted through sandfly bites. TOSV infection may be suspected if patients with enterovirus- and herpesvirus-negative aseptic (non-bacterial) meningitis recall recent insect bites. Other epidemiological factors (season, rural area) may be considered. The broad range of possible meningitis aetiologies poses considerable diagnosis challenges. Untargeted metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can potentially identify pathogens, which are not considered or detected in routine diagnostic panels.AimIn this retrospective, single-centre observational study, we investigated mNGS usefulness to understand the cause of meningitis when conventional approaches fail.MethodsCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients hospitalised in southern Spain in 2015-2019 with aseptic meningitis and no aetiology found by conventional testing, were subjected to mNGS. Patients' demographic characteristics had been recorded and physicians had asked them about recent insect bites. Obtained viral genome sequences were phylogenetically analysed.ResultsAmong 23 idiopathic cases, TOSV was identified in eight (all male; median age: 39 years, range: 15-78 years). Five cases lived in an urban setting, three occurred in autumn and only one recalled insect bites. Phylogenetic analysis of TOSV segment sequences supported one intra-genotype reassortment event.ConclusionsOur study highlights the usefulness of mNGS for identifying viral pathogens directly in CSF. In southern Spain, TOSV should be considered regardless of recalling of insect bites or other epidemiological criteria. Detection of a disease-associated reassortant TOSV emphasises the importance of monitoring the spread and evolution of phleboviruses in Mediterranean countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gámbaro
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ana Belén Pérez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Artem Baidaliuk
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - María Paz Sánchez-Seco
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Martínez
- Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Fernandez-Garcia
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share last authorship and correspondence
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Etienne Simon-Loriere
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share last authorship and correspondence
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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11
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Chianese A, Zannella C, Palma F, Di Clemente L, Monti A, Doti N, De Filippis A, Galdiero M. Melittin-Related Peptides Interfere with Sandfly Fever Naples Virus Infection by Interacting with Heparan Sulphate. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2446. [PMID: 37894104 PMCID: PMC10609114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses pose an important global public health challenge, and early action is needed to control their spread. The Bunyaviridae family contains a great number of arboviruses which are potentially pathogenic for humans. For example, phleboviruses affect a large range of hosts, including humans and animals. Some infections usually have an asymptomatic course, but others lead to severe complications, such as Toscana virus, which is able to cause meningitis and encephalitis. Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral treatments have been found. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of melittin-related peptides, namely the frog-derived RV-23 and AR-23, on sandfly fever Naples virus infection in vitro. Both peptides exhibited a strong antiviral activity by targeting the viral particles and blocking the virus-cell interaction. Their action was directed to an early phase of SFNV infection, in particular at viral adsorption on host cells, by interfering with the binding of common glycosaminoglycan receptors. Given the better antimicrobial behavior of AR-23 and RV-23 compared to melittin in terms of selectivity, our studies expand our understanding of the potential of these peptides as antimicrobials and stimulate further investigations in the direction of novel antiviral strategies against phlebovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Palma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Di Clemente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzianna Doti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Section of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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12
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Koch J, Xin Q, Obr M, Schäfer A, Rolfs N, Anagho HA, Kudulyte A, Woltereck L, Kummer S, Campos J, Uckeley ZM, Bell-Sakyi L, Kräusslich HG, Schur FKM, Acuna C, Lozach PY. The phenuivirus Toscana virus makes an atypical use of vacuolar acidity to enter host cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011562. [PMID: 37578957 PMCID: PMC10449198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus is a major cause of arboviral disease in humans in the Mediterranean basin during summer. However, early virus-host cell interactions and entry mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Investigating iPSC-derived human neurons and cell lines, we found that virus binding to the cell surface was specific, and 50% of bound virions were endocytosed within 10 min. Virions entered Rab5a+ early endosomes and, subsequently, Rab7a+ and LAMP-1+ late endosomal compartments. Penetration required intact late endosomes and occurred within 30 min following internalization. Virus entry relied on vacuolar acidification, with an optimal pH for viral membrane fusion at pH 5.5. The pH threshold increased to 5.8 with longer pre-exposure of virions to the slightly acidic pH in early endosomes. Strikingly, the particles remained infectious after entering late endosomes with a pH below the fusion threshold. Overall, our study establishes Toscana virus as a late-penetrating virus and reveals an atypical use of vacuolar acidity by this virus to enter host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Koch
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks–Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg, Germany
- Univ. Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, Lyon, France
| | - Qilin Xin
- Univ. Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Obr
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alicia Schäfer
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks–Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Rolfs
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks–Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holda A. Anagho
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks–Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aiste Kudulyte
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks–Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lea Woltereck
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks–Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susann Kummer
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joaquin Campos
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zina M. Uckeley
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks–Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United-Kingdom
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian KM. Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Claudio Acuna
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks–Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg, Germany
- Univ. Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, Lyon, France
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13
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Shi X, Liu X, Sun Y. The Pathogenesis of Cytomegalovirus and Other Viruses Associated with Hearing Loss: Recent Updates. Viruses 2023; 15:1385. [PMID: 37376684 DOI: 10.3390/v15061385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection is one of the most common etiologies of hearing loss. Hearing loss associated with viral infection can be unilateral or bilateral, mild or severe, sudden or progressive, and permanent or recoverable. Many viruses cause hearing loss in adults and children; however, the pathogenesis of hearing loss caused by viral infection is not fully understood. This review describes cytomegalovirus, the most common virus causing hearing loss, and other reported hearing loss-related viruses. We hope to provide a detailed description of pathogenic characteristics and research progress on pathology, hearing phenotypes, possible associated mechanisms, treatment, and prevention measures. This review aims to provide diagnostic and treatment assistance to clinical workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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14
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Benbetka C, Hachid A, Benallal KE, Khardine FA, Ayhan N, Bouredjoul N, Boulehbal WM, Bellila D, Khaldi A, Charrel R. Epidemiology, Isolation, and Genetic Characterization of Toscana Virus in Algerian Patients Displaying Neurological Infection, 2016-2018. IJID REGIONS 2023; 7:193-198. [PMID: 37123383 PMCID: PMC10131063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The current study reports the results of the diagnosis of neuro-invasive Toscana virus (TOSV) infection in Algeria between 2016 and 2018 and describes the first isolation of TOSV strain from human samples in North Africa. Materiel and methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera samples were obtained from 720 hospitalized patients displaying neurological infection symptoms of unknown etiology, of which 604 were screened for TOSV. The diagnosis was performed by serological and/or RT-PCR tests. In addition, TOSV was isolated in vivo and in vitro from CSF and genetically characterized. Results 23 cases of TOSV neurological infections were detected. Cases were located in 11 Wilayas (administrative provinces), mainly in northern Algeria. In addition, we report the isolation of TOSV strain belonging to lineage A from human samples with its complete coding sequence. Conclusion Even though the number of infections is probably underestimated, TOSV is endemic in Algeria, with several cases of neuro-invasive diseases in humans recorded each year. Therefore, the diagnosis of TOSV should be included in the differential diagnosis of neurological diseases, especially aseptic meningitis, during the period of activity of the phlebotomine vector. Further studies are required to measure precisely the nationwide prevalence of TOSV in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Benbetka
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Emerging Viruses, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Immunology, Béni-Messous Teaching Hospital, University of Algiers, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers 1, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
- Co-first authors.
| | - Aissam Hachid
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Emerging Viruses, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers 1, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
- Co-first authors.
| | - Kamal Eddine Benallal
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fayez Ahmed Khardine
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Emerging Viruses, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nazli Ayhan
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, AP-HM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nesrine Bouredjoul
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Emerging Viruses, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Djamila Bellila
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Algiers 1, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aldjia Khaldi
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Emerging Viruses, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers 1, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Rémi Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, AP-HM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France
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15
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Bayrou C, Van Laere AS, Dam Van P, Moula N, Garigliany MM, Desmecht D. Anti-Schmallenberg Virus Activities of Type I/III Interferons-Induced Mx1 GTPases from Different Mammalian Species. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051055. [PMID: 37243140 DOI: 10.3390/v15051055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mx proteins are key factors of the innate intracellular defense mechanisms that act against viruses induced by type I/III interferons. The family Peribunyaviridae includes many viruses of veterinary importance, either because infection results in clinical disease or because animals serve as reservoirs for arthropod vectors. According to the evolutionary arms race hypothesis, evolutionary pressures should have led to the selection of the most appropriate Mx1 antiviral isoforms to resist these infections. Although human, mouse, bat, rat, and cotton rat Mx isoforms have been shown to inhibit different members of the Peribunyaviridae, the possible antiviral function of the Mx isoforms from domestic animals against bunyaviral infections has, to our knowledge, never been studied. Herein, we investigated the anti-Schmallenberg virus activity of bovine, canine, equine, and porcine Mx1 proteins. We concluded that Mx1 has a strong, dose-dependent anti-Schmallenberg activity in these four mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calixte Bayrou
- Animal Pathology, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B43, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Van Laere
- Animal Pathology, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B43, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Phai Dam Van
- Animal Pathology, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B43, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nassim Moula
- Animal Productions, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B43, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Animal Pathology, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B43, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Animal Pathology, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B43, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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16
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First Discovery of Phenuiviruses within Diverse RNA Viromes of Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans) by Metagenomics Sequencing. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030750. [PMID: 36992458 PMCID: PMC10056474 DOI: 10.3390/v15030750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Most zoonotic pathogens originate from mammals and avians, but viral diversity and related biosafety risk assessment in lower vertebrates also need to be explored. Amphibians are an important group of lower vertebrates that played a momentous role in animal evolution. To elucidate the diversity of RNA viruses in one important species of amphibians, the Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans), we obtained 44 samples including lung, gut, liver, and kidney tissues from Asiatic toads in Sichuan and Jilin provinces, China, for viral metagenomics sequencing. More than 20 novel RNA viruses derived from the order Bunyavirales and 7 families of Astroviridae, Dicistroviridae, Leviviridae, Partitiviridae, Picornaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Virgaviridae were discovered, which were distinct from previously described viruses and formed new clusters, as revealed by phylogenetic analyses. Notably, a novel bastrovirus, AtBastV/GCCDC11/2022, of the family Astroviridae was identified from the gut library, the genome of which contains three open reading frames, with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) coded by ORF1 closely related to that of hepeviruses, and ORF2 encoding an astrovirus-related capsid protein. Notably, phenuiviruses were discovered for the first time in amphibians. AtPhenV1/GCCDC12/2022 and AtPhenV2/GCCDC13/2022 clustered together and formed a clade with the group of phenuiviruses identified from rodents. Picornaviruses and several invertebrate RNA viruses were also detected. These findings improve our understanding of the high RNA viral diversity in the Asiatic toad and provide new insights in the evolution of RNA viruses in amphibians.
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17
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Alexander AJT, Salvemini M, Sreenu VB, Hughes J, Telleria EL, Ratinier M, Arnaud F, Volf P, Brennan B, Varjak M, Kohl A. Characterisation of the antiviral RNA interference response to Toscana virus in sand fly cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011283. [PMID: 36996243 PMCID: PMC10112792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) (Bunyavirales, Phenuiviridae, Phlebovirus, Toscana phlebovirus) and other related human pathogenic arboviruses are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. TOSV has been reported in nations bordering the Mediterranean Sea among other regions. Infection can result in febrile illness as well as meningitis and encephalitis. Understanding vector-arbovirus interactions is crucial to improving our knowledge of how arboviruses spread, and in this context, immune responses that control viral replication play a significant role. Extensive research has been conducted on mosquito vector immunity against arboviruses, with RNA interference (RNAi) and specifically the exogenous siRNA (exo-siRNA) pathway playing a critical role. However, the antiviral immunity of phlebotomine sand flies is less well understood. Here we were able to show that the exo-siRNA pathway is active in a Phlebotomus papatasi-derived cell line. Following TOSV infection, distinctive 21 nucleotide virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) were detected. We also identified the exo-siRNA effector Ago2 in this cell line, and silencing its expression rendered the exo-siRNA pathway largely inactive. Thus, our data show that this pathway is active as an antiviral response against a sand fly transmitted bunyavirus, TOSV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | | | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Erich L. Telleria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maxime Ratinier
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, EPHE, PSL Research University, Lyon, France
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, EPHE, PSL Research University, Lyon, France
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Varjak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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18
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Ogola EO, Kopp A, Bastos ADS, Slothouwer I, Omoga DCA, Osalla J, Sang R, Torto B, Junglen S, Tchouassi DP. Phlebovirus diversity in ticks from livestock in arid ecologies in Kenya. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102087. [PMID: 36459866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phleboviruses are emerging pathogens of public health importance. However, their association with ticks is poorly described, particularly in Africa. Here, adult ticks infesting cattle, goats and sheep were collected in two dryland pastoralist ecosystems of Kenya (Baringo and Kajiado counties) and were screened for infection with phleboviruses. Ticks mainly belonged to the species Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Hyalomma impeltatum, and Hyalomma rufipes. A fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene was identified in thirty of 671 tick pools, of which twenty-nine were from livestock sampled in Baringo county. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that twenty-five sequences were falling in three clades within the group of tick-associated phleboviruses. The sequences of the three clades showed nucleotide distances 8%, 19% and 22%, respectively, to previously known viruses suggesting that these sequence fragments may belong to three distinct viruses. Viruses of the group of tick-associated phleboviruses have been found in several countries and continents but so far have not been associated with disease in humans or animals. In addition, five sequences were found to group with the sandfly-associated phleboviruses Bogoria virus, Perkerra virus and Ntepes virus recently detected in the same region. Further studies are needed to investigate the transmission and maintenance cycles of these viruses, as well as to assess their potential to infect vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin O Ogola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Armanda D S Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Inga Slothouwer
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorcus C A Omoga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Josephine Osalla
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Ortuño M, Muñoz C, Spitzová T, Sumova P, Iborra MA, Pérez‐Cutillas P, Ayhan N, Charrel RN, Volf P, Berriatua E. Exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus sandfly vectors is positively associated with Toscana virus and Leishmania infantum infection in human blood donors in Murcia Region, southeast Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1854-e1864. [PMID: 35357094 PMCID: PMC9790518 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against Phlebotomus perniciosus sandfly salivary gland homogenate (SGH) and recombinant protein rSP03B, sandfly-borne Toscana virus (TOSV), Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) and Leishmania, as well as DNA of the latter parasite, were investigated in 670 blood samples from 575 human donors in Murcia Region, southeast Spain, in 2017 and 2018. The estimated SGH and rSP03B seroprevalences were 69% and 88%, respectively, although correlation between test results was relatively low (ρ = 0.39). Similarly, TOSV, SFSV and Leishmania seroprevalences were 26%, 0% and 1%, respectively, and Leishmania PCR prevalence was 2%. Prevalences were significantly greater in 2017, overdispersed and not spatially related to each other although both were positively associated with SGH but not to rSP03B antibody optical densities, questioning the value of the latter as a diagnostic marker for these infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ortuño
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaCampus de Excelencia Internacional Regional ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Clara Muñoz
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaCampus de Excelencia Internacional Regional ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Tatiana Spitzová
- Department of ParasitologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petra Sumova
- Department of ParasitologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | | | - Pedro Pérez‐Cutillas
- Grupo de Erosión y Conservación de SuelosCentro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del SeguraConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS‐CSIC)MurciaSpain
| | - Nazli Ayhan
- Unite des Virus Emergents, Aix‐Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Mediterranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
| | - Remi N. Charrel
- Unite des Virus Emergents, Aix‐Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Mediterranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of ParasitologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaCampus de Excelencia Internacional Regional ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
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20
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Sandfly-Borne Phleboviruses in Portugal: Four and Still Counting. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081768. [PMID: 36016390 PMCID: PMC9413822 DOI: 10.3390/v14081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
According to ICTV, there are currently 66 known phlebovirus species. More than 40 of these viruses were isolated or detected in phlebotomine sandflies and some of them are known pathogens. In Portugal, information about sandfly-borne phleboviruses is scarce and scattered sandfly-borne diseases are neglected and often not considered in differential diagnoses. The main objective of this work was to gather the existing information and to raise awareness about the circulating phleboviruses in this country. To date, Massilia and Alcube phleboviruses have been isolated from sandflies in southern Portugal. Human infections with Toscana and Sicilian phleboviruses have been reported, as well as seroprevalence in cats and dogs. More studies are needed in order to understand if the viruses isolated during the entomological surveys have an impact on human health and to fully understand the real importance of the already recognized pathogens in our country.
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21
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Wenzel M, Maisam Afzali A, Hoffmann D, Zange S, Georgi E, Hemmer B. Toscana Virus Meningoencephalitis in Upper Bavaria. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 119:546-547. [PMID: 36384926 PMCID: PMC9677540 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wenzel
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Neurology at the Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University, Munich (Wenzel, Afzali, Hemmer), ,*The authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Ali Maisam Afzali
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Neurology at the Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University, Munich (Wenzel, Afzali, Hemmer), ,Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology (Afzali),Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich (Afzali, Hemmer),*The authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Technical University and Helmholtz Center Munich (Hoffmann)
| | - Sabine Zange
- Institute of Microbiology of the German Armed Forces, Munich (Zange, Georgi)
| | - Enrico Georgi
- Institute of Microbiology of the German Armed Forces, Munich (Zange, Georgi)
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Neurology at the Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University, Munich (Wenzel, Afzali, Hemmer), ,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich (Afzali, Hemmer)
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22
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Constant O, Maarifi G, Blanchet FP, Van de Perre P, Simonin Y, Salinas S. Role of Dendritic Cells in Viral Brain Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862053. [PMID: 35529884 PMCID: PMC9072653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain access to the brain, a so-called immune-privileged organ due to its physical separation from the blood stream, pathogens and particularly viruses have been selected throughout evolution for their use of specific mechanisms. They can enter the central nervous system through direct infection of nerves or cerebral barriers or through cell-mediated transport. Indeed, peripheral lymphoid and myeloid immune cells can interact with the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers and allow viral brain access using the "Trojan horse" mechanism. Among immune cells, at the frontier between innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) can be pathogen carriers, regulate or exacerbate antiviral responses and neuroinflammation, and therefore be involved in viral transmission and spread. In this review, we highlight an important contribution of DCs in the development and the consequences of viral brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P. Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
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23
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Matusali G, D’Abramo A, Terrosi C, Carletti F, Colavita F, Vairo F, Savellini GG, Gandolfo C, Anichini G, Lalle E, Bordi L, Corpolongo A, Maritti M, Marchioni L, Capobianchi MR, Castilletti C, Cusi MG, Nicastri E. Infectious Toscana Virus in Seminal Fluid of Young Man Returning from Elba Island, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:865-869. [PMID: 35318936 PMCID: PMC8962903 DOI: 10.3201/eid2804.211920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report detecting infectious Toscana virus in the seminal fluid of a 25-year-old man from Italy returning from Elba Island. The presence of infectious virus in human semen adds Toscana virus to the long list of viruses detected in this genital fluid and indicates a potential for sexual transmission.
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24
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Benallal KE, Garni R, Harrat Z, Volf P, Dvorak V. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Maghreb region: A systematic review of distribution, morphology, and role in the transmission of the pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009952. [PMID: 34990451 PMCID: PMC8735671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of various human and animal pathogens such as Bartonella bacilliformis, Phlebovirus, and parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, causative agent of leishmaniases that account among most significant vector-borne diseases. The Maghreb countries Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya occupy a vast area of North Africa and belong to most affected regions by these diseases. Locally varying climatic and ecological conditions support diverse sand fly fauna that includes many proven or suspected vectors. The aim of this review is to summarize often fragmented information and to provide an updated list of sand fly species of the Maghreb region with illustration of species-specific morphological features and maps of their reported distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature search focused on scholar databases to review information on the sand fly species distribution and their role in the disease transmissions in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, surveying sources from the period between 1900 and 2020. Reported distribution of each species was collated using Google Earth, and distribution maps were drawn using ArcGIS software. Morphological illustrations were compiled from various published sources. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In total, 32 species of the genera Phlebotomus (Ph.) and Sergentomyia (Se.) were reported in the Maghreb region (15 from Libya, 18 from Tunisia, 23 from Morocco, 24 from Algeria, and 9 from Mauritania). Phlebotomus mariae and Se. africana subsp. asiatica were recorded only in Morocco, Ph. mascitti, Se. hirtus, and Se. tiberiadis only in Algeria, whereas Ph. duboscqi, Se. dubia, Se. africana africana, Se. lesleyae, Se. magna, and Se. freetownensis were reported only from Mauritania. Our review has updated and summarized the geographic distribution of 26 species reported so far in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, excluding Mauritania from a detailed analysis due to the unavailability of accurate distribution data. In addition, morphological differences important for species identification are summarized with particular attention to closely related species such as Ph. papatasi and Ph. bergeroti, Ph. chabaudi, and Ph. riouxi, and Se. christophersi and Se. clydei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Eddine Benallal
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rafik Garni
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Dong X, Hu T, Ren Y, Meng F, Li C, Zhang Q, Chen J, Song J, Wang R, Shi M, Li J, Zhao P, Li C, Tang KFJ, Cowley JA, Shi W, Huang J. A Novel Bunyavirus Discovered in Oriental Shrimp ( Penaeus chinensis). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:751112. [PMID: 34899637 PMCID: PMC8652140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.751112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe a novel bunyavirus, oriental wenrivirus 1 (OWV1), discovered in moribund oriental shrimp (Penaeus chinensis) collected from a farm in China in 2016. Like most bunyaviruses, OWV1 particles were enveloped, spherical- to ovoid-shaped, and 80-115 nm in diameter. However, its genome was found to comprise four segments of (-)ssRNA. These included an L RNA segment (6,317 nt) encoding an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 2,052 aa, an M RNA segment (2,978 nt) encoding a glycoprotein precursor (GPC) of 922 aa, an S1 RNA segment (1,164 nt) encoding a nucleocapsid (N) protein of 243 aa, and an S2 RNA segment (1,382 nt) encoding a putative non-structural (NSs2) protein of 401 aa. All the four OWV1 RNA segments have complementary terminal decanucleotides (5'-ACACAAAGAC and 3'-UGUGUUUCUG) identical to the genomic RNA segments of uukuviruses and similar to those of phleboviruses and tenuiviruses in the Phenuiviridae. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the RdRp, GPC, and N proteins of OWV1 were closely related to Wēnzhōu shrimp virus 1 (WzSV-1) and Mourilyan virus (MoV) that infect black tiger shrimp (P. monodon). Phylogenetic analyses also suggested that OWV1 could be classified into a second, yet to be established, species of the Wenrivirus genus in the Phenuiviridae. These wenriviruses also clustered with Wenling crustacean virus 7 from shrimps and bunya-like brown spot virus from white-clawed crayfish. Of note there were no homologs of the NSs2 of OWV1 and MoV/WzSV-1 in GenBank, and whether other crustacean phenuiviruses also possess a similar S2 RNA segment warrants further investigation. In addition, we established a TaqMan probe-based reverse-transcription quantitative PCR method for detection of OWV1, and it was detected as 1.17 × 102-1.90 × 107 copies/ng-RNA in gills of 23 out of 32 P. chinensis samples without an obvious gross sign. However, the discovery of OWV1 highlights the expanding genomic diversity of bunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yanbei Ren
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fanzeng Meng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayuan Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
| | - Jipeng Song
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
| | - Mang Shi
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Cixiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Kathy F. J. Tang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
| | - Jeff A. Cowley
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Maia C, Ayhan N, Cristóvão JM, Pereira A, Charrel R. Human seroprevalence of Toscana virus and Sicilian phlebovirus in the southwest of Portugal. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 41:137-141. [PMID: 34389911 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is emergent in the Mediterranean region and responsible for outbreaks of encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Sicilian phlebovirus (SFSV) cause epidemics of febrile illness during the summer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of antibodies against TOSV and SFSV in humans in the southwest of Portugal. Neutralizing antibodies to TOSV and SFSV were respectively detected in 5.3% and 4.3% out of 400 human sera tested highlighting the need to increase public health awareness regarding phleboviruses and to include them in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with fever of short duration and neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Nazli Ayhan
- Unité Des Virus Emergents UVE, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - José Manuel Cristóvão
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André Pereira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Remi Charrel
- Unité Des Virus Emergents UVE, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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27
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Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S, Pedrosa-Corral I, Navarro-Marí JM, Pérez-Ruiz M. Update in Diagnostics of Toscana Virus Infection in a Hyperendemic Region (Southern Spain). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081438. [PMID: 34452304 PMCID: PMC8402649 DOI: 10.3390/v13081438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sandfly fever Toscana virus (TOSV, genus Phlebovirus, family Phenuiviridae) is endemic in Mediterranean countries. In Spain, phylogenetic studies of TOSV strains demonstrated that a genotype, different from the Italian, was circulating. This update reports 107 cases of TOSV neurological infection detected in Andalusia from 1988 to 2020, by viral culture, serology and/or RT-PCR. Most cases were located in Granada province, a hyperendemic region. TOSV neurological infection may be underdiagnosed since few laboratories include this virus in their portfolio. This work presents a reliable automated method, validated for the detection of the main viruses involved in acute meningitis and encephalitis, including the arboviruses TOSV and West Nile virus. This assay solves the need for multiple molecular platforms for different viruses and thus, improves the time to results for these syndromes, which require a rapid and efficient diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (S.S.-G.); (I.P.-C.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Pedrosa-Corral
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (S.S.-G.); (I.P.-C.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - José María Navarro-Marí
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (S.S.-G.); (I.P.-C.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Popescu CP, Cotar AI, Dinu S, Zaharia M, Tardei G, Ceausu E, Badescu D, Ruta S, Ceianu CS, Florescu SA. Emergence of Toscana Virus, Romania, 2017-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1482-1485. [PMID: 33900182 PMCID: PMC8084517 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.204598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a series of severe neuroinvasive infections caused by Toscana virus, identified by real-time reverse transcription PCR testing, in 8 hospitalized patients in Bucharest, Romania, during the summer seasons of 2017 and 2018. Of 8 patients, 5 died. Sequencing showed that the circulating virus belonged to lineage A.
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Thirion L, Pezzi L, Pedrosa-Corral I, Sanbonmatsu-Gamez S, Lamballerie XD, Falchi A, Perez-Ruiz M, Charrel RN. Evaluation of a Trio Toscana Virus Real-Time RT-PCR Assay Targeting Three Genomic Regions within Nucleoprotein Gene. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030254. [PMID: 33668339 PMCID: PMC7996202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) can cause central nervous system infections in both residents of and travelers to Mediterranean countries. Data mining identified three real-time RT-qPCR assays for detecting TOSV RNA targeting non-overlapping regions in the nucleoprotein gene. Here, they were combined to create a multi-region assay named Trio TOSV RT-qPCR consisting of six primers and three probes. In this study, (i) we evaluated in silico the three RT-qPCR assays available in the literature for TOSV detection, (ii) we combined the three systems to create the Trio TOSV RT-qPCR, (iii) we assessed the specificity and sensitivity of the three monoplex assays versus the Trio TOSV RT-qPCR assay, and (iv) we compared the performance of the Trio TOSV RT-qPCR assay with one of the reference monoplex assays on clinical samples. In conclusion, the Trio TOSV RT-qPCR assay performs equally or better than the three monoplex assays; therefore, it provides a robust assay that can be used for both research and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Thirion
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (L.T.); (L.P.); (X.D.L.)
| | - Laura Pezzi
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (L.T.); (L.P.); (X.D.L.)
- UR7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, 20250 Corte, France;
| | - Irene Pedrosa-Corral
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (S.S.-G.); (M.P.-R.)
| | - Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gamez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (S.S.-G.); (M.P.-R.)
| | - Xavier De Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (L.T.); (L.P.); (X.D.L.)
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- UR7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, 20250 Corte, France;
| | - Mercedes Perez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (S.S.-G.); (M.P.-R.)
| | - Remi N. Charrel
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (L.T.); (L.P.); (X.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Entry of Phenuiviruses into Mammalian Host Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020299. [PMID: 33672975 PMCID: PMC7918600 DOI: 10.3390/v13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenuiviridae is a large family of arthropod-borne viruses with over 100 species worldwide. Several cause severe diseases in both humans and livestock. Global warming and the apparent geographical expansion of arthropod vectors are good reasons to seriously consider these viruses potential agents of emerging diseases. With an increasing frequency and number of epidemics, some phenuiviruses represent a global threat to public and veterinary health. This review focuses on the early stage of phenuivirus infection in mammalian host cells. We address current knowledge on each step of the cell entry process, from virus binding to penetration into the cytosol. Virus receptors, endocytosis, and fusion mechanisms are discussed in light of the most recent progress on the entry of banda-, phlebo-, and uukuviruses, which together constitute the three prominent genera in the Phenuiviridae family.
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Ogunlade ST, Meehan MT, Adekunle AI, Rojas DP, Adegboye OA, McBryde ES. A Review: Aedes-Borne Arboviral Infections, Controls and Wolbachia-Based Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 33435566 PMCID: PMC7827552 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) continue to generate significant health and economic burdens for people living in endemic regions. Of these viruses, some of the most important (e.g., dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever virus), are transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. Over the years, viral infection control has targeted vector population reduction and inhibition of arboviral replication and transmission. This control includes the vector control methods which are classified into chemical, environmental, and biological methods. Some of these control methods may be largely experimental (both field and laboratory investigations) or widely practised. Perceptively, one of the biological methods of vector control, in particular, Wolbachia-based control, shows a promising control strategy for eradicating Aedes-borne arboviruses. This can either be through the artificial introduction of Wolbachia, a naturally present bacterium that impedes viral growth in mosquitoes into heterologous Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors (vectors that are not natural hosts of Wolbachia) thereby limiting arboviral transmission or via Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which naturally harbour Wolbachia infection. These strategies are potentially undermined by the tendency of mosquitoes to lose Wolbachia infection in unfavourable weather conditions (e.g., high temperature) and the inhibitory competitive dynamics among co-circulating Wolbachia strains. The main objective of this review was to critically appraise published articles on vector control strategies and specifically highlight the use of Wolbachia-based control to suppress vector population growth or disrupt viral transmission. We retrieved studies on the control strategies for arboviral transmissions via arthropod vectors and discussed the use of Wolbachia control strategies for eradicating arboviral diseases to identify literature gaps that will be instrumental in developing models to estimate the impact of these control strategies and, in essence, the use of different Wolbachia strains and features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson T. Ogunlade
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Michael T. Meehan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Adeshina I. Adekunle
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Diana P. Rojas
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Oyelola A. Adegboye
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Emma S. McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Clinical, Virological, and Immunological Findings in Patients with Toscana Neuroinvasive Disease in Croatia: Report of Three Cases. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5030144. [PMID: 32937866 PMCID: PMC7557803 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus, transmitted to humans by phlebotomine sandflies. Although the majority of infections are asymptomatic, neuroinvasive disease may occur. We report three cases of neuroinvasive TOSV infection detected in Croatia. Two patients aged 21 and 54 years presented with meningitis, while a 22-year old patient presented with meningoencephalitis and right-sided brachial plexitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, and urine samples were collected and tested for neuroinvasive arboviruses: tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, Usutu, TOSV, Tahyna, and Bhanja virus. In addition, CSF and serum samples were tested for the anti-viral cytokine response. High titers of TOSV IgM (1000–3200) and IgG (3200−10,000) antibodies in serum samples confirmed TOSV infection. Antibodies to other phleboviruses (sandfly fever Sicilian/Naples/Cyprus virus) were negative. CSF samples showed high concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6; range 162.32−2683.90 pg/mL), interferon gamma (IFN-γ; range 110.12−1568.07 pg/mL), and IL-10 (range 28.08−858.91 pg/mL), while significantly lower cytokine production was observed in serum. Two patients recovered fully. The patient with a brachial plexitis improved significantly at discharge. The presented cases highlight the need of increasing awareness of a TOSV as a possible cause of aseptic meningitis/meningoencephalitis during summer months. Association of TOSV and brachial plexitis with long-term sequelae detected in one patient indicates the possibility of more severe disease, even in young patients.
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Abstract
Sandfly-transmitted phleboviruses (family Phenuiviridae, order Bunyavirales) are associated with febrile illness and infections of the nervous system in humans. These viruses are almost exclusively found in tropical areas of the New World and restricted to semiarid and temperate zones in the Old World. Here, we discovered seven strains of four previously unknown phleboviruses, named Bogoria virus (BOGV), Embossos virus (EMRV), Kiborgoch virus (KBGV), and Perkerra virus (PERV), as well as the recently discovered Ntepes virus, in sandflies collected in the Kenyan Rift Valley. The genomes have a tripartite organization with conserved termini typical of phleboviruses. LOBV, PERV, and EMBV showed low similarity to known phleboviruses, with less than 55% pairwise amino acid identities in the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) proteins, and defined a highly diversified monophyletic clade in sister relationship to the sandfly fever Sicilian serocomplex. All three viruses failed to react with sandfly fever Sicilian virus antisera in recombinant immunofluorescence assays (rIFA), suggesting that the viruses belong to a yet-unknown serogroup. In contrast, KBGV was closely related to Toscana virus (84% identity of RdRp proteins) and shared a most recent common ancestor with the clade comprising sandfly fever Naples and Toscana viruses. KBGV reacted with sandfly fever Naples and Toscana virus antisera in rIFA. The genetic diversity of the detected viruses and their phylogenetic positions implies that the Old World sandfly-borne phleboviruses originated from sub-Saharan Africa. Importantly, our findings suggest that diseases associated with sandfly-borne phlebovirus infections may also affect the Kenyan population.IMPORTANCE Studies on the genetic diversity of arthropod-borne viruses circulating in rural regions can provide critical early indications on new emerging viruses essential for global epidemic preparedness. In this study, we describe the discovery of four phleboviruses in sandflies from the Kenyan Rift Valley. The novel viruses are related to the two medically important serocomplexes, sandfly fever Naples and sandfly fever Sicilian, that are associated with febrile illness and neuroinvasive infections and which were previously not known to occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge on the occurrence of sandfly-borne phleboviruses in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa can help to decipher their contributions in the etiologies of fevers of unknown origin in patients. Our findings on five genetically diverse phleboviruses detected in Kenya suggest that the common ancestor of Old World phleboviruses existed in sub-Saharan Africa, a hot spot for emerging arboviruses.
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