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Aceves-Serrano L, Neva JL, Munro J, Vavasour IM, Parent M, Boyd LA, Doudet DJ. Evaluation of microglia activation related markers following a clinical course of TBS: A non-human primate study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301118. [PMID: 38753646 PMCID: PMC11098425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
While the applicability and popularity of theta burst stimulation (TBS) paradigms remain, current knowledge of their neurobiological effects is still limited, especially with respect to their impact on glial cells and neuroinflammatory processes. We used a multimodal imaging approach to assess the effects of a clinical course of TBS on markers for microglia activation and tissue injury as an indirect assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Healthy non-human primates received continuous TBS (cTBS), intermittent TBS (iTBS), or sham stimulation over the motor cortex at 90% of resting motor threshold. Stimulation was delivered to the awake subjects 5 times a week for 3-4 weeks. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression was evaluated using Positron Emission Tomography and [11C]PBR28, and myo-inositol (mI) and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) concentrations were assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Animals were then euthanized, and immunofluorescence staining was performed using antibodies against TSPO. Paired t-tests showed no significant changes in [11C]PBR28 measurements after stimulation. Similarly, no significant changes in mI and NAA concentrations were found. Post-mortem TSPO evaluation showed comparable mean immunofluorescence intensity after active TBS and sham delivery. The current study suggests that in healthy brains a clinical course of TBS, as evaluated with in-vivo imaging techniques (PET and MRS), did not measurably modulate the expression of glia related markers and metabolite associated with neural viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Aceves-Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason L. Neva
- Faculté de Médecine, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Munro
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irene M. Vavasour
- Faculty of Medicine, UBC MRI Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doris J. Doudet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Verma H, Gangwar P, Yadav A, Yadav B, Rao R, Kaur S, Kumar P, Dhiman M, Taglialatela G, Mantha AK. Understanding the neuronal synapse and challenges associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrion 2023; 73:19-29. [PMID: 37708950 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic mitochondria are crucial for maintaining synaptic activity due to their high energy requirements, substantial calcium (Ca2+) fluctuation, and neurotransmitter release at the synapse. To provide a continuous energy supply, neurons use special mechanisms to transport and distribute healthy mitochondria to the synapse while eliminating the damaged mitochondria from the synapse. Along the neuron, mitochondrial membrane potential (ψ) gradient exists and is highest in the somal region. Lower ψ in the synaptic region renders mitochondria more vulnerable to oxidative stress-mediated damage. Secondly, mitochondria become susceptible to the release of cytochrome c, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not shielded from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the histone proteins (unlike nuclear DNA), leading to activation of caspases and pronounced oxidative DNA base damage, which ultimately causes synaptic loss. Both synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic failure are crucial factors responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyper-phosphorylated Tau, the two leading players of AD, exaggerate the disease-like pathological conditions by reducing the mitochondrial trafficking, blocking the bi-directional transport at the synapse, enhancing the mitochondrial fission via activating the mitochondrial fission proteins, enhancing the swelling of mitochondria by increasing the influx of water through mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, as well as reduced ATP production by blocking the activity of complex I and complex IV. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is also associated with decline in cognitive ability caused by synaptic degradation. This review summarizes the challenges associated with the synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction linked to AD and MCI and the role of phytochemicals in restoring the synaptic activity and rendering neuroprotection in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhakar Gangwar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmi Rao
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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3
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, De Caro R, Maura G, Agnati LF. Modulation of Neuron and Astrocyte Dopamine Receptors via Receptor-Receptor Interactions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1427. [PMID: 37895898 PMCID: PMC10610355 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine neurotransmission plays critical roles in regulating complex cognitive and behavioral processes including reward, motivation, reinforcement learning, and movement. Dopamine receptors are classified into five subtypes, widely distributed across the brain, including regions responsible for motor functions and specific areas related to cognitive and emotional functions. Dopamine also acts on astrocytes, which express dopamine receptors as well. The discovery of direct receptor-receptor interactions, leading to the formation of multimeric receptor complexes at the cell membrane and providing the cell decoding apparatus with flexible dynamics in terms of recognition and signal transduction, has expanded the knowledge of the G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling processes. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of currently identified receptor complexes containing dopamine receptors and of their modulatory action on dopamine-mediated signaling between neurons and between neurons and astrocytes. Pharmacological possibilities offered by targeting receptor complexes in terms of addressing neuropsychiatric disorders associated with altered dopamine signaling will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
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4
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Gunsch G, Paradie E, Townsend KL. Peripheral nervous system glia in support of metabolic tissue functions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:622-639. [PMID: 37591710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays information between organs and tissues and the brain and spine to maintain homeostasis, regulate tissue functions, and respond to interoceptive and exteroceptive signals. Glial cells perform support roles to maintain nerve function, plasticity, and survival. The glia of the central nervous system (CNS) are well characterized, but PNS glia (PNSG) populations, particularly tissue-specific subtypes, are underexplored. PNSG are found in large nerves (such as the sciatic), the ganglia, and the tissues themselves, and can crosstalk with a range of cell types in addition to neurons. PNSG are also subject to phenotypic changes in response to signals from their local tissue environment, including metabolic changes. These topics and the importance of PNSG in metabolically active tissues, such as adipose, muscle, heart, and lymphatic tissues, are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilian Gunsch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emma Paradie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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5
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Koufi FD, Neri I, Ramazzotti G, Rusciano I, Mongiorgi S, Marvi MV, Fazio A, Shin M, Kosodo Y, Cani I, Giorgio E, Cortelli P, Manzoli L, Ratti S. Lamin B1 as a key modulator of the developing and aging brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1263310. [PMID: 37720548 PMCID: PMC10501396 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1263310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamin B1 is an essential protein of the nuclear lamina that plays a crucial role in nuclear function and organization. It has been demonstrated that lamin B1 is essential for organogenesis and particularly brain development. The important role of lamin B1 in physiological brain development and aging has only recently been at the epicenter of attention and is yet to be fully elucidated. Regarding the development of brain, glial cells that have long been considered as supporting cells to neurons have overturned this representation and current findings have displayed their active roles in neurogenesis and cerebral development. Although lamin B1 has increased levels during the differentiation of the brain cells, during aging these levels drop leading to senescent phenotypes and inciting neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, overexpression of lamin B1 leads to the adult-onset neurodegenerative disease known as Autosomal Dominant Leukodystrophy. This review aims at highlighting the importance of balancing lamin B1 levels in glial cells and neurons from brain development to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini-Dionysia Koufi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Neri
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Rusciano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Fazio
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Minkyung Shin
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoichi Kosodo
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilaria Cani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Anatomy Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Hess EM, Kassel SN, Simandl G, Raddatz N, Maunze B, Hurley MM, Grzybowski M, Klotz J, Geurts A, Liu QS, Choi S, Twining RC, Baker DA. Genetic Disruption of System xc-Mediated Glutamate Release from Astrocytes Increases Negative-Outcome Behaviors While Preserving Basic Brain Function in Rat. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2349-2361. [PMID: 36788029 PMCID: PMC10072291 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1525-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of neuronal glutamate to synaptic transmission throughout the brain illustrates the immense therapeutic potential and safety risks of targeting this system. Astrocytes also release glutamate, the clinical relevance of which is unknown as the range of brain functions reliant on signaling from these cells hasn't been fully established. Here, we investigated system xc- (Sxc), which is a glutamate release mechanism with an in vivo rodent expression pattern that is restricted to astrocytes. As most animals do not express Sxc, we first compared the expression and sequence of the obligatory Sxc subunit xCT among major classes of vertebrate species. We found xCT to be ubiquitously expressed and under significant negative selective pressure. Hence, Sxc likely confers important advantages to vertebrate brain function that may promote biological fitness. Next, we assessed brain function in male genetically modified rats (MSxc) created to eliminate Sxc activity. Unlike other glutamatergic mechanisms, eliminating Sxc activity was not lethal and didn't alter growth patterns, telemetry measures of basic health, locomotor activity, or behaviors reliant on simple learning. However, MSxc rats exhibited deficits in tasks used to assess cognitive behavioral control. In a pavlovian conditioned approach, MSxc rats approached a food-predicted cue more frequently than WT rats, even when this response was punished. In attentional set shifting, MSxc rats displayed cognitive inflexibility because of an increased frequency of perseverative errors. MSxc rats also displayed heightened cocaine-primed drug seeking. Hence, a loss of Sxc-activity appears to weaken control over nonreinforced or negative-outcome behaviors without altering basic brain function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glutamate is essential to synaptic activity throughout the brain, which illustrates immense therapeutic potential and risk. Notably, glutamatergic mechanisms are expressed by most types of brain cells. Hence, glutamate likely encodes multiple forms of intercellular signaling. Here, we hypothesized that the selective manipulation of astrocyte to neuron signaling would alter cognition without producing widespread brain impairments. First, we eliminated activity of the astrocytic glutamate release mechanism, Sxc, in rat. This impaired cognitive flexibility and increased expression of perseverative, maladaptive behaviors. Notably, eliminating Sxc activity did not alter metrics of health or noncognitive brain function. These data add to recent evidence that the brain expresses cognition-specific molecular mechanisms that could lead to highly precise, safe medications for impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Hess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | - Sara N Kassel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | - Gregory Simandl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | - Nicholas Raddatz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | - Brian Maunze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | - Matthew M Hurley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | | | | | | | - Qing-Song Liu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - SuJean Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | - Robert C Twining
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
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7
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-receptor interactions and microvesicle exchange as mechanisms modulating signaling between neurons and astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109509. [PMID: 36935005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that astrocytes play a significant metabolic role in the nervous tissue, maintaining the homeostasis of the extracellular space and of the blood-brain barrier, and providing trophic support to neurons. In addition, however, evidence exists indicating astrocytes as important elements for brain activity through signaling exchange with neurons. Astrocytes, indeed, can sense synaptic activity and their molecular machinery responds to neurotransmitters released by neurons with cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations that, in turn, stimulate the release of neuroactive substances (gliotransmitters) influencing nearby neurons. In both cell types the recognition and transduction of this complex pattern of signals is mediated by specific receptors that are also involved in mechanisms tuning the intercellular cross-talk between astrocytes and neurons. Two of these mechanisms are the focus of the present discussion. The first concerns direct receptor-receptor interactions leading to the formation at the cell membrane of multimeric receptor complexes. The cooperativity that emerges in the actions of orthosteric and allosteric ligands of the monomers forming the assembly provides the cell decoding apparatus with sophisticated and flexible dynamics in terms of recognition and signal transduction pathways. A further mechanism of plasticity involving receptors is based on the transfer of elements of the cellular signaling apparatus via extracellular microvesicles acting as protective containers, which can lead to transient changes in the transmitting/decoding capabilities of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
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8
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Astrocytes regulate neuronal network activity by mediating synapse remodeling. Neurosci Res 2023; 187:3-13. [PMID: 36170922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on experience during our life, neuronal connectivity continuously changes through structural remodeling of synapses. Recent studies have shown that the complex interaction between astrocytes and synapses regulates structural synapse remodeling by inducing the formation and elimination of synapses, as well as their functional maturation. Defects in this astrocyte-mediated synapse remodeling cause problems in not only neuronal network activities but also animal behaviors. Moreover, in various neurological disorders, astrocytes have been shown to play central roles in the initiation and progression of synaptic pathophysiology through impaired interactions with synapses. In this review, we will discuss recent studies identifying the novel roles of astrocytes in neuronal circuit remodeling, focusing on synapse formation and elimination. We will also discuss the potential implication of defective astrocytic function in evoking various brain disorders.
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9
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Gao W, Lai JCK, Leung SW. Co-Culturing Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons With Rat Schwann Cells Protects Them Against the Cytotoxic Effects of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Toxicol 2023; 42:4-18. [PMID: 36308016 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221133508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using monotypic nerve cell cultures have shown that nanoparticles induced neurotoxic effects on nerve cells. Interactions between neurons and Schwann cells may protect against the neurotoxicity of nanoparticles. In this study, we developed a co-culture model consisting of immortalized rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and rat Schwann cells and employed it to investigate our hypothesis that co-culturing DRG neurons with Schwann cells imparts protection on them against neurotoxicity induced by silver or gold nanoparticles. Our results indicated that neurons survived better in co-cultures when they were exposed to these nanoparticles at the higher concentrations compared to when they were exposed to these nanoparticles at the same concentrations in monotypic cultures. Synapsin I expression was increased in DRG neurons when they were co-cultured with Schwann cells and treated with or without nanoparticles. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was increased in Schwann cells when they were co-cultured with DRG neurons and treated with nanoparticles. Furthermore, we found co-culturing with Schwann cells stimulated neurofilament polymerization in DRG neurons and produced the morphological differentiation. Silver nanoparticles induced morphological disorganization in monotypic cultures. However, there were more cells displaying normal morphology in co-cultures than in monotypic cultures. All of these results suggested that co-culturing DRG neurons with Schwann cells imparted some protection on them against neurotoxicity induced by silver or gold nanoparticles, and altering the expression of neurofilament-L, synapsin I, and GFAP could account for the phenomenon of protection in co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Gao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, College of Science & Engineering, 6640Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - James C K Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Division of Health Sciences, 6640Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Solomon W Leung
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, College of Science & Engineering, 6640Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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10
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Glutamate Signaling and Filopodiagenesis of Astrocytoma Cells in Brain Cancers: Survey and Questions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172657. [PMID: 36078065 PMCID: PMC9454653 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are non-excitable cells in the CNS that can cause life-threatening astrocytoma tumors when they transform to cancerous cells. Perturbed homeostasis of the neurotransmitter glutamate is associated with astrocytoma tumor onset and progression, but the factors that govern this phenomenon are less known. Herein, we review possible mechanisms by which glutamate may act in facilitating the growth of projections in astrocytic cells. This review discusses the similarities and differences between the morphology of astrocytes and astrocytoma cells, and the role that dysregulation in glutamate and calcium signaling plays in the aberrant morphology of astrocytoma cells. Converging reports suggest that ionotropic glutamate receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels expressed in astrocytes may be responsible for the abnormal filopodiagenesis or process extension leading to astrocytoma cells’ infiltration throughout the brain.
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11
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Mellor NG, Graham ES, Unsworth CP. Critical Spatial-Temporal Dynamics and Prominent Shape Collapse of Calcium Waves Observed in Human hNT Astrocytes in Vitro. Front Physiol 2022; 13:808730. [PMID: 35784870 PMCID: PMC9247335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.808730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks of neurons are typically studied in the field of Criticality. However, the study of astrocyte networks in the brain has been recently lauded to be of equal importance to that of the neural networks. To date criticality assessments have only been performed on networks astrocytes from healthy rats, and astrocytes from cultured dissociated resections of intractable epilepsy. This work, for the first time, presents studies of the critical dynamics and shape collapse of calcium waves observed in cultures of healthy human astrocyte networks in vitro, derived from the human hNT cell line. In this article, we demonstrate that avalanches of spontaneous calcium waves display strong critical dynamics, including power-laws in both the size and duration distributions. In addition, the temporal profiles of avalanches displayed self-similarity, leading to shape collapse of the temporal profiles. These findings are significant as they suggest that cultured networks of healthy human hNT astrocytes self-organize to a critical point, implying that healthy astrocytic networks operate at a critical point to process and transmit information. Furthermore, this work can serve as a point of reference to which other astrocyte criticality studies can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Mellor
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Nicholas G. Mellor,
| | - E. Scott Graham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles P. Unsworth
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Vignoli B, Canossa M. Perirhinal Cortex LTP Does Not Require Astrocyte BDNF-TrkB Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091501. [PMID: 35563806 PMCID: PMC9103847 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons release and respond to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with bursts of brain activity. BDNF action is known to extend to peri-synaptic astrocytes, contributing to synaptic strengthening. This implies that astrocytes have a set of dynamic responses, some of which might be secondary to activation of the tropomyosin tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor. Here, we assessed the contribution of BDNF to long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP), by specifically deleting TrkB in cortical astrocytes. TrkB deletion had no effect on LTP induction, stabilization and maintenance, indicating that TrkB signaling in astrocytes is extraneous to transducing BDNF activity for synaptic strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Vignoli
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco Canossa
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy;
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13
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de Oliveira Figueiredo EC, Bondiolotti BM, Laugeray A, Bezzi P. Synaptic Plasticity Dysfunctions in the Pathophysiology of 22q11 Deletion Syndrome: Is There a Role for Astrocytes? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084412. [PMID: 35457231 PMCID: PMC9028090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 22q11 deletion syndrome (DS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans and gives a high probability of developing psychiatric disorders. Synaptic and neuronal malfunctions appear to be at the core of the symptoms presented by patients. In fact, it has long been suggested that the behavioural and cognitive impairments observed in 22q11DS are probably due to alterations in the mechanisms regulating synaptic function and plasticity. Often, synaptic changes are related to structural and functional changes observed in patients with cognitive dysfunctions, therefore suggesting that synaptic plasticity has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of the syndrome. Most interestingly, among the genes deleted in 22q11DS, six encode for mitochondrial proteins that, in mouse models, are highly expressed just after birth, when active synaptogenesis occurs, therefore indicating that mitochondrial processes are strictly related to synapse formation and maintenance of a correct synaptic signalling. Because correct synaptic functioning, not only requires correct neuronal function and metabolism, but also needs the active contribution of astrocytes, we summarize in this review recent studies showing the involvement of synaptic plasticity in the pathophysiology of 22q11DS and we discuss the relevance of mitochondria in these processes and the possible involvement of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Maria Bondiolotti
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.C.d.O.F.); (B.M.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Anthony Laugeray
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.C.d.O.F.); (B.M.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.C.d.O.F.); (B.M.B.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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14
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Vargova I, Kriska J, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW, Jendelova P. Long-Term Cultures of Spinal Cord Interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:827628. [PMID: 35197829 PMCID: PMC8859857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.827628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord interneurons (SpINs) are highly diverse population of neurons that play a significant role in circuit reorganization and spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury. Regeneration of SpIN axons across rodent spinal injuries has been demonstrated after modification of the environment and neurotrophin treatment, but development of methods to enhance the intrinsic regenerative ability of SpINs is needed. There is a lack of described in vitro models of spinal cord neurons in which to develop new regeneration treatments. For this reason, we developed a new model of mouse primary spinal cord neuronal culture in which to analyze maturation, morphology, physiology, connectivity and regeneration of identified interneurons. Isolated from E14 mice, the neurons mature over 15 days in vitro, demonstrated by expression of maturity markers, electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings, and formation of synapses. The neurons express markers of SpINs, including Tlx3, Lmx1b, Lbx1, Chx10, and Pax2. The neurons demonstrate distinct morphologies and some form perineuronal nets in long-term cultivation. Live neurons in various maturation stages were axotomized, using a 900 nm multiphoton laser and their fate was observed overnight. The percentage of axons that regenerated declined with neuronal maturity. This model of SpINs will be a valuable tool in future regenerative, developmental, and functional studies alongside existing models using cortical or hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vargova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jessica C. F. Kwok
- The Center for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Fawcett
- The Center for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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15
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Linsambarth S, Carvajal FJ, Moraga‐Amaro R, Mendez L, Tamburini G, Jimenez I, Verdugo DA, Gómez GI, Jury N, Martínez P, Zundert B, Varela‐Nallar L, Retamal MA, Martin C, Altenberg GA, Fiori MC, Cerpa W, Orellana JA, Stehberg J. Astroglial gliotransmitters released via Cx43 hemichannels regulate NMDAR‐dependent transmission and short‐term fear memory in the basolateral amygdala. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22134. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100798rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Linsambarth
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Francisco J. Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moraga‐Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Luis Mendez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Giovanni Tamburini
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Ivanka Jimenez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Daniel Antonio Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Gonzalo I. Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Nur Jury
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Brigitte Zundert
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Lorena Varela‐Nallar
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Mauricio A. Retamal
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa. Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago Chile
| | - Claire Martin
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative Centre National la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Guillermo A. Altenberg
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics Center for Membrane Protein Research Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Mariana C. Fiori
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics Center for Membrane Protein Research Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Juan A. Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología Escuela de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
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16
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Wegener AJ, Neigh GN. Animal Models of Anxiety and Depression: Incorporating the Underlying Mechanisms of Sex Differences in Macroglia Biology. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:780190. [PMID: 34955780 PMCID: PMC8695436 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.780190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been utilized to explore the mechanisms by which mood disorders develop. Ethologically based stress paradigms are used to induce behavioral responses consistent with those observed in humans suffering from anxiety and depression. While mood disorders are more often diagnosed in women, animal studies are more likely to be carried out in male rodents. However, understanding the mechanisms behind anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in both sexes is necessary to increase the predictive and construct validity of the models and identify therapeutic targets. To understand sex differences following stress, we must consider how all cell types within the central nervous system are influenced by the neuroendocrine system. This review article discusses the effects of stress and sex steroids on the macroglia: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Glia are involved in shaping the synapse through the regulation of neurotransmitter levels and energy resources, making them essential contributors to neural dynamics following stress. As the role of glia in neuromodulation has become more apparent, studies exploring the mechanisms by which glia are altered by stress and steroids will provide insight into sex differences in animal models. These insights will facilitate the optimization of animal models of psychiatric disorders and development of future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Wegener
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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17
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Löscher W, Kaila K. CNS pharmacology of NKCC1 inhibitors. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108910. [PMID: 34883135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 and the neuron-specific K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 are considered attractive CNS drug targets because altered neuronal chloride regulation and consequent effects on GABAergic signaling have been implicated in numerous CNS disorders. While KCC2 modulators are not yet clinically available, the loop diuretic bumetanide has been used off-label in attempts to treat brain disorders and as a tool for NKCC1 inhibition in preclinical models. Bumetanide is known to have anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects under some pathophysiological conditions. However, as shown in several species from neonates to adults (mice, rats, dogs, and by extrapolation in humans), at the low clinical doses of bumetanide approved for diuresis, this drug has negligible access into the CNS, reaching levels that are much lower than what is needed to inhibit NKCC1 in cells within the brain parenchyma. Several drug discovery strategies have been initiated over the last ∼15 years to develop brain-permeant compounds that, ideally, should be selective for NKCC1 to eliminate the diuresis mediated by inhibition of renal NKCC2. The strategies employed to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of NKCC1 blockers include evaluation of other clinically approved loop diuretics; development of lipophilic prodrugs of bumetanide; development of side-chain derivatives of bumetanide; and unbiased high-throughput screening approaches of drug discovery based on large chemical compound libraries. The main outcomes are that (1), non-acidic loop diuretics such as azosemide and torasemide may have advantages as NKCC1 inhibitors vs. bumetanide; (2), bumetanide prodrugs lead to significantly higher brain levels than the parent drug and have lower diuretic activity; (3), the novel bumetanide side-chain derivatives do not exhibit any functionally relevant improvement of CNS accessibility or NKCC1 selectivity vs. bumetanide; (4) novel compounds discovered by high-throughput screening may resolve some of the inherent problems of bumetanide, but as yet this has not been achieved. Thus, further research is needed to optimize the design of brain-permeant NKCC1 inhibitors. In parallel, a major challenge is to identify the mechanisms whereby various NKCC1-expressing cellular targets of these drugs within (e.g., neurons, oligodendrocytes or astrocytes) and outside the brain parenchyma (e.g., the blood-brain barrier, the choroid plexus, and the endocrine system), as well as molecular off-target effects, might contribute to their reported therapeutic and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Basilico B, Ferrucci L, Ratano P, Golia MT, Grimaldi A, Rosito M, Ferretti V, Reverte I, Sanchini C, Marrone MC, Giubettini M, De Turris V, Salerno D, Garofalo S, St-Pierre MK, Carrier M, Renzi M, Pagani F, Modi B, Raspa M, Scavizzi F, Gross CT, Marinelli S, Tremblay MÈ, Caprioli D, Maggi L, Limatola C, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D. Microglia control glutamatergic synapses in the adult mouse hippocampus. Glia 2021; 70:173-195. [PMID: 34661306 PMCID: PMC9297980 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia cells are active players in regulating synaptic development and plasticity in the brain. However, how they influence the normal functioning of synapses is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the effects of pharmacological microglia depletion, achieved by administration of PLX5622, on hippocampal CA3‐CA1 synapses of adult wild type mice. Following microglial depletion, we observed a reduction of spontaneous and evoked glutamatergic activity associated with a decrease of dendritic spine density. We also observed the appearance of immature synaptic features and higher levels of plasticity. Microglia depleted mice showed a deficit in the acquisition of the Novel Object Recognition task. These events were accompanied by hippocampal astrogliosis, although in the absence ofneuroinflammatory condition. PLX‐induced synaptic changes were absent in Cx3cr1−/− mice, highlighting the role of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in microglia control of synaptic functioning. Remarkably, microglia repopulation after PLX5622 withdrawal was associated with the recovery of hippocampal synapses and learning functions. Altogether, these data demonstrate that microglia contribute to normal synaptic functioning in the adult brain and that their removal induces reversible changes in organization and activity of glutamatergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Basilico
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ratano
- Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology Inflammaging Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Maria T Golia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosito
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Sanchini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Marrone
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) 'Rita Levi-Montalcini', Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giubettini
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.,CrestOptics S.p.A, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria De Turris
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Salerno
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences Québec, Quebec City, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Micael Carrier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences Québec, Quebec City, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Massimiliano Renzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Brijesh Modi
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) 'Rita Levi-Montalcini', Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), International Campus "A. Buzzati-Traverso", Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), International Campus "A. Buzzati-Traverso", Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - Cornelius T Gross
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Silvia Marinelli
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) 'Rita Levi-Montalcini', Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences Québec, Quebec City, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval Québec, Quebec City, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology Inflammaging Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
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19
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Martins-Macedo J, Salgado AJ, Gomes ED, Pinto L. Adult brain cytogenesis in the context of mood disorders: From neurogenesis to the emergent role of gliogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:411-428. [PMID: 34555383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders severely impact patients' lives. Motivational, cognitive and emotional deficits are the most common symptoms observed in these patients and no effective treatment is still available, either due to the adverse side effects or the low rate of efficacy of currently available drugs. Neurogenesis recovery has been one important focus in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, which undeniably contributes to the therapeutic action of antidepressants. However, glial plasticity is emerging as a new strategy to explore the deficits observed in mood disorders and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Thus, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind glio- and neurogenesis to better define treatments and preventive therapies, once adult cytogenesis is of pivotal importance to cognitive and emotional components of behavior, both in healthy and pathological contexts, including in psychiatric disorders. Here, we review the concepts and history of neuro- and gliogenesis, providing as well a reflection on the functional importance of cytogenesis in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Martins-Macedo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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20
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Jenkins EPW, Finch A, Gerigk M, Triantis IF, Watts C, Malliaras GG. Electrotherapies for Glioblastoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100978. [PMID: 34292672 PMCID: PMC8456216 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal, intermediate frequency (100-500 kHz) electrotherapies present a unique therapeutic strategy to treat malignant neoplasms. Here, pulsed electric fields (PEFs) which induce reversible or irreversible electroporation (IRE) and tumour-treating fields (TTFs) are reviewed highlighting the foundations, advances, and considerations of each method when applied to glioblastoma (GBM). Several biological aspects of GBM that contribute to treatment complexity (heterogeneity, recurrence, resistance, and blood-brain barrier(BBB)) and electrophysiological traits which are suggested to promote glioma progression are described. Particularly, the biological responses at the cellular and molecular level to specific parameters of the electrical stimuli are discussed offering ways to compare these parameters despite the lack of a universally adopted physical description. Reviewing the literature, a disconnect is found between electrotherapy techniques and how they target the biological complexities of GBM that make treatment difficult in the first place. An attempt is made to bridge the interdisciplinary gap by mapping biological characteristics to different methods of electrotherapy, suggesting important future research topics and directions in both understanding and treating GBM. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that attempts an in-tandem assessment of the biological effects of different aspects of intermediate frequency electrotherapy methods, thus offering possible strategies toward GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P. W. Jenkins
- Division of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Alina Finch
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic ScienceUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Magda Gerigk
- Division of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Iasonas F. Triantis
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringCity, University of LondonLondonEC1V 0HBUK
| | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic ScienceUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Division of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
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21
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-Receptor Interactions and Glial Cell Functions with a Special Focus on G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8656. [PMID: 34445362 PMCID: PMC8395429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that receptors from all families can establish allosteric receptor-receptor interactions and variably associate to form receptor complexes operating as integrative input units endowed with a high functional and structural plasticity has expanded our understanding of intercellular communication. Regarding the nervous system, most research in the field has focused on neuronal populations and has led to the identification of many receptor complexes representing an important mechanism to fine-tune synaptic efficiency. Receptor-receptor interactions, however, also modulate glia-neuron and glia-glia intercellular communication, with significant consequences on synaptic activity and brain network plasticity. The research on this topic is probably still at the beginning and, here, available evidence will be reviewed and discussed. It may also be of potential interest from a pharmacological standpoint, opening the possibility to explore, inter alia, glia-based neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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22
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Sancho L, Contreras M, Allen NJ. Glia as sculptors of synaptic plasticity. Neurosci Res 2021; 167:17-29. [PMID: 33316304 PMCID: PMC8513541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that are crucial for proper brain development and function. Three major classes of glia in the central nervous system (CNS) include astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. These cells have dynamic morphological and functional properties and constantly surveil neural activity throughout life, sculpting synaptic plasticity. Astrocytes form part of the tripartite synapse with neurons and perform many homeostatic functions essential to proper synaptic function including clearing neurotransmitter and regulating ion balance; they can modify these properties, in addition to additional mechanisms such as gliotransmitter release, to influence short- and long-term plasticity. Microglia, the resident macrophage of the CNS, monitor synaptic activity and can eliminate synapses by phagocytosis or modify synapses by release of cytokines or neurotrophic factors. Oligodendrocytes regulate speed of action potential conduction and efficiency of information exchange through the formation of myelin, having important consequences for the plasticity of neural circuits. A deeper understanding of how glia modulate synaptic and circuit plasticity will further our understanding of the ongoing changes that take place throughout life in the dynamic environment of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sancho
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Minerva Contreras
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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23
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Vaidyanathan TV, Collard M, Yokoyama S, Reitman ME, Poskanzer KE. Cortical astrocytes independently regulate sleep depth and duration via separate GPCR pathways. eLife 2021; 10:63329. [PMID: 33729913 PMCID: PMC7968927 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, characterized by slow-wave electrophysiological activity, underlies several critical functions, including learning and memory. However, NREM sleep is heterogeneous, varying in duration, depth, and spatially across the cortex. While these NREM sleep features are thought to be largely independently regulated, there is also evidence that they are mechanistically coupled. To investigate how cortical NREM sleep features are controlled, we examined the astrocytic network, comprising a cortex-wide syncytium that influences population-level neuronal activity. We quantified endogenous astrocyte activity in mice over natural sleep and wake, then manipulated specific astrocytic G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways in vivo. We find that astrocytic Gi- and Gq-coupled GPCR signaling separately control NREM sleep depth and duration, respectively, and that astrocytic signaling causes differential changes in local and remote cortex. These data support a model in which the cortical astrocyte network serves as a hub for regulating distinct NREM sleep features. Sleep has many roles, from strengthening new memories to regulating mood and appetite. While we might instinctively think of sleep as a uniform state of reduced brain activity, the reality is more complex. First, over the course of the night, we cycle between a number of different sleep stages, which reflect different levels of sleep depth. Second, the amount of sleep depth is not necessarily even across the brain but can vary between regions. These sleep stages consist of either rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or non-REM (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is when most dreaming occurs, whereas NREM sleep is particularly important for learning and memory and can vary in duration and depth. During NREM sleep, large groups of neurons synchronize their firing to create rhythmic waves of activity known as slow waves. The more synchronous the activity, the deeper the sleep. Vaidyanathan et al. now show that brain cells called astrocytes help regulate NREM sleep. Astrocytes are not neurons but belong to a group of specialized cells called glia. They are the largest glia cell type in the brain and display an array of proteins on their surfaces called G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These enable them to sense sleep-wake signals from other parts of the brain and to generate their own signals. In fact, each astrocyte can communicate with thousands of neurons at once. They are therefore well-poised to coordinate brain activity during NREM sleep. Using innovative tools, Vaidyanathan et al. visualized astrocyte activity in mice as the animals woke up or fell asleep. The results showed that astrocytes change their activity just before each sleep–wake transition. They also revealed that astrocytes control both the depth and duration of NREM sleep via two different types of GPCR signals. Increasing one of these signals (Gi-GPCR) made the mice sleep more deeply but did not change sleep duration. Decreasing the other (Gq-GPCR) made the mice sleep for longer but did not affect sleep depth. Sleep problems affect many people at some point in their lives, and often co-exist with other conditions such as mental health disorders. Understanding how the brain regulates different features of sleep could help us develop better – and perhaps more specific – treatments for sleep disorders. The current study suggests that manipulating GPCRs on astrocytes might increase sleep depth, for example. But before work to test this idea can begin, we must first determine whether findings from sleeping mice also apply to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha V Vaidyanathan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Max Collard
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sae Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael E Reitman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, San Francisco, United States
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24
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Beppu K, Kubo N, Matsui K. Glial amplification of synaptic signals. J Physiol 2021; 599:2085-2102. [PMID: 33527421 DOI: 10.1113/jp280857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Recent studies have repeatedly demonstrated the cross-talk of heterogeneous signals between neuronal and glial circuits. Here, we investigated the mechanism and the influence of physiological interactions between neurons and glia in the cerebellum. We found that the cerebellar astrocytes, Bergmann glial cells, react to exogenously applied glutamate, glutamate transporter substrate (d-aspartate) and synaptically released glutamate. In response, the Bergmann glial cells release glutamate through volume-regulated anion channels. It is generally assumed that all of the postsynaptic current is mediated by presynaptically released glutamate. However, we showed that a part of the postsynaptic current is mediated by glutamate released from Bergmann glial cells. Optogenetic manipulation of Bergmann glial state with archaerhodpsin-T or channelrhodopsin-2 reduced or augmented the amount of glial glutamate release, respectively. Our data indicate that glutamate-induced glutamate release in Bergmann glia serves as an effective amplifier of excitatory information processing in the brain. ABSTRACT Transmitter released from presynaptic neurons has been considered to be the sole generator of postsynaptic excitatory signals. However, astrocytes of the glial cell population have also been shown to release transmitter that can react on postsynaptic receptors. Therefore, we investigated whether astrocytes take part in generation of at least a part of the synaptic current. In this study, mice cerebellar acute slices were prepared and whole cell patch clamp recordings were performed. We found that Bergmann glial cells (BGs), a type of astrocyte in the cerebellum, reacts to a glutamate transporter substrate, d-aspartate (d-Asp) and an anion conductance is generated and glutamate is released from the BGs. Glutamate release was attenuated or augmented by modulating the state of BGs with activation of light-sensitive proteins, archaerhodopsin-T (ArchT) or channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressed on BGs, respectively. Glutamate release appears to be mediated by anion channels that can be blocked by a volume-regulated anion channel-specific blocker. Synaptic response to a train of parallel fibre stimulation was recorded from Purkinje cells. The latter part of the response was also attenuated or augmented by glial modulation with ArchT or ChR2, respectively. Thus, BGs effectively function as an excitatory signal amplifier, and a part of the 'synaptic' current is actually mediated by glutamate released from BGs. These data show that the state of BGs have potential for having direct and fundamental consequences on the functioning of information processing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Beppu
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naoko Kubo
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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25
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Espírito-Santo S, Coutinho VG, Dezonne RS, Stipursky J, Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Batista C, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Fuss B, Gomes FCA. Astrocytes as a target for Nogo-A and implications for synapse formation in vitro and in a model of acute demyelination. Glia 2021; 69:1429-1443. [PMID: 33497496 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) function depends on precise synaptogenesis, which is shaped by environmental cues and cellular interactions. Astrocytes are outstanding regulators of synapse development and plasticity through contact-dependent signals and through the release of pro- and antisynaptogenic factors. Conversely, myelin and its associated proteins, including Nogo-A, affect synapses in a inhibitory fashion and contribute to neural circuitry stabilization. However, the roles of Nogo-A-astrocyte interactions and their implications in synapse development and plasticity have not been characterized. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether Nogo-A affects the capacity of astrocytes to induce synaptogenesis. Additionally, we assessed whether downregulation of Nogo-A signaling in an in vivo demyelination model impacts the synaptogenic potential of astrocytes. Our in vitro data show that cortical astrocytes respond to Nogo-A through RhoA pathway activation, exhibiting stress fiber formation and decreased ramified morphology. This phenotype was associated with reduced levels of GLAST protein and aspartate uptake, decreased mRNA levels of the synaptogenesis-associated genes Hevin, glypican-4, TGF-β1 and BDNF, and decreased and increased protein levels of Hevin and SPARC, respectively. Corroborating these findings, conditioned medium from Nogo-A-treated astrocytes suppressed the formation of structurally and functionally mature synapses in cortical neuronal cultures. After cuprizone-induced acute demyelination, we observed reduced immunostaining for Nogo-A in the visual cortex accompanied by higher levels of Hevin expression in astrocytes and an increase in excitatory synapse density. Hence, we suggest that interactions between Nogo-A and astrocytes might represent an important pathway of plasticity regulation and could be a target for therapeutic intervention in demyelinating diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Espírito-Santo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius G Coutinho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo S Dezonne
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joice Stipursky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Batista
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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26
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Shulman A, Wang W, Luo H, Bao S, Searchfield G, Zhang J. Neuroinflammation and Tinnitus. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 51:161-174. [PMID: 34282564 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the central nervous system's response to: injury, infection, and abnormal neural activity. Inflammatory processes are known to mediate many diseases, and recently evidence indicates that neuroinflammation underlies hearing disorders such as presbyacusis, middle-ear disease, ototoxicity, noise-induced hearing loss, and tinnitus. This chapter provides a review of the role of neuroinflammation in the etiology and treatment of tinnitus. Specifically, our research team has demonstrated that both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and calpain signaling pathways are involved in noise-induced tinnitus and that blocking them yielded therapeutic effects on tinnitus. Other efforts such as controlling acute inflammatory response via specialized pro-resolving mediators may help provide insight into preventing and treating tinnitus-related inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Shulman
- Department of Otolaryngology, State University New York-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shaowen Bao
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Grant Searchfield
- Section of Audiology, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
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27
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Zhao F, Zhang T, Shen Q, Yin K, Wang Y, Zhang G. Tak1 in the astrocytes of mediobasal hypothalamus regulates anxiety-like behavior in mice. Glia 2020; 69:609-618. [PMID: 32979244 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, and avoidance of perceived threats in internal to oneself or the environment, however, the underlying mechanisms are less well understood. Here, we show that transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (Tak1) expressed in the astrocytes of mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) plays a crucial role in anxiety-like behavior in mice. Our data demonstrate that deficiency of Tak1 in astrocytes increased anxiety level, but did not impact locomotor activity in mice. Astrocytic activation of Tak1 in the MBH mitigated the anxiety-like behavior, whereas suppression of Tak1 in MBH astrocytes promoted the anxiety-like behavior in mice. Collectively, these data suggest that Tak1 expressed in the MBH astrocytes could modulate the anxiety-like behavior in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kaili Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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28
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Chidambaram H, Chinnathambi S. G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Tau-different Roles in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 438:198-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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29
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Nugent BD, Davis PJ, Noll RB, Tersak JM. Sedation practices in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28037. [PMID: 31625677 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-year survival for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is greater than 90%. One late effect of pediatric ALL associated with numerous long-term difficulties is neurocognitive deficits. The experience at our institution, as well as conversations with oncologists at other institutions, suggests an increase in the use of sedation during lumbar punctures (LPs) for treatment of pediatric ALL. Among the most common Children's Oncology Group (COG) ALL protocols, approximately 30 LPs are performed over 2-3 years. Studies in animals reveal that sedation drugs may harm the developing brain. Gaps in knowledge exist regarding their use in children, particularly repeated exposures. The purpose of this study is to summarize sedation practices for LPs related to the treatment of ALL at COG institutions. METHODS Responsible Individuals (RIs) of the Cancer Control Committee of COG were invited to complete an internet-based survey about sedation practices at their institutions. RESULTS Surveys were sent to 103 RIs with a 62% response rate (N = 64). A combined 2018 new patients with ALL were seen each year (mean = 31.5, range = 3-110) at the participating institutions. The majority (96%) of children with ALL received sedation for LPs. While there was considerable variability across institutions in the type of sedation given, the most common was propofol alone (n = 36, 56%). CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of children with ALL receive sedation for LPs; however, there is variation in the medication used. Better understanding of sedation practices in children with ALL may inform future research to investigate which methods are the safest, with an emphasis on long-term neurocognitive late effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany D Nugent
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J Davis
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert B Noll
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean M Tersak
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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30
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Gu D, Zhou M, Han C, Lei D, Xie S, Yuan Y, Ma T. Preoperative anxiety induces chronic postoperative pain by activating astrocytes in the anterior cingulate cortex region. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2019; 65:1174-1180. [PMID: 31618333 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.65.9.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to explore the relationship between preoperative anxiety and chronic postoperative pain. METHODS A total of forty rats were divided into four groups, control, single-prolonged stress alone, Hysterectomy alone, and SPS+ Hysterectomy. The paw withdrawal mechanical thresholds (PWMT) were examined. qRT-PCR and western blotting assay were performed to detect the GFAP expression in astrocytes isolated from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) region. In addition, the long-term potentiation (LTP) in ACC was examined. RESULTS Rats in the SPS group or the Hysterectomy alone group had no significant effect on chronic pain formation, but SPS can significantly induce chronic pain after surgery. Astrocytes were still active, and the LTP was significantly increased three days after modeling in the SPS+Hysterectomy group. CONCLUSIONS anxiety can induce chronic pain by activating astrocytes in the ACC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damin Gu
- . Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minmin Zhou
- . Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Han
- . Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daoyun Lei
- . Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songhui Xie
- . Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanbo Yuan
- . Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tieliang Ma
- . Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
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31
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Li J, Ma N, Chen J, Yan D, Zhang Q, Shi J. EphA4 receptor regulates outwardly rectifying chloride channel in CA1 hippocampal neurons after ischemia-reperfusion. Neuroreport 2019; 30:980-984. [PMID: 31469726 PMCID: PMC6735946 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CA1 hippocampal neurons are sensitive to ischemia. The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptors are a cell-cell contact signaling pathway for regulating neuron function and death. However, the mechanisms of EphA receptor in neuron death after ischemia remain unclear. In this study, we present evidence that outwardly rectifying chloride channels reside in CA1 hippocampal neurons. EphA4 receptor increased chloride channel currents. Moreover, the EphA4 receptor no longer had significant effects on enhanced channel currents following ischemia-reperfusion. Inhibition of EphA4 receptor with EphA4-Fc significantly decreased the channel currents after ischemia-reperfusion. These results suggest that the increased effect of the EphA4 receptor on the outwardly rectifying chloride channel activity in CA1 hippocampal neurons may provide better treatment for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Deping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinchao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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32
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Rathour RK, Narayanan R. Degeneracy in hippocampal physiology and plasticity. Hippocampus 2019; 29:980-1022. [PMID: 31301166 PMCID: PMC6771840 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Degeneracy, defined as the ability of structurally disparate elements to perform analogous function, has largely been assessed from the perspective of maintaining robustness of physiology or plasticity. How does the framework of degeneracy assimilate into an encoding system where the ability to change is an essential ingredient for storing new incoming information? Could degeneracy maintain the balance between the apparently contradictory goals of the need to change for encoding and the need to resist change towards maintaining homeostasis? In this review, we explore these fundamental questions with the mammalian hippocampus as an example encoding system. We systematically catalog lines of evidence, spanning multiple scales of analysis that point to the expression of degeneracy in hippocampal physiology and plasticity. We assess the potential of degeneracy as a framework to achieve the conjoint goals of encoding and homeostasis without cross-interferences. We postulate that biological complexity, involving interactions among the numerous parameters spanning different scales of analysis, could establish disparate routes towards accomplishing these conjoint goals. These disparate routes then provide several degrees of freedom to the encoding-homeostasis system in accomplishing its tasks in an input- and state-dependent manner. Finally, the expression of degeneracy spanning multiple scales offers an ideal reconciliation to several outstanding controversies, through the recognition that the seemingly contradictory disparate observations are merely alternate routes that the system might recruit towards accomplishment of its goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K. Rathour
- Cellular Neurophysiology LaboratoryMolecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology LaboratoryMolecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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33
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Ravera S, Torazza C, Bonifacino T, Provenzano F, Rebosio C, Milanese M, Usai C, Panfoli I, Bonanno G. Altered glucose catabolism in the presynaptic and perisynaptic compartments of SOD1 G93A mouse spinal cord and motor cortex indicates that mitochondria are the site of bioenergetic imbalance in ALS. J Neurochem 2019; 151:336-350. [PMID: 31282572 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease that develops because of motor neuron death. Several mechanisms occur supporting neurodegeneration, including mitochondrial dysfunction. Recently, we demonstrated that the synaptosomes from the spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice, an in vitro model of presynapses, displayed impaired mitochondrial metabolism at early pre-symptomatic stages of the disease, whereas perisynaptic astrocyte particles, or gliosomes, were characterized by mild energy impairment only at symptomatic stages. This work aimed to understand whether mitochondrial impairment is a consequence of upstream metabolic damage. We analyzed the critical pathways involved in glucose catabolism at presynaptic and perisynaptic compartments. Spinal cord and motor cortex synaptosomes from SOD1G93A mice displayed high activity of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, key glycolysis enzymes, and of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase, key Krebs cycle enzymes, but did not display high lactate dehydrogenase activity, the key enzyme in lactate fermentation. This enhancement was evident in the spinal cord from the early stages of the disease and in the motor cortex at only symptomatic stages. Conversely, an increase in glycolysis and lactate fermentation activity, but not Krebs cycle activity, was observed in gliosomes from the spinal cord and motor cortex of SOD1G93A mice although only at the symptomatic stages of the disease. The cited enzymatic activities were enhanced in spinal cord and motor cortex homogenates, paralleling the time-course of the effect observed in synaptosomes and gliosomes. The observed metabolic modifications might be considered an attempt to restore altered energetic balance and indicate that mitochondria represent the ultimate site of bioenergetic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Rebosio
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS San Martino Policlinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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Lee M, Lee HJ, Jeong YJ, Oh SJ, Kang KJ, Han SJ, Nam KR, Lee YJ, Lee KC, Ryu YH, Hyun IY, Choi JY. Age dependency of mGluR5 availability in 5xFAD mice measured by PET. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:208-216. [PMID: 31570178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The major pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau. The deposition of amyloid plaques leads to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal cell death, and cognitive impairment. Among the neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant in the mammalian brain and plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. With respect to synaptic transmission, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is highly affected by amyloid pathology. However, the neuropathologic changes in the protein expression of mGluR5 in AD remain unclear. Therefore, to elucidate the alteration in mGluR5 expression with the progression of AD, we performed serial behavioral tests, longitudinal imaging studies, and histopathological immunoassay for both 5xFAD (n = 14) mice and age-matched wild-type mice (n = 14). The 5xFAD mice started showing severe hyperactivity and memory impairment from 7 months of age. In addition, mGluR5 positron emission tomography revealed that while the binding values in the wild-type mice were similar over time, those in 5xFAD mice fluctuated from 5 months of age. Furthermore, the 5xFAD mice presented a 35% decrease in the binding values of their cortical and subcortical areas at 9 months of age compared with those at 3 months of age. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and histopathological studies showed similar changes. In conclusion, mGluR5 availability changes with age, and mGluR5 positron emission tomography could successfully detect this synaptic change in the 5xFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Ji Jeong
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Jong Oh
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Jun Kang
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Jin Han
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Nam
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Young Hyun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Choi
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.
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Exposure of Developing Brain to General Anesthesia: What Is the Animal Evidence? Anesthesiology 2019; 128:832-839. [PMID: 29271804 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an official warning to all practicing physicians regarding potentially detrimental behavioral and cognitive sequelae of an early exposure to general anesthesia during in utero and in early postnatal life. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration concern is focused on children younger than three years of age who are exposed to clinically used general anesthetics and sedatives for three hours or longer. Although human evidence is limited and controversial, a large body of scientific evidence gathered from several mammalian species demonstrates that there is a potential foundation for concern. Considering this new development in public awareness, this review focuses on nonhuman primates because their brain development is the closest to humans in terms of not only timing and duration, but in terms of complexity as well. The review compares those primate findings to previously published work done with rodents.
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Wang W, Zhang LS, Zinsmaier AK, Patterson G, Leptich EJ, Shoemaker SL, Yatskievych TA, Gibboni R, Pace E, Luo H, Zhang J, Yang S, Bao S. Neuroinflammation mediates noise-induced synaptic imbalance and tinnitus in rodent models. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000307. [PMID: 31211773 PMCID: PMC6581239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a major risk factor for tinnitus, hyperacusis, and central auditory processing disorder. Although recent studies indicate that hearing loss causes neuroinflammation in the auditory pathway, the mechanisms underlying hearing loss–related pathologies are still poorly understood. We examined neuroinflammation in the auditory cortex following noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and its role in tinnitus in rodent models. Our results indicate that NIHL is associated with elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and microglial activation—two defining features of neuroinflammatory responses—in the primary auditory cortex (AI). Genetic knockout of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or pharmacologically blocking TNF-α expression prevented neuroinflammation and ameliorated the behavioral phenotype associated with tinnitus in mice with NIHL. Conversely, infusion of TNF-α into AI resulted in behavioral signs of tinnitus in both wild-type and TNF-α knockout mice with normal hearing. Pharmacological depletion of microglia also prevented tinnitus in mice with NIHL. At the synaptic level, the frequency of miniature excitatory synaptic currents (mEPSCs) increased and that of miniature inhibitory synaptic currents (mIPSCs) decreased in AI pyramidal neurons in animals with NIHL. This excitatory-to-inhibitory synaptic imbalance was completely prevented by pharmacological blockade of TNF-α expression. These results implicate neuroinflammation as a therapeutic target for treating tinnitus and other hearing loss–related disorders. Prolonged exposure to loud noises causes neuronal hyperexcitability and increases the risk of tinnitus. This study reveals that this type of tinnitus is mediated by noise-induced neuroinflammation; blockade of neuroinflammatory responses prevents noise-induced neuronal excitation/inhibition imbalance and tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Li. S. Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander K. Zinsmaier
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Patterson
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Emily Jean Leptich
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Savannah L. Shoemaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tatiana A. Yatskievych
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert Gibboni
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Edward Pace
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sungchil Yang
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shaowen Bao
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhou X, Xiao Q, Xie L, Yang F, Wang L, Tu J. Astrocyte, a Promising Target for Mood Disorder Interventions. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:136. [PMID: 31231189 PMCID: PMC6560156 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders have multiple phenotypes and complex underlying biological mechanisms and, as such, there are no effective therapeutic strategies. A review of recent work on the role of astrocytes in mood disorders is thus warranted, which we embark on here. We argue that there is tremendous potential for novel strategies for therapeutic interventions based on the role of astrocytes. Astrocytes are traditionally considered to have supporting roles within the brain, yet emerging evidence has shown that astrocytes have more direct roles in influencing brain function. Notably, evidence from postmortem human brain tissues has highlighted changes in glial cell morphology, density and astrocyte-related biomarkers and genes following mood disorders, indicating astrocyte involvement in mood disorders. Findings from animal models strongly imply that astrocytes not only change astrocyte morphology and physiological characteristics but also influence neural circuits via synapse structure and formation. This review pays particular attention to interactions between astrocytes and neurons and argues that astrocyte dysfunction affects the monoaminergic system, excitatory–inhibitory balance and neurotrophic states of local networks. Together, these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the exact role of astrocytes in mood disorders. Importantly, we then change the focus from neurons to glial cells and the interactions between the two, so that we can understand newly proposed mechanisms underlying mood disorders, and to identify more diagnostic indicators or effective targets for treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Tu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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Zamberlam CR, Tilger MAS, Moraes L, Cerutti JM, Cerutti SM. Ginkgo biloba treatments reverse the impairment of conditioned suppression acquisition induced by GluN2B-NMDA and 5-HT 1A receptor blockade: Modulatory effects of the circuitry of the dorsal hippocampal formation. Physiol Behav 2019; 209:112534. [PMID: 31071338 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve our understanding of the effects of standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) as a cognitive enhancer, we investigated the conditioned lick suppression-induced expression (mRNA and protein) of the GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (GluN2B-NMDAR), serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptor (5-HT1AR), gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the dorsal hippocampal formation (dHF) of untreated and EGb-treated (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g.kg-1) groups of rats. To substantiate our data, we analysed the molecular changes in dHF following treatment with vehicle, with agonists or antagonists of GABAAR, GluN2B-NMDAR and 5-HT1AR or with one of these antagonists prior to EGb and fear memory acquisition. Additionally, we performed a pharmacological analysis of the drug-receptor-receptor interactions and their supplemental role in fear memory by blocking individual receptors and analysed the possible changes in expression level with each of the other receptors in the study as well as astrocytes. Our data show for the first time that EGb treatment not only upregulated GluN2B, GABAAR-α5, and GFAP compared with the control but also differentially upregulated GABAAR-α1 in the dHF and 5HT1AR in the CA3. We found that the activation of GABAARs (diazepam) and the inactivation of GluN2B-NMDARs (Ro25-6981) or 5-HT1AR ((S)-WAY100135) resulted in memory impairment. Further, higher doses of EGb treatment reversed the effect of blocking GluN2B (P < 0.001) and 5-HT1AR (P < 0.001). Here, treatment with Ro25-6981 + EGb or (S)-WAY100135 + EGb prevented the impairment of the acquisition of lick suppression in association with the upregulation or prevention of the downregulation of Grin2b expression as well as the expression of GluN2B-NMDA and/or α1 and α5 subunit-containing GABAAR in the CA1 (P < 0.0001). Our data are in line with previous findings concerning the necessity of GluN2B for fear memory formation and add to the current knowledge of the role of the GABAAR-α1 and -α5 subunits and of GluN2B as a target of cognitive enhancers. Furthermore, our data show that these receptors play a complementary role in controlling the neural circuitry in the dHF that seems to be essential to conditioned lick suppression and the modulatory effects of EGb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia R Zamberlam
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Comportamental, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Laboratório Bases Genéticas do Tumor da Tiróide, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Myrcea A S Tilger
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Comportamental, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Laís Moraes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Laboratório Bases Genéticas do Tumor da Tiróide, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete M Cerutti
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Laboratório Bases Genéticas do Tumor da Tiróide, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzete M Cerutti
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Comportamental, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Maingault S, Panzieri J, Pepe A, Crivello F, Mazoyer B. Intracortical Myelination of Heschl's Gyrus and the Planum Temporale Varies With Heschl's Duplication Pattern and Rhyming Performance: An Investigation of 440 Healthy Volunteers. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:2072-2083. [PMID: 29912300 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated, in 445 healthy adults whose Heschl's gyrus (HG) gyrification patterns had been previously identified, how an in vivo MRI marker of intracortical myelination of HG and the planum temporale (PT) varied as a function of HG gyrification pattern and, in cases of duplication, of anatomical characteristics of the second HG (H2). By measuring the MRI T1/T2 ratio in regions of interest covering the first HG (H1), H2 in cases of common stem (H2CSD), or complete posterior duplication (H2CPD) and the PT, we showed that H1 had the highest T1/T2 values, while the PT had the lowest. The major impact of duplication was a decrease in both H1 and PT T1/T2 values in cases of left CPD. Concerning H2, the right and left T1/T2 values of right H2CSD were closer to those of H1, and those of left H2CPD were closer to those of PT. After adjusting for verbal skills, rhyming performance was not associated with T1/T2 values in left regions, but it decreased with increasing right PT T1/T2 values. These results reveal the existence of hemispheric differences in H2 myelination and underline the importance of neuroimaging markers of intracortical myelination for investigating brain structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tzourio-Mazoyer
- University of Bordeaux, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CEA, GIN, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Maingault
- University of Bordeaux, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CEA, GIN, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Panzieri
- University of Bordeaux, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CEA, GIN, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Pepe
- University of Bordeaux, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CEA, GIN, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Crivello
- University of Bordeaux, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CEA, GIN, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - B Mazoyer
- University of Bordeaux, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CEA, GIN, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we aim to integrate the most recent research highlighting alterations in sleep slow-wave activity (SWA), and impairments in neuroplasticity in major depressive disorder (MDD) into a novel model of disorder maintenance. RECENT FINDINGS Sleep homeostasis has been shown to be impaired in MDD, with a subset of individuals also demonstrating impaired SWA. SWA is considered a marker of the homeostatic regulation of sleep, and is implicated in the downscaling of synaptic strength in the context of maintaining homeostatic plasticity. Individuals with MDD have been shown to exhibit impairments in both neural plasticity such as loss of dendritic branching, and synaptic plasticity such as decreased long-term potentiation-dependent learning and memory. Alterations in the homeostatic regulation of sleep, SWA, and synaptic plasticity in MDD suggest an underlying impairment in the modulation of synaptic strength. One candidate mechanism for this impairment is AMPA receptor trafficking.
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Martorell AJ, Paulson AL, Suk HJ, Abdurrob F, Drummond GT, Guan W, Young JZ, Kim DNW, Kritskiy O, Barker SJ, Mangena V, Prince SM, Brown EN, Chung K, Boyden ES, Singer AC, Tsai LH. Multi-sensory Gamma Stimulation Ameliorates Alzheimer's-Associated Pathology and Improves Cognition. Cell 2019; 177:256-271.e22. [PMID: 30879788 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that inducing gamma oscillations with a non-invasive light flicker (gamma entrainment using sensory stimulus or GENUS) impacted pathology in the visual cortex of Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Here, we designed auditory tone stimulation that drove gamma frequency neural activity in auditory cortex (AC) and hippocampal CA1. Seven days of auditory GENUS improved spatial and recognition memory and reduced amyloid in AC and hippocampus of 5XFAD mice. Changes in activation responses were evident in microglia, astrocytes, and vasculature. Auditory GENUS also reduced phosphorylated tau in the P301S tauopathy model. Furthermore, combined auditory and visual GENUS, but not either alone, produced microglial-clustering responses, and decreased amyloid in medial prefrontal cortex. Whole brain analysis using SHIELD revealed widespread reduction of amyloid plaques throughout neocortex after multi-sensory GENUS. Thus, GENUS can be achieved through multiple sensory modalities with wide-ranging effects across multiple brain areas to improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Martorell
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Abigail L Paulson
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ho-Jun Suk
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MIT Media Lab, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fatema Abdurrob
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabrielle T Drummond
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Webster Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennie Z Young
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Nam-Woo Kim
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Oleg Kritskiy
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Scarlett J Barker
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vamsi Mangena
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie M Prince
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Emery N Brown
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MIT Media Lab, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Annabelle C Singer
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Dozio V, Sanchez JC. Profiling the proteomic inflammatory state of human astrocytes using DIA mass spectrometry. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:331. [PMID: 30501627 PMCID: PMC6267034 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system and are responsible for a wide range of functions critical to normal neuronal development, synapse formation, blood-brain barrier regulation, and brain homeostasis. They are also actively involved in initiating and perpetuating neuroinflammatory responses. However, information about their proteomic phenotypes under inflammation is currently limited. METHOD Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry was applied to extensively characterize the profile of more than 4000 proteins in immortalized human fetal astrocytes under distinct inflammatory conditions induced by TNF, IL-1β, and LPS, while multiplex immunoassay-based screening was used to quantify a wide range of cytokines released under these inflammatory conditions. Then, immunocytochemistry and western blotting were used to verify the activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB upon exposure to the different stimuli. Finally, an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier consisting of a co-culture of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells and primary human astrocytes was used to verify the inflammatory response of astrocytes upon LPS exposure in a more complex in vitro system. RESULTS We reported on a set of 186 proteins whose levels were significantly modulated by TNF, IL-1β, and LPS. These three stimuli induced proteome perturbations, which led to an increased abundance of key inflammatory proteins involved in antigen presentation and non-canonical NF-κB pathways. TNF and IL-1β, but not LPS, also activated the canonical NF-κB pathway, which in turn led to an extensive inflammatory response and dysregulation of cytoskeletal and adhesion proteins. In addition, TNF and LPS, but not IL-1β, increased the abundance of several interferon-stimulated gene products. Finally, TNF and IL-1β similarly upregulated the secretion of several cytokines and chemokines, whereas LPS only induced a moderate increase in IL-8, IFN-γ, and IL-1β secretion. Upregulation of proteins associated with type I IFN and non-canonical NF-κB signaling was also observed in primary astrocytes co-cultured with primary brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to LPS. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides comprehensive information about the proteomic phenotypes of human astrocytes upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli both in monoculture and in co-culture with human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Dozio
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland. .,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Froudist-Walsh S, Browning PG, Young JJ, Murphy KL, Mars RB, Fleysher L, Croxson PL. Macro-connectomics and microstructure predict dynamic plasticity patterns in the non-human primate brain. eLife 2018; 7:34354. [PMID: 30462609 PMCID: PMC6249000 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain displays a remarkable ability to adapt following injury by altering its connections through neural plasticity. Many of the biological mechanisms that underlie plasticity are known, but there is little knowledge as to when, or where in the brain plasticity will occur following injury. This knowledge could guide plasticity-promoting interventions and create a more accurate roadmap of the recovery process following injury. We causally investigated the time-course of plasticity after hippocampal lesions using multi-modal MRI in monkeys. We show that post-injury plasticity is highly dynamic, but also largely predictable on the basis of the functional connectivity of the lesioned region, gradients of cell densities across the cortex and the pre-lesion network structure of the brain. The ability to predict which brain areas will plastically adapt their functional connectivity following injury may allow us to decipher why some brain lesions lead to permanent loss of cognitive function, while others do not. The brain has the ability to adapt after injury, a process known as plasticity. When one area sustains damage, for example following a car accident or stroke, other areas change their activity and structure to compensate. Understanding how this happens is critical to helping people recover from brain injuries. Certain factors may affect how well the brain can repair itself. These include how much the damaged area interacts with other areas, and which cell types different areas of the brain contain. Froudist-Walsh et al. set out to determine how these factors influence recovery from brain injury in monkeys, whose brains are similar to our own. The monkeys had damage to a structure called the hippocampus. This part of the brain has a key role in memory, which is often impaired in patients with brain injuries. The hippocampus cannot repair itself because the brain has only a limited capacity to grow new neurons. Instead, the brain attempts to compensate for disruption to the hippocampus via changes in other, undamaged areas. Using brain imaging, Froudist-Walsh et al. show that the types of changes that occur depend on how much time has passed since the injury. In the first three months, many areas of the brain change how much they coordinate their activity with other areas. Highly connected areas reduce their communication with other areas the most. In the long-term, the responses of brain areas depend more on which cell types they contain. Areas with more support cells known as “glia” – which supply nutrients and energy to neurons – are better able to adapt their connectivity up to a year after the injury. These findings may ultimately benefit people who have suffered brain injuries after accidents or stroke. They suggest that stimulating intact brain areas may be helpful in the months immediately after an injury. By contrast, long-term therapy may need to focus more on structural repair. Future studies must build on these results to discover the best ways to induce successful recovery from brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Froudist-Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Philip Gf Browning
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - James J Young
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Kathy L Murphy
- Comparative Biology Centre, Medical School, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lazar Fleysher
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Paula L Croxson
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
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Jung YJ, Chung WS. Phagocytic Roles of Glial Cells in Healthy and Diseased Brains. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:350-357. [PMID: 29316776 PMCID: PMC6029679 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are receiving much attention since they have been recognized as important regulators of many aspects of brain function and disease. Recent evidence has revealed that two different glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, control synapse elimination under normal and pathological conditions via phagocytosis. Astrocytes use the MEGF10 and MERTK phagocytic pathways, and microglia use the classical complement pathway to recognize and eliminate unwanted synapses. Notably, glial phagocytosis also contributes to the clearance of disease-specific protein aggregates, such as β-amyloid, huntingtin, and α-synuclein. Here we reivew recent findings showing that glial cells are active regulators in brain functions through phagocytosis and that changes in glial phagocytosis contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial phagocytosis in healthy and diseased brains will greatly improve our current approach in treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Joo Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system are indispensable for the formation, maintenance, and modulation of synapses over the life cycle. They not only recognize neuron-glia signaling molecules, but also secrete gliotransmitters. Through these processes, they regulate neuronal excitability and thus the release of neurotransmitters from the nerve terminal at the neuromuscular junction. Gliotransmitters strongly affect nerve communication, and their secretion is mainly triggered by synchronized Ca2+ signaling, implicating Ca2+ waves in synapse function. Reciprocally, neurotransmitters released during synaptic activity can evoke increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels. A reconsideration of the interplay between the two main types of cells in the nervous system is due, as the concept of nervous system activity comprising only neuron-neuron and neuron-muscle action has become untenable. A more precise understanding of the roles of schwann cells in nerve-muscle signaling is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hyung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- BK21 Plus Transformative Training Program for Creative Mechanical and Aerospace Engineers, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kyuhwan Jung
- Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Ravera S, Bonifacino T, Bartolucci M, Milanese M, Gallia E, Provenzano F, Cortese K, Panfoli I, Bonanno G. Characterization of the Mitochondrial Aerobic Metabolism in the Pre- and Perisynaptic Districts of the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9220-9233. [PMID: 29656361 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscle wasting, weakness, and spasticity due to a progressive degeneration of cortical, brainstem, and spinal motor neurons. The etiopathological causes are still largely obscure, although astrocytes definitely play a role in neuronal damage. Several mechanisms have been proposed to concur to neurodegeneration in ALS, including mitochondrial dysfunction. We have previously shown profound modifications of glutamate release and presynaptic plasticity in the spinal cord of the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. In this work, we characterized, for the first time, the aerobic metabolism in two specific compartments actively involved in neurotransmission (i.e. the presynaptic district, using purified synaptosomes, and the perisynaptic astrocyte processes, using purified gliosomes) in SOD1G93A mice at different stages of the disease. ATP/AMP ratio was lower in synaptosomes isolated from the spinal cord, but not from other brain areas, of SOD1G93A vs. control mice. The energy impairment was linked to altered oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and increment of lipid peroxidation. These metabolic dysfunctions were present during disease progression, starting at the very pre-symptomatic stages, and did not depend on a different number of mitochondria or a different expression of OxPhos proteins. Conversely, gliosomes showed a reduction of the ATP/AMP ratio only at the late stages of the disease and an increment of oxidative stress also in the absence of a significant decrement in OxPhos activity. Data suggest that the presynaptic neuronal moiety plays a pivotal role for synaptic energy metabolism dysfunctions in ALS. Changes in the perisynaptic compartment seem subordinated to neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gallia
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Anatomy, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy. .,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Agosto-Marlin IM, Nichols NL, Mitchell GS. Systemic inflammation inhibits serotonin receptor 2-induced phrenic motor facilitation upstream from BDNF/TrkB signaling. J Neurophysiol 2018. [PMID: 29513151 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00378.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although systemic inflammation induced by even a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 μg/kg) impairs respiratory motor plasticity, little is known concerning cellular mechanisms giving rise to this inhibition. Phrenic motor facilitation (pMF) is a form of respiratory motor plasticity elicited by pharmacological agents applied to the cervical spinal cord, or by acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH; 3, 5-min hypoxic episodes); when elicited by AIH, pMF is known as phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). AIH consisting of moderate hypoxic episodes (mAIH, arterial Po2 = 35-55 mmHg) elicits pLTF via the Q pathway to pMF, a mechanism that requires spinal serotonin (5HT2) receptor activation and new brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein synthesis. Although mild systemic inflammation attenuates mAIH-induced pLTF via spinal p38 MAP kinase activation, little is known concerning how p38 MAP kinase activity inhibits the Q pathway. Here, we confirmed that 24 h after a low LPS dose (100 μg/kg ip), mAIH-induced pLTF is greatly attenuated. Similarly, pMF elicited by intrathecal cervical injections of 5HT2A (DOI; 100 μM; 3 × 6 μl) or 5HT2B receptor agonists (BW723C86; 100 μM; 3 × 6 μl) is blocked 24 h post-LPS. When pMF was elicited by intrathecal BDNF (100 ng, 12 μl), pMF was actually enhanced 24 h post-LPS. Thus 5HT2A/2B receptor-induced pMF is impaired downstream from 5HT2 receptor activation, but upstream from BDNF/TrkB signaling. Mechanisms whereby LPS augments BDNF-induced pMF are not yet known. NEW & NOTEWORTHY These experiments give novel insights concerning mechanisms whereby systemic inflammation undermines serotonin-dependent, spinal respiratory motor plasticity, yet enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB signaling in phrenic motor neurons. These insights may guide development of new strategies to elicit functional recovery of breathing capacity in patients with respiratory impairment by reducing (or bypassing) the impact of systemic inflammation characteristic of clinical disorders that compromise breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibis M Agosto-Marlin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nicole L Nichols
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin.,Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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Ohshima H. Oral biosciences: The annual review 2017. J Oral Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao LR, Willing A. Enhancing endogenous capacity to repair a stroke-damaged brain: An evolving field for stroke research. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 163-164:5-26. [PMID: 29476785 PMCID: PMC6075953 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke represents a severe medical condition that causes stroke survivors to suffer from long-term and even lifelong disability. Over the past several decades, a vast majority of stroke research targets neuroprotection in the acute phase, while little work has been done to enhance stroke recovery at the later stage. Through reviewing current understanding of brain plasticity, stroke pathology, and emerging preclinical and clinical restorative approaches, this review aims to provide new insights to advance the research field for stroke recovery. Lifelong brain plasticity offers the long-lasting possibility to repair a stroke-damaged brain. Stroke impairs the structural and functional integrity of entire brain networks; the restorative approaches containing multi-components have great potential to maximize stroke recovery by rebuilding and normalizing the stroke-disrupted entire brain networks and brain functioning. The restorative window for stroke recovery is much longer than previously thought. The optimal time for brain repair appears to be at later stage of stroke rather than the earlier stage. It is expected that these new insights will advance our understanding of stroke recovery and assist in developing the next generation of restorative approaches for enhancing brain repair after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Alison Willing
- Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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50
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Guo H, Liu ZQ, Zhou H, Wang ZL, Tao YH, Tong Y. P2Y1 receptor antagonists mitigate oxygen and glucose deprivation‑induced astrocyte injury. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1819-1824. [PMID: 29257198 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of blocking the calcium signaling pathway of astrocytes (ASs) on oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)‑induced AS injury. The association between the changes in the concentrations of AS‑derived transmitter ATP and glutamic acid, and the changes in calcium signaling under the challenge of OGD were investigated. The cortical ASs of Sprague Dawley rats were cultured to establish the OGD models of ASs. The extracellular concentrations of ATP and glutamic acid in the normal group and the OGD group were detected, and the intracellular concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) was detected. The effects of 2'‑deoxy‑N6‑methyl adenosine 3', 5'‑diphosphate diammonium salt (MRS2179), a P2Y1 receptor antagonist, on the release of calcium and glutamic acid of ASs under the condition of OGD were observed. The OGD challenge induced the release of glutamic acid and ATP by ASs in a time‑dependent manner, whereas elevation in the concentration of glutamic acid lagged behind that of the ATP and Ca2+. The concentration of Ca2+ inside ASs peaked 16 h after OGD, following which the concentration of Ca2+ was decreased. The effects of elevated release of glutamic acid by ASs when challenged by OGD may be blocked by MRS2179, a P2Y1 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, MRS2179 may significantly mitigate OGD‑induced AS injury and increase cell survival. The ASs of rats cultured in vitro expressed P2Y1 receptors, which may inhibit excessive elevation in the concentration of intracellular Ca2+. Avoidance of intracellular calcium overload and the excessive release of glutamic acid may be an important reason why MRS2179 mitigates OGD‑induced AS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Qiang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ling Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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