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Enten GA, Gao X, McGee MY, Weche M, Majetschak M. Chemokine receptor hetero-oligomers regulate monocyte chemotaxis. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402657. [PMID: 38782603 PMCID: PMC11116815 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
It is known that stress influences immune cell function. The underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. We recently reported that many chemokine receptors (CRs) heteromerize with α1-adrenoceptors (α1-ARs) through which CRs are regulated. Here, we show that arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) heteromerizes with all human CRs, except chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)1, in recombinant systems and that such heteromers are detectable in THP-1 cells and human monocytes. We demonstrate that ligand-free AVPR1A differentially regulates the efficacy of CR partners to mediate chemotaxis and that AVPR1A ligands disrupt AVPR1A:CR heteromers, which enhances chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR)1-mediated chemotaxis and inhibits CCR2-, CCR8-, and CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer to monitor G protein activation and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited THP-1 cells lacking AVPR1A or α1B-AR, we show that CRs that share the propensity to heteromerize with α1B/D-ARs and AVPR1A exist and function within interdependent hetero-oligomeric complexes through which the efficacy of CRs to mediate chemotaxis is controlled. Our findings suggest that hetero-oligomers composed of CRs, α1B/D-ARs, and AVPR1A may enable stress hormones to regulate immune cell trafficking.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Chemotaxis
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Vasopressin/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasopressin/genetics
- THP-1 Cells
- Protein Multimerization
- HEK293 Cells
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Signal Transduction
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Ligands
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett A Enten
- https://ror.org/032db5x82 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- https://ror.org/032db5x82 Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xianlong Gao
- https://ror.org/032db5x82 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Y McGee
- https://ror.org/032db5x82 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - McWayne Weche
- https://ror.org/032db5x82 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- https://ror.org/032db5x82 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- https://ror.org/032db5x82 Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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2
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Saha S, Gonzalez-Maeso J. Translation-independent association of mRNAs encoding protomers of the 5-HT 2A -mGlu2 receptor complex in living cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599432. [PMID: 38948858 PMCID: PMC11212926 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT 2A R) and the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor (mGluR2) form heteromeric G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) complexes through a direct physical interaction. Co-translational association of mRNAs encoding subunits of heteromeric ion channels has been reported, but whether complex assembly of GPCRs occurs during translation remains unknown. Our in vitro data reveal evidence of co-translational modulation in 5-HT 2A R and mGluR2 mRNAs following siRNA-mediated knockdown. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation of either 5-HT 2A R or mGluR2, using an antibody targeting epitope tags at their N-terminus, results in detection of both transcripts associated with ribonucleoprotein complexes containing RPS24. Additionally, we demonstrate that the mRNA transcripts of 5-HT 2A R and mGluR2 associate autonomously of their respective encoded proteins. Validation of this translation-independent association is extended ex vivo using mouse frontal cortex samples. Together, these findings provide mechanistic insights into the co-translational assembly of GPCR heteromeric complexes, unraveling regulatory processes governing protein-protein interactions and complex formation.
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3
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Gonzalez-Hernandez AJ, Munguba H, Levitz J. Emerging modes of regulation of neuromodulatory G protein-coupled receptors. Trends Neurosci 2024:S0166-2236(24)00088-2. [PMID: 38862331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In the nervous system, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and, ultimately, behavior through spatiotemporally precise initiation of a variety of signaling pathways. However, despite their critical importance, there is incomplete understanding of how these receptors are regulated to tune their signaling to specific neurophysiological contexts. A deeper mechanistic picture of neuromodulatory GPCR function is needed to fully decipher their biological roles and effectively harness them for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we highlight recent progress in identifying novel modes of regulation of neuromodulatory GPCRs, including G protein- and receptor-targeting mechanisms, receptor-receptor crosstalk, and unique features that emerge in the context of chemical synapses. These emerging principles of neuromodulatory GPCR tuning raise critical questions to be tackled at the molecular, cellular, synaptic, and neural circuit levels in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hermany Munguba
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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4
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Okamoto HH, Cecon E, Nureki O, Rivara S, Jockers R. Melatonin receptor structure and signaling. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12952. [PMID: 38587234 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) binds with high affinity and specificity to membrane receptors. Several receptor subtypes exist in different species, of which the mammalian MT1 and MT2 receptors are the best-characterized. They are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, preferentially coupling to Gi/o proteins but also to other G proteins in a cell-context-depending manner. In this review, experts on melatonin receptors will summarize the current state of the field. We briefly report on the discovery and classification of melatonin receptors, then focus on the molecular structure of human MT1 and MT2 receptors and highlight the importance of molecular simulations to identify new ligands and to understand the structural dynamics of these receptors. We then describe the state-of-the-art of the intracellular signaling pathways activated by melatonin receptors and their complexes. Brief statements on the molecular toolbox available for melatonin receptor studies and future perspectives will round-up this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki H Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Cecon
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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5
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Philibert CE, Disdier C, Lafon PA, Bouyssou A, Oosterlaken M, Galant S, Pizzoccaro A, Tuduri P, Ster J, Liu J, Kniazeff J, Pin JP, Rondard P, Marin P, Vandermoere F. TrkB receptor interacts with mGlu 2 receptor and mediates antipsychotic-like effects of mGlu 2 receptor activation in the mouse. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadg1679. [PMID: 38277461 PMCID: PMC10816717 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) attracts particular attention as a possible target for a new class of antipsychotics. However, the signaling pathways transducing the effects of mGlu2 in the brain remain poorly characterized. Here, we addressed this issue by identifying native mGlu2 interactome in mouse prefrontal cortex. Nanobody-based affinity purification and mass spectrometry identified 149 candidate mGlu2 partners, including the neurotrophin receptor TrkB. The later interaction was confirmed both in cultured cells and prefrontal cortex. mGlu2 activation triggers phosphorylation of TrkB on Tyr816 in primary cortical neurons and prefrontal cortex. Reciprocally, TrkB stimulation enhances mGlu2-operated Gi/o protein activation. Furthermore, TrkB inhibition prevents the rescue of behavioral deficits by glutamatergic antipsychotics in phencyclidine-treated mice. Collectively, these results reveal a cross-talk between TrkB and mGlu2, which is key to the behavioral response to glutamatergic antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Eva Philibert
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Candice Disdier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-André Lafon
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Centre for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Alexandre Bouyssou
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Oosterlaken
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonya Galant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Pizzoccaro
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pola Tuduri
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeanne Ster
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Centre for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Julie Kniazeff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Vandermoere
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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6
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Liu L, Lin L, Shen C, Rondard P, Pin JP, Xu C, Liu J. Asymmetric activation of dimeric GABA B and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C79-C89. [PMID: 37184233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00150.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of membrane proteins and are important drug targets. GPCRs are allosteric machines that transduce an extracellular signal to the cell by activating heterotrimeric G proteins. Herein, we summarize the recent advancements in the molecular activation mechanism of the γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, the most important class C GPCRs that modulate synaptic transmission in the brain. Both are mandatory dimers, this quaternary structure being needed for their function The structures of these receptors in different conformations and in complexes with G proteins have revealed their asymmetric activation. This asymmetry is further highlighted by the recent discovery of mGlu heterodimers, where the eight mGlu subunits can form specific and functional heterodimers. Finally, the development of allosteric modulators has revealed new possibilities for regulating the function of these receptors by targeting the transmembrane dimer interface. This family of receptors never ceases to astonish and serve as models to better understand the diversity and asymmetric functioning of GPCRs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors form constitutive dimers, which are required for their function. They serve as models to better understand the diversity and activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The structures of these receptors in different conformations and in complexes with G proteins have revealed their asymmetric activation. This asymmetry is further highlighted by the recent discovery of specific and functional mGlu heterodimers. Allosteric modulators can be developed to target the transmembrane interface and modulate the asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cangsong Shen
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Chanjuan Xu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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7
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Saha S, González-Maeso J. The crosstalk between 5-HT 2AR and mGluR2 in schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2023; 230:109489. [PMID: 36889432 PMCID: PMC10103009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that usually produces a lifetime of disability. First generation or typical antipsychotics such as haloperidol and second generation or atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine and risperidone remain the current standard for schizophrenia treatment. In some patients with schizophrenia, antipsychotics produce complete remission of positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. However, antipsychotic drugs are ineffective against cognitive deficits and indeed treated schizophrenia patients have small improvements or even deterioration in several cognitive domains. This underlines the need for novel and more efficient therapeutic targets for schizophrenia treatment. Serotonin and glutamate have been identified as key parts of two neurotransmitter systems involved in fundamental brain processes. Serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine) 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor (mGluR2) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that interact at epigenetic and functional levels. These two receptors can form GPCR heteromeric complexes through which their pharmacology, function and trafficking becomes affected. Here we review past and current research on the 5-HT2AR-mGluR2 heterocomplex and its potential implication in schizophrenia and antipsychotic drug action. This article is part of the Special Issue on "The receptor-receptor interaction as a new target for therapy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Somdatta Saha
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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8
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Ferré S, Sarasola LI, Quiroz C, Ciruela F. Presynaptic adenosine receptor heteromers as key modulators of glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109329. [PMID: 36375695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine plays a very significant role in modulating striatal glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. In the present essay we first review the extensive evidence that indicates this modulation is mediated by adenosine A1 and A2A receptors (A1Rs and A2ARs) differentially expressed by the components of the striatal microcircuit that include cortico-striatal glutamatergic and mesencephalic dopaminergic terminals, and the cholinergic interneuron. This microcircuit mediates the ability of striatal glutamate release to locally promote dopamine release through the intermediate activation of cholinergic interneurons. A1Rs and A2ARs are colocalized in the cortico-striatal glutamatergic terminals, where they form A1R-A2AR and A2AR-cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) heteromers. We then evaluate recent findings on the unique properties of A1R-A2AR and A2AR-CB1R heteromers, which depend on their different quaternary tetrameric structure. These properties involve different allosteric mechanisms in the two receptor heteromers that provide fine-tune modulation of adenosine and endocannabinoid-mediated striatal glutamate release. Finally, we evaluate the evidence supporting the use of different heteromers containing striatal adenosine receptors as targets for drug development for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome, based on the ability or inability of the A2AR to demonstrate constitutive activity in the different heteromers, and the ability of some A2AR ligands to act preferentially as neutral antagonists or inverse agonists, or to have preferential affinity for a specific A2AR heteromer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Laura I Sarasola
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - César Quiroz
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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9
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Moreno E, Casajuana-Martin N, Coyle M, Campos BC, Galaj E, Del Torrent CL, Seyedian A, Rea W, Cai NS, Bonifazi A, Florán B, Xi ZX, Guitart X, Casadó V, Newman AH, Bishop C, Pardo L, Ferré S. Pharmacological targeting of G protein-coupled receptor heteromers. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106476. [PMID: 36182040 PMCID: PMC9645299 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A main rationale for the role of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteromers as targets for drug development is the putative ability of selective ligands for specific GPCRs to change their pharmacological properties upon GPCR heteromerization. The present study provides a proof of concept for this rationale by demonstrating that heteromerization of dopamine D1 and D3 receptors (D1R and D3R) influences the pharmacological properties of three structurally similar selective dopamine D3R ligands, the phenylpiperazine derivatives PG01042, PG01037 and VK4-116. By using D1R-D3R heteromer-disrupting peptides, it could be demonstrated that the three D3R ligands display different D1R-D3R heteromer-dependent pharmacological properties: PG01042, acting as G protein-biased agonist, counteracted D1R-mediated signaling in the D1R-D3R heteromer; PG01037, acting as a D3R antagonist cross-antagonized D1R-mediated signaling in the D1R-D3R heteromer; and VK4-116 specifically acted as a ß-arrestin-biased agonist in the D1R-D3R heteromer. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted potential molecular mechanisms mediating these qualitatively different pharmacological properties of the selective D3R ligands that are dependent on D1R-D3R heteromerization. The results of in vitro experiments were paralleled by qualitatively different pharmacological properties of the D3R ligands in vivo. The results supported the involvement of D1R-D3R heteromers in the locomotor activation by D1R agonists in reserpinized mice and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rats, highlighting the D1R-D3R heteromer as a main pharmacological target for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. More generally, the present study implies that when suspecting its pathogenetic role, a GPCR heteromer, and not its individual GPCR units, should be considered as main target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Michael Coyle
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Baruc Campos Campos
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ewa Galaj
- Addiction Biology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Llinas Del Torrent
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Arta Seyedian
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William Rea
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ning-Sheng Cai
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamín Florán
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xavier Guitart
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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De Oliveira PA, Moreno E, Casajuana-Martin N, Casadó-Anguera V, Cai NS, Camacho-Hernandez GA, Zhu H, Bonifazi A, Hall MD, Weinshenker D, Newman AH, Logothetis DE, Casadó V, Plant LD, Pardo L, Ferré S. Preferential Gs protein coupling of the galanin Gal 1 receptor in the µ-opioid-Gal 1 receptor heterotetramer. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106322. [PMID: 35750299 PMCID: PMC9462584 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that heteromers of µ-opioid receptors (MORs) and galanin Gal1 receptors (Gal1Rs) localized in the mesencephalon mediate the dopaminergic effects of opioids. The present study reports converging evidence, using a peptide-interfering approach combined with biophysical and biochemical techniques, including total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, for a predominant homodimeric structure of MOR and Gal1R when expressed individually, and for their preference to form functional heterotetramers when co-expressed. Results show that a heteromerization-dependent change in the Gal1R homodimeric interface leads to a switch in G-protein coupling from inhibitory Gi to stimulatory Gs proteins. The MOR-Gal1R heterotetramer, which is thus bound to Gs via the Gal1R homodimer and Gi via the MOR homodimer, provides the framework for a canonical Gs-Gi antagonist interaction at the adenylyl cyclase level. These novel results shed light on the intense debate about the oligomeric quaternary structure of G protein-coupled receptors, their predilection for heteromer formation, and the resulting functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gisela Andrea Camacho-Hernandez
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hu Zhu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy at the Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy at the Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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11
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Casadó-Anguera V, Casadó V. Unmasking allosteric binding sites: Novel targets for GPCR drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:897-923. [PMID: 35649692 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2085684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unexpected non-apparent and hidden allosteric binding sites are non-classical and non-apparent allosteric centers in 3-D X-ray protein structures until orthosteric or allosteric ligands bind to them. The orthosteric center of one protomer that modulates binding centers of the other protomers within an oligomer is also an unexpected allosteric site. Furthermore, another partner protein can also produce these effects, acting as an unexpected allosteric modulator. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes both classical and non-classical allosterism. The authors focus on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomers as a paradigm of allosteric molecules. Moreover, they show several examples of unexpected allosteric sites such as hidden allosteric sites in a protomer that appear after the interaction with other molecules and the allosterism exerted between orthosteric sites within GPCR oligomer, emphasizing on the allosteric modulations that can occur between binding sites. EXPERT OPINION The study of these new non-classical allosteric sites will expand the diversity of allosteric control on the function of orthosteric sites within proteins, whether GPCRs or other receptors, enzymes or transporters. Moreover, the design of new drugs targeting these hidden allosteric sites or already known orthosteric sites acting as allosteric sites in protein homo- or hetero-oligomers will increase the therapeutic potential of allosterism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Lovinger DM, Mateo Y, Johnson KA, Engi SA, Antonazzo M, Cheer JF. Local modulation by presynaptic receptors controls neuronal communication and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:191-203. [PMID: 35228740 PMCID: PMC10709822 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system neurons communicate via fast synaptic transmission mediated by ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptors and slower neuromodulation mediated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors influence many neuronal functions, including presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Presynaptic LGIC and GPCR activation by locally released neurotransmitters influences neuronal communication in ways that modify effects of somatic action potentials. Although much is known about presynaptic receptors and their mechanisms of action, less is known about when and where these receptor actions alter release, especially in vivo. This Review focuses on emerging evidence for important local presynaptic receptor actions and ideas for future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kari A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheila A Engi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario Antonazzo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Ferré S, Ciruela F, Dessauer CW, González-Maeso J, Hébert TE, Jockers R, Logothetis DE, Pardo L. G protein-coupled receptor-effector macromolecular membrane assemblies (GEMMAs). Pharmacol Ther 2022; 231:107977. [PMID: 34480967 PMCID: PMC9375844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of receptors involved in cellular signaling across the plasma membrane and a major class of drug targets. The canonical model for GPCR signaling involves three components - the GPCR, a heterotrimeric G protein and a proximal plasma membrane effector - that have been generally thought to be freely mobile molecules able to interact by 'collision coupling'. Here, we synthesize evidence that supports the existence of GPCR-effector macromolecular membrane assemblies (GEMMAs) comprised of specific GPCRs, G proteins, plasma membrane effector molecules and other associated transmembrane proteins that are pre-assembled prior to receptor activation by agonists, which then leads to subsequent rearrangement of the GEMMA components. The GEMMA concept offers an alternative and complementary model to the canonical collision-coupling model, allowing more efficient interactions between specific signaling components, as well as the integration of the concept of GPCR oligomerization as well as GPCR interactions with orphan receptors, truncated GPCRs and other membrane-localized GPCR-associated proteins. Collision-coupling and pre-assembled mechanisms are not exclusive and likely both operate in the cell, providing a spectrum of signaling modalities which explains the differential properties of a multitude of GPCRs in their different cellular environments. Here, we explore the unique pharmacological characteristics of individual GEMMAs, which could provide new opportunities to therapeutically modulate GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Addiction, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carmen W. Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Terence E. Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
| | - Ralf Jockers
- University of Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Diomedes E. Logothetis
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy at the Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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14
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Balanced expression of G protein-coupled receptor subtypes in the mouse, macaque, and human cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 2022; 487:107-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Exploring the signaling space of a GPCR using bivalent ligands with a rigid oligoproline backbone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108776118. [PMID: 34810259 PMCID: PMC8640787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108776118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major players in cellular signal transmission. In this work, we have used rigid oligoproline backbones derivatized with two ligands at defined distances to induce GPCR dimer formation as a way to alter its signaling profile. We show that bivalent ligands at distances of 20 and 30 Å induce dimers of the GRPR receptor with different signaling responses. In addition, a nondimer–inducing bivalent ligand (with 10-Å distance between agonists) also induces different signaling patterns, most likely due to allosteric effects. These findings identify bivalent ligands with a stiff oligoproline backbone as tools to explore the natural signaling space of GPCRs. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important drug–target classes in pharmaceutical industry. Their diversity in signaling, which can be modulated with drugs, permits the design of more effective and better-tolerated therapeutics. In this work, we have used rigid oligoproline backbones to generate bivalent ligands for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) with a fixed distance between their recognition motifs. This allows the stabilization of GPCR dimers irrespective of their physiological occurrence and relevance, thus expanding the space for medicinal chemistry. Specifically, we observed that compounds presenting agonists or antagonists at 20- and 30-Å distance induce GRPR dimerization. Furthermore, we found that 1) compounds with two agonists at 20- and 30-Å distance that induce dimer formation show bias toward Gq efficacy, 2) dimers with 20- and 30-Å distance have different potencies toward β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2, and 3) the divalent agonistic ligand with 10-Å distance specifically reduces Gq potency without affecting β-arrestin recruitment, pointing toward an allosteric effect. In summary, we show that rigid oligoproline backbones represent a tool to develop ligands with biased GPCR signaling.
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16
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Poola N, Due B, Wright D, Brooks LR, Zaman F. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Repository Corticotropin Injection Compared With Synthetic ACTH 1-24 Depot and Methylprednisolone in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 11:502-515. [PMID: 34528408 PMCID: PMC9290342 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Repository corticotropin injection (RCI; Acthar Gel) is a naturally sourced complex mixture of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) analogs and other pituitary peptides. This phase 1, single-center, open-label, randomized parallel study directly compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of RCI and synthetic ACTH1-24 depot. Methylprednisolone was included to estimate the steroidogenic exposure of RCI and synthetic ACTH1-24 depot when used to treat nephrotic syndrome. A total of 48 healthy subjects aged 18 to 50 years were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to RCI (80 IU subcutaneously twice weekly on study days 1 and 4), synthetic ACTH1-24 depot (1 mg subcutaneously twice weekly on study days 1 and 4), or methylprednisolone (32 mg orally once daily on study days 1 through 6). After 2 doses, RCI induced about 5-fold lower free cortisol exposure and an estimated 4-fold lower steroidogenic exposure than synthetic ACTH1-24 depot. The lower endogenous cortisol response of RCI was achieved despite higher observed mean plasma concentrations of N25-deamidated porcine ACTH1-39 (the pharmacokinetic marker for RCI) than of ACTH1-24 . The different pharmacodynamic properties demonstrated by RCI and synthetic ACTH1-24 depot in this study suggest that these products in the ACTH class are not interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Due
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hampton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dale Wright
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hampton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Leah R Brooks
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hampton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fahima Zaman
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hampton, New Jersey, USA
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17
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Does Differential Receptor Distribution Underlie Variable Responses to a Neuropeptide in the Lobster Cardiac System? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168703. [PMID: 34445418 PMCID: PMC8395929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central pattern generators produce rhythmic behaviors independently of sensory input; however, their outputs can be modulated by neuropeptides, thereby allowing for functional flexibility. We investigated the effects of C-type allatostatins (AST-C) on the cardiac ganglion (CG), which is the central pattern generator that controls the heart of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, to identify the biological mechanism underlying the significant variability in individual responses to AST-C. We proposed that the presence of multiple receptors, and thus differential receptor distribution, was at least partly responsible for this observed variability. Using transcriptome mining and PCR-based cloning, we identified four AST-C receptors (ASTCRs) in the CG; we then characterized their cellular localization, binding potential, and functional activation. Only two of the four receptors, ASTCR1 and ASTCR2, were fully functional GPCRs that targeted to the cell surface and were activated by AST-C peptides in our insect cell expression system. All four, however, were amplified from CG cDNAs. Following the confirmation of ASTCR expression, we used physiological and bioinformatic techniques to correlate receptor expression with cardiac responses to AST-C across individuals. Expression of ASTCR1 in the CG showed a negative correlation with increasing contraction amplitude in response to AST-C perfusion through the lobster heart, suggesting that the differential expression of ASTCRs within the CG is partly responsible for the specific physiological response to AST-C exhibited by a given individual lobster.
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18
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Plasticity of seven-transmembrane-helix receptor heteromers in human vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253821. [PMID: 34166476 PMCID: PMC8224933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) heteromerize with α1A/B/D-adrenoceptors (ARs) and arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) in recombinant systems and in rodent and human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs). In these studies, we observed that heteromerization between two receptor partners may depend on the presence and the expression levels of other partnering receptors. To test this hypothesis and to gain initial insight into the formation of these receptor heteromers in native cells, we utilized proximity ligation assays in hVSMCs to visualize receptor-receptor proximity and systematically studied how manipulation of the expression levels of individual protomers affect heteromerization patterns among other interacting receptor partners. We confirmed subtype-specific heteromerization between endogenously expressed α1A/B/D-ARs and detected that AVPR1A also heteromerizes with α1A/B/D-ARs. siRNA knockdown of CXCR4 and of ACKR3 resulted in a significant re-arrangement of the heteromerization patterns among α1-AR subtypes. Similarly, siRNA knockdown of AVPR1A significantly increased heteromerization signals for seven of the ten receptor pairs between CXCR4, ACKR3, and α1A/B/D-ARs. Our findings suggest plasticity of seven transmembrane helix (7TM) receptor heteromerization in native cells and could be explained by a supramolecular organization of these receptors within dynamic clusters in the plasma membrane. Because we previously observed that recombinant CXCR4, ACKR3, α1a-AR and AVPR1A form hetero-oligomeric complexes composed of 2–4 different protomers, which show signaling properties distinct from individual protomers, re-arrangements of receptor heteromerization patterns in native cells may contribute to the phenomenon of context-dependent GPCR signaling. Furthermore, these findings advise caution in the interpretation of functional consequences after 7TM receptor knockdown in experimental models. Alterations of the heteromerization patterns among other receptor partners may alter physiological and pathological responses, in particular in more complex systems, such as studies on the function of isolated organs or in in vivo experiments.
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19
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Gao X, Enten GA, DeSantis AJ, Majetschak M. Class A G protein-coupled receptors assemble into functional higher-order hetero-oligomers. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1863-1875. [PMID: 34032285 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although class A seven-transmembrane helix (7TM) receptor hetero-oligomers have been proposed, information on the assembly and function of such higher-order hetero-oligomers is not available. Utilizing bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), bimolecular luminescence/fluorescence complementation (BiLC/BiFC), and BiLC/BiFC BRET in HEK293T cells, we provide evidence that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4, atypical chemokine receptor 3, α1a -adrenoceptor, and arginine vasopressin receptor 1A form hetero-oligomers composed of 2-4 different protomers. We show that hetero-oligomerization per se and ligand binding to individual protomers regulate agonist-induced coupling to the signaling transducers of interacting receptor partners. Our findings support the concept that receptor hetero-oligomers form supramolecular machineries with molecular signaling properties distinct from the individual protomers. These findings provide a mechanism for the phenomenon of context-dependent receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Garrett A Enten
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J DeSantis
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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20
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Toneatti R, Shin JM, Shah UH, Mayer CR, Saunders JM, Fribourg M, Arsenovic PT, Janssen WG, Sealfon SC, López-Giménez JF, Benson DL, Conway DE, González-Maeso J. Interclass GPCR heteromerization affects localization and trafficking. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaaw3122. [PMID: 33082287 PMCID: PMC7717648 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking processes regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activity. Although class A GPCRs are capable of activating G proteins in a monomeric form, they can also potentially assemble into functional GPCR heteromers. Here, we showed that the class A serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) affected the localization and trafficking of class C metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) through a mechanism that required their assembly as heteromers in mammalian cells. In the absence of agonists, 5-HT2AR was primarily localized within intracellular compartments, and coexpression of 5-HT2AR with mGluR2 increased the intracellular distribution of the otherwise plasma membrane-localized mGluR2. Agonists for either 5-HT2AR or mGluR2 differentially affected trafficking through Rab5-positive endosomes in cells expressing each component of the 5-HT2AR-mGluR2 heterocomplex alone, or together. In addition, overnight pharmacological 5-HT2AR blockade with clozapine, but not with M100907, decreased mGluR2 density through a mechanism that involved heteromerization between 5-HT2AR and mGluR2. Using TAT-tagged peptides and chimeric constructs that are unable to form the interclass 5-HT2AR-mGluR2 complex, we demonstrated that heteromerization was necessary for the 5-HT2AR-dependent effects on mGluR2 subcellular distribution. The expression of 5-HT2AR also augmented intracellular localization of mGluR2 in mouse frontal cortex pyramidal neurons. Together, our data suggest that GPCR heteromerization may itself represent a mechanism of receptor trafficking and sorting.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acids/pharmacology
- Animals
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Clozapine/pharmacology
- Endosomes/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/chemistry
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/chemistry
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Toneatti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jong M Shin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Urjita H Shah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Carl R Mayer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Justin M Saunders
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Miguel Fribourg
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul T Arsenovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - William G Janssen
- Department Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan F López-Giménez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Deanna L Benson
- Department Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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21
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Huang YJ, Galen K, Zweifel B, Brooks LR, Wright AD. Distinct binding and signaling activity of Acthar Gel compared to other melanocortin receptor agonists. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:425-433. [PMID: 32938265 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1818094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the binding and agonistic activity of Acthar® Gel and synthetic melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonists and examine how the activity of select agonists affects the in vivo production of corticosterone. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro binding was determined using concentration-dependent displacement of the ligand [125I]Nle4, D-Phe7-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on cells expressing MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, or MC5R. Functional activity was determined using a time-resolved fluorescence cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay in cells expressing MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R, or MC5R. In vivo corticosterone analyses were performed by measuring plasma corticosterone levels in Sprague Dawley rats. RESULTS Acthar Gel and synthetic MCR agonists exhibited the highest binding at MC1R, lowest binding at MC5R, and moderate binding at MC3R and MC4R. Acthar Gel stimulated the production of cAMP in all 5 MCR-expressing cell lines, with MC2R displaying the lowest level of full agonist activity, 3-, 6.6-, and 10-fold lower than MC1R, MC3R, and MC4R, respectively. Acthar Gel was a partial agonist at MC5R. The synthetic MCR agonists induced full activity at all 5 MCRs, with the exception of α-MSH having no activity at MC2R. Acthar Gel treatment had less of an impact on in vivo production of corticosterone compared with synthetic ACTH1-24 depot. CONCLUSIONS Acthar Gel bound to and activated each MCR tested in this study, with partial agonist activity at MC5R and the lowest level of full agonist activity at MC2R, which distinguished it from synthetic MCR agonists. The minimal activity of Acthar Gel at MC2R corresponded to lower endogenous corticosteroid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Joyce Huang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hazelwood, MO, USA
| | - Karen Galen
- Immunology and Pharmacology, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hazelwood, MO, USA
| | - Ben Zweifel
- Immunology and Pharmacology, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hazelwood, MO, USA
| | - Leah R Brooks
- Medical Affairs, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hazelwood, MO, USA
| | - A Dale Wright
- Immunology and Pharmacology, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hazelwood, MO, USA
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22
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Conradi Smith GD. Allostery in oligomeric receptor models. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2020; 37:313-333. [PMID: 31822901 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We show how equilibrium binding curves of receptor homodimers can be expressed as rational polynomial functions of the equilibrium binding curves of the constituent monomers, without approximation and without assuming independence of receptor monomers. Using a distinguished spanning tree construction for reduced graph powers, the method properly accounts for thermodynamic constraints and allosteric interactions between receptor monomers (i.e. conformational coupling). The method is completely general; it begins with an arbitrary undirected graph representing the topology of a monomer state-transition diagram and ends with an algebraic expression for the equilibrium binding curve of a receptor oligomer composed of two or more identical and indistinguishable monomers. Several specific examples are analysed, including guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor dimers and tetramers composed of multiple 'ternary complex' monomers.
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23
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Allosteric interactions via the orthosteric ligand binding sites in a constitutive G-protein-coupled receptor homodimer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 166:105116. [PMID: 32783977 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
I interpret some recent data to indicate that co-operative effects take place between the (identical) orthosteric binding sites in a G-protein-coupled receptor dimer. In the current study, the reasonability of this concept was tested by creating a mathematical model. The model is composed of a symmetrical constitutive receptor dimer in which the protomers are able to affect each other allosterically, and it includes binding, receptor activation and signal amplification steps. The model was utilized for analyses of previous data as well as simulations of predicted behaviour. The model demonstrates the behaviour stated in the hypotheses, i.e. even an apparently neutral receptor ligand can allosterically affect agonist binding or receptor activation by binding to the normal orthosteric ligand binding site. Therewith the speculated allosteric action originating from the orthosteric binding site of the dimeric receptor is a realistic possibility. The results of the simulations and curve fitting constitute a reasonable starting point for further studies, and the model can be utilized to design meaningful experiments to investigate these questions.
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24
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Zhang S, Gong H, Ge Y, Ye RD. Biased allosteric modulation of formyl peptide receptor 2 leads to distinct receptor conformational states for pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105117. [PMID: 32768626 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a Class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that interacts with multiple ligands and transduces both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals. These ligands include weak agonists and modulators that are produced during inflammation. The present study investigates how prolonged exposure to FPR2 modulators influence receptor signaling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Fluorescent biosensors of FPR2 were constructed based on single-molecule fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) and used for measurement of ligand-induced receptor conformational changes. These changes were combined with FPR2-mediated signaling events and used as parameters for the conformational states of FPR2. Ternary complex models were developed to interpret ligand concentration-dependent changes in FPR2 conformational states. KEY RESULTS Incubation with Ac2-26, an anti-inflammatory ligand of FPR2, decreased FRET intensity at picomolar concentrations. In comparison, WKYMVm (W-pep) and Aβ42, both proinflammatory agonists of FPR2, increased FRET intensity. Preincubation with Ac2-26 at 10 pM diminished W-pep-induced Ca2+ flux but potentiated W-pep-stimulated β-arrestin2 membrane translocation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The opposite effects were observed with 10 pM of Aβ42. Neither Ac2-26 nor Aβ42 competed for W-pep binding at the picomolar concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results support the presence of two allosteric binding sites on FPR2, each for Ac2-26 and Aβ42, with high and low affinities. Sequential binding of the two allosteric ligands at increasing concentrations induce different conformational changes in FPR2, providing a novel mechanism by which biased allosteric modulators alter receptor conformations and generate pro- and anti-inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yunjun Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China; Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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25
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Gao X, Enten GA, DeSantis AJ, Volkman BF, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. Characterization of heteromeric complexes between chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 and α 1-adrenergic receptors utilizing intermolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:368-375. [PMID: 32085899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) heteromerizes with α1-adrenergic receptors (AR) on the cell surface of vascular smooth muscle cells, through which the receptors cross-talk. Direct biophysical evidence for CXCR4:α1-AR heteromers, however, is lacking. Here we utilized bimolecular luminescence/fluorescence complementation (BiLC/BiFC) combined with intermolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays in HEK293T cells to evaluate CXCR4:α1a/b/d-AR heteromerization. Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGlu1R) were utilized as controls. BRET between CXCR4-RLuc (Renilla reniformis) and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)-tagged ACKR3 or α1a/b/d-ARs fulfilled criteria for constitutive heteromerization. BRET between CXCR4-RLuc and EYFP or mGlu1R-EYFP were nonspecific. BRET50 for CXCR4:ACKR3 and CXCR4:α1a/b/d-AR heteromers were comparable. Stimulation of cells with phenylephrine increased BRETmax of CXCR4:α1a/b/d-AR heteromers without affecting BRET50; stimulation with CXCL12 reduced BRETmax of CXCR4:α1a-AR heteromers, but did not affect BRET50 or BRETmax/50 for CXCR4:α1b/d-AR. A peptide analogue of transmembrane domain (TM) 2 of CXCR4 reduced BRETmax of CXCR4:α1a/b/d-AR heteromers and increased BRET50 of CXCR4:α1a/b-AR interactions. A TM4 analogue of CXCR4 did not alter BRET. We observed CXCR4, α1a-AR and mGlu1R homodimerization by BiFC/BiLC, and heteromerization of homodimeric CXCR4 with proto- and homodimeric α1a-AR by BiFC/BiLC BRET. BiFC/BiLC BRET for interactions between homodimeric CXCR4 and homodimeric mGlu1R was nonspecific. Our findings suggest that the heteromerization affinity of CXCR4 for ACKR3 and α1-ARs is comparable, provide evidence for conformational changes of the receptor complexes upon agonist binding and support the concept that proto- and oligomeric CXCR4 and α1-ARs constitutively form higher-order hetero-oligomeric receptor clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Garrett A Enten
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J DeSantis
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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26
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Wei F, Zhao L, Jing Y. Hemoglobin-derived peptides and mood regulation. Peptides 2020; 127:170268. [PMID: 32070683 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence accumulated over the past decades has revealed that red blood cells and hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood play important roles in modulating moods and emotions. The number of red blood cells affects the mood. Hb is the principal content in the red blood cells besides water. Denatured Hb is hydrolyzed to produce bioactive peptides. RVD-hemopressin α (RVD-Hpα), which is a fragment of α-chain (95-103) in Hb, functions as a negative allosteric modulator of cannabinoid receptor 1 and a positive allosteric modulator of cannabinoid receptor 2. Hemorphins, which are fragments of β-chain in Hb, exert their effects on opioid receptors. Two hemorphins, namely, LVV-hemorphin-6 and LVV-hemorphin-7, could induce anxiolytic-like effects. The use of Hb-derived bioactive peptides for the treatment of mood disorders is desirable due to cannabinoid-opioid cross modulation and the critical roles of the two systems in physiological processes, such as memory, mood and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Wei
- Department of Physiology and Psychology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuhong Jing
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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27
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Transmembrane peptide 4 and 5 of APJ are essential for its heterodimerization with OX1R. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:408-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Plach M, Schäfer T, Borroto-Escuela DO, Weikert D, Gmeiner P, Fuxe K, Friedland K. Differential allosteric modulation within dopamine D 2R - neurotensin NTS1R and D 2R - serotonin 5-HT 2AR receptor complexes gives bias to intracellular calcium signalling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16312. [PMID: 31704949 PMCID: PMC6841725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proceeding investigations of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterocomplexes have demonstrated that the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), one of the hub receptors in the physiology of schizophrenia, interacts with both the neurotensin NTS1 (NTS1R) and the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) in cell lines and rodent brain tissue. In situ proximity ligation assay and BRET-based saturation experiments confirmed interacting receptor assemblies in HEK293T and neuronal HT22 cells. The NTS1R agonist NT(8-13) reduces the Gαq-mediated calcium signal in the NTS1R-D2R complex compared to the NTS1R monomer which could be reversed by D2R antagonists. The bivalent ligand CS148 (NTS1R-agonistic, D2R-antagonistic) increased the calcium response addressing the dimer, consistent with the effect of the monovalent ligands suggesting an allosteric D2R-mediated modulation. In contrast, the 5-HT2AR-D2R heteromer did not show a calcium-altering receptor-receptor interaction. Despite their common coupling-preference for Gαq, 5-HT2AR and NTS1R supposedly interact with D2R each in a unique mode. This remarkably diverse ligand-mediated signalling in two different D2R heteroreceptor complexes illustrates the complexity of receptor-receptor interactions and their potential of modifying cell responses to external stimuli. Therefore, GPCR heteromers may provide a very promising novel target for the therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Plach
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Dorothée Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany.
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29
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Corradi V, Sejdiu BI, Mesa-Galloso H, Abdizadeh H, Noskov SY, Marrink SJ, Tieleman DP. Emerging Diversity in Lipid-Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5775-5848. [PMID: 30758191 PMCID: PMC6509647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids interact with proteins in a variety of ways, ranging from providing a stable membrane environment for proteins to being embedded in to detailed roles in complicated and well-regulated protein functions. Experimental and computational advances are converging in a rapidly expanding research area of lipid-protein interactions. Experimentally, the database of high-resolution membrane protein structures is growing, as are capabilities to identify the complex lipid composition of different membranes, to probe the challenging time and length scales of lipid-protein interactions, and to link lipid-protein interactions to protein function in a variety of proteins. Computationally, more accurate membrane models and more powerful computers now enable a detailed look at lipid-protein interactions and increasing overlap with experimental observations for validation and joint interpretation of simulation and experiment. Here we review papers that use computational approaches to study detailed lipid-protein interactions, together with brief experimental and physiological contexts, aiming at comprehensive coverage of simulation papers in the last five years. Overall, a complex picture of lipid-protein interactions emerges, through a range of mechanisms including modulation of the physical properties of the lipid environment, detailed chemical interactions between lipids and proteins, and key functional roles of very specific lipids binding to well-defined binding sites on proteins. Computationally, despite important limitations, molecular dynamics simulations with current computer power and theoretical models are now in an excellent position to answer detailed questions about lipid-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Corradi
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Besian I. Sejdiu
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Haydee Mesa-Galloso
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Haleh Abdizadeh
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergei Yu. Noskov
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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30
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane behavior. A significant part of the functional processes in biological membranes takes place at the molecular level; thus computer simulations are the method of choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous molecules gives rise to function over spatial and time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far received very little attention; however, the potential of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A major milestone for this research would be that one day we could say that computer simulations genuinely research biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane Physics
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31
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Lin CH, Wen HC, Chiang CC, Huang JS, Chen Y, Wang SK. Polyproline Tri-Helix Macrocycles as Nanosized Scaffolds to Control Ligand Patterns for Selective Protein Oligomer Interactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900561. [PMID: 30977296 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent ligand-receptor interactions play essential roles in biological recognition and signaling. As the receptor arrangement on the cell surface can alter the outcome of cell signaling and also provide spatial specificity for ligand binding, controlling the presentation of ligands has become a promising strategy to manipulate or selectively target protein receptors. The lack of adjustable universal tools to control ligand positions at the size of a few nanometers has prompted the development of polyproline tri-helix macrocycles as scaffolds to present ligands in designated patterns. Model lectin Helix pomatia agglutinin has shown selectivity toward the matching GalNAc ligand pattern matching its binding sites arrangement. The GalNAc pattern selectivity is also observed on intact asialoglycoprotein receptor oligomer on human hepatoma cells showing the pattern-selective interaction can be achieved not only on isolated protein oligomers but also the receptors arranged on the cell surface. As the scaffold design allows convenient creation of versatile ligand patterns, it can be expected as a promising tool to probe the arrangement of receptors on the cell surface and as nanomedicine to manipulate signaling or cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cin-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chuan Wen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chin Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yunching Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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Soman S, Bhattacharya A, Panicker MM. Dopamine requires unique residues to signal via the serotonin 2A receptor. Neuroscience 2019; 439:319-331. [PMID: 30970266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. Disruption of the serotonergic system has been implicated in various psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Most of the drugs targeting these neurotransmitter systems are classified primarily as agonists or inverse agonists/antagonists, with their described function being limited to activating the canonical signaling pathway(s), or inhibiting the pathway(s) respectively. Previous work with the human 5-HT2A has shown the receptor to be activated by dopamine, also an endogenous ligand. Dopamine is the cognate ligand of the dopaminergic system, which significantly overlaps with the serotonergic system in the brain. The two systems innervate many of the same brain areas, and the central serotonergic systems also regulate dopamine functions. Our aim was to investigate the downstream signaling set up by the receptor on being activated by dopamine. We show that dopamine is a functionally selective ligand at 5-HT2A and have examined dopamine as a ligand with respect to some receptor-dependent phenotypes. Our results show that dopamine acts as an agonist at the human serotonin 2A receptor and brings about its activation and internalization. Using in vitro assays, we have established differences in the signaling pathways set up by dopamine as compared to serotonin. Using site-specific mutagenesis we have identified residues important for this functional selectivity, shown by dopamine at this receptor. Our identification of specific residues important in the functional selectivity of dopamine at 5-HT2A could have far reaching implications for the field of GPCR signaling and drug-design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Honoring Ricardo Miledi - outstanding neuroscientist of XX-XXI centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchita Soman
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Aditi Bhattacharya
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Mitradas M Panicker
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, India.
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Moreno E, Cavic M, Krivokuca A, Casadó V, Canela E. The Endocannabinoid System as a Target in Cancer Diseases: Are We There Yet? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:339. [PMID: 31024307 PMCID: PMC6459931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been placed in the anti-cancer spotlight in the last decade. The immense data load published on its dual role in both tumorigenesis and inhibition of tumor growth and metastatic spread has transformed the cannabinoid receptors CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 (CB2R), and other members of the endocannabinoid-like system, into attractive new targets for the treatment of various cancer subtypes. Although the clinical use of cannabinoids has been extensively documented in the palliative setting, clinical trials on their application as anti-cancer drugs are still ongoing. As drug repurposing is significantly faster and more economical than de novo introduction of a new drug into the clinic, there is hope that the existing pharmacokinetic and safety data on the ECS ligands will contribute to their successful translation into oncological healthcare. CB1R and CB2R are members of a large family of membrane proteins called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). GPCRs can form homodimers, heterodimers and higher order oligomers with other GPCRs or non-GPCRs. Currently, several CB1R and CB2R-containing heteromers have been reported and, in cancer cells, CB2R form heteromers with the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4, the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the tyrosine kinase receptor (TKR) human V-Erb-B2 Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2 (HER2). These protein complexes possess unique pharmacological and signaling properties, and their modulation might affect the antitumoral activity of the ECS. This review will explore the potential of the endocannabinoid network in the anti-cancer setting as well as the clinical and ethical pitfalls behind it, and will develop on the value of cannabinoid receptor heteromers as potential new targets for anti-cancer therapies and as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Milena Cavic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Krivokuca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Signaling characteristics and functional regulation of delta opioid-kappa opioid receptor (DOP-KOP) heteromers in peripheral sensory neurons. Neuropharmacology 2019; 151:208-218. [PMID: 30776373 PMCID: PMC6500751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor heteromers often display distinct pharmacological and functional properties compared to the individual receptor constituents. In this study, we compared the properties of the DOP-KOP heteromer agonist, 6'-guanidinonaltrindole (6'-GNTI), with agonists for DOP ([D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin [DPDPE]) and KOP (U50488) in peripheral sensory neurons in culture and in vivo. In primary cultures, all three agonists inhibited PGE2-stimulated cAMP accumulation as well as activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) with similar efficacy. ERK activation by U50488 was Gi-protein mediated but that by DPDPE or 6'-GNTI was Gi-protein independent (i.e., pertussis toxin insensitive). Brief pretreatment with DPDPE or U50488 resulted in loss of cAMP signaling, however, no desensitization occurred with 6'-GNTI pretreatment. In vivo, following intraplantar injection, all three agonists reduced thermal nociception. The dose-response curves for DPDPE and 6'-GNTI were monotonic whereas the curve for U50488 was an inverted U-shape. Inhibition of ERK blocked the downward phase and shifted the curve for U50488 to the right. Following intraplantar injection of carrageenan, antinociceptive responses to either DPDPE or U50488 were transient but could be prolonged with inhibitors of 12/15-lipoxgenases (LOX). By contrast, responsiveness to 6'-GNTI remained for a prolonged time in the absence of LOX inhibitors. Further, pretreatment with the 12/15-LOX metabolites, 12- and 15- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, abolished responses to U50488 and DPDPE but had no effect on 6'-GNTI-mediated responses either in cultures or in vivo. Overall, these results suggest that DOP-KOP heteromers exhibit unique signaling and functional regulation in peripheral sensory neurons and may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of pain.
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Cortés A, Casadó-Anguera V, Moreno E, Casadó V. The heterotetrameric structure of the adenosine A 1-dopamine D 1 receptor complex: Pharmacological implication for restless legs syndrome. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 84:37-78. [PMID: 31229177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic and purinergic signaling play a pivotal role in neurological diseases associated with motor symptoms, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), spinal cord injury (SCI), and ataxias. Extracellular dopamine and adenosine exert their functions interacting with specific dopamine (DR) or adenosine (AR) receptors, respectively, expressed on the surface of target cells. These receptors are members of the family A of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which is the largest protein superfamily in mammalian genomes. GPCRs are target of about 40% of all current marketed drugs, highlighting their importance in clinical medicine. The striatum receives the densest dopamine innervations and contains the highest density of dopamine receptors. The modulatory role of adenosine on dopaminergic transmission depends largely on the existence of antagonistic interactions mediated by specific subtypes of DRs and ARs, the so-called A2AR-D2R and A1R-D1R interactions. Due to the dopamine/adenosine antagonism in the CNS, it was proposed that ARs and DRs could form heteromers in the neuronal cell surface. Therefore, adenosine can affect dopaminergic signaling through receptor-receptor interactions and by modulations in their shared intracellular pathways in the striatum and spinal cord. In this work we describe the allosteric modulations between GPCR protomers, focusing in those of adenosine and dopamine within the A1R-D1R heteromeric complex, which is involved in RLS. We also propose that the knowledge about the intricate allosteric interactions within the A1R-D1R heterotetramer, may facilitate the treatment of motor alterations, not only when the dopamine pathway is hyperactivated (RLS, chorea, etc.) but also when motor function is decreased (SCI, aging, PD, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Therapeutic targeting of HER2-CB 2R heteromers in HER2-positive breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3863-3872. [PMID: 30733293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815034116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies have dramatically improved the clinical outcome of HER2-positive breast cancer patients, innate and acquired resistance remains an important clinical challenge. New therapeutic approaches and diagnostic tools for identification, stratification, and treatment of patients at higher risk of resistance and recurrence are therefore warranted. Here, we unveil a mechanism controlling the oncogenic activity of HER2: heteromerization with the cannabinoid receptor CB2R. We show that HER2 physically interacts with CB2R in breast cancer cells, and that the expression of these heteromers correlates with poor patient prognosis. The cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) disrupts HER2-CB2R complexes by selectively binding to CB2R, which leads to (i) the inactivation of HER2 through disruption of HER2-HER2 homodimers, and (ii) the subsequent degradation of HER2 by the proteasome via the E3 ligase c-CBL. This in turn triggers antitumor responses in vitro and in vivo. Selective targeting of CB2R transmembrane region 5 mimicked THC effects. Together, these findings define HER2-CB2R heteromers as new potential targets for antitumor therapies and biomarkers with prognostic value in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Maroteaux L, Béchade C, Roumier A. Dimers of serotonin receptors: Impact on ligand affinity and signaling. Biochimie 2019; 161:23-33. [PMID: 30685449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane receptors often form complexes with other membrane proteins that directly interact with different effectors of the signal transduction machinery. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were for long time considered as single pharmacological entities. However, evidence for oligomerization appeared for various classes and subtypes of GPCRs. This review focuses on metabotropic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors, which belong to the rhodopsin-like class A of GPCRs, and will summarize the convergent evidence that homo- and hetero-dimers containing 5-HT receptors exist in transfected cells and in-vivo. We will show that complexes involving 5-HT receptors may acquire new signal transduction pathways and new physiological roles. In some cases, these complexes participate in disease-specific deregulations, that can be differentially affected by various drugs. Hence, selecting receptor complex-specific responses of these heterodimers may constitute an emerging strategy likely to improve beneficial therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Catherine Béchade
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Anne Roumier
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
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Kaczor AA, Bartuzi D, Stępniewski TM, Matosiuk D, Selent J. Protein-Protein Docking in Drug Design and Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1762:285-305. [PMID: 29594778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7756-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are responsible for a number of key physiological processes in the living cells and underlie the pathomechanism of many diseases. Nowadays, along with the concept of so-called "hot spots" in protein-protein interactions, which are well-defined interface regions responsible for most of the binding energy, these interfaces can be targeted with modulators. In order to apply structure-based design techniques to design PPIs modulators, a three-dimensional structure of protein complex has to be available. In this context in silico approaches, in particular protein-protein docking, are a valuable complement to experimental methods for elucidating 3D structure of protein complexes. Protein-protein docking is easy to use and does not require significant computer resources and time (in contrast to molecular dynamics) and it results in 3D structure of a protein complex (in contrast to sequence-based methods of predicting binding interfaces). However, protein-protein docking cannot address all the aspects of protein dynamics, in particular the global conformational changes during protein complex formation. In spite of this fact, protein-protein docking is widely used to model complexes of water-soluble proteins and less commonly to predict structures of transmembrane protein assemblies, including dimers and oligomers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this chapter we review the principles of protein-protein docking, available algorithms and software and discuss the recent examples, benefits, and drawbacks of protein-protein docking application to water-soluble proteins, membrane anchoring and transmembrane proteins, including GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland. .,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Damian Bartuzi
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Maciej Stępniewski
- GPCR Drug Discovery Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jana Selent
- GPCR Drug Discovery Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Combining SRET 2 and BiFC to Study GPCR Heteromerization and Protein-Protein Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1947:199-215. [PMID: 30969418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9121-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the target for many drugs. Evidence continues to accumulate demonstrating that multiple receptors form homo- and heteromeric complexes, which in turn dynamically couple with G proteins, and other interacting proteins. Here, we describe a method to simultaneously determine the identity of up to four distinct constituents of GPCR complexes using a combination of sequential bioluminescence resonance energy transfer 2-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (SRET2) with bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). The method is amenable to moderate throughput screening of changes in response to ligands and time-course analysis of protein-protein oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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G protein subunit phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism in heterotrimeric G protein signaling in mammals, yeast, and plants. Biochem J 2018; 475:3331-3357. [PMID: 30413679 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins composed of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits are vital eukaryotic signaling elements that convey information from ligand-regulated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cellular effectors. Heterotrimeric G protein-based signaling pathways are fundamental to human health [Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (2007) 1768, 994-1005] and are the target of >30% of pharmaceuticals in clinical use [Biotechnology Advances (2013) 31, 1676-1694; Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2017) 16, 829-842]. This review focuses on phosphorylation of G protein subunits as a regulatory mechanism in mammals, budding yeast, and plants. This is a re-emerging field, as evidence for phosphoregulation of mammalian G protein subunits from biochemical studies in the early 1990s can now be complemented with contemporary phosphoproteomics and genetic approaches applied to a diversity of model systems. In addition, new evidence implicates a family of plant kinases, the receptor-like kinases, which are monophyletic with the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase/Pelle kinases of metazoans, as possible GPCRs that signal via subunit phosphorylation. We describe early and modern observations on G protein subunit phosphorylation and its functional consequences in these three classes of organisms, and suggest future research directions.
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Pulido D, Casadó-Anguera V, Pérez-Benito L, Moreno E, Cordomí A, López L, Cortés A, Ferré S, Pardo L, Casadó V, Royo M. Design of a True Bivalent Ligand with Picomolar Binding Affinity for a G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homodimer. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9335-9346. [PMID: 30257092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent ligands have emerged as chemical tools to study G protein-coupled receptor dimers. Using a combination of computational, chemical, and biochemical tools, here we describe the design of bivalent ligand 13 with high affinity ( KDB1 = 21 pM) for the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) homodimer. Bivalent ligand 13 enhances the binding affinity relative to monovalent compound 15 by 37-fold, indicating simultaneous binding at both protomers. Using synthetic peptides with amino acid sequences of transmembrane (TM) domains of D2R, we provide evidence that TM6 forms the interface of the homodimer. Notably, the disturber peptide TAT-TM6 decreased the binding of bivalent ligand 13 by 52-fold and had no effect on monovalent compound 15, confirming the D2R homodimer through TM6 ex vivo. In conclusion, by using a versatile multivalent chemical platform, we have developed a precise strategy to generate a true bivalent ligand that simultaneously targets both orthosteric sites of the D2R homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pulido
- Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Barcelona Science Park , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Combinatorial Chemistry Unit , Barcelona Science Park , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine , University of Barcelona (IBUB) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine , University of Barcelona (IBUB) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Arnau Cordomí
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Laura López
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine , University of Barcelona (IBUB) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program , National Institutes of Health , Baltimore , Maryland 21224 , United States
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine , University of Barcelona (IBUB) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Miriam Royo
- Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Barcelona Science Park , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Combinatorial Chemistry Unit , Barcelona Science Park , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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42
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Derouiche L, Massotte D. G protein-coupled receptor heteromers are key players in substance use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 106:73-90. [PMID: 30278192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) represent the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome. Physical association between two different GPCRs is linked to functional interactions which generates a novel entity, called heteromer, with specific ligand binding and signaling properties. Heteromerization is increasingly recognized to take place in the mesocorticolimbic pathway and to contribute to various aspects related to substance use disorder. This review focuses on heteromers identified in brain areas relevant to drug addiction. We report changes at the molecular and cellular levels that establish specific functional impact and highlight behavioral outcome in preclinical models. Finally, we briefly discuss selective targeting of native heteromers as an innovative therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyes Derouiche
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Integratives, UPR 3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Massotte
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Integratives, UPR 3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Abrie JA, Moolman WJA, Cozier GE, Schwager SL, Acharya KR, Sturrock ED. Investigation into the Mechanism of Homo- and Heterodimerization of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:344-354. [PMID: 29371233 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which is primarily responsible for blood pressure homeostasis. Studies have shown that ACE inhibitors yield cardiovascular benefits that cannot be entirely attributed to the inhibition of ACE catalytic activity. It is possible that these benefits are due to interactions between ACE and RAS receptors that mediate the protective arm of the RAS, such as angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2R) and the receptor MAS. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the molecular interactions of ACE, including ACE homodimerization and heterodimerization with AT2R and MAS, respectively. Molecular interactions were assessed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and bimolecular fluorescence complementation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells transfected with vectors encoding fluorophore-tagged proteins. The specificity of dimerization was verified by competition experiments using untagged proteins. These techniques were used to study several potential requirements for the germinal isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme expressed in the testes (tACE) dimerization as well as the effect of ACE inhibitors on both somatic isoforms of angiotensin-converting enzyme expressed in the testes (sACE) and tACE dimerization. We demonstrated constitutive homodimerization of sACE and of both of its domains separately, as well as heterodimerization of both sACE and tACE with AT2R, but not MAS. In addition, we investigated both soluble sACE and the sACE N domain using size-exclusion chromatography-coupled small-angle X-ray scattering and we observed dimers in solution for both forms of the enzyme. Our results suggest that ACE homo- and heterodimerization does occur under physiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Albert Abrie
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.A.A., W.J.A.M., S.L.S., E.D.S.); and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (G.E.C., K.R.A.)
| | - Wessel J A Moolman
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.A.A., W.J.A.M., S.L.S., E.D.S.); and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (G.E.C., K.R.A.)
| | - Gyles E Cozier
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.A.A., W.J.A.M., S.L.S., E.D.S.); and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (G.E.C., K.R.A.)
| | - Sylva L Schwager
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.A.A., W.J.A.M., S.L.S., E.D.S.); and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (G.E.C., K.R.A.)
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.A.A., W.J.A.M., S.L.S., E.D.S.); and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (G.E.C., K.R.A.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.A.A., W.J.A.M., S.L.S., E.D.S.); and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (G.E.C., K.R.A.)
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Spatial encryption of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in endosomes; Mechanisms and applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 143:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mach RH. Small Molecule Receptor Ligands for PET Studies of the Central Nervous System-Focus on G Protein Coupled Receptors. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:524-535. [PMID: 28826524 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPRCs) are a class of proteins that are expressed in high abundance and are responsible for numerous signal transduction pathways in the central nervous system. Consequently, alterations in GPRC function have been associated with a wide variety of neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. The development of PET probes for imaging GPRCs has served as a major emphasis of PET radiotracer development and PET imaging studies over the past 30 years. In this review, a basic description of the biology of G proteins and GPRCs is provided. This includes recent evidence of the existence of dimeric and multimeric species of GPRCs that have been termed "receptor mosaics," with an emphasis on the different GPRCs that form complexes with the dopamine D2 receptor. An overview of the different PET radiotracers for imaging the component GPRC within these different multimeric complexes of the D2 receptor is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
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46
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Janušonis S. A receptor-based analysis of local ecosystems in the human brain. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:33. [PMID: 28320311 PMCID: PMC5360078 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a complex system, the brain is a self-organizing entity that depends on local interactions among cells. Its regions (anatomically defined nuclei and areas) can be conceptualized as cellular ecosystems, but the similarity of their functional profiles is poorly understood. The study used the Allen Human Brain Atlas to classify 169 brain regions into hierarchically-organized environments based on their expression of 100 G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors, with no a priori reference to the regions’ positions in the brain’s anatomy or function. The analysis was based on hierarchical clustering, and multiscale bootstrap resampling was used to estimate the reliability of detected clusters. Results The study presents the first unbiased, hierarchical tree of functional environments in the human brain. The similarity of brain regions was strongly influenced by their anatomical proximity, even when they belonged to different functional systems. Generally, spatial vicinity trumped long-range projections or network connectivity. The main cluster of brain regions excluded the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The nuclei of the amygdala formed a cluster irrespective of their striatal or pallial origin. In its receptor profile, the hypothalamus was more closely associated with the midbrain than with the thalamus. The cerebellar cortical areas formed a tight and exclusive cluster. Most of the neocortical areas (with the exception of some occipital areas) clustered in a large, statistically well supported group that included no other brain regions. Conclusions This study adds a new dimension to the established classifications of brain divisions. In a single framework, they are reconsidered at multiple scales—from individual nuclei and areas to their groups to the entire brain. The analysis provides support for predictive models of brain self-organization and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skirmantas Janušonis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA.
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Kleinau G, Worth CL, Kreuchwig A, Biebermann H, Marcinkowski P, Scheerer P, Krause G. Structural-Functional Features of the Thyrotropin Receptor: A Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor at Work. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:86. [PMID: 28484426 PMCID: PMC5401882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a sub-group of class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). TSHR and its endogenous ligand thyrotropin (TSH) are of essential importance for growth and function of the thyroid gland and proper function of the TSH/TSHR system is pivotal for production and release of thyroid hormones. This receptor is also important with respect to pathophysiology, such as autoimmune (including ophthalmopathy) or non-autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions and cancer development. Pharmacological interventions directly targeting the TSHR should provide benefits to disease treatment compared to currently available therapies of dysfunctions associated with the TSHR or the thyroid gland. Upon TSHR activation, the molecular events conveying conformational changes from the extra- to the intracellular side of the cell across the membrane comprise reception, conversion, and amplification of the signal. These steps are highly dependent on structural features of this receptor and its intermolecular interaction partners, e.g., TSH, antibodies, small molecules, G-proteins, or arrestin. For better understanding of signal transduction, pathogenic mechanisms such as autoantibody action and mutational modifications or for developing new pharmacological strategies, it is essential to combine available structural data with functional information to generate homology models of the entire receptor. Although so far these insights are fragmental, in the past few decades essential contributions have been made to investigate in-depth the involved determinants, such as by structure determination via X-ray crystallography. This review summarizes available knowledge (as of December 2016) concerning the TSHR protein structure, associated functional aspects, and based on these insights we suggest several receptor complex models. Moreover, distinct TSHR properties will be highlighted in comparison to other class A GPCRs to understand the molecular activation mechanisms of this receptor comprehensively. Finally, limitations of current knowledge and lack of information are discussed highlighting the need for intensified efforts toward TSHR structure elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerd Krause,
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