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Wang X, Fu X, Shi M, Xue C, Yang J, Zhao Z, Li S, Tu T. Multiple interaction networks reveal that Lepidoptera larvae and adults prefer various host plants for diet and pollination. Integr Zool 2024; 19:763-776. [PMID: 37427545 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-Lepidoptera interactions are often studied using the pollination or herbivore networks only. Lepidoptera species are involved in two types of plant-insect interactions because they are herbivores as larvae and pollinators as adults. The study of entangled networks is critical, since the interaction of different networks can affect the overall network and community stability. Here, we studied the interaction of plants and Lepidoptera on the Yongxing Island, South China Sea. A plant-lepidopteran pollination network and a plant-lepidopteran herbivore network were built by using data from flower-pollinator and leaf-herbivore interactions. We then combined the two networks into a single network. We measured plant composition similarity within each sub-network and across sub-networks for Lepidoptera species. Our findings indicate that the plant-Lepidoptera pollination network and the herbivory network share significant proportions of Lepidoptera but small proportions of plant assemblages. The pollination network had higher nestedness and connectance than the herbivore network. Agrius convolvuli was the most specialized species, while Zizina otis had the highest species strength in the pollination network. Most Lepidoptera species were highly specialized in the herbivore network and their importance positively correlated across the two networks. Furthermore, there was no dietary composition similarity between the two networks for most Lepidoptera species. Our findings highlight the visible structural difference between the pollination and the herbivore networks. Adult Lepidoptera selects different plants for oviposition and feeding, a strategy that may benefit their reproduction and survival by sustaining adequate resources for their two life stages and the diversity of both plants and insects in oceanic island communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Ningxia Yunwu Mountain National Natural Reserve, Guyuan, China
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunquan Xue
- Guangdong Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhi Yang
- Guangdong Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tieyao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Mo BT, Guo H, Li GC, Cao LL, Gong XL, Huang LQ, Wang CZ. Discovery of Insect Attractants Based on the Functional Analyses of Female-Biased Odorant Receptors and Their Orthologs in Two Closely Related Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19408-19421. [PMID: 38039319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction plays an instrumental role in host plant selection by phytophagous insects. Helicoverpa assulta and Helicoverpa armigera are two closely related moth species with different host plant ranges. In this study, we first comparatively analyzed the function of 11 female-biased odorant receptors (ORs) and their orthologs in the two species by the Drosophila T1 neuron expression system and then examined the electroantennography responses of the two species to the most effective OR ligands. Behavioral assays using a Y-tube olfactometer indicate that guaiene, the primary ligand of HassOR21-2 and HarmOR21-2, only attracts the females, while benzyl acetone, the main ligand of HassOR35 and HarmOR35, attracts both sexes of the two species. Oviposition preference experiments further confirm that guaiene and benzyl acetone are potent oviposition attractants for the mated females of both species. These findings deepen our understanding of the olfactory coding mechanisms of host plant selection in herbivorous insects and provide valuable attractants for managing pest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Tong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Lin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Qiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Dötterl S, Gershenzon J. Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1901-1937. [PMID: 37661854 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2023Floral volatiles are a chemically diverse group of plant metabolites that serve multiple functions. Their composition is shaped by environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors. This review will summarize recent advances in floral scent research from chemical, molecular and ecological perspectives. It will focus on the major chemical classes of floral volatiles, on notable new structures, and on recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis and the regulation of volatile emission. Special attention will be devoted to the various functions of floral volatiles, not only as attractants for different types of pollinators, but also as defenses of flowers against enemies. We will also summarize recent findings on how floral volatiles are affected by abiotic stressors, such as increased temperatures and drought, and by other organisms, such as herbivores and flower-dwelling microbes. Finally, this review will indicate current research gaps, such as the very limited knowledge of the isomeric pattern of chiral compounds and its importance in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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4
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Gagnon E, Baldaszti L, Moonlight P, Knapp S, Lehmann CER, Särkinen T. Functional and ecological diversification of underground organs in Solanum. Front Genet 2023; 14:1231413. [PMID: 37886686 PMCID: PMC10597785 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1231413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of geophytes in response to different environmental stressors is poorly understood largely due to the great morphological variation in underground plant organs, which includes species with rhizomatous structures or underground storage organs (USOs). Here we compare the evolution and ecological niche patterns of different geophytic organs in Solanum L., classified based on a functional definition and using a clade-based approach with an expert-verified specimen occurrence dataset. Results from PERMANOVA and Phylogenetic ANOVAs indicate that geophytic species occupy drier areas, with rhizomatous species found in the hottest areas whereas species with USOs are restricted to cooler areas in the montane tropics. In addition, rhizomatous species appear to be adapted to fire-driven disturbance, in contrast to species with USOs that appear to be adapted to prolonged climatic disturbance such as unfavorable growing conditions due to drought and cold. We also show that the evolution of rhizome-like structures leads to changes in the relationship between range size and niche breadth. Ancestral state reconstruction shows that in Solanum rhizomatous species are evolutionarily more labile compared to species with USOs. Our results suggest that underground organs enable plants to shift their niches towards distinct extreme environmental conditions and have different evolutionary constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edeline Gagnon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ludwig Baldaszti
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Moonlight
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Caroline E. R. Lehmann
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tiina Särkinen
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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5
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Barragán‐Fonseca KY, Rusman Q, Mertens D, Weldegergis BT, Peller J, Polder G, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Insect exuviae as soil amendment affect flower reflectance and increase flower production and plant volatile emission. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:931-945. [PMID: 36514238 PMCID: PMC10107842 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil composition and herbivory are two environmental factors that can affect plant traits including flower traits, thus potentially affecting plant-pollinator interactions. Importantly, soil composition and herbivory may interact in these effects, with consequences for plant fitness. We assessed the main effects of aboveground insect herbivory and soil amendment with exuviae of three different insect species on visual and olfactory traits of Brassica nigra plants, including interactive effects. We combined various methodological approaches including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, spectroscopy and machine learning to evaluate changes in flower morphology, colour and the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Soil amended with insect exuviae increased the total number of flowers per plant and VOC emission, whereas herbivory reduced petal area and VOC emission. Soil amendment and herbivory interacted in their effect on the floral reflectance spectrum of the base part of petals and the emission of 10 VOCs. These findings demonstrate the effects of insect exuviae as soil amendment on plant traits involved in reproduction, with a potential for enhanced reproductive success by increasing the strength of signals attracting pollinators and by mitigating the negative effects of herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y. Barragán‐Fonseca
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Grupo en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Daan Mertens
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Joseph Peller
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Polder
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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6
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Wenzell KE, Skogen KA, Fant JB. Range‐wide floral trait variation reflects shifts in pollinator assemblages, consistent with pollinator‐mediated divergence despite generalized visitation. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Wenzell
- John Innes Centre Colney Lane Norwich UK
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
- Clemson Univ., Dept of Biological Sciences Clemson SC USA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
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7
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Dorey T, Schiestl FP. Plant phenotypic plasticity changes pollinator-mediated selection. Evolution 2022; 76:2930-2944. [PMID: 36250479 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms change their phenotype in response to the environment, a phenomenon called phenotypic plasticity. Although plasticity can dramatically change the phenotype of an organism, we hardly understand how this can affect biotic interactions and the resulting phenotypic selection. Here, we use fast cycling Brassica rapa plants in an experiment in the greenhouse to study the link between plasticity and selection. We detected strong plasticity in morphology, nectar, and floral scent in response to different soil types and aphid herbivory. We found positive selection on nectar and morphological traits in hand- and bumblebee-pollinated plants. Bumblebee-mediated selection on a principal component representing plant height, flower number, and flowering time (mPC3) differed depending on soil type and herbivory. For plants growing in richer soil, selection was stronger in the absence of herbivores, whereas for plants growing in poorer soil selection was stronger with herbivory. We showed that bumblebees visited tall plants with many flowers overproportionally in plants in poor soil with herbivory (i.e., when tall plants were rare), thus causing stronger positive selection on this trait combination. We suggest that with strong plasticity under most stressful conditions, pollinator-mediated selection may promote adaptation to local environmental factors given sufficient heritability of the traits under selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dorey
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8008, Switzerland
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8
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Sestari I, Campos ML. Into a dilemma of plants: the antagonism between chemical defenses and growth. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:469-482. [PMID: 34843032 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemical defenses are imperative for plant survival, but their production is often associated with growth restrictions. Here we review the most recent theories to explain this complex dilemma of plants. Plants are a nutritional source for a myriad of pests and pathogens that depend on green tissues to complete their life cycle. Rather than remaining passive victims, plants utilize an arsenal of chemical defenses to fend off biotic attack. While the deployment of such barriers is imperative for survival, the production of these chemical defenses is typically associated with negative impacts on plant growth. Here we discuss the most recent theories which explain this highly dynamic growth versus defense dilemma. Firstly, we discuss the hypothesis that the antagonism between the accumulation of chemical defenses and growth is rooted in the evolutionary history of plants and may be a consequence of terrestrialization. Then, we revise the different paradigms available to explain the growth versus chemical defense antagonism, including recent findings that update these into more comprehensive and plausible theories. Finally, we highlight state-of-the-art strategies that are now allowing the activation of growth and the concomitant production of chemical barriers in plants. Growth versus chemical defense antagonism imposes large ecological and economic costs, including increased crop susceptibility to pests and pathogens. In a world where these plant enemies are the main problem to increase food production, we believe that this review will summarize valuable information for future studies aiming to breed highly defensive plants without the typical accompanying penalties to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sestari
- Coordenadoria Especial de Ciências Biológicas e Agronômicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Integrative Plant Research Laboratory, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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9
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Balbuena MS, Broadhead GT, Dahake A, Barnett E, Vergara M, Skogen KA, Jogesh T, Raguso RA. Mutualism has its limits: consequences of asymmetric interactions between a well-defended plant and its herbivorous pollinator. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210166. [PMID: 35491593 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Concern for pollinator health often focuses on social bees and their agricultural importance at the expense of other pollinators and their ecosystem services. When pollinating herbivores use the same plants as nectar sources and larval hosts, ecological conflicts emerge for both parties, as the pollinator's services are mitigated by herbivory and its larvae are harmed by plant defences. We tracked individual-level metrics of pollinator health-growth, survivorship, fecundity-across the life cycle of a pollinating herbivore, the common hawkmoth, Hyles lineata, interacting with a rare plant, Oenothera harringtonii, that is polymorphic for the common floral volatile (R)-(-)-linalool. Linalool had no impact on floral attraction, but its experimental addition suppressed oviposition on plants lacking linalool. Plants showed robust resistance against herbivory from leaf-disc to whole-plant scales, through poor larval growth and survivorship. Higher larval performance on other Oenothera species indicates that constitutive herbivore resistance by O. harringtonii is not a genus-wide trait. Leaf volatiles differed among populations of O. harringtonii but were not induced by larval herbivory. Similarly, elagitannins and other phenolics varied among plant tissues but were not herbivore-induced. Our findings highlight asymmetric plant-pollinator interactions and the importance of third parties, including alternative larval host plants, in maintaining pollinator health. This article is part of the theme issue 'Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sol Balbuena
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Geoffrey T Broadhead
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ajinkya Dahake
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Emily Barnett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Melissa Vergara
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL 60035, USA
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.,Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL 60035, USA
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Adachi-Fukunaga S, Nakabayashi Y, Tokuda M. Transgenerational changes in pod maturation phenology and seed traits of Glycine soja infested by the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263904. [PMID: 35235584 PMCID: PMC8890626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land plants have diverse defenses against herbivores. In some cases, plant response to insect herbivory may be chronological and even transgenerational. Feeding by various stink bugs, such as the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae), induce physiological changes in soybean, called as green stem syndrome, which are characterized by delayed senescence in stems, leaves, and pods. To investigate the plant response to the bean bug feeding in the infested generation and its offspring, we studied the effects of R. pedestris infestation on Glycine soja, the ancestral wild species of soybean. Field surveys revealed that the occurrence of the autumn R. pedestris generation coincided with G. soja pod maturation in both lowland and mountainous sites. Following infestation by R. pedestris, pod maturation was significantly delayed in G. soja. When G. soja seeds obtained from infested and non-infested plants were cultivated, the progeny of infested plants exhibited much earlier pod maturation and larger-sized seed production than that of control plants, indicating that R. pedestris feeding induced transgenerational changes. Because earlier seed maturity results in asynchrony with occurrence of R. pedestris, the transgenerational changes in plant phenology are considered to be an adaptive transgenerational and chronological defense for the plant against feeding by the stink bug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Adachi-Fukunaga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yui Nakabayashi
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Makoto Tokuda
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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11
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Cockburn G, Ko MC, Sadanandan KR, Miller ET, Nakagita T, Monte A, Cho S, Roura E, Toda Y, Baldwin MW. Synergism, Bifunctionality, and the Evolution of a Gradual Sensory Trade-off in Hummingbird Taste Receptors. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msab367. [PMID: 34978567 PMCID: PMC8826506 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory receptor evolution can imply trade-offs between ligands, but the extent to which such trade-offs occur and the underlying processes shaping their evolution is not well understood. For example, hummingbirds have repurposed their ancestral savory receptor (T1R1-T1R3) to detect sugars, but the impact of this sensory shift on amino acid perception is unclear. Here, we use functional and behavioral approaches to show that the hummingbird T1R1-T1R3 acts as a bifunctional receptor responsive to both sugars and amino acids. Our comparative analyses reveal substantial functional diversity across the hummingbird radiation and suggest an evolutionary timeline for T1R1-T1R3 retuning. Finally, we identify a novel form of synergism between sugars and amino acids in vertebrate taste receptors. This work uncovers an unexplored axis of sensory diversity, suggesting new ways in which nectar chemistry and pollinator preferences can coevolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Cockburn
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Keren R Sadanandan
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Eliot T Miller
- Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tomoya Nakagita
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Amanda Monte
- Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Yasuka Toda
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maude W Baldwin
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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12
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Muroya M, Oshima H, Kobayashi S, Miura A, Miyamura Y, Shiota H, Onai K, Ishiura M, Manabe K, Kutsuna S. Circadian Clock in Arabidopsis thaliana Determines Flower Opening Time Early in the Morning and Dominantly Closes Early in the Afternoon. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:883-893. [PMID: 33822207 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species exhibit diurnal flower opening and closing, which is an adaptation influenced by the lifestyle of pollinators and herbivores. However, it remains unclear how these temporal floral movements are modulated. To clarify the role of the circadian clock in flower movement, we examined temporal floral movements in Arabidopsis thaliana. Wild-type (accessions; Col-0, Ler-0 and Ws-4) flowers opened between 0.7 and 1.4 h in a 16-h light period and closed between 7.5 and 8.3 h in a diurnal light period. In the arrhythmic mutants pcl1-1 and prr975, the former flowers closed slowly and imperfectly and the latter ones never closed. Under continuous light conditions, new flowers emerged and opened within a 23-26 h window in the wild-type, but the flowers in pcl1-1 and prr975 developed straight petals, whose curvatures were extremely small. Anti-phasic circadian gene expression of CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLE (LHY) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) occurred in wild-type flowers, but non-rhythmic expression was observed in pcl1-1 and prr975 mutants. Focusing on excised petals, bioluminescence monitoring revealed rhythmic promoter activities of genes expressed (CCA1, LHY and PHYTOCLOCK 1/LUX ARRHYTHMO, PCL1/LUX) in the morning and evening. These results suggest that the clock induces flower opening redundantly with unknown light-sensing pathways. By contrast, flower closing is completely dependent on clock control. These findings will lead to further exploration of the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary diversity of timing in flower opening and closing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Muroya
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Yokohama City University, Seto 22, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Haruka Oshima
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Yokohama City University, Seto 22, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Shoko Kobayashi
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Yokohama City University, Seto 22, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Aya Miura
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Yokohama City University, Seto 22, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Yohei Miyamura
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Yokohama City University, Seto 22, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Hajime Shiota
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Yokohama City University, Seto 22, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Onai
- Centre for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-kuKyoto 606-8502Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishiura
- Centre for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Katsushi Manabe
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Yokohama City University, Seto 22, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kutsuna
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Yokohama City University, Seto 22, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
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13
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Adam E, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Moths sense but do not learn flower odors with their proboscis during flower investigation. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271919. [PMID: 34427309 PMCID: PMC8467027 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insect pollinators, such as the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta, are known for locating flowers and learning floral odors by using their antennae. A recent study revealed, however, that the tobacco hawkmoth additionally possesses olfactory sensilla at the tip of its proboscis. Here, we asked whether this second ‘nose’ of the hawkmoth is involved in odor learning, similar to the antennae. We first show that M. sexta foraging efficiency at Nicotiana attenuata flowers increases with experience. This raises the question whether olfactory learning with the proboscis plays a role during flower handling. By rewarding the moths at an artificial flower, we show that, although moths learn an odor easily when they perceive it with their antennae, experiencing the odor just with the proboscis is not sufficient for odor learning. Furthermore, experiencing the odor with the antennae during training does not affect the behavior of the moths when they later detect the learned odor with the proboscis only. Therefore, there seems to be no cross-talk between the antennae and proboscis, and information learnt by the antennae cannot be retrieved by the proboscis. Highlighted Article: The hawkmoth Manduca sexta is able to detect odors with the tip of its tongue: this ‘second nose’ is not used for olfactory learning during flower investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Adam
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745Jena, Germany
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14
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López-Goldar X, Agrawal AA. Ecological Interactions, Environmental Gradients, and Gene Flow in Local Adaptation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:796-809. [PMID: 33865704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite long-standing interest in local adaptation of plants to their biotic and abiotic environment, existing theory, and many case studies, little work to date has addressed within-species evolution of concerted strategies and how these might contrast with patterns across species. Here we consider the interactions between pollinators, herbivores, and resource availability in shaping plant local adaptation, how these interactions impact plant phenotypes and gene flow, and the conditions where multiple traits align along major environmental gradients such as latitude and elevation. Continued work in emerging model systems will benefit from the melding of classic experimental approaches with novel population genetic analyses to reveal patterns and processes in plant local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López-Goldar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Bing J, Li X, Haverkamp A, Baldwin IT, Hansson BS, Knaden M, Yon F. Variation in Manduca sexta Pollination-Related Floral Traits and Reproduction in a Wild Tobacco Plant. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.680463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most flowering plants depend on animal pollination for successful sexual reproduction. Floral signals such as color, shape, and odor are crucial in establishing this (often mutualistic) interaction. Plant and pollinator phenotypes can vary temporally but also spatially, thus creating mosaic-like patterns of local adaptations. Here, we investigated natural variation in floral morphology, flower volatile emission, and phenology in four accessions of a self-compatible wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, to assess how these traits match the sensory perception of a known pollinator, the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. These accessions differ in floral traits and also in their habitat altitudes. Based on habitat temperatures, the accession occurring at the highest altitude (California) is less likely to be visited by M. sexta, while the others (Arizona, Utah 1, and Utah 2) are known to receive M. sexta pollinations. The accessions varied significantly in flower morphologies, volatile emissions, flower opening, and phenology, traits likely important for M. sexta perception and floral handling. In wind tunnel assays, we assessed the seed set of emasculated flowers after M. sexta visitation and of natural selfed and hand-pollinated selfed flowers. After moth visitations, plants of two accessions (Arizona and Utah 2) produced more capsules than the other two, consistent with predictions that accessions co-occurring with M. sexta would benefit more from the pollination services of this moth. We quantified flower and capsule production in four accessions in a glasshouse assay without pollinators to assess the potential for self-pollination. The two Utah accessions set significantly more seeds after pollen supplementation compared with those of autonomous selfing flowers, suggesting a greater opportunistic benefit from efficient pollinators than the other two. Moreover, emasculated flowers of the accession with the most exposed stigma (Utah 2) produced the greatest seed set after M. sexta visitation. This study reveals intraspecific variation in pollination syndromes that illuminate the potential of a plant species to adapt to local pollinator communities, changing environments, and altered pollination networks.
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16
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Ohashi K, Jürgens A, Thomson JD. Trade-off mitigation: a conceptual framework for understanding floral adaptation in multispecies interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2258-2280. [PMID: 34096158 PMCID: PMC8518848 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Explanations of floral adaptation to diverse pollinator faunas have often invoked visitor‐mediated trade‐offs in which no intermediate, generalized floral phenotype is optimal for pollination success, i.e. fitness valleys are created. In such cases, plant species are expected to specialize on particular groups of flower visitors. Contrary to this expectation, it is commonly observed that flowers interact with various groups of visitors, while at the same time maintaining distinct phenotypes among ecotypes, subspecies, or congeners. This apparent paradox may be due to a gap in our understanding of how visitor‐mediated trade‐offs could affect floral adaptation. Here we provide a conceptual framework for analysing visitor‐mediated trade‐offs with the hope of stimulating empirical and theoretical studies to fill this gap. We propose two types of visitor‐mediated trade‐offs to address negative correlations among fitness contributions of different visitors: visitor‐mediated phenotypic trade‐offs (phenotypic trade‐offs) and visitor‐mediated opportunity trade‐offs (opportunity trade‐offs). Phenotypic trade‐offs occur when different groups of visitors impose conflicting selection pressures on a floral trait. By contrast, opportunity trade‐offs emerge only when some visitors’ actions (e.g. pollen collection) remove opportunities for fitness contribution by more beneficial visitors. Previous studies have observed disruptive selection due to phenotypic trade‐offs less often than expected. In addition to existing explanations, we propose that some flowers have achieved ‘adaptive generalization’ by evolving features to avoid or eliminate the fitness valleys that phenotypic trade‐offs tend to produce. The literature suggests a variety of pathways to such ‘trade‐off mitigation’. Trade‐off mitigation may also evolve as an adaptation to opportunity trade‐offs. We argue that active exclusion, or floral specialization, can be viewed as a trade‐off mitigation, occurring only when flowers cannot otherwise avoid strong opportunity trade‐offs. These considerations suggest that an evolutionary strategy for trade‐off mitigation is achieved often by acquiring novel combinations of traits. Thus, phenotypic diversification of flowers through convergent evolution of certain trait combinations may have been enhanced not only through adaptive specialization for particular visitors, but also through adaptive generalization for particular visitor communities. Explorations of how visitor‐mediated trade‐offs explain the recurrent patterns of floral phenotypes may help reconcile the long‐lasting controversy on the validity of pollination syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuharu Ohashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.,Department of Biology, Chemical Plant Ecology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Jürgens
- Department of Biology, Chemical Plant Ecology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - James D Thomson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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17
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Johnson CA, Smith GP, Yule K, Davidowitz G, Bronstein JL, Ferrière R. Coevolutionary transitions from antagonism to mutualism explained by the Co-Opted Antagonist Hypothesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2867. [PMID: 34001894 PMCID: PMC8129128 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now good evidence that many mutualisms evolved from antagonism; why or how, however, remains unclear. We advance the Co-Opted Antagonist (COA) Hypothesis as a general mechanism explaining evolutionary transitions from antagonism to mutualism. COA involves an eco-coevolutionary process whereby natural selection favors co-option of an antagonist to perform a beneficial function and the interacting species coevolve a suite of phenotypic traits that drive the interaction from antagonism to mutualism. To evaluate the COA hypothesis, we present a generalized eco-coevolutionary framework of evolutionary transitions from antagonism to mutualism and develop a data-based, fully ecologically-parameterized model of a small community in which a lepidopteran insect pollinates some of its larval host plant species. More generally, our theory helps to reconcile several major challenges concerning the mechanisms of mutualism evolution, such as how mutualisms evolve without extremely tight host fidelity (vertical transmission) and how ecological context influences evolutionary outcomes, and vice-versa. While there is strong evidence that many mutualisms evolved from antagonism, how or why remains unclear. A study combining theory and a data-based model sheds light on how mutualisms evolve without extremely tight host fidelity and how ecological context affects evolutionary outcomes and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Johnson
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitäetstrasse 16, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106a Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Gordon P Smith
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Dept. of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kelsey Yule
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Arizona State University, 734W Alameda Drive, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Goggy Davidowitz
- Dept. of Entomology, University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Judith L Bronstein
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Régis Ferrière
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure CNRS UMR 8197, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France.,iGLOBES International Research Laboratory, École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences & Lettres CNRS UMI 3157, University of Arizona, 845N Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ, USA
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18
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Jacobsen DJ, Raguso RA. Leaf Induction Impacts Behavior and Performance of a Pollinating Herbivore. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:791680. [PMID: 34975977 PMCID: PMC8718909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants use volatiles to attract pollinators while deterring herbivores. Vegetative and floral traits may interact to affect insect behavior. Pollinator behavior is most likely influenced by leaf traits when larval stages interact with plants in different ways than adult stages, such as when larvae are leaf herbivores but adult moths visit flowers as pollinators. Here, we determine how leaf induction and corresponding volatile differences in induced plants influence behavior in adult moths and whether these preferences align with larval performance. We manipulated vegetative induction in four Nicotiana species. Using paired induced and control plants of the same species with standardized artificial flowers, we measured foraging and oviposition choices by their ecologically and economically important herbivore/pollinator, Manduca sexta. In parallel, we measured growth rates of M. sexta larvae fed leaves from control or induced plants to determine if this was consistent with female oviposition preference. Lastly, we used plant headspace collections and gas chromatography to quantify volatile compounds from both induced and control leaves to link changes in plant chemistry with moth behavior. In the absence of floral chemical cues, vegetative defensive status influenced adult moth foraging preference from artificial flowers in one species (N. excelsior), where females nectared from induced plants more often than control plants. Plant vegetative resistance consistently influenced oviposition choice such that moths deposited more eggs on control plants than on induced plants of all four species. This oviposition preference for control plants aligned with higher larval growth rates on control leaves compared with induced leaves. Control and induced plants of each species had similar leaf volatile profiles, but induced plants had higher emission levels. Leaves of N. excelsior produced the most volatile compounds, including some inducible compounds typically associated with floral scent. We demonstrate that vegetative plant defensive volatiles play a role in host plant selection and that insects assess information from leaves differently when choosing between nectaring and oviposition locations. These results underscore the complex interactions between plants, their pollinators, and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidra J. Jacobsen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Deidra J. Jacobsen,
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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19
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Nocturnal pollination: an overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:19-32. [PMID: 32478390 PMCID: PMC7326339 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing assessments of the ecosystem service of pollination have been largely restricted to diurnal insects, with a particular focus on generalist foragers such as wild and honey bees. As knowledge of how these plant-pollinator systems function, their relevance to food security and biodiversity, and the fragility of these mutually beneficial interactions increases, attention is diverting to other, less well-studied pollinator groups. One such group are those that forage at night. In this review, we document evidence that nocturnal species are providers of pollination services (including pollination of economically valuable and culturally important crops, as well as wild plants of conservation concern), but highlight how little is known about the scale of such services. We discuss the primary mechanisms involved in night-time communication between plants and insect pollen-vectors, including floral scent, visual cues (and associated specialized visual systems), and thermogenic sensitivity (associated with thermogenic flowers). We highlight that these mechanisms are vulnerable to direct and indirect disruption by a range of anthropogenic drivers of environmental change, including air and soil pollution, artificial light at night, and climate change. Lastly, we highlight a number of directions for future research that will be important if nocturnal pollination services are to be fully understood and ultimately conserved.
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20
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Sources of floral scent variation in the food-deceptive orchid Orchis mascula. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Rusman Q, Karssemeijer PN, Lucas-Barbosa D, Poelman EH. Settling on leaves or flowers: herbivore feeding site determines the outcome of indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators. Oecologia 2019; 191:887-896. [PMID: 31686227 PMCID: PMC6854048 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herbivore attack can alter plant interactions with pollinators, ranging from reduced to enhanced pollinator visitation. The direction and strength of effects of herbivory on pollinator visitation could be contingent on the type of plant tissue or organ attacked by herbivores, but this has seldom been tested experimentally. We investigated the effect of variation in feeding site of herbivorous insects on the visitation by insect pollinators on flowering Brassica nigra plants. We placed herbivores on either leaves or flowers, and recorded the responses of two pollinator species when visiting flowers. Our results show that variation in herbivore feeding site has profound impact on the outcome of herbivore–pollinator interactions. Herbivores feeding on flowers had consistent positive effects on pollinator visitation, whereas herbivores feeding on leaves did not. Herbivores themselves preferred to feed on flowers, and mostly performed best on flowers. We conclude that herbivore feeding site choice can profoundly affect herbivore–pollinator interactions and feeding site thereby makes for an important herbivore trait that can determine the linkage between antagonistic and mutualistic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter N Karssemeijer
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Bio-communication and Ecology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Kemp JE, Ellis AG. Cryptic petal coloration decreases floral apparency and herbivory in nocturnally closing daisies. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurene E. Kemp
- Botany and Zoology Department Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Allan G. Ellis
- Botany and Zoology Department Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
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24
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Ray R, Li D, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT. Using natural variation to achieve a whole-plant functional understanding of the responses mediated by jasmonate signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:414-425. [PMID: 30927293 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and biochemistry of jasmonate (JA) signaling have been the subject of several excellent recent reviews that have highlighted the phytohormonal function of this signaling pathway. Here, we focus on the responses mediated by JA signaling which have consequences for a plant's Darwinian fitness, i.e. the organism-level function of JA signaling. The most diverse module in the signaling cascade, the JAZ proteins, and their interactions with other proteins and transcription factors, allow this canonical signaling cascade to mediate a bewildering array of traits in different tissues at different times; the functional coherence of these diverse responses are best appreciated in an organismal/ecological context. From published work, it appears that jasmonates can function as the 'Swiss Army knife' of plant signaling, mediating many different biotic and abiotic stress and developmental responses that allow plants to contextualize their responses to their frequently changing local environments and optimize their fitness. We propose that a deeper analysis of the natural variation in both within-plant and within-population JA signaling components is a profitable means of attaining a coherent whole-plant functional perspective of this signaling cascade, and provide examples of this approach from the Nicotiana attenuata system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishav Ray
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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25
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Kessler D, Bing J, Haverkamp A, Baldwin IT. The defensive function of a pollinator‐attracting floral volatile. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Julia Bing
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Neuroethology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
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26
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Haverkamp A, Li X, Hansson BS, Baldwin IT, Knaden M, Yon F. Flower movement balances pollinator needs and pollen protection. Ecology 2019; 100:e02553. [PMID: 30411786 PMCID: PMC7378942 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Flower signaling and orientation are key characteristics that determine a flower's pollinator guild. However, many flowers actively move during their daily cycle, changing both their detectability and accessibility to pollinators. The flowers of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata orientate their corolla upward at sunset and downward after sunrise. Here, we investigated the effect of different flower orientations on a major pollinator of N. attenuata, the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. We found that although flower orientation influenced the flight altitude of the moth in respect to the flower, it did not alter the moth's final flower choice. These behavioral observations were consistent with the finding that orientation did not systematically change the spatial distribution of floral volatiles, which are major attractants for the moths. Moreover, hawkmoths invested the same amount of time into probing flowers at different orientations, even though they were only able to feed and gather pollen from horizontally and upward-oriented flowers, but not from downward-facing flowers. The orientation of the flower was hence crucial for a successful interaction between N. attenuata and its hawkmoth pollinator. Additionally, we also investigated potential adverse effects of exposing flowers at different orientations to natural daylight levels, finding that anther temperature of upward-oriented flowers was more than 7°C higher than for downward-oriented flowers. This increase in temperature likely caused the significantly reduced germination success that was observed for pollen grains from upward-oriented flowers in comparison to those of downward and horizontally oriented flowers. These results highlight the importance of flower reorientation to balance pollen protection and a successful interaction of the plant with its insect pollinators by maintaining the association between flower volatiles and flower accessibility to the pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- Present address:
Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- Present address:
Aura Optik GmbHJenaGermany
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- Present address:
CIEUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
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27
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Picot A, Georgelin E, Loeuille N. From antagonistic larvae to mutualistic adults: coevolution of diet niches within life cycles. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Picot
- Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Paris Diderot, Univ Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris); 7 quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris France
| | - Ewen Georgelin
- Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Paris Diderot, Univ Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris); 7 quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Paris Diderot, Univ Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris); 7 quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris France
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28
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Palmer-Young EC, Farrell IW, Adler LS, Milano NJ, Egan PA, Junker RR, Irwin RE, Stevenson PC. Chemistry of floral rewards: intra- and interspecific variability of nectar and pollen secondary metabolites across taxa. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan C. Palmer-Young
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts at Amherst; Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Iain W. Farrell
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Richmond Surrey TW9 3AB United Kingdom
| | - Lynn S. Adler
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts at Amherst; Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Nelson J. Milano
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts at Amherst; Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Paul A. Egan
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; SE-23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Bioscience; University of Salzburg; Hellbrunnerstrasse 34 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Rebecca E. Irwin
- Department of Applied Ecology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
| | - Philip C. Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Richmond Surrey TW9 3AB United Kingdom
- University of Greenwich; Medway ME4 4 TB United Kingdom
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Pollination syndromes and interaction networks in hummingbird assemblages in El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467418000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Plant–animal mutualistic interactions through ecological network systems and the environmental conditions in which they occur, allow us to understand patterns of species composition and the structure and dynamics of communities. We evaluated whether flower morphologies with different pollination syndromes (ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous) are used by hummingbirds and whether these characteristics affect the structure (core-peripheral species) of hummingbird networks. Observations were made in flowering patches, where plant–hummingbird interactions were recorded at three altitudes (300–2500 m) during three seasons (dry, rainy and post-rainy) from 2015 to 2016 at El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico. We recorded 15 hummingbird species interacting with 58 plant species, and the greatest number of interacting hummingbird species (11; 14) and plant species (28; 40) were found at middle altitudes and during the dry season, respectively. In all study sites, most of the plant species visited by hummingbirds had an ornithophilous syndrome (67%) at high altitudes (22 plant species) and during the dry season (26 plant species), but more individual hummingbirds visited non-ornithophilous plant species. The hummingbird species at high altitudes exhibited the greatest level of specialization towards plants (H2′ = 0.74), but the networks of plant-hummingbird interactions were generalist (H2′ = 0.25); i.e. visiting plants with both syndromes, at low altitudes. The core generalist hummingbird species remained constant with altitude and season, but the core generalist plant species varied between different altitudes and seasons according to the phenology of the species.
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Erb M. Plant Defenses against Herbivory: Closing the Fitness Gap. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:187-194. [PMID: 29223923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many morphological and chemical features of plants are classified as plant defenses against herbivores. By definition, plant defenses should increase a plant's fitness (i.e., its contribution to the gene pool of the next generation) as a function of herbivory. Over the past years, substantial progress has been made in understanding and manipulating the mechanistic basis of many putative plant defense traits. However, most plant defenses are still characterized by proximate variables such as herbivore performance or plant damage rather than actual fitness. Determining fitness benefits as a function of herbivory therefore remains a major knowledge gap that must be filled to understand the ecology and evolution of plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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31
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Haverkamp A, Hansson BS, Baldwin IT, Knaden M, Yon F. Floral Trait Variations Among Wild Tobacco Populations Influence the Foraging Behavior of Hawkmoth Pollinators. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Stahl E, Hilfiker O, Reymond P. Plant-arthropod interactions: who is the winner? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:703-728. [PMID: 29160609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense response. A signaling cascade triggers the expression of hundreds of genes, which encode defensive proteins and enzymes for synthesis of toxic metabolites. This direct defense is often complemented by emission of volatiles that attract beneficial parasitoids. In return, arthropods have evolved strategies to interfere with plant defenses, either by producing effectors to inhibit detection and downstream signaling steps, or by adapting to their detrimental effect. In this review, we address the current knowledge on the molecular and chemical dialog between plants and herbivores, with an emphasis on co-evolutionary aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hilfiker
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Raguso RA. Plant Evolution: Repeated Loss of Floral Scent - A Path of Least Resistance? Curr Biol 2018; 26:R1282-R1285. [PMID: 27997840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two independent studies converge on similar causes for olfactory loss-of-function mutants in evolutionary transitions to scentless flowers. This molecular déjà vu may reflect selection to minimize negative pleiotropy in a complex biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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34
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Plant Cognition and Behavior: From Environmental Awareness to Synaptic Circuits Navigating Root Apices. MEMORY AND LEARNING IN PLANTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75596-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Schuman MC, Meldau S, Gaquerel E, Diezel C, McGale E, Greenfield S, Baldwin IT. The Active Jasmonate JA-Ile Regulates a Specific Subset of Plant Jasmonate-Mediated Resistance to Herbivores in Nature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:787. [PMID: 29963064 PMCID: PMC6010948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonate hormones are essential regulators of plant defense against herbivores and include several dozen derivatives of the oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA). Among these, the conjugate jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been shown to interact directly with the jasmonate co-receptor complex to regulate responses to jasmonate signaling. However, functional studies indicate that some aspects of jasmonate-mediated defense are not regulated by JA-Ile. Thus, it is not clear whether JA-Ile is best characterized as the master jasmonate regulator of defense, or if it regulates more specific aspects. We investigated possible functions of JA-Ile in anti-herbivore resistance of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a model system for plant-herbivore interactions. We first analyzed the soluble and volatile secondary metabolomes of irJAR4xirJAR6, asLOX3, and WT plants, as well as an RNAi line targeting the jasmonate co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1), following a standardized herbivory treatment. irJAR4xirJAR6 were the most similar to WT plants, having a ca. 60% overlap in differentially regulated metabolites with either asLOX3 or irCOI1. In contrast, while at least 25 volatiles differed between irCOI1 or asLOX3 and WT plants, there were few or no differences in herbivore-induced volatile emission between irJAR4xirJAR6 and WT plants, in glasshouse- or field-collected samples. We then measured the susceptibility of jasmonate-deficient vs. JA-Ile-deficient plants in nature, in comparison to wild-type (WT) controls, and found that JA-Ile-deficient plants (irJAR4xirJAR6) are much better defended even than a mildly jasmonate-deficient line (asLOX3). The differences among lines could be attributed to differences in damage from specific herbivores, which appeared to prefer either one or the other jasmonate-deficient phenotype. We further investigated the elicitation of one herbivore-induced volatile known to be jasmonate-regulated and to mediate resistance to herbivores: (E)-α-bergamotene. We found that JA was a more potent elicitor of (E)-α-bergamotene emission than was JA-Ile, and when treated with JA, irJAR4xirJAR6 plants emitted 20- to 40-fold as much (E)-α-bergamotene than WT. We conclude that JA-Ile regulates specific aspects of herbivore resistance in N. attenuata. This specificity may allow plants flexibility in their responses to herbivores and in managing trade-offs between resistance, vs. growth and reproduction, over the course of ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Meredith C. Schuman
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Greenfield
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Plant Genetics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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36
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Yon F, Kessler D, Joo Y, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. Fitness consequences of a clock pollinator filter in Nicotiana attenuata flowers in nature. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:805-809. [PMID: 28834357 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata flowers, diurnally open, emit scents and move vertically to interact with nocturnal hawkmoth and day-active hummingbird pollinators. To examine the fitness consequences of these floral rhythms, we conducted pollination trials in the plant's native habitat with phase-shifted flowers of plants silenced in circadian clock genes. The results revealed that some pollination benefits observed under glasshouse conditions were not reproduced under natural field conditions. Floral arrhythmicity increased pollination success by hummingbirds, while reducing those by hawkmoths in the field. Thus, floral circadian rhythms may influence a plant's fitness by filtering pollinators leading to altered seed set from outcrossed pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Yuseong-gu, 34047 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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37
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Graham KK, Brown S, Clarke S, Röse USR, Starks PT. The European wool-carder bee (Anthidium manicatum) eavesdrops on plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during trichome collection. Behav Processes 2017; 144:5-12. [PMID: 28830833 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant-pollinator relationship is generally considered mutualistic. This relationship is less clear, however, when pollinators also cause tissue damage. Some Megachilidae bees collect plant material for nests from the plants they pollinate. In this study, we examined the relationship between Anthidium manicatum, the European wool-carder bee, and the source of its preferred nesting material - Stachys byzantina, lamb's ear. Female A. manicatum use their mandibles to trim trichomes from plants for nesting material (a behaviour dubbed "carding"). Using volatile organic compound (VOC) headspace analysis and behavioural observations, we explored (a) how carding effects S. byzantina and (b) how A. manicatum may choose specific S. byzantina plants. We found that removal of trichomes leads to a dissimilar VOC bouquet compared to intact leaves, with a significant increase in VOC detection following damage. A. manicatum also visit S. byzantina plants with trichomes removed at a greater frequency compared to plants with trichomes intact. Our data suggest that A. manicatum eavesdrop on VOCs produced by damaged plants, leading to more carding damage for individual plants due to increased detectability by A. manicatum. Accordingly, visitation by A. manicatum to S. byzantina may incur both a benefit (pollination) and cost (tissue damage) to the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey K Graham
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Steve Brown
- Northern Essex Community College, Haverhill, MA 01830, USA
| | | | - Ursula S R Röse
- Department of Biology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Philip T Starks
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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38
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Zhu YR, Yang M, Vamosi JC, Armbruster WS, Wan T, Gong YB. Feeding the enemy: loss of nectar and nectaries to herbivores reduces tepal damage and increases pollinator attraction in Iris bulleyana. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0271. [PMID: 28768796 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral nectar usually functions as a pollinator reward, yet it may also attract herbivores. However, the effects of herbivore consumption of nectar or nectaries on pollination have rarely been tested. We investigated Iris bulleyana, an alpine plant that has showy tepals and abundant nectar, in the Hengduan Mountains of SW China. In this region, flowers are visited mainly by pollen-collecting pollinators and nectarivorous herbivores. We tested the hypothesis that, in I. bulleyana, sacrificing nectar and nectaries to herbivores protects tepals and thus enhances pollinator attraction. We compared rates of pollination and herbivory on different floral tissues in plants with flowers protected from nectar and nectary consumption with rates in unprotected control plants. We found that nectar and nectaries suffered more herbivore damage than did tepals in natural conditions. However, the amount of tepal damage was significantly greater in the flowers with protected nectaries than in the controls; this resulted in significant differences in pollinator visitation rates. These results provide the first evidence that floral nectar and nectaries may be 'sacrificed' to herbivores, leading to reduced damage to other floral tissues that are more important for reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - W Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Tao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairylake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen 518004, China
| | - Yan-Bing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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39
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Barlow SE, Wright GA, Ma C, Barberis M, Farrell IW, Marr EC, Brankin A, Pavlik BM, Stevenson PC. Distasteful Nectar Deters Floral Robbery. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2552-2558.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eberl
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical
Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical
Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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41
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Marquis RJ, Salazar D, Baer C, Reinhardt J, Priest G, Barnett K. Ode to Ehrlich and Raven or how herbivorous insects might drive plant speciation. Ecology 2017; 97:2939-2951. [PMID: 27870033 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Ehrlich and Raven proposed that insect herbivores have driven much of plant speciation, particularly at tropical latitudes. There have been no explicit tests of their hypotheses. Indeed there were no proposed mechanisms either at the time or since by which herbivores might generate new plant species. Here we outline two main classes of mechanisms, prezygotic and postzygotic, with a number of scenarios in each by which herbivore-driven changes in host plant secondary chemistry might lead to new plant lineage production. The former apply mainly to a sympatric model of speciation while the latter apply to a parapatric or allopatric model. Our review suggests that the steps of each mechanism are known to occur individually in many different systems, but no scenario has been thoroughly investigated in any one system. Nevertheless, studies of Dalechampia and its herbivores and pollinators, and patterns of defense tradeoffs in trees on different soil types in the Peruvian Amazon provide evidence consistent with the original hypotheses of Ehrlich and Raven. For herbivores to drive sympatric speciation, our findings suggest that interactions with both their herbivores and their pollinators should be considered. In contrast, herbivores may drive speciation allopatrically without any influence by pollinators. Finally, there is evidence that these mechanisms are more likely to occur at low latitudes and thus more likely to produce new species in the tropics. The mechanisms we outline provide a predictive framework for further study of the general role that herbivores play in diversification of their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Marquis
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Bldg #3140, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Christina Baer
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Jason Reinhardt
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.,Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Galen Priest
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Kirk Barnett
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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42
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Yon F, Kessler D, Joo Y, Cortés Llorca L, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. Fitness consequences of altering floral circadian oscillations for Nicotiana attenuata. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:180-189. [PMID: 27957809 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ecological interactions between flowers and pollinators are all about timing. Flower opening/closing and scent emissions are largely synchronized with pollinator activity, and a circadian clock regulates these rhythms. However, whether the circadian clock increases a plant's reproductive success by regulating these floral rhythms remains untested. Flowers of Nicotiana attenuata, a wild tobacco, diurnally and rhythmically open, emit scent and move vertically through a 140° arc to interact with nocturnal hawkmoths. We tethered flowers to evaluate the importance of flower positions for Manduca sexta-mediated pollinations; flower position dramatically influenced pollination. We examined the pollination success of phase-shifted flowers, silenced in circadian clock genes, NaZTL, NaLHY, and NaTOC1, by RNAi. Circadian rhythms in N. attenuata flowers are responsible for altered seed set from outcrossed pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lucas Cortés Llorca
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Yuseong-gu, 34047 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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43
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Detoxification and elimination of nicotine by nectar-feeding birds. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:591-602. [PMID: 28150179 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many dilute nectars consumed by bird pollinators contain secondary metabolites, potentially toxic chemicals produced by plants as defences against herbivores. Consequently, nectar-feeding birds are challenged not only by frequent water excess, but also by the toxin content of their diet. High water turnover, however, could be advantageous to nectar consumers by enabling them to excrete secondary metabolites or their transformation products more easily. We investigated how the alkaloid nicotine, naturally present in nectar of Nicotiana species, influences osmoregulation in white-bellied sunbirds Cinnyris talatala and Cape white-eyes Zosterops virens. We also examined the metabolic fate of nicotine in these two species to shed more light on the post-ingestive mechanisms that allow nectar-feeding birds to tolerate nectar nicotine. A high concentration of nicotine (50 µM) decreased cloacal fluid output and increased its osmolality in both species, due to reduced food intake that led to dehydration. White-eyes excreted a higher proportion of the ingested nicotine-containing diet than sunbirds. However, sugar concentration did not affect nicotine detoxification and elimination. Both species metabolised nicotine, excreting very little unchanged nicotine. Cape white-eyes mainly metabolised nicotine through the cotinine metabolic pathway, with norcotinine being the most abundant metabolite in the excreta, while white-bellied sunbirds excreted mainly nornicotine. Both species also utilized phase II conjugation reactions to detoxify nicotine, with Cape white-eyes depending more on the mercapturic acid pathway to detoxify nicotine than white-bellied sunbirds. We found that sunbirds and white-eyes, despite having a similar nicotine tolerance, responded differently and used different nicotine-derived metabolites to excrete nicotine.
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Liu J, Legarrea S, Kant MR. Tomato Reproductive Success Is Equally Affected by Herbivores That Induce or That Suppress Defenses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2128. [PMID: 29326739 PMCID: PMC5733352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory induces plant defenses. These responses are often costly, yet enable plants under attack to reach a higher fitness than they would have reached without these defenses. Spider mites (Tetranychus ssp.) are polyphagous plant-pests. While most strains of the species Tetranychus urticae induce defenses at the expense of their performance, the species Tetranychus evansi suppresses plant defenses and thereby maintains a high performance. Most data indicate that suppression is a mite-adaptive trait. Suppression is characterized by a massive down-regulation of plant gene-expression compared to plants infested with defense-inducing mites as well as compared to control plants, albeit to a lesser extent. Therefore, we hypothesized that suppression may also benefit a plant since the resources saved during down-regulation could be used to increase reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we compared fruit and viable seed production of uninfested tomato plants with that of plants infested with defense-inducing or defense-suppressing mites. Mite-infested plants produced fruits faster than control plants albeit in lower total amounts. The T. evansi-infested plants produced the lowest number of fruits. However, the number of viable seeds was equal across treatments at the end of the experiment. Nonetheless, at this stage control plants were still alive and productive and therefore reach a higher lifetime fitness than mite-infested plants. Our results indicate that plants have plastic control over reproduction and can speed up fruit- and seed production when conditions are unfavorable. Moreover, we showed that although suppressed plants are less productive in terms of fruit production than induced plants, their lifetime fitness was equal under laboratory conditions. However, under natural conditions the fitness of plants such as tomato will also depend on the efficiency of seed dispersal by animals. Hence, we argue that the fitness of induced plants in the field may be promoted more by their higher fruit production relative to that of their suppressed counterparts.
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Li D, Heiling S, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Illuminating a plant's tissue-specific metabolic diversity using computational metabolomics and information theory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7610-E7618. [PMID: 27821729 PMCID: PMC5127351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolite diversity is considered an important fitness determinant for plants' biotic and abiotic interactions in nature. This diversity can be examined in two dimensions. The first one considers metabolite diversity across plant species. A second way of looking at this diversity is by considering the tissue-specific localization of pathways underlying secondary metabolism within a plant. Although these cross-tissue metabolite variations are increasingly regarded as important readouts of tissue-level gene function and regulatory processes, they have rarely been comprehensively explored by nontargeted metabolomics. As such, important questions have remained superficially addressed. For instance, which tissues exhibit prevalent signatures of metabolic specialization? Reciprocally, which metabolites contribute most to this tissue specialization in contrast to those metabolites exhibiting housekeeping characteristics? Here, we explore tissue-level metabolic specialization in Nicotiana attenuata, an ecological model with rich secondary metabolism, by combining tissue-wide nontargeted mass spectral data acquisition, information theory analysis, and tandem MS (MS/MS) molecular networks. This analysis was conducted for two different methanolic extracts of 14 tissues and deconvoluted 895 nonredundant MS/MS spectra. Using information theory analysis, anthers were found to harbor the most specialized metabolome, and most unique metabolites of anthers and other tissues were annotated through MS/MS molecular networks. Tissue-metabolite association maps were used to predict tissue-specific gene functions. Predictions for the function of two UDP-glycosyltransferases in flavonoid metabolism were confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing. The present workflow allows biologists to amortize the vast amount of data produced by modern MS instrumentation in their quest to understand gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Heiling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Groen SC, Jiang S, Murphy AM, Cunniffe NJ, Westwood JH, Davey MP, Bruce TJA, Caulfield JC, Furzer OJ, Reed A, Robinson SI, Miller E, Davis CN, Pickett JA, Whitney HM, Glover BJ, Carr JP. Virus Infection of Plants Alters Pollinator Preference: A Payback for Susceptible Hosts? PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005790. [PMID: 27513727 PMCID: PMC4981420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant volatiles play important roles in attraction of certain pollinators and in host location by herbivorous insects. Virus infection induces changes in plant volatile emission profiles, and this can make plants more attractive to insect herbivores, such as aphids, that act as viral vectors. However, it is unknown if virus-induced alterations in volatile production affect plant-pollinator interactions. We found that volatiles emitted by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis thaliana plants altered the foraging behaviour of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). Virus-induced quantitative and qualitative changes in blends of volatile organic compounds emitted by tomato plants were identified by gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry. Experiments with a CMV mutant unable to express the 2b RNA silencing suppressor protein and with Arabidopsis silencing mutants implicate microRNAs in regulating emission of pollinator-perceivable volatiles. In tomato, CMV infection made plants emit volatiles attractive to bumblebees. Bumblebees pollinate tomato by 'buzzing' (sonicating) the flowers, which releases pollen and enhances self-fertilization and seed production as well as pollen export. Without buzz-pollination, CMV infection decreased seed yield, but when flowers of mock-inoculated and CMV-infected plants were buzz-pollinated, the increased seed yield for CMV-infected plants was similar to that for mock-inoculated plants. Increased pollinator preference can potentially increase plant reproductive success in two ways: i) as female parents, by increasing the probability that ovules are fertilized; ii) as male parents, by increasing pollen export. Mathematical modeling suggested that over a wide range of conditions in the wild, these increases to the number of offspring of infected susceptible plants resulting from increased pollinator preference could outweigh underlying strong selection pressures favoring pathogen resistance, allowing genes for disease susceptibility to persist in plant populations. We speculate that enhanced pollinator service for infected individuals in wild plant populations might provide mutual benefits to the virus and its susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Groen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjie Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack H. Westwood
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. Davey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Oliver J. Furzer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Reed
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie I. Robinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Pickett
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Whitney
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley J. Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Carper AL, Adler LS, Irwin RE. Effects of florivory on plant-pollinator interactions: Implications for male and female components of plant reproduction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1061-1070. [PMID: 27329944 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Florivory could have direct negative effects on plant fitness due to consumption of floral organs, and indirect effects mediated through changes in traits important to pollination. These effects likely vary with plant sexual system, depending on sex- or morph-specific patterns of damage. We investigated the direct and indirect effects of simulated florivory on male and female components of reproduction in the native, distylous vine Gelsemium sempervirens. METHODS We crossed floral damage and supplemental pollination treatments in a common garden array and tracked pollinator behavioral responses. We also estimated male function using fluorescent dye as an analog for pollen transfer, and measured both fruit and seed production. KEY RESULTS The effects of floral damage varied by floral morph, the genus of floral visitor, and the component of reproduction measured. Damage reduced the number of pollinator visits to pin but not thrum plants, and increased the time some pollinators spent per flower in thrum but not pin plants. Flowers of damaged plants transferred more dye particles to recipient plants compared to undamaged plants, but only later in the season when the majority of dye transfer occurred. Damage had no effect on female reproduction. CONCLUSION These results suggest that florivory can have positive indirect effects on estimated male plant reproduction through changes in different pollinators' behavior at flowers, but the effects of floral damage vary with male vs. female function. These results underscore the importance of other species' interactions at flowers in driving pollinator behavior and pollen transfer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Carper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College St., Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Department of Biology, 221 Morrill Science Center South, 611 N. Pleasant St., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Rebecca E Irwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College St., Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 USA Department of Applied Ecology, Campus Box 7617, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA
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Haverkamp A, Bing J, Badeke E, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Innate olfactory preferences for flowers matching proboscis length ensure optimal energy gain in a hawkmoth. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11644. [PMID: 27173441 PMCID: PMC4869250 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cost efficient foraging is of especial importance for animals like hawkmoths or hummingbirds that are feeding 'on the wing', making their foraging energetically demanding. The economic decisions made by these animals have a strong influence on the plants they pollinate and floral volatiles are often guiding these decisions. Here we show that the hawkmoth Manduca sexta exhibits an innate preference for volatiles of those Nicotiana flowers, which match the length of the moth's proboscis. This preference becomes apparent already at the initial inflight encounter, with the odour plume. Free-flight respiration analyses combined with nectar calorimetry revealed a significant caloric gain per invested flight energy only for preferred-matching-flowers. Our data therefore support Darwin's initial hypothesis on the coevolution of flower length and moth proboscis. We demonstrate that this interaction is mediated by an adaptive and hardwired olfactory preference of the moth for flowers offering the highest net-energy reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bing
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Elisa Badeke
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Haverkamp A, Yon F, Keesey IW, Mißbach C, Koenig C, Hansson BS, Baldwin IT, Knaden M, Kessler D. Hawkmoths evaluate scenting flowers with the tip of their proboscis. eLife 2016; 5:e15039. [PMID: 27146894 PMCID: PMC4884077 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollination by insects is essential to many ecosystems. Previously, we have shown that floral scent is important to mediate pollen transfer between plants (Kessler et al., 2015). Yet, the mechanisms by which pollinators evaluate volatiles of single flowers remained unclear. Here, Nicotiana attenuata plants, in which floral volatiles have been genetically silenced and its hawkmoth pollinator, Manduca sexta, were used in semi-natural tent and wind-tunnel assays to explore the function of floral scent. We found that floral scent functions to increase the fitness of individual flowers not only by increasing detectability but also by enhancing the pollinator's foraging efforts. Combining proboscis choice tests with neurophysiological, anatomical and molecular analyses we show that this effect is governed by newly discovered olfactory neurons on the tip of the moth's proboscis. With the tip of their tongue, pollinators assess the advertisement of individual flowers, an ability essential for maintaining this important ecosystem service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian W Keesey
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Mißbach
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher Koenig
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Li D, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Beyond the Canon: Within-Plant and Population-Level Heterogeneity in Jasmonate Signaling Engaged by Plant-Insect Interactions. PLANTS 2016; 5:plants5010014. [PMID: 27135234 PMCID: PMC4844416 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated communication and defense systems with which they interact with insects. Jasmonates are synthesized from the oxylipin pathway and act as pivotal cellular orchestrators of many of the metabolic and physiological processes that mediate these interactions. Many of these jasmonate-dependent responses are tissue-specific and translate from modulations of the canonical jasmonate signaling pathway. Here we provide a short overview of within-plant heterogeneities in jasmonate signaling and dependent responses in the context of plant-insect interactions as illuminated by examples from recent work with the ecological model, Nicotiana attenuata. We then discuss means of manipulating jasmonate signaling by creating tissue-specific jasmonate sinks, and the micrografting of different transgenic plants. The metabolic phenotyping of these manipulations provides an integrative understanding of the functional significance of deviations from the canonical model of this hormonal pathway. Additionally, natural variation in jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling both among and within species can explain polymorphisms in resistance to insects in nature. In this respect, insect-guided explorations of population-level variations in jasmonate metabolism have revealed more complexity than previously realized and we discuss how different "omic" techniques can be used to exploit the natural variation that occurs in this important signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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