1
|
Selesnick S. Neural waves and computation in a neural net model II: Data-like structures and the dynamics of episodic memory. J Comput Neurosci 2024; 52:223-243. [PMID: 39083150 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-024-00876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The computational resources of a neuromorphic network model introduced earlier were investigated in the first paper of this series. It was argued that a form of ubiquitous spontaneous local convolution enabled logical gate-like neural motifs to form into hierarchical feed-forward structures of the Hubel-Wiesel type. Here we investigate concomitant data-like structures and their dynamic rôle in memory formation, retrieval, and replay. The mechanisms give rise to the need for general inhibitory sculpting, and the simulation of the replay of episodic memories, well known in humans and recently observed in rats. Other consequences include explanations of such findings as the directional flows of neural waves in memory formation and retrieval, visual anomalies and memory deficits in schizophrenia, and the operation of GABA agonist drugs in suppressing episodic memories. We put forward the hypothesis that all neural logical operations and feature extractions are of the convolutional hierarchical type described here and in the earlier paper, and exemplified by the Hubel-Wiesel model of the visual cortex, but that in more general cases the precise geometric layering might be obscured and so far undetected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Selesnick
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 63121, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sheridan CL, Panoz-Brown D, Shiffrin RM, Crystal JD. Validation of a rodent model of episodic memory replay. Learn Behav 2024:10.3758/s13420-024-00632-5. [PMID: 39020162 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Vivid episodic memories in humans have been described as the replay of the flow of past events in sequential order. Recently, Panoz-Brown et al. Current Biology, 28, 1628-1634, (2018) developed an olfactory memory task in which rats were presented with a list of trial-unique odors in an encoding context; next, in a distinctive memory assessment context, the rats were rewarded for choosing the second to last item from the list while avoiding other items from the list. In a different memory assessment context, the fourth to last item was rewarded. According to the episodic memory replay hypothesis, the rat remembers the list items and searches these items to find the item at the targeted locations in the list. However, events presented sequentially differ in memory trace strength, allowing a rat to use the relative familiarity of the memory traces, instead of episodic memory replay, to solve the task. Here, we directly manipulated memory trace strength by manipulating the odor intensity of target odors in both the list presentation and memory assessment. The rats relied on episodic memory replay to solve the memory assessment in conditions in which reliance on memory trace strength is ruled out. We conclude that rats are able to replay episodic memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Sheridan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Danielle Panoz-Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Richard M Shiffrin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crystal JD. Animal cognition: Time mapping in the wild. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R620-R622. [PMID: 38981425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Foraging involves searching for resources distributed in space and time with varying nutritional values. New research suggests that free-ranging wild fruit bats track tree phenology, implicating the use of spatio-temporal mental maps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davies JR, Keuneke LS, Clayton NS, Davidson GL. Episodic-like memory in wild free-living blue tits and great tits. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)00813-3. [PMID: 38964317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Episodic-like memory in non-human animals represents the behavioral characteristics of human episodic memory-the ability to mentally travel backward in time to "re-live" past experiences. A focus on traditional model species of episodic-like memory may overlook taxa possessing this cognitive ability and consequently its evolution across species. Experiments conducted in the wild have the potential to broaden the scope of episodic-like memory research under the natural conditions in which they evolved. We combine two distinct yet complementary episodic-like memory tasks (the what-where-when memory and incidental encoding paradigms), each targeting a different aspect of human episodic memory, namely the content (what-where-when) and process (incidental encoding), to comprehensively test the memory abilities of wild, free-living, non-caching blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) and great tits (Parus major). Automated feeders with custom-built programs allowed for experimental manipulation of spatiotemporal experiences on an individual-level basis. In the what-where-when memory experiment, after learning individualized temporal feeder rules, the birds demonstrated their ability to recall the "what" (food type), "where" (feeder location), and "when" (time since their initial visit of the day) of previous foraging experiences. In the incidental encoding experiment, the birds showed that they were able to encode and recall incidental spatial information regarding previous foraging experiences ("where" test), and juveniles, but not adults, were also able to recall incidentally encoded visual information ("which" test). Consequently, this study presents multiple lines of converging evidence for episodic-like memory in a wild population of generalist foragers, suggesting that episodic-like memory may be more taxonomically widespread than previously assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Lasse S Keuneke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Gabrielle L Davidson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sheridan CL, Bonner L, Crystal JD. Replay of incidentally encoded novel odors in the rat. Anim Cogn 2024; 27:43. [PMID: 38874623 PMCID: PMC11178560 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-024-01880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Although events are not always known to be important when they occur, people can remember details about such incidentally encoded information using episodic memory. Sheridan et al. (2024) argued that rats replayed episodic memories of incidentally encoded information in an unexpected assessment of memory. In one task, rats reported the third-last item in an explicitly encoded list of trial-unique odors. In a second task, rats foraged in a radial maze in the absence of odors. On a critical test, rats foraged in the maze, but scented lids covered the food. Next, memory of the third-last odor was assessed. The rats correctly answered the unexpected question. Because the odors used in the critical test were the same as those used during training, automatically encoding odors for the purpose of taking an upcoming test of memory (stimulus generalization) may have been encouraged. Here, we provided an opportunity for incidental encoding of novel odors. Previously trained rats foraged in the radial maze with entirely novel odors covering the food. Next, memory of the third-last odor was assessed. The rats correctly answered the unexpected question. High accuracy when confronted with novel odors provides evidence that the rats did not automatically encode odors for the purpose of taking an upcoming test, ruling out stimulus generalization. We conclude that rats encode multiple pieces of putatively unimportant information, and later replayed a stream of novel episodic memories when that information was needed to solve an unexpected problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Sheridan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lauren Bonner
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zentall TR, Peng DN. Memory for where and when: pigeons use single-code/default strategy. Learn Behav 2024; 52:191-199. [PMID: 37932641 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Memory for what, where, and when an event took place has been interpreted as playing a critical role in episodic memory. Moreover, such memory is likely to be important to an animal's ability to efficiently forage for food. In Experiment 1 of the present study, pigeons were trained on a task in which on each trial, one lit stimulus color and location was presented and then another. A cue presented after the last stimulus location signaled that the pigeon was to choose either the first location presented, or the last location presented, to receive a reinforcer. After learning this task, in Experiment 2, the color cue was removed, requiring the pigeons to choose based on location and order alone. In Experiment 3, when a delay was inserted between presentation of the two locations, it had little effect on task accuracy. Results suggested that the pigeons had acquired the task using a single-code/default rule. When presented with the cue indicating that the last location was correct, pigeons selected the location just presented. When presented with the cue indicating that the first location was correct, pigeons chose the other location, by default. In support of this hypothesis, in Experiment 4, when a delay was inserted, prior to receiving the instructional cue, it had a disruptive effect on task accuracy proportional to the delay. Although the present results do not provide evidence for episodic memory, they do suggest that the pigeons have developed a single-code/default strategy that appears to be an efficient means of performing this task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Zentall
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA.
| | - Daniel N Peng
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
A fundamental question in the development of animal models of episodic memory concerns the role of temporal processes in episodic memory. Gallistel, (1990) developed a framework in which animals remember specific features about an event, including the time of occurrence of the event and its location in space. Gallistel proposed that timing is based on a series of biological oscillators, spanning a wide range of periods. Accordingly, a snapshot of the phases of multiple oscillators provides a representation of the time of occurrence of the event. I review research on basic timing mechanisms that may support memory for times of occurrence. These studies suggest that animals use biological oscillators to represent time. Next, I describe recently developed animal models of episodic memory that highlight the importance of temporal representations in memory. One line of research suggests that an oscillator representation of time supports episodic memory. A second line of research highlights the flow of events in time in episodic memory. Investigations that integrate time and memory may advance the development of animal models of episodic memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological & Brain Science, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH ST, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sheridan CL, Lang S, Knappenberger M, Albers C, Loper R, Tillett B, Sanchez J, Wilcox A, Harrison T, Panoz-Brown D, Crystal JD. Replay of incidentally encoded episodic memories in the rat. Curr Biol 2024; 34:641-647.e5. [PMID: 38218186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Although events are not always known to be important when they occur, people can remember details about such incidentally encoded information using episodic memory. Importantly, when information is explicitly encoded for use in an expected test of retention (as in most assessments in animals), it is possible that it is used to generate a planned action1,2,3; thus, the remembered action can occur without remembering the earlier episode. By contrast, when a test is unexpected, transforming information into an action plan is unlikely because the importance of the information and the nature of the test are not yet known. Thus, accurate performance in an unexpected test after incidental encoding documents episodic memory.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Here, we present evidence that rats replay episodic memories of incidentally encoded information in an unexpected assessment of memory. In one task,9 rats reported the third-last item in an explicitly encoded list of trial-unique odors. In a second task,10 rats foraged in a radial maze in the absence of odors. On a critical test, rats foraged in the radial maze, but scented lids covered the food. Next, memory of the third-last odor was assessed. All participating rats correctly answered the unexpected question. These results suggest that rats encoded multiple pieces of putatively unimportant information, and later they replayed a stream of episodic memories when that information was needed to solve an unexpected problem. We propose that rats replay episodic memories of incidentally encoded information, which documents a critical aspect of human episodic memory in a non-human animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Sheridan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Stephen Lang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Mya Knappenberger
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Cami Albers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Ryleigh Loper
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Baily Tillett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Jonah Sanchez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Alyssa Wilcox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Tess Harrison
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Danielle Panoz-Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lang B, Kahnau P, Hohlbaum K, Mieske P, Andresen NP, Boon MN, Thöne-Reineke C, Lewejohann L, Diederich K. Challenges and advanced concepts for the assessment of learning and memory function in mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1230082. [PMID: 37809039 PMCID: PMC10551171 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1230082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the formation and retrieval of memories are still an active area of research and discussion. Manifold models have been proposed and refined over the years, with most assuming a dichotomy between memory processes involving non-conscious and conscious mechanisms. Despite our incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms, tests of memory and learning count among the most performed behavioral experiments. Here, we will discuss available protocols for testing learning and memory using the example of the most prevalent animal species in research, the laboratory mouse. A wide range of protocols has been developed in mice to test, e.g., object recognition, spatial learning, procedural memory, sequential problem solving, operant- and fear conditioning, and social recognition. Those assays are carried out with individual subjects in apparatuses such as arenas and mazes, which allow for a high degree of standardization across laboratories and straightforward data interpretation but are not without caveats and limitations. In animal research, there is growing concern about the translatability of study results and animal welfare, leading to novel approaches beyond established protocols. Here, we present some of the more recent developments and more advanced concepts in learning and memory testing, such as multi-step sequential lockboxes, assays involving groups of animals, as well as home cage-based assays supported by automated tracking solutions; and weight their potential and limitations against those of established paradigms. Shifting the focus of learning tests from the classical experimental chamber to settings which are more natural for rodents comes with a new set of challenges for behavioral researchers, but also offers the opportunity to understand memory formation and retrieval in a more conclusive way than has been attainable with conventional test protocols. We predict and embrace an increase in studies relying on methods involving a higher degree of automatization, more naturalistic- and home cage-based experimental setting as well as more integrated learning tasks in the future. We are confident these trends are suited to alleviate the burden on animal subjects and improve study designs in memory research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lang
- Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Welfare, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kahnau
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hohlbaum
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Mieske
- Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Welfare, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Niek P. Andresen
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
- Computer Vision and Remote Sensing, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus N. Boon
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
- Modeling of Cognitive Processes, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Welfare, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Welfare, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Diederich
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan S, Tong WH, Vyas A. Impaired episodic-like memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease is associated with hyperactivity in prefrontal-hippocampal regions. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:297102. [PMID: 36897115 PMCID: PMC10040242 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder with a long prodromal period. An APPNL-G-F knock-in mouse model is a preclinical model to study incipient pathologies during the early stages of AD. Despite behavioral tests revealing broad cognitive deficits in APPNL-G-F mice, detecting these impairments at the early disease phase has been challenging. In a cognitively demanding task that assessed episodic-like memory, 3-month-old wild-type mice could incidentally form and retrieve 'what-where-when' episodic associations of their past encounters. However, 3-month-old APPNL-G-F mice, corresponding to an early disease stage without prominent amyloid plaque pathology, displayed impairment in recalling 'what-where' information of past episodes. Episodic-like memory is also sensitive to the effect of age. Eight-month-old wild-type mice failed to retrieve conjunctive 'what-where-when' memories. This deficit was also observed in 8-month-old APPNL-G-F mice. c-Fos expression revealed that impaired memory retrieval in APPNL-G-F mice was accompanied by abnormal neuronal hyperactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex and CA1 dorsal hippocampus. These observations can be used for risk stratification during preclinical AD to detect and delay the progression into dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| | - Wen Han Tong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| | - Ajai Vyas
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gallistel CR, Latham PE. Bringing Bayes and Shannon to the Study of Behavioural and Neurobiological Timing and Associative Learning. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bayesian parameter estimation and Shannon’s theory of information provide tools for analysing and understanding data from behavioural and neurobiological experiments on interval timing—and from experiments on Pavlovian and operant conditioning, because timing plays a fundamental role in associative learning. In this tutorial, we explain basic concepts behind these tools and show how to apply them to estimating, on a trial-by-trial, reinforcement-by-reinforcement and response-by-response basis, important parameters of timing behaviour and of the neurobiological manifestations of timing in the brain. These tools enable quantification of relevant variables in the trade-off between acting as an ideal observer should act and acting as an ideal agent should act, which is also known as the trade-off between exploration (information gathering) and exploitation (information utilization) in reinforcement learning. They enable comparing the strength of the evidence for a measurable association to the strength of the behavioural evidence that the association has been perceived. A GitHub site and an OSF site give public access to well-documented Matlab and Python code and to raw data to which these tools have been applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Randy Gallistel
- Professor Emeritus, Rutgers University, 252 7th Ave 10D, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Peter E. Latham
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, Sainsbury Wellcome Centre or Neural Circuits and Behaviour, 25 Howland St., London WIT 4JG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barbosa FF, Castelo-Branco R. Assessing episodic memory in rodents using spontaneous object recognition tasks. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:ETLS20220010. [PMID: 36477302 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Models of episodic memory are successfully established using spontaneous object recognition tasks in rodents. In this review, we present behavioral techniques devised to investigate this type of memory, emphasizing methods based on associations of places and temporal order of items explored by rats and mice. We also provide a review on the areas and circuitry of the medial temporal lobe underlying episodic-like memory, considering that a large number of neurobiology data derived from these protocols. Although spontaneous recognition tasks are commonplace in this field, there is need for careful evaluation of factors affecting animal performance. Such as the ongoing development of tools for investigating the neural basis of memory, efforts should be put in the refinement of experimental designs, in order to provide reliable behavioral evidence of this complex mnemonic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Freitas Barbosa
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Rochele Castelo-Branco
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prefrontal Cortical to Mediodorsal Thalamus Projection Neurons Regulate Posterror Adaptive Control of Behavior. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0254-22.2022. [PMID: 36241421 PMCID: PMC9636992 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0254-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive control is the online adjustment of behavior to guide and optimize responses after errors or conflict. The neural circuits involved in monitoring and adapting behavioral performance following error are poorly understood. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in this form of control. However, these brain areas are densely connected with many other regions, and it is unknown which projections are critical for adaptive behavior. Here, we tested the involvement of four distinct dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortical projections to striatal and thalamic target areas in adaptive control. We re-analyzed data from published experiments, using trial-by-trial analyses of behavior in an operant task for attention and impulsivity. We find that male rats slow their responses and perform worse following errors. Moreover, by combining retrograde labeling and chemogenetic silencing, we find that dorsomedial prefrontal pyramidal neurons that project to the lateral nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus (MDL) are involved in posterror performance and timing of responses, specifically with unpredictable delays until stimulus presentation. Together, these data show that dorsal medial PFC (mPFC) projection neurons targeting the lateral MDT regulate adaptive control to flexibly optimize behavioral responses in goal-directed behavior.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mazor M, Brown S, Ciaunica A, Demertzi A, Fahrenfort J, Faivre N, Francken JC, Lamy D, Lenggenhager B, Moutoussis M, Nizzi MC, Salomon R, Soto D, Stein T, Lubianiker N. The Scientific Study of Consciousness Cannot and Should Not Be Morally Neutral. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 18:535-543. [PMID: 36170496 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A target question for the scientific study of consciousness is how dimensions of consciousness, such as the ability to feel pain and pleasure or reflect on one's own experience, vary in different states and animal species. Considering the tight link between consciousness and moral status, answers to these questions have implications for law and ethics. Here we point out that given this link, the scientific community studying consciousness may face implicit pressure to carry out certain research programs or interpret results in ways that justify current norms rather than challenge them. We show that because consciousness largely determines moral status, the use of nonhuman animals in the scientific study of consciousness introduces a direct conflict between scientific relevance and ethics-the more scientifically valuable an animal model is for studying consciousness, the more difficult it becomes to ethically justify compromises to its well-being for consciousness research. Finally, in light of these considerations, we call for a discussion of the immediate ethical corollaries of the body of knowledge that has accumulated and for a more explicit consideration of the role of ideology and ethics in the scientific study of consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matan Mazor
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London
| | - Simon Brown
- Department of Philosophy, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Anna Ciaunica
- Centre for Philosophy of Science, University of Lisbon
| | - Athena Demertzi
- Physiology of Cognition, GIGA Consciousness Research Unit, Université de Liège.,Fund for Scientific Research, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Johannes Fahrenfort
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam.,Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Nathan Faivre
- Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.,University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC
| | - Jolien C Francken
- Faculty of Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies, Radboud University
| | - Dominique Lamy
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University
| | | | - Michael Moutoussis
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London.,Max Planck-University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London
| | - Marie-Christine Nizzi
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles.,Cognitive Science Program, Dartmouth College.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University
| | - Roy Salomon
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Bar-Ilan University
| | - David Soto
- Basque Centre on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Timo Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | - Nitzan Lubianiker
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University.,Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Crystal JD. Memory: Dolphins remember incidental events. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R929-R931. [PMID: 36099900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental problem in the evolution of cognition is the search for complex memory systems given the longstanding belief that complex cognition is unique to humans. Along these lines, new research suggests that bottlenose dolphins can answer unexpected questions after encoding information that was seemingly unimportant when it was encountered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street. Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Parent MB. Using Postmeal Measures and Manipulations to Investigate Hippocampal Mnemonic Control of Eating Behavior. Neuroscience 2022; 497:228-238. [PMID: 34998891 PMCID: PMC9256844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Episodic meal-related memories provide the brain with a powerful mechanism for tracking and controlling eating behavior because they contain a detailed record of recent energy intake that likely outlasts the physiological signals generated by feeding bouts. This review briefly summarizes evidence from human participants showing that episodic meal-related memory limits later eating behavior and then describes our research aimed at investigating whether hippocampal neurons mediate the inhibitory effects of meal-related memory on subsequent feeding. Our approach has been inspired by pioneering work conducted by Ivan Izquierdo and others who used posttraining manipulations to investigate memory consolidation. This review describes the rationale and value of posttraining manipulations, how Izquierdo used them to demonstrate that dorsal hippocampal (dHC) neurons are critical for memory consolidation, and how we have adapted this strategy to investigate whether dHC neurons are necessary for mnemonic control of energy intake. I describe our evidence showing that ingestion activates the molecular processes necessary for synaptic plasticity and memory during the early postprandial period, when the memory of the meal would be undergoing consolidation, and then summarize our findings showing that neural activity in dHC neurons is critical during the early postprandial period for limiting future intake. Collectively, our evidence supports the hypothesis that dHC neurons mediate the inhibitory effects of ingestion-related memory on future intake and demonstrates that post-experience memory modulation is not confined to artificial laboratory memory tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute & Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Parent MB, Higgs S, Cheke LG, Kanoski SE. Memory and eating: A bidirectional relationship implicated in obesity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:110-129. [PMID: 34813827 PMCID: PMC8816841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews evidence demonstrating a bidirectional relationship between memory and eating in humans and rodents. In humans, amnesia is associated with impaired processing of hunger and satiety cues, disrupted memory of recent meals, and overconsumption. In healthy participants, meal-related memory limits subsequent ingestive behavior and obesity is associated with impaired memory and disturbances in the hippocampus. Evidence from rodents suggests that dorsal hippocampal neural activity contributes to the ability of meal-related memory to control future intake, that endocrine and neuropeptide systems act in the ventral hippocampus to provide cues regarding energy status and regulate learned aspects of eating, and that consumption of hypercaloric diets and obesity disrupt these processes. Collectively, this evidence indicates that diet-induced obesity may be caused and/or maintained, at least in part, by a vicious cycle wherein excess intake disrupts hippocampal functioning, which further increases intake. This perspective may advance our understanding of how the brain controls eating, the neural mechanisms that contribute to eating-related disorders, and identify how to treat diet-induced obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marise B. Parent
- Neuroscience Institute & Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30303-5030, United States,Corresponding author: Marise B. Parent, , Georgia State University, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30303-5030, USA. Fax: 404-413-5446
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, BI5 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy G. Cheke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB United Kingdom
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0371, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Level of hM4D(Gi) DREADD Expression Determines Inhibitory and Neurotoxic Effects in the Hippocampus. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0105-21.2021. [PMID: 34620623 PMCID: PMC8570686 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0105-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective neuromodulation using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) has become an increasingly important research tool, as well as an emerging therapeutic approach. However, the safety profile of DREADD expression is unknown. Here, different titers of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector were administered in an attempt to vary total expression levels of the inhibitory DREADD hM4D(Gi) in excitatory hippocampal neurons. Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with AAV2/7 encoding DREADD-mCherry, DREADD, or mCherry. Pronounced neuronal loss and neuroinflammatory reactions were observed after transduction with the high titer DREADD AAV, which also resulted in the highest DREADD expression levels. No such effects were observed in the mCherry control group, despite an equally high titer, nor in conditions where lower viral vector titers were injected. In the high titer DREADD conditions, dentate gyrus (DG) evoked potentials were inhibited on clozapine-induced activation of hM4D(Gi), while in low titer conditions DG evoked potentials were enhanced. Recordings of single neuronal activity nevertheless indicated a reduction in spontaneous firing of granule cell layer neurons. Our results indicate that prolonged, high levels of DREADD expression can have neurotoxic effects and that chemogenetic suppression of excitatory hippocampal neurons can paradoxically enhance DG evoked potentials.
Collapse
|
19
|
Schnell AK, Clayton NS, Hanlon RT, Jozet-Alves C. Episodic-like memory is preserved with age in cuttlefish. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211052. [PMID: 34403629 PMCID: PMC8370807 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory, remembering past experiences based on unique what–where–when components, declines during ageing in humans, as does episodic-like memory in non-human mammals. By contrast, semantic memory, remembering learnt knowledge without recalling unique what–where–when features, remains relatively intact with advancing age. The age-related decline in episodic memory likely stems from the deteriorating function of the hippocampus in the brain. Whether episodic memory can deteriorate with age in species that lack a hippocampus is unknown. Cuttlefish are molluscs that lack a hippocampus. We test both semantic-like and episodic-like memory in sub-adults and aged-adults nearing senescence (n = 6 per cohort). In the semantic-like memory task, cuttlefish had to learn that the location of a food resource was dependent on the time of day. Performance, measured as proportion of correct trials, was comparable across age groups. In the episodic-like memory task, cuttlefish had to solve a foraging task by retrieving what–where–when information about a past event with unique spatio-temporal features. In this task, performance was comparable across age groups; however, aged-adults reached the success criterion (8/10 correct choices in consecutive trials) significantly faster than sub-adults. Contrary to other animals, episodic-like memory is preserved in aged cuttlefish, suggesting that memory deterioration is delayed in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Schnell
- Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR EthoS 6552, Caen, France.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Briggs SB, Ware CB, Sharma K, Davis SC, Lalumiere RT, Parent MB. Postmeal optogenetic inhibition of dorsal hippocampal principal neurons increases future intake in a time-dependent manner. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107478. [PMID: 34116139 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research involving human participants indicates that memories of recently eaten meals limit how much is eaten during subsequent eating episodes; yet, the brain regions that mediate the inhibitory effects of ingestion-related memory on future intake are largely unknown. We hypothesize that dorsal hippocampal (dHC) neurons, which are critical for episodic memories of personal experiences, mediate the inhibitory effects of ingestion-related memory on future intake. Our research program aimed at testing this hypothesis has been influenced in large part by our mentor James McGaugh and his research on posttraining manipulations. In the present study, we used an activity-guided optogenetic approach to test the prediction that if dHC glutamatergic neurons limit future intake through a process that requires memory consolidation, then inhibition should increase subsequent intake when given soon after the end of a meal but delayed inhibition should have no effect. Viral vectors containing CaMKIIα-eArchT3.0-eYFP and fiber optic probes were placed in the dHC of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared to intake on a day when no inhibition was given, postmeal inhibition of dHC glutamatergic neurons given for 10 min after the end of a saccharin meal increased the likelihood that rats would consume a second meal 90 min later and significantly increased the amount of saccharin solution consumed during that next meal when the neurons were no longer inhibited. Importantly, delayed inhibition given 80 min after the end of the saccharin meal did not affect subsequent intake of saccharin. Given that saccharin has minimal postingestive gastric consequences, these effects are not likely due to the timing of interoceptive visceral cues generated by the meal. These data show that dHC glutamatergic neural activity is necessary during the early postprandial period for limiting future intake and suggest that these neurons inhibit future intake by consolidating the memory of the preceding meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Briggs
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - C B Ware
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - K Sharma
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - S C Davis
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - R T Lalumiere
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - M B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yi X, Yi S, Deng Y, Wang M, Ju M. High-valued seeds are remembered better: evidence for item-based spatial memory of scatter-hoarding rodents. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Pigeons acquire the 1-back task: Implications for implicit versus explicit learning? Learn Behav 2021; 49:363-372. [PMID: 33728614 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-021-00468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In humans, a distinction can be made between implicit or procedural learning (involving stimulus-response associations) and explicit or declarative learning (involving verbalizable rules) that is relatively easy to make in verbal humans. According to several investigators, it is also possible to make such a distinction in nonverbal animals. One way is by training them on a conditional discrimination task (e.g., matching-to-sample) in which reinforcement for correct choice on the current trial is delayed until after a choice is made on the next trial - a method known as the 1-back procedure. According to Smith, Jackson, and Church ( Journal of Comparative Psychology, 134(4), 423-434, 2020), the delay between the sample-correct-comparison response on one trial and reinforcement obtained on the next trial is too long for implicit (associative) learning. Thus, according to this theory, learning must be explicit. In the present experiments we trained pigeons using the 1-back procedure. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained on red/green 1-back matching using a non-correction procedure. Some of the pigeons showed significant learning. When a correction procedure was introduced, all the pigeons showed evidence of learning. In Experiment 2, new pigeons learned red/green 1-back matching with the correction procedure. In Experiment 3, new pigeons learned symbolic 1-back matching with yellow and blue conditional stimuli and red/green choice stimuli. Thus, pigeons can learn using 1-back reinforcement. Although it would appear that the pigeons acquired this task explicitly, we believe that this procedure does not adequately distinguish between implicit and explicit learning.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tracy JI, Chaudhary K, Modi S, Crow A, Kumar A, Weinstein D, Sperling MR. Computational support, not primacy, distinguishes compensatory memory reorganization in epilepsy. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab025. [PMID: 34222865 PMCID: PMC8244645 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with impairment in episodic memory. A substantial subgroup, however, is able to maintain adequate memory despite temporal lobe pathology. Missing from prior work in cognitive reorganization is a direct comparison of temporal lobe epilepsy patients with intact status with those who are memory impaired. Little is known about the regional activations, functional connectivities and/or network reconfigurations that implement changes in primary computations or support functions that drive adaptive plasticity and compensated memory. We utilized task functional MRI on 54 unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy patients and 24 matched healthy controls during the performance of a paired-associate memory task to address three questions: (i) which regions implement paired-associate memory in temporal lobe epilepsy, and do they vary as a function of good versus poor performance, (ii) is there unique functional connectivity present during memory encoding that accounts for intact status by preservation of primary memory computations or the supportive computations that allow for intact memory responses and (iii) what features during memory encoding are most distinctive: is it the magnitude and location of regional activations, or the presence of enhanced functional connections to key structures such as the hippocampus? The study revealed non-dominant hemisphere regions (right posterior temporal regions) involving both increased regional activity and increased modulatory communication with the hippocampi as most important to intact memory in left temporal lobe epilepsy compared to impaired status. The profile involved areas that are neither contralateral homologues to left hemisphere memory areas, nor regions traditionally considered computationally primary for episodic memory. None of these areas of increased activation or functional connectivity were associated with advantaged memory in healthy controls. Our emphasis on different performance levels yielded insight into two forms of cognitive reorganization: computational primacy, where left temporal lobe epilepsy showed little change relative to healthy controls, and computational support where intact left temporal lobe epilepsy patients showed adaptive abnormalities. The analyses isolated the unique regional activations and mediating functional connectivity that implements truly compensatory reorganization in left temporal lobe epilepsy. The results provided a new perspective on memory deficits by making clear that they arise not just from the knockout of a functional hub, but from the failure to instantiate a complex set of reorganization responses. Such responses provided the computational support to ensure successful memory. We demonstrated that by keeping track of performance levels, we can increase understanding of adaptive brain responses and neuroplasticity in epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Tracy
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,Correspondence to: Joseph I. Tracy, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, Health Sciences Building, Suite 447, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. E-mail:
| | - Kapil Chaudhary
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Shilpi Modi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Andrew Crow
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ashith Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Goossens MG, Boon P, Wadman W, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, Verstraete AG, Vonck K, Larsen LE, Sprengers M, Carrette E, Desloovere J, Meurs A, Delbeke J, Vanhove C, Raedt R. Long-term chemogenetic suppression of seizures in a multifocal rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2021; 62:659-670. [PMID: 33570167 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One third of epilepsy patients do not become seizure-free using conventional medication. Therefore, there is a need for alternative treatments. Preclinical research using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) has demonstrated initial success in suppressing epileptic activity. Here, we evaluated whether long-term chemogenetic seizure suppression could be obtained in the intraperitoneal kainic acid rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy, when DREADDs were selectively expressed in excitatory hippocampal neurons. METHODS Epileptic male Sprague Dawley rats received unilateral hippocampal injections of adeno-associated viral vector encoding the inhibitory DREADD hM4D(Gi), preceded by a cell-specific promotor targeting excitatory neurons. The effect of clozapine-mediated DREADD activation on dentate gyrus evoked potentials and spontaneous electrographic seizures was evaluated. Animals were systemically treated with single (.1 mg/kg/24 h) or repeated (.1 mg/kg/6 h) injections of clozapine. In addition, long-term continuous release of clozapine and olanzapine (2.8 mg/kg/7 days) using implantable minipumps was evaluated. All treatments were administered during the chronic epileptic phase and between 1.5 and 13.5 months after viral transduction. RESULTS In the DREADD group, dentate gyrus evoked potentials were inhibited after clozapine treatment. Only in DREADD-expressing animals, clozapine reduced seizure frequency during the first 6 h postinjection. When administered repeatedly, seizures were suppressed during the entire day. Long-term treatment with clozapine and olanzapine both resulted in significant seizure-suppressing effects for multiple days. Histological analysis revealed DREADD expression in both hippocampi and some cortical regions. However, lesions were also detected at the site of vector injection. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that inhibition of the hippocampus using chemogenetics results in potent seizure-suppressing effects in the intraperitoneal kainic acid rat model, even 1 year after viral transduction. Despite a need for further optimization, chemogenetic neuromodulation represents a promising treatment prospect for temporal lobe epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Boon
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wytse Wadman
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Center for Molecular Medicine and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Viral Vector Core, Center for Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Center for Molecular Medicine and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alain G Verstraete
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars E Larsen
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Sprengers
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Carrette
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Desloovere
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfred Meurs
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Delbeke
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- IBiTech, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- 4BRAIN, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rats show direct reciprocity when interacting with multiple partners. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3228. [PMID: 33547347 PMCID: PMC7864983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reciprocity, where individuals apply the decision rule 'help someone who has helped you', is believed to be rare in non-human animals due to its high cognitive demands. Especially if previous encounters with several partners need to be correctly remembered, animals might either stop reciprocating favours previously received from an individual, or switch to the simpler generalized reciprocity mechanism. Here we tested the decision rules Norway rats apply when interacting with multiple partners before being able to return received help. In a sequential prisoner's dilemma situation, focal subjects encountered four different partners that were either helpful or not, on four consecutive days. On the fifth day, the focal subject was paired with one of the previous four partners and given the opportunity to provide it with food. The focal rats returned received help by closely matching the quantity of help their partner had previously provided, independently of the time delay between received and given help, and independently of the ultimate interaction preceding the test. This shows that direct reciprocity is not limited to dyadic situations in Norway rats, suggesting that cognitive demands involved in applying the required decision rules can be met by non-human animals even when they interact with multiple partners differing in helping propensity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sato N. Episodic-like memory of rats as retrospective retrieval of incidentally encoded locations and involvement of the retrosplenial cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2217. [PMID: 33500512 PMCID: PMC7838390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine episodic memory in rats, we trained rats to perform two tasks and tested them for memory of past self-behavior without making them expect to be asked about the memory later when encoding. One of the trained tasks was a delayed matching-to-position task in which the rats were required to remember the location of a presented lever. The other was a tone discrimination task in which the rats were required to discriminate between two pure tones. After learning both tasks, the rats were unexpectedly asked the location of the pressed lever after responding to the cue tone in probe trials during test sessions. The rats demonstrated a response bias that suggests that they have the ability to retrospectively recollect their self-behavior, i.e., episodic memory. We next made excitotoxic lesions in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and investigated the effects of the lesions on the unexpected recollection. In the rats with lesions of the RSC, the response bias disappeared. This suggests that the RSC has a role in retrospectively answering unexpected questions about self-behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Sato
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 662-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de França Malheiros MAS, Castelo-Branco R, de Medeiros PHS, de Lima Marinho PE, da Silva Rodrigues Meurer Y, Barbosa FF. Conspecific Presence Improves Episodic-Like Memory in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:572150. [PMID: 33519391 PMCID: PMC7844209 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.572150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have provided evidence that animals, including rats, remember past episodes. However, few experiments have addressed episodic-like memory from a social perspective. In the present study, we evaluated Wistar rats in the WWWhen/ELM task as single setups and in dyads, applying a long retention interval. We also investigated behaviors that could subserve the emergence of this type of memory. We found that only rats tested in the social setting were able to recollect an integrated episodic-like memory that lasted 24 h. Additionally, rats in dyads presented higher levels of exploration during the task. When exposed to the testing environment, the dyads exhibited affiliative behavior toward each other and presented fewer anxiety-like responses. Our findings indicate that the presence of a conspecific could act as a facilitating factor in memory evaluations based on spontaneous exploration of objects and provide empirical support for applying more naturalistic settings in investigations of episodic-like memory in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augustta Sobral de França Malheiros
- Laboratory of Psychopharmaology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rochele Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Psychopharmaology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Santos de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Psychopharmaology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Pedro Emmílio de Lima Marinho
- Laboratory of Psychopharmaology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ywlliane da Silva Rodrigues Meurer
- Laboratory of Psychopharmaology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Flávio Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Psychopharmaology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Prefrontal Cortical Projection Neurons Targeting Dorsomedial Striatum Control Behavioral Inhibition. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4188-4200.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
29
|
Araujo APDC, de Lucena JD, Drieskens DC, Neves LR, Pugliane KC, Belchior HA, Castelo-Branco R, Barbosa FF. Rats recognize spatial and temporal attributes in a new object recognition memory task with multiple trials. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 348:108936. [PMID: 33022303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episodic-like memory tasks based on the spontaneous exploration of objects are commonly applied in one-trial protocols. However, multiple-trial designs are known to reduce animal numbers and data variance, providing faster accumulation of data. NEW METHOD In this study, we devised a new object recognition memory task for rats that carry out multiple trials per session. We developed three types of continual trial tasks: a longer protocol, a shorter protocol, and a protocol in which the experimental session was divided into two days. RESULTS In our design, rats expressed temporal and spatial memory, but not what-where-when content integration. We found that shorter protocols were more efficient to evaluate memory capabilities. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS To the best of our knowledge, it is the first object recognition task with multiple trials that simultaneously assess the temporal and spatial aspects of episodic-like memory. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that our task is suitable for the simultaneous measurements of brain functions related to spatial and temporal attributes in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Castro Araujo
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Jalles Dantas de Lucena
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Faculdade de Santa Maria, Cajazeiras, PB, Brazil
| | - Davi Carvalho Drieskens
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lívia Rodrigues Neves
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Karen Cristina Pugliane
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Hindiael Aeraf Belchior
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairí, Universidade federal do Rio Grande do norte, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil
| | - Rochele Castelo-Branco
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Flávio Freitas Barbosa
- Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Experimental psychologist Jonathan Crystal and evolutionary psychologist Thomas Suddendorf debate with nonhuman animals experience human-like episodic memory.
Collapse
|
31
|
Galizio M, Mason MG, Bruce K. Successive incrementing non-matching-to-samples in rats: An automated version of the odor span task. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 114:248-265. [PMID: 32725820 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The odor span task is a procedure frequently used to study remembering of multiple stimuli in rodents. A large arena is used and odor stimuli are presented using scented cups. Selection of each odor is reinforced when first presented, but not on subsequent presentations; correct selections depend on remembering which stimuli were previously presented. The use of an arena setting with manual stimulus presentation makes the odor span task labor-intensive and limits experimental control; thus, an automated version of the task would be of value. The present study used an operant chamber equipped with an olfactometer and trained rats using successive conditional discrimination procedures under an incrementing non-matching-to-samples contingency. High rates of responding developed to odor stimuli when they were session-novel with low rates of responding to subsequent presentations of that odor. Additional experiments assessed variations of the procedure to determine the role of the frequency of odor presentation and the retention interval separating sample and comparison. Discrimination was impaired with long retention intervals suggesting the importance of this variable. These findings confirmed that rats differentiate between stimuli that are session-novel and those previously encountered and support the use of an automated procedure as an alternative to the odor span task.
Collapse
|
32
|
Hirata S, Betsuyaku T, Fujita K, Nakano T, Ikegaya Y. Phylogeny and ontogeny of mental time. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:13-17. [PMID: 32681853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Humans have mental time in our mind, apart from physical time that is a part of system that governs the physical world, and memory is our key cognitive ability for recognizing the passage of time. Recent studies have suggested that the memory system of several nonhuman animals may have an incidental nature, which is also a feature of episodic memory. In addition, apes, which are phylogenetically close to humans, have an ability to remember a single past event. In the case of humans, preverbal infants under the age of two are able to retain long-term memory of a single event and apply it to predict a future event. Thus, nonhuman animals and preverbal human infants both have their own specific mental time travel abilities, and there is a phylogenetic and ontogenic basis of full-fledged mental time travel that can be found in human adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirata
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
| | - Toru Betsuyaku
- Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujita
- Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tamami Nakano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kuruvilla MV, O'Connor AR, Ainge JA. Distance- rather than location-based temporal judgments are more accurate during episodic recall in a real-world task. Memory 2020; 28:783-794. [PMID: 32583726 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1783319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Definitions of episodic memory typically emphasise the importance of spatiotemporal frameworks in the contextual reconstruction of episodic retrieval. However, our ability to retrieve specific temporal contexts of experienced episodes is poor. This has bearing on the prominence of temporal context in the definition and evaluation of episodic memory, particularly among non-human animals. Studies demonstrating that rats rely on elapsed time (distance) rather than specific timestamps (location) to disambiguate events have been used to suggest that human episodic memory is qualitatively different to other species. We examined whether humans were more accurate using a distance- or location-based method for judging when an event happened. Participants (n = 57) were exposed to a series of events and then asked either when (e.g., 1:03 pm) or how long ago (HLA; e.g., 33 min) a specific event took place. HLA judgements were significantly more accurate, particularly for the most recently experienced episode. Additionally, a significantly higher proportion of participants making HLA judgements accurately recalled non-temporal episodic features across all episodes. Finally, for participants given the choice of methods for making temporal judgements, a significantly higher proportion chose to use HLA judgements. These findings suggest that human and non-human temporal judgements are not qualitatively different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh V Kuruvilla
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, St Andrews, UK.,Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Akira R O'Connor
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, St Andrews, UK
| | - James A Ainge
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, St Andrews, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fugazza C, Pongrácz P, Pogány Á, Lenkei R, Miklósi Á. Mental representation and episodic-like memory of own actions in dogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10449. [PMID: 32591620 PMCID: PMC7320188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether dogs remember their spontaneous past actions relying on episodic-like memory. Dogs were trained to repeat a small set of actions upon request. Then we tested them on their ability to repeat other actions produced by themselves, including actions performed spontaneously in everyday situations. Dogs repeated their own actions after delays ranging from a few seconds to 1 hour, with their performance showing a decay typical of episodic memory. The combined evidence of representing own actions and using episodic-like memory to recall them suggests a far more complex representation of a key feature of the self than previously attributed to dogs. Our method is applicable to various species, paving the way for comparative investigations on the evolution and complexity of self-representation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fugazza
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Pongrácz
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Pogány
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Lenkei
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Crystal JD. Memory: Amyloid Beta Is Good Before It Is Bad. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R449-R450. [PMID: 32428478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental mystery in the biology of memory is to understand the pathway from normal memory to later dysfunctional memory. Some insight on this problem comes from new research suggesting that amyloid beta helps memory consolidation, before it impairs memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Corballis MC. Crossing the Rubicon: Behaviorism, Language, and Evolutionary Continuity. Front Psychol 2020; 11:653. [PMID: 32373020 PMCID: PMC7186390 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Euan Macphail's work and ideas captured a pivotal time in the late 20th century when behavioral laws were considered to apply equally across vertebrates, implying equal intelligence, but it was also a time when behaviorism was challenged by the view that language was unique to humans, and bestowed a superior mental status. Subsequent work suggests greater continuity between humans and their forebears, challenging the Chomskyan assumption that language evolved in a single step ("the great leap forward") in humans. Language is now understood to be based on an amalgam of cognitive functions, including mental time travel, theory of mind, and what may be more broadly defined as imagination. These functions probably evolved gradually in hominin evolution and are present in varying degrees in non-human species. The blending of language into cognition provides for both interspecies differences in mental function, and continuity between humans and other species. What does seem to be special to humans is the ability to communicate the contents of imagination, although even this is not absolute, and is perhaps less adaptive than we like to think.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Corballis
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zuo S, Wang L, Shin JH, Cai Y, Zhang B, Lee SW, Appiah K, Zhou YD, Kwok SC. Behavioral evidence for memory replay of video episodes in the macaque. eLife 2020; 9:54519. [PMID: 32310083 PMCID: PMC7234809 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans recall the past by replaying fragments of events temporally. Here, we demonstrate a similar effect in macaques. We trained six rhesus monkeys with a temporal-order judgement (TOJ) task and collected 5000 TOJ trials. In each trial, the monkeys watched a naturalistic video of about 10 s comprising two across-context clips, and after a 2 s delay, performed TOJ between two frames from the video. The data are suggestive of a non-linear, time-compressed forward memory replay mechanism in the macaque. In contrast with humans, such compression of replay is, however, not sophisticated enough to allow these monkeys to skip over irrelevant information by compressing the encoded video globally. We also reveal that the monkeys detect event contextual boundaries, and that such detection facilitates recall by increasing the rate of information accumulation. Demonstration of a time-compressed, forward replay-like pattern in the macaque provides insights into the evolution of episodic memory in our lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jung Han Shin
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yudian Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boqiang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sang Wan Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kofi Appiah
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-di Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sze Chai Kwok
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:373-407. [PMID: 32298711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice have been demonstrated to show episodic-like memory, a prototype of episodic memory, as defined by an integrated memory of the experience of an object or event, in a particular place and time. Such memory can be assessed via the use of spontaneous object exploration paradigms, variably designed to measure memory for object, place, temporal order and object-location inter-relationships. We review the methodological properties of these tests, the neurobiology about time and discuss the evidence for the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus, with respect to their anatomy, neurotransmitter systems and functional circuits. The systematic analysis suggests that a specific circuit between the mPFC, lateral EC and hippocampus encodes the information for event, place and time of occurrence into the complex episodic-like memory, as a top-down regulation from the mPFC onto the hippocampus. This circuit can be distinguished from the neuronal component memory systems for processing the individual information of object, time and place.
Collapse
|
39
|
Gallistel CR, Papachristos EB. Number and time in acquisition, extinction and recovery. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 113:15-36. [PMID: 31856323 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We measured rate of acquisition, trials to extinction, cumulative responses in extinction, and the spontaneous recovery of anticipatory hopper poking in a Pavlovian protocol with mouse subjects. We varied by factors of 4 number of sessions, trials per session, intersession interval, and span of training (number of days over which training extended). We find that different variables affect each measure: Rate of acquisition [1/(trials to acquisition)] is faster when there are fewer trials per session. Terminal rate of responding is faster when there are more total training trials. Trials to extinction and amount of responding during extinction are unaffected by these variables. The number of training trials has no effect on recovery in a 4-trial probe session 21 days after extinction. However, recovery is greater when the span of training is greater, regardless of how many sessions there are within that span. Our results and those of others suggest that the numbers and durations and spacings of longer-duration "episodes" in a conditioning protocol (sessions and the spans in days of training and extinction) are important variables and that different variables affect different aspects of subjects' behavior. We discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of these and related findings and conclusions-for theories of conditioning and for neuroscience.
Collapse
|
40
|
Mental time travel, language, and evolution. Neuropsychologia 2019; 134:107202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
41
|
Templer VL. Slow Progress with the Most Widely Used Animal Model: Ten Years of Metacognition Research in Rats, 2009-2019. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND COGNITION 2019; 6:273-277. [PMID: 34056076 DOI: 10.26451/abc.06.04.07.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, demonstrations of metacognition in primates have been frequent and robust, while in rodents they have been few and equivocal. However, the past few years have seen a change in this trend with the introduction of novel methods to determine whether metacognitive responding is governed by internal or external sources of stimulus control in rats. Such studies suggest that like primates, rats can indeed use internal assessment of memory strengths to guide metacognitive responding. Strong behavioral paradigms suitable for rodents support the development of easily-accessible animal models for the neurobiology of metamemory and translational studies on diseases of memory. They also allow for a more complete comparative study of the evolution of metacognition, as the presence of this ability in rodents would suggest that metacognition evolved ~80 rather than ~25 million years ago.
Collapse
|
42
|
Slivicki RA, Mali SS, Hohmann AG. Voluntary exercise reduces both chemotherapy-induced neuropathic nociception and deficits in hippocampal cellular proliferation in a mouse model of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2019; 6:100035. [PMID: 31528755 PMCID: PMC6739464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2019.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel treatment did not alter voluntary running activity. Voluntary running reduced mechanical and cold allodynia induced by paclitaxel. Voluntary running reduced paclitaxel-induced deficits in hippocampal cellular proliferation.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common dose-limiting side-effect of all major chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we explored efficacy of voluntary exercise as a nonpharmacological strategy for suppressing two distinct adverse side effects of chemotherapy treatment. We evaluated whether voluntary running would suppress both neuropathic pain and deficits in hippocampal cell proliferation in a mouse model of CIPN induced by the taxane chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel. Mice were given free access to running wheels or were housed without running wheels during one of three different intervention phases: 1) during the onset (i.e. development phase) of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy, 2) prior to dosing with paclitaxel or its vehicle, or 3) following the establishment (i.e. maintenance phase) of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Paclitaxel treatment did not alter running wheel behavior relative to vehicle-treated animals in any study. Animals that engaged in voluntary running during the development phase of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy failed to display mechanical or cold hypersensitivities relative to sedentary control animals that did not have access to running wheels. A prior history of voluntary running delayed the onset of, but did not fully prevent, development of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain behavior. Voluntary running reduced already established mechanical and cold allodynia induced by paclitaxel. Importantly, voluntary running did not alter mechanical or cold responsivity in vehicle-treated animals, suggesting that the observed antinociceptive effect of exercise was dependent upon the presence of the pathological pain state. In the same animals evaluated for nociceptive responding, paclitaxel also reduced cellular proliferation but not cellular survival in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, as measured by immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and BrdU expression, respectively. Voluntary running abrogated paclitaxel-induced reductions in cellular proliferation to levels observed in vehicle-treated mice and also increased BrdU expression levels irrespective of chemotherapy treatment. Our studies support the hypothesis that voluntary exercise may be beneficial in suppressing both neuropathic pain and markers of hippocampal cellular function that are impacted by toxic challenge with chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Slivicki
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Sonali S. Mali
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Andrea G. Hohmann
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
The hippocampal sharp wave-ripple in memory retrieval for immediate use and consolidation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 19:744-757. [PMID: 30356103 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-018-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Various cognitive functions have long been known to require the hippocampus. Recently, progress has been made in identifying the hippocampal neural activity patterns that implement these functions. One such pattern is the sharp wave-ripple (SWR), an event associated with highly synchronous neural firing in the hippocampus and modulation of neural activity in distributed brain regions. Hippocampal spiking during SWRs can represent past or potential future experience, and SWR-related interventions can alter subsequent memory performance. These findings and others suggest that SWRs support both memory consolidation and memory retrieval for processes such as decision-making. In addition, studies have identified distinct types of SWR based on representational content, behavioural state and physiological features. These various findings regarding SWRs suggest that different SWR types correspond to different cognitive functions, such as retrieval and consolidation. Here, we introduce another possibility - that a single SWR may support more than one cognitive function. Taking into account classic psychological theories and recent molecular results that suggest that retrieval and consolidation share mechanisms, we propose that the SWR mediates the retrieval of stored representations that can be utilized immediately by downstream circuits in decision-making, planning, recollection and/or imagination while simultaneously initiating memory consolidation processes.
Collapse
|
44
|
Corballis MC. Language, Memory, and Mental Time Travel: An Evolutionary Perspective. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:217. [PMID: 31333432 PMCID: PMC6622356 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Language could not exist without memory, in all its forms: working memory for sequential production and understanding, implicit memory for grammatical rules, semantic memory for knowledge, and episodic memory for communicating personal experience. Episodic memory is part of a more general capacity for mental travel both forward and backward in time, and extending even into fantasy and stories. I argue that the generativity of mental time travel underlies the generativity of language itself, and could be the basis of what Chomsky calls I-language, or universal grammar (UG), a capacity for recursive thought independent of communicative language itself. Whereas Chomsky proposed that I-language evolved in a single step well after the emergence of Homo sapiens, I suggest that generative imagination, extended in space and time, has a long evolutionary history, and that it was the capacity to share internal thoughts, rather than the nature of the thoughts themselves, that more clearly distinguishes humans from other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Corballis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Clewett D, DuBrow S, Davachi L. Transcending time in the brain: How event memories are constructed from experience. Hippocampus 2019; 29:162-183. [PMID: 30734391 PMCID: PMC6629464 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Our daily lives unfold continuously, yet when we reflect on the past, we remember those experiences as distinct and cohesive events. To understand this phenomenon, early investigations focused on how and when individuals perceive natural breakpoints, or boundaries, in ongoing experience. More recent research has examined how these boundaries modulate brain mechanisms that support long-term episodic memory. This work has revealed that a complex interplay between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex promotes the integration and separation of sequential information to help organize our experiences into mnemonic events. Here, we discuss how both temporal stability and change in one's thoughts, goals, and surroundings may provide scaffolding for these neural processes to link and separate memories across time. When learning novel or familiar sequences of information, dynamic hippocampal processes may work both independently from and in concert with other brain regions to bind sequential representations together in memory. The formation and storage of discrete episodic memories may occur both proactively as an experience unfolds. They may also occur retroactively, either during a context shift or when reactivation mechanisms bring the past into the present to allow integration. We also describe conditions and factors that shape the construction and integration of event memories across different timescales. Together these findings shed new light on how the brain transcends time to transform everyday experiences into meaningful memory representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah DuBrow
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, USA
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lewis A, Berntsen D, Call J. Long-Term Memory of Past Events in Great Apes. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721418812781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been claimed that the ability to recall personal past events is uniquely human. We review recent evidence that great apes can remember specific events for long periods of time, spanning months and even years, and that such memories can be enhanced by distinctiveness (irrespective of reinforcement) and follow a forgetting curve similar to that in humans. Moreover, recall is enhanced when apes are presented with features that are diagnostic of the event, consistent with notions of encoding specificity and cue overload in human memory. These findings are also consistent with the involuntary retrieval of past events in humans, a mode of remembering that is thought to be less cognitively demanding than voluntary retrieval. Taken together, these findings reveal further similarities between the way humans and animals remember past events and open new avenues of research on long-term memory in nonhuman animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lewis
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University
| | - Josep Call
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Abstract
Rats exposed to variable-length, unique-odor lists were tested in distinctive contexts for odors second or forth from list-end. Accurate ability to recall odors backwards from the end of lists points to their ability to manipulate and replay odor-list episodic memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Wright
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|