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Nennig K, Murthy S, Maloney S, Shaw TM, Sharobim M, Matkovic E, Fadiran S, Larsen M, Ramuta MD, Kim AS, Teijaro JR, Grove J, Stremlau M, Sharma H, Trivedi S, Blum MJ, O'Connor DH, Hyde JL, Stapleton JT, Kapoor A, Bailey AL. Determinants of pegivirus persistence, cross-species infection, and adaptation in the laboratory mouse. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012436. [PMID: 39196893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses capable of causing persistent infection have developed sophisticated mechanisms for evading host immunity, and understanding these processes can reveal novel features of the host immune system. One such virus, human pegivirus (HPgV), infects ~15% of the global human population, but little is known about its biology beyond the fact that it does not cause overt disease. We passaged a pegivirus isolate of feral brown rats (RPgV) in immunodeficient laboratory mice to develop a mouse-adapted virus (maPgV) that established persistent high-titer infection in a majority of wild-type laboratory mice. maRPgV viremia was detected in the blood of mice for >300 days without apparent disease, closely recapitulating the hallmarks of HPgV infection in humans. We found a pro-viral role for type-I interferon in chronic infection; a lack of PD-1-mediated tolerance to PgV infection; and multiple mechanisms by which PgV immunity can be achieved by an immunocompetent host. These data indicate that the PgV immune evasion strategy has aspects that are both common and unique among persistent viral infections. The creation of maPgV represents the first PgV infection model in wild-type mice, thus opening the entire toolkit of the mouse host to enable further investigation of this persistent RNA virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Nennig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Satyapramod Murthy
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sara Maloney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Teressa M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark Sharobim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eduard Matkovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Simi Fadiran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Malorie Larsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitchell D Ramuta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Joe Grove
- MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Stremlau
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sheetal Trivedi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael J Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Hyde
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Ji L, Li T, Chen H, Yang Y, Lu E, Liu J, Qiao W, Chen H. The crucial regulatory role of type I interferon in inflammatory diseases. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:230. [PMID: 38124132 PMCID: PMC10734085 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays crucial roles in the regulation of inflammation and it is associated with various inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and periodontitis, impacting people's health and quality of life. It is well-established that IFN-Is affect immune responses and inflammatory factors by regulating some signaling. However, currently, there is no comprehensive overview of the crucial regulatory role of IFN-I in distinctive pathways as well as associated inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide a narrative of the involvement of IFN-I in different signaling pathways, mainly mediating the related key factors with specific targets in the pathways and signaling cascades to influence the progression of inflammatory diseases. As such, we suggested that IFN-Is induce inflammatory regulation through the stimulation of certain factors in signaling pathways, which displays possible efficient treatment methods and provides a reference for the precise control of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ji
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianle Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Yang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Eryi Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qiao
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Level 3, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Level 3, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Ma X, Wang Q, Sun C, Agarwal I, Wu H, Chen J, Zhao C, Qi G, Teng Q, Yuan C, Yan S, Peng J, Li R, Song K, Zhang Q, Kong B. Targeting TCF19 sensitizes MSI endometrial cancer to anti-PD-1 therapy by alleviating CD8 + T cell exhaustion via TRIM14-IFN-β axis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112944. [PMID: 37566545 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies display clinical efficacy in microsatellite instable (MSI) endometrial cancer (EC) treatment, the key mechanism of which is reversing T cell exhaustion and restoration of anti-tumor immunity. Here, we demonstrate that transcription factor 19 (TCF19), one of the most significantly differentially expressed genes between MSI and microsatellite stable (MSS) patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-EC cohort, is associated with poor prognosis and immune exhaustion signature. Specifically, TCF19 is significantly elevated in MSI EC, which in turn promotes tripartite motif-containing 14 (TRIM14) transcription and correlates with hyperactive signaling of the TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-interferon β (IFN-β) pathway. The TCF19-TRIM14 axis promotes tumorigenicity under non-immunological background, and the enhanced downstream secretion of IFN-β facilitates CD8+ T cell exhaustion through cell differentiation reprogramming. Finally, using humanized models, we show that a combination of TCF19 inhibition and ICB therapy demonstrates more effective anti-tumor responses. Together, our study indicates that targeting TCF19 is a potent strategy for alleviating CD8+ T cell exhaustion and synergizing with ICB in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qiuman Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chenggong Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Indu Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jingying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Gonghua Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qiuli Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Cunzhong Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.
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4
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Kalantari P, Shecter I, Hopkins J, Pilotta Gois A, Morales Y, Harandi BF, Sharma S, Stadecker MJ. The balance between gasdermin D and STING signaling shapes the severity of schistosome immunopathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211047120. [PMID: 36943884 PMCID: PMC10068786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211047120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant disease heterogeneity among mouse strains infected with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni. Here, we uncover a unique balance in two critical innate pathways governing the severity of disease. In the low-pathology setting, parasite egg-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) induce robust interferon (IFN)β production, which is dependent on the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) cytosolic DNA sensing pathway and results in a Th2 response with suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production and Th17 cell activation. IFNβ induces signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1, which suppresses CD209a, a C-type lectin receptor associated with severe disease. In contrast, in the high-pathology setting, enhanced DC expression of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (Gsdmd) results in reduced expression of cGAS/STING, impaired IFNβ, and enhanced pyroptosis. Our findings demonstrate that cGAS/STING signaling represents a unique mechanism inducing protective type I IFN, which is counteracted by Gsdmd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kalantari
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Ilana Shecter
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Jacob Hopkins
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Andrea Pilotta Gois
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Yoelkys Morales
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Bijan F. Harandi
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Miguel J. Stadecker
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
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5
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Liu Q, Wang L, Lin H, Wang Z, Wu J, Guo J, Wen S, Ran L, Yue Z, Su X, Wu Q, Tang J, Li Z, Hu L, Xu L, Ye L, Huang Q. Tumor-Specific CD4+ T Cells Restrain Established Metastatic Melanoma by Developing Into Cytotoxic CD4– T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875718. [PMID: 35784297 PMCID: PMC9243303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are the main focus of efforts to understand anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy. The adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes expanded and differentiated in vitro has long been considered the primary strategy in adaptive anti-tumor immunity, however, the majority of the transferred tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells differentiated into CD39+CD69+ exhausted progenies, limiting its effects in repressing tumor growth. Contrarily, less attention has been addressed to the role of CD4+ T cells during tumorigenesis. Using a mouse model of metastatic melanoma, we found that transferring tumor-specific CD4+ T cells into recipients induces substantial regression of the established metastatic tumors. Notably, in vitro activated CD4+ T cells developed into cytotoxic CD4- T cells in vivo and get exhausted gradually. The blockade of PD-L1 signaling resulted in an expansion of tumor specific CD4+ T cells, which could better control the established metastatic melanoma. Moreover, the tumor-specific memory CD4+ T cell can prevent mice from tumor metastasis, and the tumor-specific effector CD4+ T cells can also mitigate the established metastatic tumor. Overall, our findings suggest a novel mechanism of CD4+ T cells in curtailing tumor metastasis and confirm their therapeutic role in combination with PD-L1 blockade in cancer immunotherapy. Hence, a better understanding of cytotoxic CD4- T cell-mediated tumor regression could provide an alternative choice for patients exhibiting suboptimal or no response to CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiao Liu, ; Lilin Ye, ; ; Qizhao Huang,
| | - Lisha Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huayu Lin
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
| | - Junyi Guo
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqiong Wen
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Ran
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengliang Yue
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Su
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiao Liu, ; Lilin Ye, ; ; Qizhao Huang,
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiao Liu, ; Lilin Ye, ; ; Qizhao Huang,
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6
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Guerrero-Rodríguez J, Cárdenas-Vargas A, Gutierrez-Silerio G, Sobrevilla-Navarro A, Bastidas-Ramírez B, Hernández-Ortega L, Gurrola-Díaz C, Gasca-Lozano L, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Salazar-Montes A. Delivery of Anti-IFNAR1 shRNA to Hepatic Cells Decreases IFNAR1 Gene Expression and Improves Adenoviral Transduction and Transgene Expression. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:413-423. [PMID: 34687024 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver injury leads to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genetical cell treatment related to the use of adenovirus (Ads) has proven to be beneficial and efficient in the recovery of hepatic diseases. Nevertheless, they are highly immunogenic and trigger an immune response where interferons type 1 (IFN-I) play a very important role. Three shRNAs against the Interferon-1 receptor (IFNAR1) were designed and cloned in pENTR/U6 plasmid and amplified in DH5α cells. Huh7 cells were transfected with these plasmids in the presence or absence of 1 × 109 viral particles/ml of adenovirus containing the green fluorescent protein gene used as a reporter. Transfection with the shRNA plasmids partially inhibited the IFNAR1 expression. This inhibition substantially decreased antiviral response, demonstrated by the decrease of IFNAR1, IFN-α, and TNF-α gene expression, and the decrease at protein levels of IFNAR1, Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR), and phosphorylated STAT1, allowing higher adenoviral transduction and transgene expression. Interestingly it was seen shRNA inhibited macrophage activation. These results suggest that the inhibition of the IFN-I pathway could be a strategy to minimize the immune response against Adenoviral vectors allowing higher Adenovirus transduction extending the transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guerrero-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A Cárdenas-Vargas
- Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Jardín Juárez #147, Centro Histórico, C.P. 98000, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - G Gutierrez-Silerio
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A Sobrevilla-Navarro
- Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo Periférico No. 555 Ejido San José Tateposco, C.P. 45425, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - B Bastidas-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - L Hernández-Ortega
- Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo Periférico No. 555 Ejido San José Tateposco, C.P. 45425, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - C Gurrola-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - L Gasca-Lozano
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J Armendáriz-Borunda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A Salazar-Montes
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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7
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Stach K, Stach W, Augoff K. Vitamin B6 in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:3229. [PMID: 34579110 PMCID: PMC8467949 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is a fascinating molecule involved in the vast majority of changes in the human body because it is a coenzyme involved in over 150 biochemical reactions. It is active in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, and participates in cellular signaling. It is an antioxidant and a compound with the ability to lower the advanced glycation end products (AGE) level. In this review, we briefly summarize its involvement in biochemical pathways and consider whether its deficiency may be associated with various diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, or the prognosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Stach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Stach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Augoff
- Department of Surgical Education, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-668 Wroclaw, Poland;
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8
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Macleod BL, Elsaesser HJ, Snell LM, Dickson RJ, Guo M, Hezaveh K, Xu W, Kothari A, McGaha TL, Guidos CJ, Brooks DG. A network of immune and microbial modifications underlies viral persistence in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152068. [PMID: 32880629 PMCID: PMC7953734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens subvert intestinal immunity to persist within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT); yet, the underlying mechanisms that enable sanctuary specifically in this reservoir are unclear. Using mass cytometry and network analysis, we demonstrate that chronic LCMV infection of the GIT leads to dysregulated microbial composition, a cascade of metabolic alterations, increased susceptibility to GI disease, and a system-wide recalibration of immune composition that defines viral persistence. Chronic infection led to outgrowth of activated Tbet–expressing T reg cell populations unique to the GIT and the rapid erosion of pathogen-specific CD8 tissue-resident memory T cells. Mechanistically, T reg cells and coinhibitory receptors maintained long-term viral sanctuary within the GIT, and their targeting reactivated T cells and eliminated this viral reservoir. Thus, our data provide a high-dimensional definition of the mechanisms of immune regulation that chronic viruses implement to exploit the unique microenvironment of the GIT and identify T reg cells as key modulators of viral persistence in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Macleod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J Dickson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenxi Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akash Kothari
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Huerga Encabo H, Traveset L, Argilaguet J, Angulo A, Nistal-Villán E, Jaiswal R, Escalante CR, Gekas C, Meyerhans A, Aramburu J, López-Rodríguez C. The transcription factor NFAT5 limits infection-induced type I interferon responses. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132619. [PMID: 31816635 PMCID: PMC7062515 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huerga Encabo et al. show that NFAT5, previously characterized as a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, limits the IFN-I response to control antiviral defenses and preserve HSC quiescence. NFAT5 represses IFN-I and ISG expression through an evolutionarily conserved DNA element that prevents IRF3 recruitment to the IFNB1 enhanceosome. Type I interferon (IFN-I) provides effective antiviral immunity but can exacerbate harmful inflammatory reactions and cause hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) exhaustion; therefore, IFN-I expression must be tightly controlled. While signaling mechanisms that limit IFN-I induction and function have been extensively studied, less is known about transcriptional repressors acting directly on IFN-I regulatory regions. We show that NFAT5, an activator of macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, represses Toll-like receptor 3 and virus-induced expression of IFN-I in macrophages and dendritic cells. Mice lacking NFAT5 exhibit increased IFN-I production and better control of viral burden upon LCMV infection but show exacerbated HSC activation under systemic poly(I:C)-induced inflammation. We identify IFNβ as a primary target repressed by NFAT5, which opposes the master IFN-I inducer IRF3 by binding to an evolutionarily conserved sequence in the IFNB1 enhanceosome that overlaps a key IRF site. These findings illustrate how IFN-I responses are balanced by simultaneously opposing transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Huerga Encabo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Traveset
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villán
- Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rahul Jaiswal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Carlos R Escalante
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Christos Gekas
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Aramburu
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Taneja V, Kalra P, Goel M, Khilnani GC, Saini V, Prasad GBKS, Gupta UD, Krishna Prasad H. Impact and prognosis of the expression of IFN-α among tuberculosis patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235488. [PMID: 32667932 PMCID: PMC7363073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection stimulates the release of cytokines, including interferons (IFNs). IFNs are initiators, regulators, and effectors of innate and adaptive immunity. Accordingly, the expression levels of Type I (α, β) and II (γ) IFNs, among untreated tuberculosis (TB) patients and household contacts (HHC) clinically free of TB was assessed. A total of 264 individuals (TB patients-123; HHC-86; laboratory volunteers-55; Treated TB patients-36) were enrolled for this study. IFN-α mRNA expression levels predominated compared to IFN-γ and IFN-β among untreated TB patients. IFN-α transcripts were ~3.5 folds higher in TB patients compared to HHC, (p<0.0001). High expression of IFN-α was seen among 46% (56/ 123) of the TB patients and 26%, (22/86) of HHCs. The expression levels of IFN-α correlated with that of IFN transcriptional release factor 7 (IRF) (p<0.0001). In contrast, an inverse relationship exists between PGE2 and IFN-α expression levels; high IFN-α expressers were associated with low levels of PGE2 and vice-versa (Spearman’s rho = -0.563; p<0.0001). In-vitro, IFN-α failed to restrict the replication of intracellular M.tb. The anti-mycobacterial activity of IFN-γ was compromised in the presence of IFN-α, but not by IFN-β. The expression of IFN-α and β diminished or is absent, among successfully treated TB patients. These observations suggest the utility of assessment of Type I IFNs expression levels as a prognostic marker to monitor tuberculosis patient response to chemotherapy because changes in Type I IFNs expression are expected to precede the clearance and /reduction in bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Taneja
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Kalra
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Goel
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gopi Chand Khilnani
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - G. B. K. S. Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
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11
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Elsaesser HJ, Mohtashami M, Osokine I, Snell LM, Cunningham CR, Boukhaled GM, McGavern DB, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Brooks DG. Chronic virus infection drives CD8 T cell-mediated thymic destruction and impaired negative selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5420-5429. [PMID: 32094187 PMCID: PMC7071912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913776117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection provokes alterations in inflammatory and suppressive pathways that potentially affect the function and integrity of multiple tissues, impacting both ongoing immune control and restorative immune therapies. Here we demonstrate that chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection rapidly triggers severe thymic depletion, mediated by CD8 T cell-intrinsic type I interferon (IFN) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (Stat2) signaling. Occurring temporal to T cell exhaustion, thymic cellularity reconstituted despite ongoing viral replication, with a rapid secondary thymic depletion following immune restoration by anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) blockade. Therapeutic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) during chronic infection generated new antiviral CD8 T cells, despite sustained virus replication in the thymus, indicating an impairment in negative selection. Consequently, low amounts of high-affinity self-reactive T cells also escaped the thymus following HSCT during chronic infection. Thus, by altering the stringency and partially impairing negative selection, the host generates new virus-specific T cells to replenish the fight against the chronic infection, but also has the potentially dangerous effect of enabling the escape of self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mahmood Mohtashami
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Ivan Osokine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Cameron R Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Giselle M Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada;
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
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12
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Loss of Resistance to Mousepox during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Responses and Can Be Rescued by Immunization. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01832-19. [PMID: 31826990 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01832-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that chronic viral infections can cause immune suppression, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases. However, the effects of chronic viral infection on T-cell responses and vaccination against highly pathogenic viruses are not well understood. We have recently shown that C57BL/6 (B6) mice lose their natural resistance to wild-type (WT) ectromelia virus (ECTV) when chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13). Here we compared the T-cell response to ECTV in previously immunologically naive mice that were chronically infected with CL13 or that were convalescent from acute infection with the Armstrong (Arm) strain of LCMV. Our results show that mice that were chronically infected with CL13 but not those that had recovered from Arm infection have highly defective ECTV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to WT ECTV. These defects are at least partly due to the chronic infection environment. In contrast to mice infected with WT ECTV, mice chronically infected with CL13 survived without signs of disease when infected with ECTV-Δ036, a mutant ECTV strain that is highly attenuated. Strikingly, mice chronically infected with CL13 mounted a strong CD8+ T-cell response to ECTV-Δ036 and survived without signs of disease after a subsequent challenge with WT ECTV. Our work suggests that enhanced susceptibility to acute viral infections in chronically infected individuals can be partly due to poor T-cell responses but that sufficient T-cell function can be recovered and resistance to acute infection can be restored by immunization with highly attenuated vaccines.IMPORTANCE Chronic viral infections may result in immunosuppression and enhanced susceptibility to infections with other pathogens. For example, we have recently shown that mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13) are highly susceptible to mousepox, a disease that is caused by ectromelia virus and that is the mouse homolog of human smallpox. Here we show chronic CL13 infection severely disrupts the expansion, proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity of T cells in response due at least in part to the suppressive effects of the chronic infection milieu. Notably, despite this profound immunodeficiency, mice chronically infected with CL13 could be protected by vaccination with a highly attenuated variant of ECTV. These results demonstrate that protective vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals is possible, provided that proper immunization tools are used.
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13
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Bergallo M, Ferrari L, Faolotto G, Balbo PE, Montanari P, Patrucco F, Gavelli F, Daverio M, Bellan M, Salmi L, Castello LM, Ravanini P. Interferon signature in immunosuppressed patients with lower respiratory tract infections: dosage on bronchoalveolar lavage. Minerva Med 2019; 111:245-253. [PMID: 31755671 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.19.06334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon signature (IS) is the measure of transcripts belonging to pathways of interferon activation. Viral infections can interfere with the interferon pathway, in particular herpesvirus present in immunocompromised hosts. The aim of our study was to evaluate if herpesvirus infections in immunocompromised patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) could lead to IS alterations. METHODS We measured IS transcription of six genes on bronchoalveolar lavage of immunocompromised patients with LRTI (IFI27, IFI44, IFIT1, ISG15, RSAD2, SIGLEC1). Patients were divided in three groups based on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and other herpesviruses coinfections. RESULTS We included 56 patients, 10 without and 17 with only EBV reactivation (respectively N and E groups) and 29 with EBV and other herpesviruses (group C). IS was higher in group C (P=0.01) compared to other ones, but single gene expressions were different among groups: IFI27 was higher whereas IFIT1 and ISG15 were lower in group C (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The continuous stimulation of interferon cascade by herpesviruses enhances IS. The analysis of IS in immunocompromised population is possible by limiting the use of IFI27, IFIT1, ISG15 genes. Our preliminary results seem to indicate that IS is a useful biomarker of cellular response to herpesvirus infection in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bergallo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Linda Ferrari
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Faolotto
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Piero E Balbo
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Medical Department, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Paola Montanari
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Patrucco
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Medical Department, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy - .,Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Gavelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Daverio
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Medical Department, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), Novara, Italy.,Immunorheumatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Medical Department, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Livia Salmi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Luigi M Castello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Ravanini
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
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14
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Trisomy 21 dysregulates T cell lineages toward an autoimmunity-prone state associated with interferon hyperactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24231-24241. [PMID: 31699819 PMCID: PMC6883781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908129116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplication of human chromosome 21, or trisomy 21 (T21), causes the condition known as Down syndrome (DS). People with DS show a markedly different disease spectrum relative to typical people, being highly predisposed to conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, while being protected from other conditions, such as most solid malignancies. Interestingly, people with DS are affected by high rates of autoimmune disorders, whereby the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues. This manuscript reports an exhaustive characterization of the T cells of people with DS, demonstrating many alterations in this key immune cell type that could explain their high risk of autoimmunity. These results reveal opportunities for therapeutic intervention to modulate T cell function and improve health outcomes in DS. Trisomy 21 (T21) causes Down syndrome (DS), a condition characterized by high prevalence of autoimmune disorders. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving this phenotype remain unclear. Building upon our previous finding that T cells from people with DS show increased expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes, we have completed a comprehensive characterization of the peripheral T cell compartment in adults with DS with and without autoimmune conditions. CD8+ T cells from adults with DS are depleted of naïve subsets and enriched for differentiated subsets, express higher levels of markers of activation and senescence (e.g., IFN-γ, Granzyme B, PD-1, KLRG1), and overproduce cytokines tied to autoimmunity (e.g., TNF-α). Conventional CD4+ T cells display increased differentiation, polarization toward the Th1 and Th1/17 states, and overproduction of the autoimmunity-related cytokines IL-17A and IL-22. Plasma cytokine analysis confirms elevation of multiple autoimmunity-related cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL17A–D, IL-22) in people with DS, independent of diagnosis of autoimmunity. Although Tregs are more abundant in DS, functional assays show that CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cells with T21 are resistant to Treg-mediated suppression, regardless of Treg karyotype. Transcriptome analysis of white blood cells and T cells reveals strong signatures of T cell differentiation and activation that correlate positively with IFN hyperactivity. Finally, mass cytometry analysis of 8 IFN-inducible phosphoepitopes demonstrates that T cell subsets with T21 show elevated levels of basal IFN signaling and hypersensitivity to IFN-α stimulation. Therefore, these results point to T cell dysregulation associated with IFN hyperactivity as a contributor to autoimmunity in DS.
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15
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Abstract
B-cell follicle represents a functionally dynamic microstructure within second lymphoid tissues, predominantly consisting of B cells, follicular T cells and DCs. Through intimate interactions with cognate B cells, follicular helper T cells (Tfh) initiate and facilitate germinal center (GC) reactions by providing signals required for producing high-affinity antibodies, as well as for the generation of long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. Concomitantly, germinal center reaction needs to be fine controlled to avoid autoimmunity or B-cell malignancies. Among immune cells residing in follicles, follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr), converted from naïve Treg cells, are specifically assigned to repress excessive GC responses by suppressing Tfh and GC B cells within GC structure. Hence, through Yin and Yang (positive and negative) regulation of GC reaction, Tfh cells play concert with Tfr cells in maintaining immune homeostasis. Besides CD4+ T cells, a small portion of CXCR5 expressing CD8+ T cells, regarded as follicular cytotoxic T cells (Tfc), could migrate into B cell follicles during chronic viral infection and several types of cancers, and this population exhibit lower level of exhaustion than its CXCR5- counterparts. Besides, Tfc cells demonstrate a stem-cell like phenotype during chronic infection which could further differentiate into terminally differentiated CXCR5-CD8+ T cells. Collectively, in this review, we will discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the ontology and differentiation of B-cell follicle resident Tfh, Tfr and Tfc cells.
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16
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Maimaitijiang G, Watanabe M, Shinoda K, Isobe N, Nakamura Y, Masaki K, Matsushita T, Yoshikai Y, Kira JI. Long-term use of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis increases Vδ1 -Vδ2 -Vγ9 - γδ T cells that are associated with a better outcome. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:179. [PMID: 31519178 PMCID: PMC6743159 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that Vδ2+Vγ9+ γδ T cells were significantly decreased in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients without disease-modifying therapies (untreated MS) and were negatively correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, suggesting protective roles of Vδ2+Vγ9+ γδ T cells. Interferon-β (IFN-β) is one of the first-line disease-modifying drugs for MS. However, no previous studies have reported changes in γδ T cell subsets under IFN-β treatment. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the effects of the long-term usage of IFN-β on γδ T cell subsets in MS patients. Methods Comprehensive flow cytometric immunophenotyping was performed in 35 untreated MS and 21 MS patients on IFN-β for more than 2 years (IFN-β-treated MS) including eight super-responders fulfilling no evidence of disease activity criteria, and 44 healthy controls (HCs). Results The percentages of Vδ2+Vγ9+ cells in γδ T cells were significantly lower in untreated and IFN-β-treated MS patients than in HCs. By contrast, the percentages of Vδ1−Vδ2−Vγ9− cells in γδ T cells were markedly higher in IFN-β-treated MS patients than in HCs and untreated MS patients (both p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation between the percentages of Vδ2+Vγ9+ cells in γδ T cells and EDSS scores was confirmed in untreated MS but not evident in IFN-β-treated MS. Moreover, class-switched memory B cells were decreased in IFN-β-treated MS compared with HCs (p < 0.001) and untreated MS patients (p = 0.006). Interestingly, the percentages of Vδ1−Vδ2−Vγ9− cells in γδ T cells were negatively correlated with class-switched memory B cell percentages in all MS patients (r = − 0.369, p = 0.005), and the percentages of Vδ1−Vδ2−Vγ9− cells in Vδ1−Vδ2− γδ T cells were negatively correlated with EDSS scores only in IFN-β super-responders (r = − 0.976, p < 0.001). Conclusions The present study suggests that long-term usage of IFN-β increases Vδ1−Vδ2−Vγ9− γδ T cells, which are associated with a better outcome, especially in IFN-β super-responders. Thus, increased Vδ1−Vδ2−Vγ9− cells together with decreased class-switched memory B cells may contribute to the suppression of disease activity in MS patients under IFN-β treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1574-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzailiayi Maimaitijiang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Shinoda
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurological Therapeutics, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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17
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Dahle MK, Jørgensen JB. Antiviral defense in salmonids - Mission made possible? FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:421-437. [PMID: 30708056 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases represent one of the major threats for salmonid aquaculture. Survival from viral infections are highly dependent on host innate antiviral immune defense, where interferons are of crucial importance. Neutralizing antibodies and T cell effector mechanisms mediate long-term antiviral protection. Despite an immune cell repertoire comparable to higher vertebrates, farmed fish often fail to mount optimal antiviral protection. In the quest to multiply and spread, viruses utilize a variety of strategies to evade or escape the host immune system. Understanding the specific interplay between viruses and host immunity at depth is crucial for developing successful vaccination and treatment strategies in mammals. However, this knowledge base is still limited for pathogenic fish viruses. Here, we have focused on five RNA viruses with major impact on salmonid aquaculture: Salmonid alphavirus, Infectious salmon anemia virus, Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, Piscine orthoreovirus and Piscine myocarditis virus. This review explore the protective immune responses that salmonids mount to these viruses and the existing knowledge on how the viruses counteract and/or bypass the immune response, including their IFN antagonizing effects and their mechanisms to establish persisting infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Dahle
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway; Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway.
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18
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Suprunenko T, Hofer MJ. Complexities of Type I Interferon Biology: Lessons from LCMV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020172. [PMID: 30791575 PMCID: PMC6409748 DOI: 10.3390/v11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has provided an invaluable insight into our understanding of immune responses to viruses. In particular, this model has clarified the central roles that type I interferons play in initiating and regulating host responses. The use of different strains of LCMV and routes of infection has allowed us to understand how type I interferons are critical in controlling virus replication and fostering effective antiviral immunity, but also how they promote virus persistence and functional exhaustion of the immune response. Accordingly, these discoveries have formed the foundation for the development of novel treatments for acute and chronic viral infections and even extend into the management of malignant tumors. Here we review the fundamental insights into type I interferon biology gained using LCMV as a model and how the diversity of LCMV strains, dose, and route of administration have been used to dissect the molecular mechanisms underpinning acute versus persistent infection. We also identify gaps in the knowledge regarding LCMV regulation of antiviral immunity. Due to its unique properties, LCMV will continue to remain a vital part of the immunologists' toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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19
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Huang Q, Hu J, Tang J, Xu L, Ye L. Molecular Basis of the Differentiation and Function of Virus Specific Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30828337 PMCID: PMC6384271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, virus-specific follicular helper T cells provide important help to cognate B cells for their survival, consecutive proliferation and mutation and eventual differentiation into memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. Similar to Tfh cells generated in other conditions, the differentiation of virus-specific Tfh cells can also be characterized as a process involved multiple factors and stages, however, which also exhibits distinct features. Here, we mainly focus on the current understanding of Tfh fate commitment, functional maturation, lineage maintenance and memory transition and formation in the context of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Huang
- Cancer Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Macal M, Jo Y, Dallari S, Chang AY, Dai J, Swaminathan S, Wehrens EJ, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Zúñiga EI. Self-Renewal and Toll-like Receptor Signaling Sustain Exhausted Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells during Chronic Viral Infection. Immunity 2019; 48:730-744.e5. [PMID: 29669251 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although characterization of T cell exhaustion has unlocked powerful immunotherapies, the mechanisms sustaining adaptations of short-lived innate cells to chronic inflammatory settings remain unknown. During murine chronic viral infection, we found that concerted events in bone marrow and spleen mediated by type I interferon (IFN-I) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) maintained a pool of functionally exhausted plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In the bone marrow, IFN-I compromised the number and the developmental capacity of pDC progenitors, which generated dysfunctional pDCs. Concurrently, exhausted pDCs in the periphery were maintained by self-renewal via IFN-I- and TLR7-induced proliferation of CD4- subsets. On the other hand, pDC functional loss was mediated by TLR7, leading to compromised IFN-I production and resistance to secondary infection. These findings unveil the mechanisms sustaining a self-perpetuating pool of functionally exhausted pDCs and provide a framework for deciphering long-term exhaustion of other short-lived innate cells during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Macal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yeara Jo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Simone Dallari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aaron Y Chang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jihong Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Shobha Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Elina I Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS1' Protein Antagonizes Interferon Beta Production. Virol Sin 2018; 33:515-523. [PMID: 30542978 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne virus and the major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. NS1', a 52-amino acid C-terminal extension of NS1, is generated with a -1 programmed ribosomal frameshift and is only present in members of the Japanese encephalitis serogroup of flaviviruses. Previous studies demonstrated that NS1' plays a vital role in virulence, but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, an NS1' defected (rG66A) virus was generated. We found that rG66A virus was less virulent than its parent virus (pSA14) in wild-type mice. However, similar mortality caused by the two viruses was observed in an IFNAR knockout mouse model. Moreover, we found that rG66A virus induced a greater type I interferon (IFN) response than that by pSA14, and JEV NS1' significantly inhibited the production of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes. Taken together, our results reveal that NS1' plays a vital role in blocking type I IFN production to help JEV evade antiviral immunity and benefit viral replication.
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22
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Interleukin-27R Signaling Mediates Early Viral Containment and Impacts Innate and Adaptive Immunity after Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02196-17. [PMID: 29593047 PMCID: PMC5974502 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02196-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a major challenge to the host immune response, and a unique network of immunological elements, including cytokines, are required for their containment. By using a model persistent infection with the natural murine pathogen lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV Cl13) we investigated the role of one such cytokine, interleukin-27 (IL-27), in the control of chronic infection. We found that IL-27 receptor (IL-27R) signaling promoted control of LCMV Cl13 as early as days 1 and 5 after infection and that il27p28 transcripts were rapidly elevated in multiple subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid cells. In particular, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), the most potent type 1 interferon (IFN-I)-producing cells, significantly increased il27p28 in a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-dependent fashion. Notably, mice deficient in an IL-27-specific receptor, WSX-1, exhibited a pleiotropy of innate and adaptive immune alterations after chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, including compromised NK cell cytotoxicity and antibody responses. While, the majority of these immune alterations appeared to be cell extrinsic, cell-intrinsic IL-27R was necessary to maintain early pDC numbers, which, alongside lower IFN-I transcription in CD11b+ DCs and myeloid cells, may explain the compromised IFN-I elevation that we observed early after LCMV Cl13 infection in IL-27R-deficient mice. Together, these data highlight the critical role of IL-27 in enabling optimal antiviral immunity early and late after infection with a systemic persistent virus and suggest that a previously unrecognized positive-feedback loop mediated by IL-27 in pDCs might be involved in this process. IMPORTANCE Persistently replicating pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus, represent major health problems worldwide. These infections impose a long-term challenge on the host immune system, which must be heavily and continuously regulated to keep pathogen replication in check without causing fatal immunopathology. Using a persistently replicating rodent pathogen, LCMV, in its natural host, we identified the cellular sources and effects of one important regulatory pathway, interleukin-27 receptor WSX-1 signaling, that is required for both very early and late restriction of chronic (but not acute) infection. We found that WSX-1 was necessary to promote innate immunity and the development of aberrant adaptive immune responses. This not only highlights the role of IL-27 receptor signaling in regulating distinct host responses that are known to be necessary to control chronic infections, but also positions IL-27 as a potential therapeutic target for their modulation.
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23
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Carrillo MA, Zhen A, Kitchen SG. The Use of the Humanized Mouse Model in Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy for HIV and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:746. [PMID: 29755454 PMCID: PMC5932400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV and cancer remain prevailing sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are current efforts to discover novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment or cure of these diseases. Humanized mouse models provide the investigative tool to study the interaction between HIV or cancer and the human immune system in vivo. These humanized models consist of immunodeficient mice transplanted with human cells, tissues, or hematopoietic stem cells that result in reconstitution with a nearly full human immune system. In this review, we discuss preclinical studies evaluating therapeutic approaches in stem cell-based gene therapy and T cell-based immunotherapies for HIV and cancer using a humanized mouse model and some recent advances in using checkpoint inhibitors to improve antiviral or antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A Carrillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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24
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Wang R, Moniruzzaman M, Shuffle E, Lourie R, Hasnain SZ. Immune regulation of the unfolded protein response at the mucosal barrier in viral infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1014. [PMID: 29632667 PMCID: PMC5881172 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is subject to stringent quality control. When protein secretion demand exceeds the protein folding capacity of the ER, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered as a consequence of ER stress. Due to the secretory function of epithelial cells, UPR plays an important role in maintaining epithelial barrier function at mucosal sites. ER stress and activation of the UPR are natural mechanisms by which mucosal epithelial cells combat viral infections. In this review, we discuss the important role of UPR in regulating mucosal epithelium homeostasis. In addition, we review current insights into how the UPR is involved in viral infection at mucosal barriers and potential therapeutic strategies that restore epithelial cell integrity following acute viral infections via cytokine and cellular stress manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Translational Research Institute Immunopathology Group at Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Md Moniruzzaman
- Translational Research Institute Immunopathology Group at Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Eric Shuffle
- Translational Research Institute Immunopathology Group at Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Rohan Lourie
- Translational Research Institute Immunopathology Group at Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Translational Research Institute Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group at Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Sumaira Z Hasnain
- Translational Research Institute Immunopathology Group at Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
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25
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Patel SA, Minn AJ. Combination Cancer Therapy with Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Mechanisms and Strategies. Immunity 2018; 48:417-433. [PMID: 29562193 PMCID: PMC6948191 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint blockade in patients with a wide variety of malignancies has changed the treatment paradigm in oncology. However, combination therapies with immune checkpoint blockade will be needed to overcome resistance and broaden the clinical utility of immunotherapy. Here we discuss a framework for rationally designing combination therapy strategies based on enhancing major discriminatory functions of the immune system that are corrupted by cancer-namely, antigenicity, adjuvanticity, and homeostatic feedback inhibition. We review recent advances on how conventional genotoxic cancer therapies, molecularly targeted therapies, epigenetic agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors can restore these discriminatory functions. Potential barriers that can impede response despite combination therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shetal A Patel
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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26
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Sung PS, Lee EB, Park DJ, Lozada A, Jang JW, Bae SH, Choi JY, Yoon SK. Interferon-free treatment for hepatitis C virus infection induces normalization of extrahepatic type I interferon signaling. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018. [PMID: 29526079 PMCID: PMC6166108 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2017.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), leading to the production of type I interferons (IFNs). It is well known that the gene expression profile of PBMC is similar to that of the liver. The present study explored the dynamic gene expression profile of PBMCs collected from HCV-infected patients undergoing direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. Methods A prospective cohort comprising 27 patients under DAA therapy was formed. Expression level of IFN-β and its downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was measured in PBMCs before and after DAA treatment. Furthermore, immunoblotting was performed to identify the signaling molecules involved in the expression of ISGs. Results The pretreatment expression level of interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) correlated with the pretreatment expression level of IFN-β. After DAA treatment, a significant decrease in the expression levels of IFN-β, IFI44, and CXCL10 was observed in the PBMCs. Furthermore, the pretreatment expression level of IFN-β and ISGs correlated with the level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation, and DAA treatment abrogated STAT1 phosphorylation. Conclusions Pretreatment activation of IFN-β response is rapidly normalized after DAA treatment. The present study suggests that the decreased type I IFN response by the clearance of HCV might contribute to DAA-induced alleviation of extrahepatic manifestation of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Soo Sung
- Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Byul Lee
- Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Park
- Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Angelo Lozada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makati Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jeong Won Jang
- Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Young Choi
- Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Kew Yoon
- Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Marsili G, Perrotti E, Remoli AL, Acchioni C, Sgarbanti M, Battistini A. IFN Regulatory Factors and Antiviral Innate Immunity: How Viruses Can Get Better. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 36:414-32. [PMID: 27379864 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family consists of transcriptional regulators that exert multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological processes. Their crucial role as central mediators in the establishment and execution of host immunity in response to pathogen-derived signals downstream pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) makes IRFs a hallmark of the host antiviral response. They function as hub molecules at the crossroad of different signaling pathways for the induction of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as of antiviral and immunomodulatory genes even in an IFN-independent manner. By regulating the development and activity of immune cells, IRFs also function as a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. As such, IRFs represent attractive and compulsive targets in viral strategies to subvert antiviral signaling. In this study, we discuss current knowledge on the wide array of strategies put in place by pathogenic viruses to evade, subvert, and/or hijack these essential components of host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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28
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Chang YH, Wang KC, Chu KL, Clouthier DL, Tran AT, Torres Perez MS, Zhou AC, Abdul-Sater AA, Watts TH. Dichotomous Expression of TNF Superfamily Ligands on Antigen-Presenting Cells Controls Post-priming Anti-viral CD4 + T Cell Immunity. Immunity 2017; 47:943-958.e9. [PMID: 29150240 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cell antigen-presenting cell (APC) interactions early during chronic viral infection are crucial for determining viral set point and disease outcome, but how and when different APC subtypes contribute to these outcomes is unclear. The TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) member GITR is important for CD4+ T cell accumulation and control of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We found that type I interferon (IFN-I) induced TNFSF ligands GITRL, 4-1BBL, OX40L, and CD70 predominantly on monocyte-derived APCs and CD80 and CD86 predominantly on classical dendritic cells (cDCs). Mice with hypofunctional GITRL in Lyz2+ cells had decreased LCMV-specific CD4+ T cell accumulation and increased viral load. GITR signals in CD4+ T cells occurred after priming to upregulate OX40, CD25, and chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Thus IFN-I (signal 3) induced a post-priming checkpoint (signal 4) for CD4+ T cell accumulation, revealing a division of labor between cDCs and monocyte-derived APCs in regulating T cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kuan Chung Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kuan-Lun Chu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anh T Tran
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Angela C Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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29
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The viral innate immune antagonism and an alternative vaccine design for PRRS virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:75-89. [PMID: 28341332 PMCID: PMC7111430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PRRS virus has evolved to suppress the antiviral innate immunity during infection. Type I interferons are potent antiviral cytokines and function to stimulate the adaptive immune responses. Six viral proteins have been identified as interferon antagonists and characterized for their molecular actions. Interferon antagonism-negative viruses are attenuated and have been proven induce protective immunity. Interferon suppression-negative PRRS virus may serve as an alternative vaccine for PRRS.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains one of the most economically significant diseases in the swine industry worldwide. The current vaccines are less satisfactory to confer protections from heterologous infections and long-term persistence, and the need for better vaccines are urgent. The immunological hallmarks in PRRSV-infected pigs include the unusually poor production of type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) and the aberrant and delayed adaptive immune responses, indicating that PRRSV has the ability to suppress both innate and adaptive immune responses in the host. Type I IFNs are the potent antiviral cytokines and recent studies reveal their pleiotropic functions in the priming of expansion and maturation of adaptive immunity. Thus, IFN antagonism-negative PRRSV is hypothesized to be attenuated and to build effective and broad- spectrum innate and adaptive immune responses in pigs. Such vaccines are promising alternatives to traditional vaccines for PRRSV.
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30
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Syedbasha M, Egli A. Interferon Lambda: Modulating Immunity in Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28293236 PMCID: PMC5328987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon lambdas (IFN-λs; IFNL1-4) modulate immunity in the context of infections and autoimmune diseases, through a network of induced genes. IFN-λs act by binding to the heterodimeric IFN-λ receptor (IFNLR), activating a STAT phosphorylation-dependent signaling cascade. Thereby hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes are induced, which modulate various immune functions via complex forward and feedback loops. When compared to the well-characterized IFN-α signaling cascade, three important differences have been discovered. First, the IFNLR is not ubiquitously expressed: in particular, immune cells show significant variation in the expression levels of and susceptibilities to IFN-λs. Second, the binding affinities of individual IFN-λs to the IFNLR varies greatly and are generally lower compared to the binding affinities of IFN-α to its receptor. Finally, genetic variation in the form of a series of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to genes involved in the IFN-λ signaling cascade has been described and associated with the clinical course and treatment outcomes of hepatitis B and C virus infection. The clinical impact of IFN-λ signaling and the SNP variations may, however, reach far beyond viral hepatitis. Recent publications show important roles for IFN-λs in a broad range of viral infections such as human T-cell leukemia type-1 virus, rotaviruses, and influenza virus. IFN-λ also potentially modulates the course of bacterial colonization and infections as shown for Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the immunological processes involved in controlling viral and bacterial infections are distinct, IFN-λs may interfere at various levels: as an innate immune cytokine with direct antiviral effects; or as a modulator of IFN-α-induced signaling via the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 inhibitory feedback loops. In addition, the modulation of adaptive immune functions via macrophage and dendritic cell polarization, and subsequent priming, activation, and proliferation of pathogen-specific T- and B-cells may also be important elements associated with infectious disease outcomes. This review summarizes the emerging details of the IFN-λ immunobiology in the context of the host immune response and viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammedyaseen Syedbasha
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Williams JB, Horton BL, Zheng Y, Duan Y, Powell JD, Gajewski TF. The EGR2 targets LAG-3 and 4-1BB describe and regulate dysfunctional antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. J Exp Med 2017; 214:381-400. [PMID: 28115575 PMCID: PMC5294847 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) indicates an endogenous antitumor response, immune regulatory pathways can subvert the effector phase and enable tumor escape. Negative regulatory pathways include extrinsic suppression mechanisms, but also a T cell-intrinsic dysfunctional state. A more detailed study has been hampered by a lack of cell surface markers defining tumor-specific dysfunctional TILs, and PD-1 alone is not sufficient. Recently, we identified the transcription factor Egr2 as a critical component in controlling the anergic state in vitro. In this study, we show that the Egr2-driven cell surface proteins LAG-3 and 4-1BB can identify dysfunctional tumor antigen-specific CD8+ TIL. Co-expression of 4-1BB and LAG-3 was seen on a majority of CD8+ TILs, but not in lymphoid organs. Functional analysis revealed defective IL-2 and TNF production yet retained expression of IFN-γ and regulatory T cell-recruiting chemokines. Transcriptional and phenotypic characterization revealed coexpression of multiple additional co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors. Administration of anti-LAG-3 plus anti-4-1BB mAbs was therapeutic against tumors in vivo, which correlated with phenotypic normalization. Our results indicate that coexpression of LAG-3 and 4-1BB characterize dysfunctional T cells within tumors, and that targeting these receptors has therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Williams
- Departments of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Brendan L Horton
- Departments of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yan Zheng
- Departments of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yukan Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Departments of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Mayer-Barber KD, Yan B. Clash of the Cytokine Titans: counter-regulation of interleukin-1 and type I interferon-mediated inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:22-35. [PMID: 27264686 PMCID: PMC5214938 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades the notion of 'inflammation' has been extended beyond the original hallmarks of rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling) and dolor (pain) described by Celsus. We have gained a more detailed understanding of the cellular players and molecular mediators of inflammation which is now being applied and extended to areas of biomedical research such as cancer, obesity, heart disease, metabolism, auto-inflammatory disorders, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Innate cytokines are often central components of inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss how the type I interferon and interleukin-1 cytokine pathways represent distinct and specialized categories of inflammatory responses and how these key mediators of inflammation counter-regulate each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bo Yan
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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33
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Yang Y, Lin X, Lu X, Luo G, Zeng T, Tang J, Jiang F, Li L, Cui X, Huang W, Hou G, Chen X, Ouyang Q, Tang S, Sun H, Chen L, Gonzalez FJ, Wu M, Cong W, Chen L, Wang H. Interferon-microRNA signalling drives liver precancerous lesion formation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Gut 2016; 65:1186-201. [PMID: 26860770 PMCID: PMC6624432 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Precancerous lesion, a well-established histopathologically premalignant tissue with the highest risk for tumourigenesis, develops preferentially from activation of DNA damage checkpoint and persistent inflammation. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which precancerous lesions are initiated and their physiological significance. DESIGN Laser capture microdissection was used to acquire matched normal liver, precancerous lesion and tumour tissues. miR-484(-/-), Ifnar1(-/-) and Tgfbr2(△hep) mice were employed to determine the critical role of the interferon (IFN)-microRNA pathway in precancerous lesion formation and tumourigenesis. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), pull-down and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were applied to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS miR-484 is highly expressed in over 88% liver samples clinically. DEN-induced precancerous lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma were dramatically impaired in miR-484(-/-) mice. Mechanistically, ectopic expression of miR-484 initiates tumourigenesis and cell malignant transformation through synergistic activation of the transforming growth factor-β/Gli and nuclear factor-κB/type I IFN pathways. Specific acetylation of H3K27 is indispensable for basal IFN-induced continuous transcription of miR-484 and cell transformation. Convincingly, formation of precancerous lesions were significantly attenuated in both Tgfbr2(△hep) and Ifnar1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a new protumourigenic axis involving type I IFN-microRNA signalling, providing a potential therapeutic strategy to manipulate or reverse liver precancerous lesions and tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng Yang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ximeng Lin
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyuan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guijuan Luo
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Tang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Li
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuliang Cui
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Huang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guojun Hou
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Ouyang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanhua Tang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanlin Sun
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mengchao Wu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China,Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Cancer Institute of RenJi Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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Gage ZO, Vasou A, Gray DW, Randall RE, Adamson CS. Identification of Novel Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon Induction Pathway Using Cell-Based High-Throughput Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:978-88. [PMID: 27358388 PMCID: PMC5030734 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116656314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Production of type I interferon (IFN) is an essential component of the innate immune response against invading pathogens. However, its production must be tightly regulated to avoid harmful effects. Compounds that modulate the IFN response are potentially valuable for a variety of applications due to IFN’s beneficial and detrimental roles. We developed and executed a cell-based high-throughput screen (HTS) targeting components that participate in and/or regulate the IRF3 and nuclear factor (NF)–κB branches of the IFN induction pathway. The assay detects activation of the IFN induction pathway via an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene under the control of the IFNβ promoter and was optimized, miniaturized, and demonstrated suitable for HTS as robust Z′ factor scores of >0.6 were consistently achieved. A diversity screening set of 15,667 small molecules was assayed and two novel hit compounds validated that specifically inhibit the IFN induction pathway. We demonstrate that one of these compounds acts at or upstream of IRF3 phosphorylation. A second cell-based assay to detect activation of the IFN signaling (Jak-Stat) pathway via an eGFP reporter gene under the control of an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) containing MxA promoter also performed well (robust Z′ factor >0.7) and may therefore be similarly used to identify small molecules that modulate the IFN signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe O Gage
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Andri Vasou
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Richard E Randall
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Catherine S Adamson
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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35
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Cunningham CR, Champhekar A, Tullius MV, Dillon BJ, Zhen A, de la Fuente JR, Herskovitz J, Elsaesser H, Snell LM, Wilson EB, de la Torre JC, Kitchen SG, Horwitz MA, Bensinger SJ, Smale ST, Brooks DG. Type I and Type II Interferon Coordinately Regulate Suppressive Dendritic Cell Fate and Function during Viral Persistence. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005356. [PMID: 26808628 PMCID: PMC4726812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are simultaneously associated with chronic inflammation and highly potent immunosuppressive programs mediated by IL-10 and PDL1 that attenuate antiviral T cell responses. Inhibiting these suppressive signals enhances T cell function to control persistent infection; yet, the underlying signals and mechanisms that program immunosuppressive cell fates and functions are not well understood. Herein, we use lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (LCMV) to demonstrate that the induction and functional programming of immunosuppressive dendritic cells (DCs) during viral persistence are separable mechanisms programmed by factors primarily considered pro-inflammatory. IFNγ first induces the de novo development of naive monocytes into DCs with immunosuppressive potential. Type I interferon (IFN-I) then directly targets these newly generated DCs to program their potent T cell immunosuppressive functions while simultaneously inhibiting conventional DCs with T cell stimulating capacity. These mechanisms of monocyte conversion are constant throughout persistent infection, establishing a system to continuously interpret and shape the immunologic environment. MyD88 signaling was required for the differentiation of suppressive DCs, whereas inhibition of stimulatory DCs was dependent on MAVS signaling, demonstrating a bifurcation in the pathogen recognition pathways that promote distinct elements of IFN-I mediated immunosuppression. Further, a similar suppressive DC origin and differentiation was also observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, HIV infection and cancer. Ultimately, targeting the underlying mechanisms that induce immunosuppression could simultaneously prevent multiple suppressive signals to further restore T cell function and control persistent infections. Persistent virus infections induce host derived immunosuppressive factors that attenuate the immune response and prevent control of infection. Although the mechanisms of T cell exhaustion are being defined, we know surprisingly little about the underlying mechanisms that induce the immunosuppressive state and the origin and functional programming of the cells that deliver these signals to the T cells. We recently demonstrated that type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling was responsible for many of the immune dysfunctions associated with persistent virus infection and in particular the induced expression of the suppressive factors IL-10 and PDL1 by dendritic cells (DCs). Yet, mechanistically how IFN-I signaling specifically generates and programs cells to become immunosuppressive is still unknown. Herein, we define the underlying mechanisms of IFN-I mediated immunosuppression and establish that the induction of factors and the generation of the DCs that express them are separable events integrally reliant on additional inflammatory factors. Further, we demonstrate a similar derivation of the suppressive DCs that emerge in other diseases associated with prolonged inflammation and immunosuppression, specifically in HIV infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and cancer, indicating a conserved origin of immunosuppression and suggesting that targeting the pathways that underlie expression of immunosuppressive cells and factors could be beneficial to treat multiple chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R. Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ameya Champhekar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Tullius
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Jane Dillon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Justin Rafael de la Fuente
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Heidi Elsaesser
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Laura M. Snell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Elizabeth B. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Kitchen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus A. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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36
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Bst2/Tetherin Is Induced in Neurons by Type I Interferon and Viral Infection but Is Dispensable for Protection against Neurotropic Viral Challenge. J Virol 2015; 89:11011-8. [PMID: 26311886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01745-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In permissive mouse central nervous system (CNS) neurons, measles virus (MV) spreads in the absence of hallmark viral budding or neuronal death, with transmission occurring efficiently and exclusively via the synapse. MV infection also initiates a robust type I interferon (IFN) response, resulting in the synthesis of a large number of genes, including bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (Bst2)/tetherin/CD317. Bst2 restricts the release of some enveloped viruses, but to date, its role in viral infection of neurons has not been assessed. Consequently, we investigated how Bst2 was induced and what role it played in MV neuronal infection. The magnitude of induction of neuronal Bst2 RNA and protein following IFN exposure and viral infection was notably higher than in similarly treated mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Bst2 synthesis was both IFN and Stat1 dependent. Although Bst2 prevented MV release from nonneuronal cells, its deletion had no effect on viral pathogenesis in MV-challenged mice. Our findings underscore how cell-type-specific differences impact viral infection and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Viral infections of the central nervous system can lead to debilitating disease and death. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly clear that nonrenewable cells, including most central nervous system neurons, combat neurotropic viral infections in fundamentally different ways than other rapidly dividing and renewable cell populations. Here we identify type I interferon signaling as a key inducer of a known antiviral protein (Bst2) in neurons. Unexpectedly, the gene is dispensable for clearance of neurotropic viral infection despite its well-defined contribution to limiting the spread of enveloped viruses in proliferating cells. A deeper appreciation of the importance of cell type heterogeneity in antiviral immunity will aid in the identification of unique therapeutic targets for life-threatening viral infections.
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37
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Isorce N, Lucifora J, Zoulim F, Durantel D. Immune-modulators to combat hepatitis B virus infection: From IFN-α to novel investigational immunotherapeutic strategies. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:69-81. [PMID: 26275801 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major challenge for clinicians, as there are only two types of approved therapies: interferon-alpha (IFN-α) or its pegylated form, Peg-IFN-α and nucleoside analogs (e.g. tenofovir, entecavir...). The first are used as finite-duration treatments of around 48-52 weeks, while the second must be taken life-long to prevent rebound. Other immune-modulators, including other types of recombinant IFNs and cytokines/chemokines, could be developed for treating chronic hepatitis B. Alternatively, strategies aimed either at restoring or favoring the endogenous production of IFNs, cytokines and/or chemokines, or at alleviating HBV-mediated inhibitory processes could also be envisaged. In this article, we review current investigational, preclinical and clinical efforts to implement immune-modulatory components in the therapy of chronic hepatitis B. This review forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: from the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Isorce
- INSERM, U1052, CNRS UMR_5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France; University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- INSERM, U1052, CNRS UMR_5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France; University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM, U1052, CNRS UMR_5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France; University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France; Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Croix-Rousse Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM, U1052, CNRS UMR_5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France; University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France; Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France.
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