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Long J, Wang Y, Jiang X, Ge J, Chen M, Zheng B, Wang R, Wang M, Xu M, Ke Q, Wang J. Nanomaterials Boost CAR-T Therapy for Solid Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304615. [PMID: 38483400 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
T cell engineering, particularly via chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modifications for enhancing tumor specificity, has shown efficacy in treating hematologic malignancies. The extension of CAR-T cell therapy to solid tumors, however, is impeded by several challenges: The absence of tumor-specific antigens, antigen heterogeneity, a complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and physical barriers to cell infiltration. Additionally, limitations in CAR-T cell manufacturing capacity and the high costs associated with these therapies restrict their widespread application. The integration of nanomaterials into CAR-T cell production and application offers a promising avenue to mitigate these challenges. Utilizing nanomaterials in the production of CAR-T cells can decrease product variability and lower production expenses, positively impacting the targeting and persistence of CAR-T cells in treatment and minimizing adverse effects. This review comprehensively evaluates the use of various nanomaterials in the production of CAR-T cells, genetic modification, and in vivo delivery. It discusses their underlying mechanisms and potential for clinical application, with a focus on improving specificity and safety in CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 1001 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, The Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xianjie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Junshang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Mingfen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Boshu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Meifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Meifang Xu
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
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Ren H, Jia W, Xie Y, Yu M, Chen Y. Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5172-5254. [PMID: 37462107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 worldwide, offering new strategies to effectively combat diseases threatening human health. Adjuvants are vital ingredients in vaccines, which can augment the degree, extensiveness, and longevity of antigen specific immune response. The advances in the modulation of physicochemical properties of nanoplatforms elevate the capability of adjuvants in initiating the innate immune system and adaptive immunity, offering immense potential for developing vaccines against hard-to-target infectious diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an essential introduction of the basic principles of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, key roles of adjuvants in augmenting and shaping immunity to achieve desired outcomes and effectiveness, and the physiochemical properties and action mechanisms of clinically approved adjuvants for humans. We particularly focus on the preclinical and clinical progress of highly immunogenic emerging nanotechnology adjuvants formulated in vaccines for cancer treatment or infectious disease prevention. We deliberate on how the immune system can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues (e.g., chirality, deformability, solubility, topology, and chemical structures) of nanotechnology adjuvants incorporated in the vaccines. Finally, we propose possible strategies to accelerate the clinical implementation of nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines, such as in-depth elucidation of nano-immuno interactions, antigen identification and optimization by the deployment of high-dimensional multiomics analysis approaches, encouraging close collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines and aggressive exploration of novel nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Zhang X, Ye Z, Xiao G, He T. Prognostic signature construction and immunotherapy response analysis for Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma based on cuproptosis-related lncRNAs. Comput Biol Med 2023; 159:106905. [PMID: 37060773 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a general female malignant tumor, Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (UCEC) has high mortality and relapses. Cuproptosis was found to play an essential role in tumor by more and more researches. However, it is still unclear of the prognostic value and function of cuproptosis related Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in UCEC. METHODS Sequencing data with the corresponding clinical data and cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) data were obtained from the Cancer Gene Atlas (TCGA) database and cuproptosis related studies. Pearson test was applied to select cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRLs). Prognosis associated CRLs was identified by univariate Cox analysis and the predictors were determined by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso)-Cox and multivariate Cox analyses to construct the cuproptosis-related lncRNA prognostic signature (CRLPS). The performance of the CRLPs was evaluated by consistency index (C-index) and Kaplan-Meier analysis. A nomogram model was constructed for survival prediction and the accuracy of the model was evaluated by calibration curve. Finally, immune related analyses were applied to predict immune responses and identify drugs with potential efficacy for the overall survival (OS). RESULTS A total of 734 CRLs were found and 29 of them were identified as prognosis related lncRNAs. 12 CRLs were finally determined to build the CRLPS which revealed good ability on prognosis predicting. Subsequently, risk score of the CRLPS and grade were assessed as independent prognosis factors for UCEC, based on which the prognostic model provided the highest prediction accuracy of 99.7%. The calibration curve suggested that the prediction results consisted well with the observation. Enrichment analysis showed the CRLPS was mainly associated with tumor development and immune response. Patients in low tumor mutation burden (TMB) group had poorer OS. Significant difference was found in tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score between different risk score groups. Finally, based on the CRLPs, drug sensitivity analysis identified nine anticancer drugs with potential efficacy on prognosis. CONCLUSION Cuproptosis-related lncRNA prognostic signature was constructed for UCEC for the first time. Its high reliability and accuracy on predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response provided new perspective to explore the tumor mechanism and improve clinical prognosis. Nine discovered sensitive drugs provided important clues for personalized treatment of UCEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ye
- School of Primary Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guohong Xiao
- Chengdu No.7 High School, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting He
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Inokuchi JI, Nagafuku M. Gangliosides in T cell development and function of mice. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:229-238. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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García-Espinoza JA, Muñoz-Valle JF, García-Chagollán M, Hernández-Bello J, Palafox-Sánchez CA, López-Villalobos EF, Sánchez-Zuno GA, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Cerpa-Cruz S, Carrillo-Ballesteros FJ, Oregon-Romero E. ICOS Gene Polymorphisms (IVS1 + 173 T/C and c. 1624 C/T) in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients: Analysis of ICOS Expression. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:764-776. [PMID: 35723338 PMCID: PMC8929044 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease, which affects exocrine glands. T cell activation is a trigger mechanism in the immune response. Hyperreactivity of T cells and antibody production are features in pSS. ICOS can be critical in the pathogenesis of pSS. Methods: A total of 134 pSS patients and 134 control subjects (CS) were included. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. ICOS mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR, and CD4+ ICOS+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry. Results: The ICOS IVS1 + 173 T>C polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to pSS (p = 0.393, CI = 0.503−1.311). However, the c.1624 C>T polymorphism was associated with a reduction in the risk of development of pSS (p = 0.015, CI = 0.294−0.884). An increase in ICOS mRNA expression in patients was observed (3.7-fold). Furthermore, pSS patients showed an increase in membranal-ICOS expression (mICOS). High expression of mICOS (MFI) was associated with lymphocytic infiltration. Conclusions: The IVS1 + 173 polymorphism is not a genetic marker for the development of pSS, while c.1624 T allele was associated with a low risk. However, elevated mICOS expression in pSS patients with high lymphocytic infiltration was found. ICOS may have an important role in the immunopathogenesis of pSS and should be analyzed in T cell subsets in pSS patients as a possible disease marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio García-Espinoza
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-E.); (J.F.M.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (J.H.-B.); (C.A.P.-S.); (E.F.L.-V.); (G.A.S.-Z.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-E.); (J.F.M.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (J.H.-B.); (C.A.P.-S.); (E.F.L.-V.); (G.A.S.-Z.)
| | - Mariel García-Chagollán
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-E.); (J.F.M.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (J.H.-B.); (C.A.P.-S.); (E.F.L.-V.); (G.A.S.-Z.)
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-E.); (J.F.M.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (J.H.-B.); (C.A.P.-S.); (E.F.L.-V.); (G.A.S.-Z.)
| | - Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-E.); (J.F.M.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (J.H.-B.); (C.A.P.-S.); (E.F.L.-V.); (G.A.S.-Z.)
| | - Erika Fabiola López-Villalobos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-E.); (J.F.M.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (J.H.-B.); (C.A.P.-S.); (E.F.L.-V.); (G.A.S.-Z.)
| | - Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-E.); (J.F.M.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (J.H.-B.); (C.A.P.-S.); (E.F.L.-V.); (G.A.S.-Z.)
| | - Gloria Esther Martínez-Bonilla
- Servicio de Reumatología, O.P.D. Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (G.E.M.-B.); (S.C.-C.)
| | - Sergio Cerpa-Cruz
- Servicio de Reumatología, O.P.D. Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (G.E.M.-B.); (S.C.-C.)
| | - Francisco Josue Carrillo-Ballesteros
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitarios de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Edith Oregon-Romero
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-E.); (J.F.M.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (J.H.-B.); (C.A.P.-S.); (E.F.L.-V.); (G.A.S.-Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-1-3310585200 (ext. 34200)
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Weijiao Y, Fuchun L, Mengjie C, Xiaoqing Q, Hao L, Yuan L, Desheng Y. Immune infiltration and a ferroptosis-associated gene signature for predicting the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16713-16732. [PMID: 34170849 PMCID: PMC8266342 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death induced by excess iron-dependent lipid peroxidation product accumulation, plays a critical role in cancer. However, there are few reports about ferroptosis in endometrial cancer (EC). This article explores the relationship between ferroptosis-related gene (FRG) expression and prognosis in EC patients. One hundred thirty-five FRGs were obtained by mining the literature, retrieving GeneCards and analyzing 552 malignant uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) samples, which were randomly assigned to training and testing groups (1:1 ratio), and 23 normal samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We established a signature using eight screened FRGs (MDM2, GPX4, PRKAA2, PRNP, SLC11A2, ATP5MC3, PHKG2 and ACO1) related to overall survival using LASSO regression analysis. The samples were divided into low- and high-risk subgroups according to the median risk score. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the low-risk group had better OS. ROC curves showed that this signature performed well in predicting OS (1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year AUCs of 0.676, 0.775, 0.797, and 0.826, respectively). We systematically analyzed the immune infiltrating profile in UCEC samples from TCGA. Overall, our study identified a novel prognostic signature of 8 FRGs that can potentially predict the prognosis of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Weijiao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Liao Fuchun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
| | - Chen Mengjie
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
| | - Qin Xiaoqing
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
| | - Lai Hao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
| | - Yao Desheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
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Lopez Chiloeches M, Bergonzini A, Frisan T. Bacterial Toxins Are a Never-Ending Source of Surprises: From Natural Born Killers to Negotiators. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:426. [PMID: 34204481 PMCID: PMC8235270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea that bacterial toxins are not only killers but also execute more sophisticated roles during bacteria-host interactions by acting as negotiators has been highlighted in the past decades. Depending on the toxin, its cellular target and mode of action, the final regulatory outcome can be different. In this review, we have focused on two families of bacterial toxins: genotoxins and pore-forming toxins, which have different modes of action but share the ability to modulate the host's immune responses, independently of their capacity to directly kill immune cells. We have addressed their immuno-suppressive effects with the perspective that these may help bacteria to avoid clearance by the host's immune response and, concomitantly, limit detrimental immunopathology. These are optimal conditions for the establishment of a persistent infection, eventually promoting asymptomatic carriers. This immunomodulatory effect can be achieved with different strategies such as suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, re-polarization of the immune response from a pro-inflammatory to a tolerogenic state, and bacterial fitness modulation to favour tissue colonization while preventing bacteraemia. An imbalance in each of those effects can lead to disease due to either uncontrolled bacterial proliferation/invasion, immunopathology, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.C.); (A.B.)
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Modelling of Immune Checkpoint Network Explains Synergistic Effects of Combined Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and the Impact of Cytokines in Patient Response. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123600. [PMID: 33276543 PMCID: PMC7761568 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The future of cancer immunotherapy relies on a combination of individually targeted therapies. However, a lot of experiments are needed to define the most effective combinations of drugs. A computational and modelling approach could help reduce the number of experiments and suggest optimal treatments to test. This article presents a logical model of T cell activation influenced by immune checkpoints, and explores the effect of these checkpoints, suggests mechanisms that would explain why some treatments might be better suited than others. The model includes not only programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTL4) downstream pathways but also those of other immune checkpoints such as T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif) domain (TIGIT), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), cluster of differentiation 226 (CD226), inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), and tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs). Abstract After the success of the new generation of immune therapies, immune checkpoint receptors have become one important center of attention of molecular oncologists. The initial success and hopes of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA4) therapies have shown some limitations since a majority of patients have continued to show resistance. Other immune checkpoints have raised some interest and are under investigation, such as T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif) domain (TIGIT), inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), which appear as promising targets for immunotherapy. To explore their role and study possible synergetic effects of these different checkpoints, we have built a model of T cell receptor (TCR) regulation including not only PD1 and CTLA4, but also other well studied checkpoints (TIGIT, TIM3, lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), cluster of differentiation 226 (CD226), ICOS, and tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs)) and simulated different aspects of T cell biology. Our model shows good correspondence with observations from available experimental studies of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 therapies and suggest efficient combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Among the possible candidates, TIGIT appears to be the most promising drug target in our model. The model predicts that signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)/STAT4-dependent pathways, activated by cytokines such as interleukin 12 (IL12) and interferon gamma (IFNG), could improve the effect of ICI therapy via upregulation of Tbet, suggesting that the effect of the cytokines related to STAT3/STAT1 activity is dependent on the balance between STAT1 and STAT3 downstream signalling.
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Ireland EV, Woznica A, King N. Synergistic Cues from Diverse Bacteria Enhance Multicellular Development in a Choanoflagellate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02920-19. [PMID: 32220848 PMCID: PMC7237790 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02920-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria regulate the life histories of diverse eukaryotes, but relatively little is known about how eukaryotes interpret and respond to multiple bacterial cues encountered simultaneously. To explore how a eukaryote might respond to a combination of bioactive molecules from multiple bacteria, we treated the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta with two sets of bacterial cues, one that induces mating and another that induces multicellular development. We found that simultaneous exposure to both sets of cues enhanced multicellular development in S. rosetta, eliciting both larger multicellular colonies and an increase in the number of colonies. Thus, rather than conveying conflicting sets of information, these distinct bacterial cues synergize to augment multicellular development. This study demonstrates how a eukaryote can integrate and modulate its response to cues from diverse bacteria, underscoring the potential impact of complex microbial communities on eukaryotic life histories.IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic biology is profoundly influenced by interactions with diverse environmental and host-associated bacteria. However, it is not well understood how eukaryotes interpret multiple bacterial cues encountered simultaneously. This question has been challenging to address because of the complexity of many eukaryotic model systems and their associated bacterial communities. Here, we studied a close relative of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, to explore how eukaryotes respond to diverse bacterial cues. We found that a bacterial chondroitinase that induces mating on its own can also synergize with bacterial lipids that induce multicellular "rosette" development. When encountered together, these cues enhance rosette development, resulting in both the formation of larger rosettes and an increase in the number of rosettes compared to rosette development in the absence of the chondroitinase. These findings highlight how synergistic interactions among bacterial cues can influence the biology of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella V Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Arielle Woznica
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nicole King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Park SJ, Riccio RE, Kopp SJ, Ifergan I, Miller SD, Longnecker R. Herpesvirus Entry Mediator Binding Partners Mediate Immunopathogenesis of Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e00790-20. [PMID: 32398314 PMCID: PMC7218284 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00790-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection leads to an immunopathogenic disease called herpes stromal keratitis (HSK), in which CD4+ T cell-driven inflammation contributes to irreversible damage to the cornea. Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) is an immune modulator that activates stimulatory and inhibitory cosignals by interacting with its binding partners, LIGHT (TNFSF14), BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator), and CD160. We have previously shown that HVEM exacerbates HSK pathogenesis, but the involvement of its binding partners and its connection to the pathogenic T cell response have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of HVEM and its binding partners in mediating the T cell response using a murine model of ocular HSV-1 infection. By infecting mice lacking the binding partners, we demonstrated that multiple HVEM binding partners were required for HSK pathogenesis. Surprisingly, while LIGHT-/-, BTLA-/-, and CD160-/- mice did not show differences in disease compared to wild-type mice, BTLA-/- LIGHT-/- and CD160-/- LIGHT-/- double knockout mice showed attenuated disease characterized by decreased clinical symptoms, increased retention of corneal sensitivity, and decreased infiltrating leukocytes in the cornea. We determined that the attenuation of disease in HVEM-/-, BTLA-/- LIGHT-/-, and CD160-/- LIGHT-/- mice correlated with a decrease in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T cells. Together, these results suggest that HVEM cosignaling through multiple binding partners induces a pathogenic Th1 response to promote HSK. This report provides new insight into the mechanism of HVEM in HSK pathogenesis and highlights the complexity of HVEM signaling in modulating the immune response following ocular HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a ubiquitous human pathogen, is capable of causing a progressive inflammatory ocular disease called herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). HSV-1 ocular infection leads to persistent inflammation in the cornea resulting in outcomes ranging from significant visual impairment to complete blindness. Our previous work showed that herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) promotes the symptoms of HSK independently of viral entry and that HVEM expression on CD45+ cells correlates with increased infiltration of leukocytes into the cornea during the chronic inflammatory phase of the disease. Here, we elucidated the role of HVEM in the pathogenic Th1 response following ocular HSV-1 infection and the contribution of HVEM binding partners in HSK pathogenesis. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of HVEM in promoting corneal inflammation following HSV-1 infection improves our understanding of potential therapeutic targets for HSK.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Host Microbial Interactions/immunology
- Inflammation
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo J Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel E Riccio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah J Kopp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Funkhouser WK. Pathology: the clinical description of human disease. ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS IN MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7380242 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813257-9.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pathology is that field of science and medicine concerned with the study of diseases, specifically their initial causes (etiologies), their step-wise progressions (pathogenesis), and their effects on normal structure and function. This chapter will consider the history of relevant discoveries and technologies that have led to our current understanding of diseases, as well as the Pathologist’s current role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response of human diseases.
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12
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Van Coillie S, Wiernicki B, Xu J. Molecular and Cellular Functions of CTLA-4. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:7-32. [PMID: 32185705 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor belonging to the CD28 immunoglobulin subfamily, expressed primarily by T-cells. Its ligands, CD80 and CD86, are typically found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and can either bind CD28 or CTLA-4, resulting in a costimulatory or a co-inhibitory response, respectively. Because of its dampening effect, CTLA-4 is a crucial regulator of T-cell homeostasis and self-tolerance. The mechanisms by which CTLA-4 exerts its inhibitory function can be categorized as either cell-intrinsic (affects the CTLA-4 expressing T-cell) or cell-extrinsic (affects secondary cells). Research from the last decade has shown that CTLA-4 mainly acts in a cell-extrinsic manner via its competition with CD28, CTLA-4-mediated trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86, and its direct tolerogenic effects on the interacting cell. Nonetheless, intrinsic CTLA-4 signaling has been implicated in T-cell motility and the regulation of CTLA-4 its subcellular localization amongst others. CTLA-4 is well recognized as a key immune checkpoint and has gained significant momentum as a therapeutic target in the field of autoimmunity and cancer. In this chapter, we describe the role of costimulation in immune response induction as well as the main mechanisms by which CTLA-4 can inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samya Van Coillie
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bartosz Wiernicki
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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13
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14
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Nakayama H, Nagafuku M, Suzuki A, Iwabuchi K, Inokuchi JI. The regulatory roles of glycosphingolipid-enriched lipid rafts in immune systems. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3921-3942. [PMID: 30320884 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts formed by glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on cellular membranes play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Lactosylceramide (LacCer) forms lipid rafts on plasma and granular membranes of human neutrophils. These LacCer-enriched lipid rafts bind directly to pathogenic components, such as pathogenic fungi-derived β-glucan and Mycobacteria-derived lipoarabinomannan via carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, and mediate innate immune responses to these pathogens. In contrast, a-series and o-series gangliosides form distinct rafts on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, respectively, contributing to the respective functions of these cells and stimulating adaptive immune responses through T cell receptors. These findings suggest that gangliosides play indispensable roles in T cell selection and activation. This Review introduces the involvement of GSL-enriched lipid rafts in innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Japan.,Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Japan.,Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan.,Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Inokuchi JI, Inamori KI, Kabayama K, Nagafuku M, Uemura S, Go S, Suzuki A, Ohno I, Kanoh H, Shishido F. Biology of GM3 Ganglioside. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:151-195. [PMID: 29747813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful molecular cloning in 1998 of GM3 synthase (GM3S, ST3GAL5), the enzyme responsible for initiating biosynthesis of all complex gangliosides, the efforts of our research group have been focused on clarifying the physiological and pathological implications of gangliosides, particularly GM3. We have identified isoforms of GM3S proteins having distinctive lengths of N-terminal cytoplasmic tails, and found that these cytoplasmic tails define subcellular localization, stability, and in vivo activity of GM3S isoforms. Our studies of the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, focused on interaction between insulin receptor and GM3 in membrane microdomains, led to a novel concept: type 2 diabetes and certain other lifestyle-related diseases are membrane microdomain disorders resulting from aberrant expression of gangliosides. This concept has enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of GM3 and related gangliosides in various diseases involving chronic inflammation, such as insulin resistance, leptin resistance, and T-cell function and immune disorders (e.g., allergic asthma). We also demonstrated an essential role of GM3 in murine and human auditory systems; a common pathological feature of GM3S deficiency is deafness. This is the first direct link reported between gangliosides and auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Kei-Ichiro Inamori
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uemura
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Isao Ohno
- Center for Medical Education, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanoh
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumi Shishido
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Pathology is that field of science and medicine concerned with the study of diseases, specifically their initial causes (etiologies), their step-wise progressions (pathogenesis), and their effects on normal structure and function. This chapter will consider the history of relevant discoveries and technologies that have led to our current understanding of diseases, as well as the pathologist's current role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response of human diseases.
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17
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Cai H, Chen S, Xu S, Sun Y, Bai Q, Lu C, Chen Y, Fu X, Xu G, Chen L. Deficiency of LIGHT signaling pathway exacerbates Chlamydia psittaci respiratory tract infection in mice. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:250-256. [PMID: 27725282 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LIGHT, a costimulatory member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig SF), can greatly impact T cell activation. The role of the LIGHT signaling pathway in chlamydial infection was evaluated in mice following respiratory tract infection with Chlamydia psittaci. Compared with wild type (WT) mice, LIGHT knockout (KO) mice showed significant reduction of body weight, much lower survival rate, higher bacterial burden, prolonged infection time courses and more severe pathological changes in lung tissue. The mRNA levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-12 in the lung tissue of LIGHT KO mice were significantly lower than those in WT mice. While there was no obvious difference in the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleens of the two groups of mice, there was a markedly elevated percentage of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells in LIGHT KO mice. Together, these results demonstrate that the LIGHT signaling pathway is not only required for inflammatory cytokine production as part of the host response to chlamydial infection, but also influences the differentiation of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells, both of which may be essential for control of C. psittaci respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengling Cai
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Sha Xu
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuanbin Sun
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chunxue Lu
- Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 421000, China
| | - Xizong Fu
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Guilian Xu
- Institute of Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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18
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Tian G, Courtney AN, Jena B, Heczey A, Liu D, Marinova E, Guo L, Xu X, Torikai H, Mo Q, Dotti G, Cooper LJ, Metelitsa LS. CD62L+ NKT cells have prolonged persistence and antitumor activity in vivo. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2341-55. [PMID: 27183388 DOI: 10.1172/jci83476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vα24-invariant natural killer T cells (NKTs) localize to tumors and have inherent antitumor properties, making them attractive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) carriers for redirected cancer immunotherapy. However, clinical application of CAR-NKTs has been impeded, as mechanisms responsible for NKT expansion and the in vivo persistence of these cells are unknown. Here, we demonstrated that antigen-induced expansion of primary NKTs in vitro associates with the accumulation of a CD62L+ subset and exhaustion of CD62L- cells. Only CD62L+ NKTs survived and proliferated in response to secondary stimulation. When transferred to immune-deficient NSG mice, CD62L+ NKTs persisted 5 times longer than CD62L- NKTs. Moreover, CD62L+ cells transduced with a CD19-specific CAR achieved sustained tumor regression in a B cell lymphoma model. Proliferating CD62L+ cells downregulated or maintained CD62L expression when activated via T cell receptor alone or in combination with costimulatory receptors. We generated HLAnull K562 cell clones that were engineered to express CD1d and costimulatory ligands. Clone B-8-2 (HLAnullCD1dmedCD86high4-1BBLmedOX40Lhigh) induced the highest rates of NKT expansion and CD62L expression. B-8-2-expanded CAR-NKTs exhibited prolonged in vivo persistence and superior therapeutic activities in models of lymphoma and neuroblastoma. Therefore, we have identified CD62L as a marker of a distinct NKT subset endowed with high proliferative potential and have developed artificial antigen-presenting cells that generate CD62L-enriched NKTs for effective cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- L-Selectin/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Natural Killer T-Cells/classification
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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19
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Kumari A, Garnett-Benson C. Effector function of CTLs is increased by irradiated colorectal tumor cells that modulate OX-40L and 4-1BBL and is reversed following dual blockade. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:92. [PMID: 26872462 PMCID: PMC4752774 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sub-lethal doses of ionizing radiation (IR) can alter the phenotype of target tissue by modulating genes that influence effector T cell activity. Previous studies indicate that cancer cells respond to radiation by up-regulating surface expression of death receptors, cell adhesion molecules and tumor-associated antigens (TAA). However, there is limited information available regarding how T cells themselves are altered following these interactions with irradiated tumor cells. Methods Here, several human colorectal tumor cell lines were exposed to radiation (0–10 Gy) in vitro and changes in the expression of molecules costimulatory to effector T cells (4-1BBL, OX-40L, CD70, ICOSL) were examined by flow cytometry. T cell effector function was assessed to determine if changes in these proteins were directly related to the changes in T cell function. Results We found OX-40L and 4-1BBL to be the most consistently upregulated proteins on the surface of colorectal tumor cells post-IR while ICOSL and CD70 remained largely unaltered. Expression of these gene products correlated with enhanced killing of irradiated human colorectal tumor cells by TAA-specific T-cells. Importantly, blocking of both OX-40L and 4-1BBL reversed radiation-enhanced T-cell killing of human tumor targets as well as T-cell survival and activation. Conclusions Overall, results of this study suggest that, beyond simply rendering tumor cells more sensitive to immune attack, radiation can be used to specifically modulate expression of genes that directly stimulate effector T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Charlie Garnett-Benson
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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20
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Buchbinder E, Hodi FS. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and immune checkpoint blockade. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3377-83. [PMID: 26325034 DOI: 10.1172/jci80012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cancer and the immune system is complex and provides unique therapeutic opportunities. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a regulatory molecule that suppresses T cell effector function following initial activation by costimulatory signals. Fully human monoclonal antibodies targeting CTLA-4 have been shown to increase T cell function and antitumor responses in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. Responses observed with such immune checkpoint therapy can follow a different pattern from that seen with cytotoxic chemotherapy or targeted therapy and may continue after therapy is discontinued. In addition, the toxicities that are associated with anti-CTLA-4 therapy may differ from those of conventional therapies and consist of inflammatory events in parts of the body that do not contain cancerous cells. Early recognition of these inflammatory events and intervention is important, and the identification of predictive biomarkers continues to be an unfulfilled need in the field of immunotherapy. Combinatorial approaches with targeted therapies, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or other immune checkpoint agonists/antagonists have the potential to increase the efficacy of CTLA-4 blockade.
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21
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Neumann K, Rudolph C, Neumann C, Janke M, Amsen D, Scheffold A. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induce immunosuppressive IL-10-producing Th1 cells via the Notch pathway. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2008-16. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Neumann
- Department of Cellular Immunology; Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin; an Institute of the Leibniz-Association; Berlin Germany
| | - Christine Rudolph
- Department of Cellular Immunology; Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin; an Institute of the Leibniz-Association; Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Neumann
- Department of Cellular Immunology; Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin; an Institute of the Leibniz-Association; Berlin Germany
| | - Marko Janke
- Department of Cellular Immunology; Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin; an Institute of the Leibniz-Association; Berlin Germany
| | - Derk Amsen
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin and Landsteiner Laboratory for Blood Research; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Department of Cellular Immunology; Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin; an Institute of the Leibniz-Association; Berlin Germany
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22
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Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 blockade in melanoma. Clin Ther 2015; 37:755-63. [PMID: 25746738 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy that has a complex relationship with the host immune system. Immunotherapies have long been a mainstay of melanoma therapy, and advanced therapies continue to be effective in treating this disease. Immune checkpoint blockade has proven to be a novel target in melanoma, with the approval of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)-targeted therapy. This review evaluates the role of CTLA-4-targeted therapies in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, with a focus on mechanisms, efficacy, toxicity, and future directions of this therapy. METHODS A search was performed in PubMed to identify relevant clinical studies that explored the clinical experience with CTLA-4-targeted therapy in melanoma. FINDINGS Signaling through CTLA-4 causes deactivation of T cells after the initial stimulatory signals. Therapies that block CTLA-4 lead to increased T-cell function and an antitumor response in patients with metastatic melanoma. The adverse event profile of these agents is different from that seen with more traditional cancer therapies and consists of dermatitis, colitis, and other autoimmune toxicities. In addition, the pattern of response is different from that seen with traditional cytotoxic therapies, with some patients experiencing initial progression followed by response and some patients having long-term durable responses. IMPLICATIONS Extensive clinical evidence supports the use of CTLA-4-targeted agents in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The durability of response seen in patients receiving these agents has changed the landscape for patients with melanoma. Combination therapies and other agents with similar mechanisms warrant further exploration for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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23
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El-Far M, Ancuta P, Routy JP, Zhang Y, Bakeman W, Bordi R, DaFonseca S, Said EA, Gosselin A, Tep TS, Eichbaum Q, van Grevenynghe J, Schwartz O, Freeman GJ, Haddad EK, Chomont N, Sékaly RP. Nef promotes evasion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells from the CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1463-1477. [PMID: 25626682 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor-mediated CD4(+) T-cell activation and function. Upregulation of CTLA-4 during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection on activated T cells, particularly on HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells, correlates with immune dysfunction and disease progression. As HIV-1 infects and replicates in activated CD4(+) T cells, we investigated mechanisms by which HIV-1 modulates CTLA-4 expression to establish productive viral infection in these cells. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 infection in activated CD4(+) T cells was followed by Nef-mediated downregulation of CTLA-4. This was associated with a decreased T-cell activation threshold and significant resistance to CTLA-4 triggering. In line with these in vitro results, quantification of pro-viral HIV DNA from treatment-naive HIV-infected subjects demonstrated a preferential infection of memory CD4(+)CTLA-4(+) T cells, thus identifying CTLA-4 as a biomarker for HIV-infected cells in vivo. As transcriptionally active HIV-1 and Nef expression in vivo were previously shown to take place mainly in the CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) [double-negative (DN)] cells, we further quantified HIV DNA in the CTLA-4(+) and CTLA-4(-) subpopulations of these cells. Our results showed that DN T cells lacking CTLA-4 expression were enriched in HIV DNA compared with DN CTLA-4(+) cells. Together, these results suggested that HIV-1 preferential infection of CD4(+)CTLA-4(+) T cells in vivo was followed by Nef-mediated concomitant downregulation of both CD4 and CTLA-4 upon transition to productive infection. This also highlights the propensity of HIV-1 to evade restriction of the key negative immune regulator CTLA-4 on cell activation and viral replication, and therefore contributes to the overall HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Far
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wendy Bakeman
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Rebeka Bordi
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandrina DaFonseca
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elias A Said
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tévy-Suzy Tep
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
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24
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Nelson MH, Kundimi S, Bowers JS, Rogers CE, Huff LW, Schwartz KM, Thyagarajan K, Little EC, Mehrotra S, Cole DJ, Rubinstein MP, Paulos CM. The inducible costimulator augments Tc17 cell responses to self and tumor tissue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1737-47. [PMID: 25576595 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The inducible costimulator (ICOS) plays a key role in the development of Th17 cells, but its role in the development and antitumor activity of IL-17-producing CD8(+) T cells (Tc17) remains unknown. We found that ICOS costimulation was important for the functional maintenance, but not differentiation, of Tc17 cells in vitro. Blocking the ICOS pathway using an antagonist mAb or by using recipient mice genetically deficient in the ICOS ligand reduced the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred Tc17 cells. Conversely, activating Tc17 cells with an ICOS agonist in vitro enhanced their capacity to eradicate melanoma and induce autoimmune vitiligo when infused into mice. However, ICOS stimulation did not augment the antitumor activity of IL-2 expanded T cells. Additional investigation revealed that ICOS stimulation not only increased IL-2Rα, CXCR3, and IL-23R expression on Tc17 cells, but also dampened their expression of suppressive molecule CD39. Although Tc17 cells activated with an ICOS agonist cosecreted heightened IL-17A, IL-9, and IFN-γ, their therapeutic effectiveness was critically dependent on IFN-γ production. Depletion of IL-17A and IL-9 had little impact on antitumor Tc17 cells activated with an ICOS agonist. Collectively, our work reveals that the ICOS pathway potentiates the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred Tc17 cells. This work has major implications for the design of vaccine, Ab and cell-based therapies for autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Sreenath Kundimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Jacob S Bowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Carolyn E Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Logan W Huff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Kristina M Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Krishnamurthy Thyagarajan
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Elizabeth C Little
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - David J Cole
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Mark P Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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25
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Inokuchi JI, Nagafuku M, Ohno I, Suzuki A. Distinct selectivity of gangliosides required for CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cell activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:98-106. [PMID: 25193136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cells compose a crucial part of the immune system and require activation. The first step of T cell activation is triggered by the movement of one of their surface molecules, known as T cell receptor, into localized regions of cell membrane known as lipid rafts. Molecules called gangliosides are known to be major components of lipid rafts, but their role in T-cell activation remains to be elucidated. This review summarizes recent findings that different types of T cells require distinct ganglioside types for the activation. Control of ganglioside expression would offer a strategy targeting for specific T-cell subpopulations to treat immune diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Isao Ohno
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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26
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Bruttel VS, Wischhusen J. Cancer stem cell immunology: key to understanding tumorigenesis and tumor immune escape? Front Immunol 2014; 5:360. [PMID: 25120546 PMCID: PMC4114188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) biology and tumor immunology have shaped our understanding of tumorigenesis. However, we still do not fully understand why tumors can be contained but not eliminated by the immune system and whether rare CSCs are required for tumor propagation. Long latency or recurrence periods have been described for most tumors. Conceptually, this requires a subset of malignant cells which is capable of initiating tumors, but is neither eliminated by immune cells nor able to grow straight into overt tumors. These criteria would be fulfilled by CSCs. Stem cells are pluripotent, immune-privileged, and long-living, but depend on specialized niches. Thus, latent tumors may be maintained by a niche-constrained reservoir of long-living CSCs that are exempt from immunosurveillance while niche-independent and more immunogenic daughter cells are constantly eliminated. The small subpopulation of CSCs is often held responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and recurrence. Experimentally, this hypothesis was supported by the observation that only this subset can propagate tumors in non-obese diabetic/scid mice, which lack T and B cells. Yet, the concept was challenged when an unexpectedly large proportion of melanoma cells were found to be capable of seeding complex tumors in mice which further lack NK cells. Moreover, the link between stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity was not sustained in these highly immunodeficient animals. In humans, however, tumor-propagating cells must also escape from immune-mediated destruction. The ability to persist and to initiate neoplastic growth in the presence of immunosurveillance – which would be lost in a maximally immunodeficient animal model – could hence be a decisive criterion for CSCs. Consequently, integrating scientific insight from stem cell biology and tumor immunology to build a new concept of “CSC immunology” may help to reconcile the outlined contradictions and to improve our understanding of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin S Bruttel
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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27
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Bernstein MB, Garnett CT, Zhang H, Velcich A, Wattenberg MM, Gameiro SR, Kalnicki S, Hodge JW, Guha C. Radiation-induced modulation of costimulatory and coinhibitory T-cell signaling molecules on human prostate carcinoma cells promotes productive antitumor immune interactions. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 29:153-61. [PMID: 24693958 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2013.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine if single-dose external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) could modulate the expression signature of T-cell costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules in human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines in vitro. We investigated the functional impact of irradiated PCa cells with a modulated costimulatory profile on responder T-cell activity. We used three PCa cell lines (DU145, PC3, and LNCaP) and two epithelial cell lines from noncancerous prostate and lung tissue. After 72 hours of EBRT, surface expression of four immunostimulatory molecules (CD70, CD275/ICOSL, CD134L/OX40L, and CD137L/41BBL) and two immunosuppressive markers (CTLA-4/CD152 and PD-L1/CD274) were evaluated by flow cytometry. We evaluated the impact of several radiation doses and the longevity of modulated expression. We examined the functional impact of radiation-induced modulation of cancer cells by cytotoxic T cells (CTL) cytotoxicity and ELISPOT assay for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production. Last, we evaluated whether IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression could be reversed by EBRT. After 10 Gy EBRT, expression of OX40L and 41BBL increased in all three PCa cell lines; expression of CD70 and ICOSL increased in PC3 cells. Conversely, a decrease in PD-L1 expression in DU145 and PC3 cells was detectable up to 144 hours after EBRT. No PD-L1 was detected in LNCaP. Epithelial cells from normal prostate were not modulated by radiation. CTL cytolytic activity and IFN-γ production were enhanced by interaction with irradiated PCa cells. Finally, EBRT failed to prevent IFN-γ-induced upregulation of PD-L1. We demonstrate that a single dose of EBRT increased surface expression of costimulatory molecules and decreased the expression of coinhibitory molecules in human PCa cell lines. Changes in irradiated tumor cells led to functional enhancement of T-cell activity, despite EBRT failing to reduce IFN-γ-induced expression of PD-L1. These data suggest that combining radiotherapy with T-cell stimulating immunotherapy may be an attractive strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Bernstein
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center , Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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28
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Kumari A, Cacan E, Greer SF, Garnett-Benson C. Turning T cells on: epigenetically enhanced expression of effector T-cell costimulatory molecules on irradiated human tumor cells. J Immunother Cancer 2013; 1:17. [PMID: 24829753 PMCID: PMC4019910 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-lethal doses of radiation can alter the phenotype of target tissue by modulating gene expression and making tumor cells more susceptible to T-cell-mediated immune attack. We have previously shown that sub-lethal tumor cell irradiation enhances killing of colorectal carcinoma cells by tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells by unknown mechanisms. Recent data from our lab indicates that irradiation of tumor cells results in the upregulation of OX40L and 41BBL, and that T cells incubated with irradiated tumor cells displayed improved CTL survival, activation and effector activity. The objective of this current study was to determine the mechanism of enhanced OX40L and 41BBL expression in human colorectal tumor cells. METHODS Two colorectal carcinoma cell lines, HCT116 and SW620, were examined for changes in the expression of 41BBL and OX40L in response to inhibition of histone deacetylases (using TSA) and DNA methyltransferases (using 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine) to evaluate if epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression can modulate these genes. Tumor cells were treated with radiation, TSA, or 5-Aza-dC, and subsequently evaluated for changes in gene expression using RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. Moreover, we assessed levels of histone acetylation at the 41BBL promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in irradiated HCT116 cells. RESULTS Our data indicate that expression of 41BBL and OX40L can indeed be epigenetically regulated, as inhibition of histone deacetylases and of DNA methyltransferases results in increased OX40L and 41BBL mRNA and protein expression. Treatment of tumor cells with TSA enhanced the expression of these genes more than treatment with 5-Aza-dC, and co-incubation of T cells with TSA-treated tumor cells enhanced T-cell survival and activation, similar to radiation. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed significantly increased histone H3 acetylation of 41BBL promoters specifically following irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Full understanding of specific mechanisms of immunogenic modulation (altered expression of immune relevant genes) of irradiated tumor cells will be required to determine how to best utilize radiation as a tool to enhance cancer immunotherapy approaches. Overall, our results suggest that radiation can be used to make human tumors more immunogenic through epigenetic modulation of genes stimulatory to effector T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ercan Cacan
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susanna F Greer
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charlie Garnett-Benson
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Inokuchi JI, Nagafuku M, Ohno I, Suzuki A. Heterogeneity of gangliosides among T cell subsets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3067-75. [PMID: 23233133 PMCID: PMC11114073 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are major components of highly organized membrane microdomains or rafts, yet little is known about the role of gangliosides in raft organization. This is also the case of gangliosides in TCR-mediated activation. Comprehensive structural analysis of gangliosides in the primary thymocytes and CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells was not achieved due to technical difficulties. We have found that CD8(+) T cells express very high levels of o-series gangliosides, but on the other hand, CD4(+) T cells preferably express a-series gangliosides. In the TCR-dependent activation, CD4(+) T cells selectively require a-series gangliosides, but CD8(+) T cells do require only o-series gangliosides but not a-series gangliosides. Ganglioside GM3 synthase-deficient mice lacking a-series gangliosides neither exhibited the TCR-dependent activation of CD4(+) T nor developed ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. These findings imply that the distinct expression pattern of ganglioside species in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells define the immune function of each T cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.
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30
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B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator/herpes virus entry mediator as early indicators for acute rejection following kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:157-62. [PMID: 23375291 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) in acute and chronic transplant rejection and immune tolerance. METHODS The expression patterns of BTLA/HVEM, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ were analyzed among patients presenting with acute rejection episodes versus those maintaining stable renal function during therapy with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporine, or tacrolimus (FK506) plus prednisolone. RESULTS The expressions of BTLA/HVEM in the rejection group were obviously increased compared with the stable group (P < .05), followed by the elevation of serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION The expression levels of BTLA/HVEM can be considered to be early indicators of an acute rejection episode following kidney transplantation.
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31
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HVEM gene polymorphisms are associated with sporadic breast cancer in Chinese women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71040. [PMID: 23976978 PMCID: PMC3745383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a costimulatory molecule, Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) can bind with several costimulatory members, thus HVEM plays different roles in T cell immunity. HVEM and its ligands have been involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune, inflammatory diseases and tumors. In the current study, we conducted a case-control study comparing polymorphisms of HVEM and breast cancer. Subjects included 575 females with breast cancer and 604 age-matched healthy controls. Six HVEM SNPs (rs2281852, rs1886730, rs2234163, rs11573979, rs2234165, and rs2234167) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The results showed significant differences in genotypes and alleles between rs1886730 and rs2234167 (P<0.05). One haplotype (CTGCGG) that was associated with breast cancer was found via haplotype analysis. Our research also indicated an association between polymorphisms of HVEM and clinicopathologic features, including lymph node metastasis, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and P53. Our results primarily indicate that polymorphisms of the HVEM gene were associated with the risk of sporadic breast cancer in northeast Chinese females.
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32
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Callahan MK, Postow MA, Wolchok JD. Immunomodulatory therapy for melanoma: ipilimumab and beyond. Clin Dermatol 2013; 31:191-9. [PMID: 23438382 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first new therapy for melanoma in more than a decade, ipilimumab (Yervoy). Ipilimumab is a novel antibody that blocks cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a regulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells. Blockade of this important immune checkpoint can lead to durable tumor regression, and phase III studies show an overall survival benefit for patients with advanced melanoma. During the clinical development of ipilimumab, several unique features of this immunotherapy were identified, including the remarkable durability of responses and a distinct side-effects profile. We review the preclinical and clinical development of CTLA-4-blocking antibodies and describe current practices using ipilimumab for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Unique clinical issues related to ipilimumab will be summarized. Lastly, we will briefly preview combination therapies that incorporate ipilimumab and new checkpoint-targeting antibodies currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Callahan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
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33
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Callahan MK, Postow MA, Wolchok JD. Immunomodulatory therapy for melanoma: ipilimumab and beyond. Clin Dermatol 2013. [PMID: 23438382 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first new therapy for melanoma in more than a decade, ipilimumab (Yervoy). Ipilimumab is a novel antibody that blocks cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a regulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells. Blockade of this important immune checkpoint can lead to durable tumor regression, and phase III studies show an overall survival benefit for patients with advanced melanoma. During the clinical development of ipilimumab, several unique features of this immunotherapy were identified, including the remarkable durability of responses and a distinct side-effects profile. We review the preclinical and clinical development of CTLA-4-blocking antibodies and describe current practices using ipilimumab for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Unique clinical issues related to ipilimumab will be summarized. Lastly, we will briefly preview combination therapies that incorporate ipilimumab and new checkpoint-targeting antibodies currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Callahan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
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34
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Khaw LT, Ball HJ, Golenser J, Combes V, Grau GE, Wheway J, Mitchell AJ, Hunt NH. Endothelial cells potentiate interferon-γ production in a novel tripartite culture model of human cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69521. [PMID: 23874969 PMCID: PMC3709908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established a novel in vitro co-culture system of human brain endothelial cells (HBEC), Plasmodium falciparum parasitised red blood cells (iRBC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), in order to simulate the chief pathophysiological lesion in cerebral malaria (CM). This approach has revealed a previously unsuspected pro-inflammatory role of the endothelial cell through potentiating the production of interferon (IFN)-γ by PBMC and concurrent reduction of interleukin (IL)-10. The IFN-γ increased the expression of CXCL10 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, both of which have been shown to be crucial in the pathogenesis of CM. There was a shift in the ratio of IL-10:IFN-γ protein from >1 to <1 in the presence of HBEC, associated with the pro-inflammatory process in this model. For this to occur, a direct contact between PBMC and HBEC, but not PBMC and iRBC, was necessary. These results support HBEC playing an active role in the pathogenesis of CM. Thus, if these findings reflect the pathogenesis of CM, inhibition of HBEC and PBMC interactions might reduce the occurrence, or improve the prognosis, of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loke Tim Khaw
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Helen J. Ball
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacob Golenser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Research of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Valery Combes
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julie Wheway
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Mitchell
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas H. Hunt
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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35
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Williams EL, Dunn SN, James S, Johnson PW, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Gray JC. Immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies combined with peptide vaccination provide potent immunotherapy in an aggressive murine neuroblastoma model. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3545-55. [PMID: 23649004 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroblastoma is one of the commonest extracranial tumors of childhood. The majority of patients present with metastatic disease for which outcome remains poor. Immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic approach for this disease, and a number of neuroblastoma tumor antigens have been identified. Here, we examine the therapeutic potential of combining immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with peptide vaccination in murine neuroblastoma models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Neuroblastoma-bearing mice were treated with mAb targeting 4-1BB, CD40, and CTLA-4 alone, or in combination with a peptide derived from the tumor antigen survivin (GWEDPPNDI). Survivin-specific immune response and therapeutic efficacy were assessed. RESULTS In the Neuro2a model, treatment of established tumor with anti-4-1BB, anti-CD40, or anti-CTLA-4 mAb results in tumor regression and long-term survival in 40% to 60% of mice. This is dependent on natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells and is associated with tumor CD8(+) lymphocyte infiltrate. Successful therapy is achieved only if mAb is given to mice once tumors are established, suggesting dependence on sufficient tumor to provide antigen. In the more aggressive AgN2a and NXS2 models, single-agent mAb therapy provides ineffective therapy. However, if mAb (anti-CTLA-4) is given in conjunction with survivin peptide vaccination, then 60% long-term survival is achieved. This is associated with the generation of survivin-specific T-cell immunity, which again is only shown in the presence of tumor antigen. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the combination of antigen and costimulatory mAb may provide effective immunotherapy against neuroblastoma and may be of particular use in the minimal residual disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Research UK Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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36
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El-Far M, Isabelle C, Chomont N, Bourbonnière M, Fonseca S, Ancuta P, Peretz Y, Chouikh Y, Halwani R, Schwartz O, Madrenas J, Freeman GJ, Routy JP, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. Down-regulation of CTLA-4 by HIV-1 Nef protein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54295. [PMID: 23372701 PMCID: PMC3553160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef protein down-regulates several cell surface receptors through its interference with the cell sorting and trafficking machinery. Here we demonstrate for the first time the ability of Nef to down-regulate cell surface expression of the negative immune modulator CTLA-4. Down-regulation of CTLA-4 required the Nef motifs DD175, EE155 and LL165, all known to be involved in vesicle trafficking. Disruption of the lysosomal functions by pH-neutralizing agents prevented CTLA-4 down-regulation by Nef, demonstrating the implication of the endosomal/lysosomal compartments in this process. Confocal microscopy experiments visualized the co-localization between Nef and CTLA-4 in the early and recycling endosomes but not at the cell surface. Overall, our results provide a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 Nef interferes with the surface expression of the negative regulator of T cell activation CTLA-4. Down-regulation of CTLA-4 may contribute to the mechanisms by which HIV-1 sustains T cell activation, a critical step in viral replication and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Far
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Isabelle
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Bourbonnière
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simone Fonseca
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yoav Peretz
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Younes Chouikh
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Joaquín Madrenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang PW, Chen IY, Juo SHH, Hsi E, Liu RT, Hsieh CJ. Genotype and phenotype predictors of relapse of graves' disease after antithyroid drug withdrawal. Eur Thyroid J 2013; 1:251-8. [PMID: 24783027 PMCID: PMC3821483 DOI: 10.1159/000342621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients with Graves' disease (GD), the primary goal of antithyroid drug therapy is to temporarily restore the patient to the euthyroid state and wait for a subsequent remission of the disease. This study sought to identify the predictive markers for the relapse of disease. METHODS To do this, we studied 262 GD patients with long enough follow-up after drug withdrawal to determine treatment outcome. The patients were divided into three groups by time of relapse: early relapse group (n = 91) had an early relapse within 9 months, late relapse group (n = 65) had a relapse between 10 and 36 months, and long-term remission group (n = 106) were either still in remission after at least 3 years or relapsed after 3 years of drug withdrawal. We assessed the treatment outcome of 23 SNPs of costimulatory genes, phenotype and smoking habits. We used permutation to obtain p values for each SNP as an adjustment for multiple testing. Cox proportional hazards models was performed to assess the strength of association between the treatment outcome and clinical and laboratory variables. RESULTS FOUR SNPS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE RELAPSE: rs231775 (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.18-3.26) at CTLA-4 and rs745307 (OR 7.97, 95% CI 1.01-62.7), rs11569309 (OR 8.09, 95% CI 1.03-63.7), and rs3765457 (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.08-6.28) at CD40. Combining risk alleles at CTLA-4 and CD40 improved the predictability of relapse. Using 3 years as the cutoff point for multivariate analysis, we found several independent predictors of disease relapse: number of risk alleles (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.56), a large goiter size at the end of the treatment (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61), persistent TSH-binding inhibitory Ig (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.15-2.35), and smoking habit (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.05-2.42). CONCLUSION Genetic polymorphism of costimulatory genes, smoking status, persistent goiter, and TSH-binding inhibitory Ig predict disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC
- *Pei-Wen Wang, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City 83305, Taiwan (ROC), E-Mail
| | - I-Ya Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Suh-Hang Hank Juo
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Medical Genetics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Edward Hsi
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Medical Genetics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rue-Tsuan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC
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Tumor dormancy and cancer stem cells: two sides of the same coin? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 734:145-79. [PMID: 23143979 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that tumor dormancy represents an important mechanism underlying the observed failure of existing therapeutic modalities to fully eradicate cancers. In addition to its more established role in maintaining minimal residual disease after treatment, dormancy might also critically contribute to early stages of tumor development and the formation of clinically undetectable micrometastatic foci. There are striking parallels between the concept of tumor dormancy and the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory of tumor propagation. For instance, the CSC hypothesis similarly predicts that a subset of self-renewing cancer cells-that is CSCs-is responsible for tumor initiation, bears the preferential ability to survive tumor therapy, and persists long term to ultimately cause delayed cancer recurrence and metastatic progression. Additionally, many of the biological mechanisms involved in controlling the dormant state of a tumor can also govern CSC behavior, including cell cycle modifications, alteration of angiogenic processes, and modulation of antitumor immune responses. In fact, quiescence and immune escape are emerging hallmark features of at least some CSCs, indicating significant overlap between dormant cancer populations and CSCs. Herein, we crucially dissect whether CSCs occupy specific roles in orchestrating the switch between dormancy and exuberant tumor growth. We elucidate how recently uncovered CSC biological features could enable these cells to evade immunologic clearance and regulate cancer expansion, relapse, and progression. We propose that the study of CSC immunobiological pathways holds the promise to critically advance our understanding of the processes mediating tumor dormancy. Ultimately, such research endeavors could unravel novel therapeutic avenues that efficiently target both proliferating and dormant CSCs to minimize the risk of tumor recurrence in cancer patients.
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Lentsch AB. Regulatory mechanisms of injury and repair after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:513192. [PMID: 24278708 PMCID: PMC3820555 DOI: 10.6064/2012/513192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important complication of liver surgery and transplantation. The mechanisms of this injury as well as the subsequent reparative and regenerative processes have been the subject of thorough study. In this paper, we discuss the complex and coordinated responses leading to parenchymal damage after liver ischemia/reperfusion as well as the manner in which the liver clears damaged cells and regenerates functional mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0558, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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Seliger B, Quandt D. The expression, function, and clinical relevance of B7 family members in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1327-41. [PMID: 22695874 PMCID: PMC11028783 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The modulation and suppression of anti-tumor immune responses is a characteristic feature of tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Members of the B7 family are involved in this process, since the level of activation of the anti-tumor immune response depends on the balance between co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals. Some molecules are often overexpressed in tumors, which has been associated with the pathogenesis and progression of malignancies as well as their immunological and non-immunological functions. The B7 homologs play a key role in the maintenance of self-tolerance and the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity in tumor-bearing hosts. Furthermore, the blockade of negative signals mediated by the interaction of co-inhibitory ligands and counter-receptors of the B7 family is currently being studied as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 2, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Negative T-cell costimulatory pathways: their role in regulating alloimmune responses. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 13:373-8. [PMID: 18685332 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328306117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Negative T-cell costimulatory pathways regulate T-cell responses and are of great interest in the development of tolerance-inducing strategies in transplantation. This article provides an update of major contributions to the understanding of the known negative costimulatory pathways, and reviews recent studies on the effects of targeting of these pathways in alloimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Graft tissue expression of negative costimulatory molecules, especially programmed death receptor ligand 1, plays a major role in regulation of alloimmune responses. The recently demonstrated programmed death receptor ligand 1:B7-1 interaction highlights the complexity and possible redundancy/hierarchy of the functions of these pathways in vivo. CD160 was identified as a ligand of Herpes virus entry mediator and has been established as a new coinhibitory molecule. A soluble form of B7-H3 with possible functional roles has been identified in mice and humans. SUMMARY The understanding of negative costimulatory pathways is embarrassed by complex interactions between simultaneously activated positive and negative costimulatory pathways among themselves and with immunosuppressive agents, differential expression of these molecules on different immune cell subsets as well as their expression in parenchymal cells of transplanted tissues, all of them clearly affecting their functions. Further elucidation of these novel concepts is pertinent for targeting these pathways in translational studies in near future.
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El Ridi RAF, Tallima HAM. Novel therapeutic and prevention approaches for schistosomiasis: review. J Adv Res 2012; 4:467-78. [PMID: 25685454 PMCID: PMC4293887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating disease affecting approximately 600 million people in 74 developing countries, with 800 million, mostly children at risk. To circumvent the threat of having praziquantel (PZQ) as the only drug used for treatment, several PZQ derivatives were synthesized, and drugs destined for other parasites were used with success. A plethora of plant-derived oils and extracts were found to effectively kill juvenile and adult schistosomes, yet none was progressed to pre- and clinical studies except an oleo-gum resin extracted from the stem of Commiphora molmol, myrrh, which action was challenged in several trials. We have proposed an essential fatty acid, a component of our diet and cells, the polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (ARA) as a remedy for schistosomiasis, due to its ability to activate the parasite tegument-bound neutral sphingomyelinase, with subsequent hydrolysis of the apical lipid bilayer sphingomyelin molecules, allowing access of specific antibody molecules, and eventual worm attrition. This concept was convincingly supported using larval and adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium worms in in vitro experiments, and in vivo studies in inbred mice and outbred hamsters. Even if ARA proves to be an entirely effective and safe therapy for schistosomiasis, it will not prevent reinfection, and accordingly, the need for developing an effective vaccine remains an urgent priority. Our studies have supported the status of S. mansoni calpain, glutathione-S-transferase, aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase, and 2-cys peroxiredoxin as vaccine candidates, as they are larval excreted-secreted products and, contrary to the surface membrane molecules, are entirely accessible to the host immune system effector elements. We have proposed that the use of these molecules, in conjunction with Th2 cytokines-inducing adjuvants for recruiting and activating eosinophils and basophils, will likely lead to development and implementation of a sterilizing vaccine in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashika A F El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Hatem A-M Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
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ICOS, SLAM and PD-1 expression and regulation on T lymphocytes reflect the immune dysregulation in patients with HIV-related illness with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Int AIDS Soc 2012; 15:17428. [PMID: 22713261 PMCID: PMC3499801 DOI: 10.7448/ias.15.2.17428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the most frequent cause of illness and death from an infectious agent globally, and its interaction with HIV is having devastating effects. To investigate how HIV alters the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), we assessed basal and Mtb-induced proliferation, cytokine production, and expression of signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), inducible costimulator (ICOS) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) on T lymphocytes from HIV-positive individuals coinfected with TB, HIV-positive subjects, TB patients and healthy donors (HD). Findings HIV-TB patients showed increased ICOS, SLAM and PD-1 basal levels on T lymphocytes, whereas HIV-positive individuals displayed elevated levels of SLAM and PD-1, TB patients high levels of SLAM, and HD low levels of the three proteins. Mtb-stimulation enhanced ICOS expression in the four groups, but only TB and HD increased SLAM and PD-1 levels. Conclusions These data show the immune deregulation that takes place during the immune response against TB in different study populations.
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Mendieta-Zerón H. Developing immunologic tolerance for transplantation at the fetal stage. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1499-512. [PMID: 22091685 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the shortage of human organs for transplantation, the waiting lists are increasing annually and consequently so is the time and deaths during the wait. As most immune suppression therapy is not antigen specific and the risk of infection tends to increase, scientists are looking for new options for immunosuppression or immunotolerance. Tolerance induction would avoid the complications caused by immunosupressive drugs. As such, taking into account the experience with autoimmune diseases, one strategy could be immune modulation-induced changes in T-cell cytokine secretion or antigen therapy; however, most clinical trials have failed. Gene transfer of MHC genes across species may be used to induce tolerance to xenogenic solid organs. Other options are induction of central tolerance by the establishment of mixed chimerism through hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the induction of 'operational tolerance' through immunodeviation involving dendritic or Tregs. I propose that, as the recognition and tolerance of proteins takes place in the thymus, this organ should be the main target for immunotolerance research protocols even as early as during the fetal development.
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Ochiel DO, Rossoll RM, Schaefer TM, Wira CR. Effect of oestradiol and pathogen-associated molecular patterns on class II-mediated antigen presentation and immunomodulatory molecule expression in the mouse female reproductive tract. Immunology 2012; 135:51-62. [PMID: 22043860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the female reproductive tract (FRT) can present antigen to naive and memory T cells. However, the effects of oestrogen, known to modulate immune responses, on antigen presentation in the FRT remain undefined. In the present study, DO11.10 T-cell antigen receptor transgenic mice specific for the class II MHC-restricted ovalbumin (OVA) 323-339 peptide were used to study the effects of oestradiol and pathogen-associated molecular patterns on antigen presentation in the FRT. We report here that oestradiol inhibited antigen presentation of OVA by uterine epithelial cells, uterine stromal cells and vaginal cells to OVA-specific memory T cells. When ovariectomized animals were treated with oestradiol for 1 or 3 days, antigen presentation was decreased by 20-80%. In contrast, incubation with PAMP increased antigen presentation by epithelial cells (Pam(3)Cys), stromal cells (peptidoglycan, Pam(3)Cys) and vaginal cells (Pam(3)Cys). In contrast, CpG inhibited both stromal and vaginal cell antigen presentation. Analysis of mRNA expression by reverse transcription PCR indicated that oestradiol inhibited CD40, CD80 and class II in the uterus and CD40, CD86 and class II in the vagina. Expression in isolated uterine and vaginal cells paralleled that seen in whole tissues. In contrast, oestradiol increased polymeric immunoglobulin receptor mRNA expression in the uterus and decreased it in the vagina. These results indicate that antigen-presenting cells in the uterus and vagina are responsive to oestradiol, which inhibits antigen presentation and co-stimulatory molecule expression. Further, these findings suggest that antigen-presenting cells in the uterus and vagina respond to selected Toll-like receptor agonists with altered antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Ochiel
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756-0001, USA
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46
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CD4 and CD8 T cells require different membrane gangliosides for activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E336-42. [PMID: 22308377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114965109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial events of T-cell activation involve movement of the T-cell receptor into lipid rafts. Gangliosides are major components of lipid rafts. While investigating T-cell activation in ganglioside-deficient mice, we observed that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells required different ganglioside subsets for activation. Activation of CD4(+) T cells from GM3 synthase-null mice, deficient in GM3-derived gangliosides, is severely compromised, whereas CD8(+) T-cell activation is normal. Conversely, in cells from GM2/GD2 synthase-null mice, expressing only GM3 and GD3, CD4(+) T-cell activation is normal, whereas CD8(+) T-cell activation is deficient. Supplementing the cells with the corresponding missing gangliosides restores normal activation. GM3 synthase-null mice do not develop experimental asthma. Distinct expression patterns of ganglioside species in CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells, perhaps in uniquely functional lipid rafts, define immune functions in each T-cell subset. Control of ganglioside expression would offer a strategy targeting for specific T-cell subpopulations to treat immune diseases.
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van der Burg M, van Zelm MC, Driessen GJA, van Dongen JJM. New frontiers of primary antibody deficiencies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:59-73. [PMID: 22042269 PMCID: PMC11114824 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) form the largest group of inherited disorders of the immune system. They are characterized by a marked reduction or absence of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) due to disturbed B cell differentiation and by a poor response to vaccination. PAD can be divided into agammaglobulinemia, Ig class switch recombination deficiencies, and idiopathic hypogammaglobulinemia. Over the past 20 years, defects have been identified in 18 different genes, but in many PAD patients the underlying gene defects have not been found. Diagnosis of known PAD and discovery of new PAD is important for good patient care. In this review, we present the effects of genetic defects in the context of normal B cell differentiation, and we discuss how new technical developments can support understanding and discovering new genetic defects in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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McNally AK, Anderson JM. Foreign body-type multinucleated giant cells induced by interleukin-4 express select lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecules and are phenotypically distinct from osteoclasts and dendritic cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:673-81. [PMID: 21798256 PMCID: PMC3220734 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Foreign body-type multinucleated giant cells (FBGC), formed by macrophage fusion, are a prominent cell type on implanted biomaterials, although the roles they play at these and other sites of chronic inflammation are not understood. Why lymphocytes are present in this scenario and the effects of fusing macrophages/FBGC on subsequent lymphocyte responses are also unclear. To address the physiological significance of FBGC in this regard, we employed our in vitro system of interleukin (IL)-4-induced human monocyte-derived macrophage fusion/FBGC formation. Initially, we pursued the identities of lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecules on fusing macrophages/FBGC. In addition, we further compared the FBGC phenotype to that currently associated with osteoclasts and dendritic cells using recognized markers. Immunoblotting of cell lysates and immunochemistry of macrophages/FBGC in situ, revealed that IL-4-induced macrophages/FBGC strongly express HLA-DR, CD98, B7-2 (CD86), and B7-H1 (PD-L1), but not B7-1 (CD80) or B7-H2 (B7RP-1). Furthermore, molecules currently recognized to be expressed on osteoclasts (calcitonin receptor, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, RANK) or dendritic cells (CD1a, CD40, CD83, CD95/fas) are undetectable. In contrast, fusing macrophages/FBGC strongly express the macrophage markers αX integrin (CD11c), CD68, and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), whereas CD14 is completely down-modulated with IL-4-induced macrophage fusion. These novel data demonstrate that IL-4-induction of macrophage multinucleation/FBGC formation features the acquisition of a CD14-negative phenotypic profile which is distinguishable from that of dendritic cells and osteoclasts, yet potentially exhibits multiple capacities for lymphocyte interactions with resultant lymphocyte down-modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K McNally
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, Room 5104, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Baldanzi G, Pighini A, Bettio V, Rainero E, Traini S, Chianale F, Porporato PE, Filigheddu N, Mesturini R, Song S, Schweighoffer T, Patrussi L, Baldari CT, Zhong XP, van Blitterswijk WJ, Sinigaglia F, Nichols KE, Rubio I, Parolini O, Graziani A. SAP-mediated inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase α regulates TCR-induced diacylglycerol signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5941-51. [PMID: 22048771 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) metabolize diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid. In T lymphocytes, DGKα acts as a negative regulator of TCR signaling by decreasing diacylglycerol levels and inducing anergy. In this study, we show that upon costimulation of the TCR with CD28 or signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM), DGKα, but not DGKζ, exits from the nucleus and undergoes rapid negative regulation of its enzymatic activity. Inhibition of DGKα is dependent on the expression of SAP, an adaptor protein mutated in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, which is essential for SLAM-mediated signaling and contributes to TCR/CD28-induced signaling and T cell activation. Accordingly, overexpression of SAP is sufficient to inhibit DGKα, whereas SAP mutants unable to bind either phospho-tyrosine residues or SH3 domain are ineffective. Moreover, phospholipase C activity and calcium, but not Src-family tyrosine kinases, are also required for negative regulation of DGKα. Finally, inhibition of DGKα in SAP-deficient cells partially rescues defective TCR/CD28 signaling, including Ras and ERK1/2 activation, protein kinase C membrane recruitment, induction of NF-AT transcriptional activity, and IL-2 production. Thus SAP-mediated inhibition of DGKα sustains diacylglycerol signaling, thereby regulating T cell activation, and it may represent a novel pharmacological strategy for X-linked lymphoproliferative disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University A. Avogadro of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Acosta YY, Zafra MP, Ojeda G, Bernardone IS, Dianzani U, Portolés P, Rojo JM. Biased binding of class IA phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase subunits to inducible costimulator (CD278). Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3065-79. [PMID: 21188463 PMCID: PMC11115116 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To better understand T lymphocyte costimulation by inducible costimulator (ICOS; H4; CD278), we analyzed proteins binding to ICOS peptides phosphorylated at the Y(191)MFM motif. Phosphorylated ICOS binds class IA phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) p85α, p50-55α and p85β regulatory subunits and p110α, p110δ and p110β catalytic subunits. Intriguingly, T cells expressed high levels of both p110α or p110δ catalytic subunits, yet ICOS peptides, cell surface ICOS or PI3-kinase class IA regulatory subunits preferentially coprecipitated p110α catalytic subunits. Silencing p110α or p110δ partially inhibited Akt/PKB activation induced by anti-CD3 plus anti-ICOS antibodies. However, silencing p110α enhanced and silencing p110δ inhibited Erk activation. Both p110α- and p110δ-specific inhibitors blocked cytokine secretion induced by TCR/CD3 activation with or without ICOS costimulus, but only p110α inhibitors blocked ICOS-induced cell elongation. Thus, p110α and p110δ are essential to optimal T cell activation, but their abundance and activity differentially tune up distinct ICOS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenny Y. Acosta
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Zafra
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ojeda
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilaria Seren Bernardone
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pilar Portolés
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Rojo
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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