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Yan C, Jin G, Li L. Spinal scoliosis: insights into developmental mechanisms and animal models. Spine Deform 2024:10.1007/s43390-024-00941-9. [PMID: 39164474 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-024-00941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Spinal scoliosis, a prevalent spinal deformity impacting both physical and mental well-being, has a significant genetic component, though the exact pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of current research on embryonic spinal development, focusing on the genetic and biological intricacies governing axial elongation and straightening. Zebrafish, a vital model in developmental biology, takes a prominent role in understanding spinal scoliosis. Insights from zebrafish studies illustrate genetic and physiological aspects, including notochord development and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, revealing the anomalies contributing to scoliosis. In this review, we acknowledge existing challenges, such as deciphering the unique dynamics of human spinal development, variations in physiological curvature, and disparities in cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Further, we emphasize the need for caution when extrapolating findings to humans and for future research to bridge current knowledge gaps. We hope that this review will be a beneficial frame of reference for the guidance of future studies on animal models and genetic research for spinal scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongnan Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Guoxin Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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González M, Maurelia F, Aguayo J, Amigo R, Arrué R, Gutiérrez JL, Torrejón M, Farkas C, Caprile T. Uncovering the role of the subcommissural organ in early brain development through transcriptomic analysis. Biol Res 2024; 57:49. [PMID: 39068496 PMCID: PMC11282827 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significant role of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) in the initial stages of brain development has been thoroughly studied. This fluid contains crucial molecules for proper brain development such as members of the Wnt and FGF families, apolipoproteins, and retinol binding protein. Nevertheless, the source of these molecules remains uncertain since they are present before the formation of the choroid plexus, which is conventionally known as the primary producer of cerebrospinal fluid. The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a highly conserved gland located in the diencephalon and is one of the earliest differentiating brain structures. The SCO secretes molecules into the eCSF, prior to the differentiation of the choroid plexus, playing a pivotal role in the homeostasis and dynamics of this fluid. One of the key molecules secreted by the SCO is SCO-spondin, a protein involved in maintenance of the normal ventricle size, straight spinal axis, neurogenesis, and axonal guidance. Furthermore, SCO secretes transthyretin and basic fibroblast growth factor 2, while other identified molecules in the eCSF could potentially be secreted by the SCO. Additionally, various transcription factors have been identified in the SCO. However, the precise mechanisms involved in the early SCO development are not fully understood. RESULTS To uncover key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in the role of the SCO during brain development, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis comparing the embryonic chick SCO at HH23 and HH30 stages (4 and 7 days respectively). Additionally, a public transcriptomic data from HH30 entire chick brain was used to compare expression levels between SCO and whole brain transcriptome. These analyses revealed that, at both stages, the SCO differentially expresses several members of bone morphogenic proteins, Wnt and fibroblast growth factors families, diverse proteins involved in axonal guidance, neurogenic and differentiative molecules, cell receptors and transcription factors. The secretory pathway is particularly upregulated at stage HH30 while the proliferative pathway is increased at stage HH23. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the SCO has the capacity to secrete several morphogenic molecules to the eCSF prior to the development of other structures, such as the choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryori González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Maurelia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Amigo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Arrué
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Leonardo Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcela Torrejón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Farkas
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Hilgendorf KI, Myers BR, Reiter JF. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:555-573. [PMID: 38366037 PMCID: PMC11199107 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for signal transduction with tight control of protein, lipid and second messenger concentrations within a relatively small compartment, enabling reception, transmission and integration of biological information. In this Review, we discuss how cilia function as signalling hubs in cell-cell communication using three signalling pathways as examples: ciliary G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and polycystin ion channels. We review how defects in these ciliary signalling pathways lead to a heterogeneous group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', including metabolic syndromes, birth defects and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging understanding of these pathways' transduction mechanisms reveals common themes between these cilia-based signalling pathways that may apply to other pathways as well. These mechanistic insights reveal how cilia orchestrate normal and pathophysiological signalling outputs broadly throughout human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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D’Gama PP, Jeong I, Nygård AM, Trinh AT, Yaksi E, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Ciliogenesis defects after neurulation impact brain development and neuronal activity in larval zebrafish. iScience 2024; 27:110078. [PMID: 38868197 PMCID: PMC11167523 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are slender, hair-like structures extending from cell surfaces and playing essential roles in diverse physiological processes. Within the nervous system, primary cilia contribute to signaling and sensory perception, while motile cilia facilitate cerebrospinal fluid flow. Here, we investigated the impact of ciliary loss on neural circuit development using a zebrafish line displaying ciliogenesis defects. We found that cilia defects after neurulation affect neurogenesis and brain morphology, especially in the cerebellum, and lead to altered gene expression profiles. Using whole brain calcium imaging, we measured reduced light-evoked and spontaneous neuronal activity in all brain regions. By shedding light on the intricate role of cilia in neural circuit formation and function in the zebrafish, our work highlights their evolutionary conserved role in the brain and sets the stage for future analysis of ciliopathy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percival P. D’Gama
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skalgssons gate 1, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inyoung Jeong
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skalgssons gate 1, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Moe Nygård
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skalgssons gate 1, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anh-Tuan Trinh
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Davutpaşa Caddesi, No:4, Topkapı 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skalgssons gate 1, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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Jiang X, Liu F, Zhang M, Hu W, Zhao Y, Xia B, Xu K. Advances in genetic factors of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a bibliometric analysis. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1301137. [PMID: 38322243 PMCID: PMC10845672 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study offers a bibliometric analysis of the current situation, hotspots, and cutting-edge domains of genetic factors of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods All publications related to genetic factors of AIS from January 1, 1992, to February 28, 2023, were searched from the Web of Science. CiteSpace software was employed for bibliometric analysis, collecting information about countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords of each article. Results A cumulative number of 308 articles have been ascertained. Since 2006, publications relating to genetic factors of AIS have significantly increased. China leads in both productivity and influence in this area, with the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences being the most productive institution. The most prolific scholars in this field are Y. Qiu and Z. Z. Zhu. The publications that contributed the most were from Spine and European Spine Journal. The most prominent keywords in the genetic factors of AIS were "fibrillin gene", "menarche", "calmodulin", "estrogen receptor gene", "linkage analysis", "disc degeneration", "bone mineral density", "melatonin signaling dysfunction", "collagen gene", "mesenchymal stem cell", "LBX1", "promoter polymorphism", "Bone formation", "cerebrospinal fluid flow" and "extracellular matrix". Conclusion This analysis provides the frontiers and trends of genetic factors in AIS, including relevant research, partners, institutions and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuyun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Xu H, Dugué GP, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Lejeune FX, Gupta S, Wyart C, Lehtinen MK. SCO-spondin knockout mice exhibit small brain ventricles and mild spine deformation. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:89. [PMID: 38049798 PMCID: PMC10696872 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reissner's fiber (RF) is an extracellular polymer comprising the large monomeric protein SCO-spondin (SSPO) secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO) that extends through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled ventricles into the central canal of the spinal cord. In zebrafish, RF and CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) form an axial sensory system that detects spinal curvature, instructs morphogenesis of the body axis, and enables proper alignment of the spine. In mammalian models, RF has been implicated in CSF circulation. However, challenges in manipulating Sspo, an exceptionally large gene of 15,719 nucleotides, with traditional approaches has limited progress. Here, we generated a Sspo knockout mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing. Sspo knockout mice lacked RF-positive material in the SCO and fibrillar condensates in the brain ventricles. Remarkably, Sspo knockout brain ventricle sizes were reduced compared to littermate controls. Minor defects in thoracic spine curvature were detected in Sspo knockouts, which did not alter basic motor behaviors tested. Altogether, our work in mouse demonstrates that SSPO and RF regulate ventricle size during development but only moderately impact spine geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guillaume P Dugué
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Campus Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, bld Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Campus Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, bld Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Suhasini Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Campus Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, bld Hospital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Jiang C, Wang X, Lu C, Li Q, Ma L, Li W, Cui S, Li K, Wang X, Feng Y, Jian F. The Physiological Occlusion of the Central Canal May Be a Prerequisite for Syringomyelia Formation. Neurospine 2023; 20:1346-1357. [PMID: 38171302 PMCID: PMC10762419 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2346834.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Syringomyelia is a common central nervous system disease characterized by the dilation of the central canal (CC). Regarding the pathogenesis of syringomyelia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation obstruction in the subarachnoid space (SAS) of the spinal cord has been widely accepted. However, clinical and animal studies on obstructing the CSF in SAS failed to form syringomyelia, challenging the theory of SAS obstruction. The precise pathogenesis remains unknown. METHODS We utilized an extradural compression rat model to investigate the pathogenesis underlying syringomyelia. Magnetic resonance imaging enabled detection of syringomyelia formation. To assess CSF flow within the SAS, Evans blue was infused into the cisterna magna. Histological analysis allowed morphological examination of the CC. Furthermore, CSF flow through the CC was traced using Ovalbumin Alexa-Flour 647 conjugate (OAF-647). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enabled visualization of ependymal cilia. RESULTS The findings showed that the dura mater below the compression segment exhibited lighter coloration relative to the region above the compression, indicative of partial obstruction within the SAS. However, the degree of SAS occlusion did not significantly differ between syringomyelia (SM-Y group) and those without (SM-N group). Intriguingly, hematoxylin and eosin staining and CSF tracing revealed occlusion of the CC accompanied by reduced CSF flow in the SM-Y group compared to SM-N and control groups. SEM images uncovered impairment of ependymal cilia inside the syringomyelia. CONCLUSION CC occlusion may represent a physiological prerequisite for syringomyelia formation, while SAS obstruction serves to initiate disease onset. The impairment of ependymal cilia appears to facilitate progression of syringomyelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longbing Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyu Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengzeng Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Liu J, Xie H, Wu M, Hu Y, Kang Y. The role of cilia during organogenesis in zebrafish. Open Biol 2023; 13:230228. [PMID: 38086423 PMCID: PMC10715920 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like organelles that protrude from the surface of eukaryotic cells and are present on the surface of nearly all human cells. Cilia play a crucial role in signal transduction, organ development and tissue homeostasis. Abnormalities in the structure and function of cilia can lead to a group of human diseases known as ciliopathies. Currently, zebrafish serves as an ideal model for studying ciliary function and ciliopathies due to its relatively conserved structure and function of cilia compared to humans. In this review, we will summarize the different types of cilia that present in embryonic and adult zebrafish, and provide an overview of the advantages of using zebrafish as a vertebrate model for cilia research. We will specifically focus on the roles of cilia during zebrafish organogenesis based on recent studies. Additionally, we will highlight future prospects for ciliary research in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Xie
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidan Hu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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Bellegarda C, Zavard G, Moisan L, Brochard-Wyart F, Joanny JF, Gray RS, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Wyart C. The Reissner fiber under tension in vivo shows dynamic interaction with ciliated cells contacting the cerebrospinal fluid. eLife 2023; 12:e86175. [PMID: 37772792 PMCID: PMC10617989 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Reissner fiber (RF) is an acellular thread positioned in the midline of the central canal that aggregates thanks to the beating of numerous cilia from ependymal radial glial cells (ERGs) generating flow in the central canal of the spinal cord. RF together with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) form an axial sensory system detecting curvature. How RF, CSF-cNs and the multitude of motile cilia from ERGs interact in vivo appears critical for maintenance of RF and sensory functions of CSF-cNs to keep a straight body axis, but is not well-understood. Using in vivo imaging in larval zebrafish, we show that RF is under tension and resonates dorsoventrally. Focal RF ablations trigger retraction and relaxation of the fiber's cut ends, with larger retraction speeds for rostral ablations. We built a mechanical model that estimates RF stress diffusion coefficient D at 5 mm2/s and reveals that tension builds up rostrally along the fiber. After RF ablation, spontaneous CSF-cN activity decreased and ciliary motility changed, suggesting physical interactions between RF and cilia projecting into the central canal. We observed that motile cilia were caudally-tilted and frequently interacted with RF. We propose that the numerous ependymal motile monocilia contribute to RF's heterogenous tension via weak interactions. Our work demonstrates that under tension, the Reissner fiber dynamically interacts with motile cilia generating CSF flow and spinal sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Bellegarda
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Campus Hospitalier Pitié-SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Guillaume Zavard
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Campus Hospitalier Pitié-SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | | | | | - Jean-François Joanny
- Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University, Institut Curie, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University, Collège de FranceParisFrance
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Dell Pediatrics Research Institute, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Campus Hospitalier Pitié-SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Campus Hospitalier Pitié-SalpêtrièreParisFrance
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Wyart C, Carbo-Tano M, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Orts-Del'Immagine A, Böhm UL. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons: multimodal cells with diverse roles in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:540-556. [PMID: 37558908 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex solution that circulates around the CNS, and whose composition changes as a function of an animal's physiological state. Ciliated neurons that are bathed in the CSF - and thus referred to as CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) - are unusual polymodal interoceptive neurons. As chemoreceptors, CSF-cNs respond to variations in pH and osmolarity and to bacterial metabolites in the CSF. Their activation during infections of the CNS results in secretion of compounds to enhance host survival. As mechanosensory neurons, CSF-cNs operate together with an extracellular proteinaceous polymer known as the Reissner fibre to detect compression during spinal curvature. Once activated, CSF-cNs inhibit motor neurons, premotor excitatory neurons and command neurons to enhance movement speed and stabilize posture. At longer timescales, CSF-cNs instruct morphogenesis throughout life via the release of neuropeptides that act over long distances on skeletal muscle. Finally, recent evidence suggests that mouse CSF-cNs may act as neural stem cells in the spinal cord, inspiring new paths of investigation for repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Martin Carbo-Tano
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Urs L Böhm
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Nualart F, Cifuentes M, Ramírez E, Martínez F, Barahona MJ, Ferrada L, Saldivia N, Bongarzone ER, Thorens B, Salazar K. Hyperglycemia increases SCO-spondin and Wnt5a secretion into the cerebrospinal fluid to regulate ependymal cell beating and glucose sensing. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002308. [PMID: 37733692 PMCID: PMC10513282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia increases glucose concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), activating glucose-sensing mechanisms and feeding behavior in the hypothalamus. Here, we discuss how hyperglycemia temporarily modifies ependymal cell ciliary beating to increase hypothalamic glucose sensing. A high level of glucose in the rat CSF stimulates glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2)-positive subcommissural organ (SCO) cells to release SCO-spondin into the dorsal third ventricle. Genetic inactivation of mice GLUT2 decreases hyperglycemia-induced SCO-spondin secretion. In addition, SCO cells secrete Wnt5a-positive vesicles; thus, Wnt5a and SCO-spondin are found at the apex of dorsal ependymal cilia to regulate ciliary beating. Frizzled-2 and ROR2 receptors, as well as specific proteoglycans, such as glypican/testican (essential for the interaction of Wnt5a with its receptors) and Cx43 coupling, were also analyzed in ependymal cells. Finally, we propose that the SCO-spondin/Wnt5a/Frizzled-2/Cx43 axis in ependymal cells regulates ciliary beating, a cyclic and adaptive signaling mechanism to control glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute and Nanomedicine Platform (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), Malaga, Spain
| | - Eder Ramírez
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - María José Barahona
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Luciano Ferrada
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Natalia Saldivia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Ernesto R. Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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Xu H, Dugué GP, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Lejeune FX, Gupta S, Wyart C, Lehtinen MK. SCO-spondin knockout mice exhibit small brain ventricles and mild spine deformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551512. [PMID: 37577601 PMCID: PMC10418289 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Reissner's fiber (RF) is an extracellular polymer comprising the large monomeric protein SCO-spondin (SSPO) secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO) that extends through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled ventricles into the central canal of the spinal cord. In zebrafish, RF and CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) form an axial sensory system that detects spinal curvature, instructs morphogenesis of the body axis, and enables proper alignment of the spine. In mammalian models, RF has been implicated in CSF circulation. However, challenges in manipulating Sspo , an exceptionally large gene of 15,719 nucleotides, with traditional approaches has limited progress. Here, we generated a Sspo knockout mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing. Sspo knockout mice lacked RF-positive material in the SCO and fibrillar condensates in the brain ventricles. Remarkably, Sspo knockout brain ventricle sizes were reduced compared to littermate controls. Minor defects in thoracic spine curvature were detected in Sspo knockouts, which did not alter basic motor behaviors tested. Altogether, our work in mouse demonstrates that SSPO and RF regulate ventricle size during development but only moderately impact spine geometry.
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13
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Cuevas M, Terhune E, Wethey C, James M, Netsanet R, Grofova D, Monley A, Hadley Miller N. Cytoskeletal Keratins Are Overexpressed in a Zebrafish Model of Idiopathic Scoliosis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051058. [PMID: 37239418 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a three-dimensional rotation of the spine >10 degrees with an unknown etiology. Our laboratory established a late-onset IS model in zebrafish (Danio rerio) containing a deletion in kif7. A total of 25% of kif7co63/co63 zebrafish develop spinal curvatures and are otherwise developmentally normal, although the molecular mechanisms underlying the scoliosis are unknown. To define transcripts associated with scoliosis in this model, we performed bulk mRNA sequencing on 6 weeks past fertilization (wpf) kif7co63/co63 zebrafish with and without scoliosis. Additionally, we sequenced kif7co63/co63, kif7co63/+, and AB zebrafish (n = 3 per genotype). Sequencing reads were aligned to the GRCz11 genome and FPKM values were calculated. Differences between groups were calculated for each transcript by the t-test. Principal component analysis showed that transcriptomes clustered by sample age and genotype. kif7 mRNA was mildly reduced in both homozygous and heterozygous zebrafish compared to AB. Sonic hedgehog target genes were upregulated in kif7co63/co63 zebrafish over AB, but no difference was detected between scoliotic and non-scoliotic mutants. The top upregulated genes in scoliotic zebrafish were cytoskeletal keratins. Pankeratin staining of 6 wpf scoliotic and non-scoliotic kif7co63/co63 zebrafish showed increased keratin levels within the zebrafish musculature and intervertebral disc (IVD). Keratins are major components of the embryonic notochord, and aberrant keratin expression has been associated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) in both zebrafish and humans. The role of increased keratin accumulation as a molecular mechanism associated with the onset of scoliosis warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cambria Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - MkpoutoAbasi James
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rahwa Netsanet
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Denisa Grofova
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anna Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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14
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Maxson Jones K, Morgan JR. Lampreys and spinal cord regeneration: "a very special claim on the interest of zoologists," 1830s-present. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1113961. [PMID: 37228651 PMCID: PMC10203415 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing history of science methods, including analyses of the scientific literature, archival documents, and interviews with scientists, this paper presents a history of lampreys in neurobiology from the 1830s to the present. We emphasize the lamprey's roles in helping to elucidate spinal cord regeneration mechanisms. Two attributes have long perpetuated studies of lampreys in neurobiology. First, they possess large neurons, including multiple classes of stereotypically located, 'identified' giant neurons in the brain, which project their large axons into the spinal cord. These giant neurons and their axonal fibers have facilitated electrophysiological recordings and imaging across biological scales, ranging from molecular to circuit-level analyses of nervous system structures and functions and including their roles in behavioral output. Second, lampreys have long been considered amongst the most basal extant vertebrates on the planet, so they have facilitated comparative studies pointing to conserved and derived characteristics of vertebrate nervous systems. These features attracted neurologists and zoologists to studies of lampreys between the 1830s and 1930s. But, the same two attributes also facilitated the rise of the lamprey in neural regeneration research after 1959, when biologists first wrote about the spontaneous, robust regeneration of some identified CNS axons in larvae after spinal cord injuries, coupled with recovery of normal swimming. Not only did large neurons promote fresh insights in the field, enabling studies incorporating multiple scales with existing and new technologies. But investigators also were able to attach a broad scope of relevance to their studies, interpreting them as suggesting conserved features of successful, and sometimes even unsuccessful, CNS regeneration. Lamprey research demonstrated that functional recovery takes place without the reformation of the original neuronal connections, for instance, by way of imperfect axonal regrowth and compensatory plasticity. Moreover, research performed in the lamprey model revealed that factors intrinsic to neurons are integral in promoting or hindering regeneration. As this work has helped illuminate why basal vertebrates accomplish CNS regeneration so well, whereas mammals do it so poorly, this history presents a case study in how biological and medical value have been, and could continue to be, gleaned from a non-traditional model organism for which molecular tools have been developed only relatively recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Maxson Jones
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of History, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Morgan
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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15
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Marie-Hardy L, Slimani L, Messa G, El Bourakkadi Z, Prigent A, Sayetta C, Koëth F, Pascal-Moussellard H, Wyart C, Cantaut-Belarif Y. Loss of CSF-contacting neuron sensory function is associated with a hyper-kyphosis of the spine reminiscent of Scheuermann's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5529. [PMID: 37016154 PMCID: PMC10073078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scheuermann's disease, also referred to as Scheuermann's kyphosis, is the second most frequent spine deformity occurring in humans after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), both with an unclear etiology. Recent genetic studies in zebrafish unraveled new mechanisms linked to AIS, highlighting the role of the Reissner fiber, an acellular polymer bathing in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in close proximity with ciliated cells and mechanosensory neurons lining the central canal of the spinal cord (CSF-cNs). However, while the Reissner fiber and ciliary beating have been linked to AIS-like phenotypes in zebrafish, the relevance of the sensory functions of CSF-cNs for human spine disorders remains unknown. Here, we show that the thoracic hyper-kyphosis of the spine previously reported in adult pkd2l1 mutant zebrafish, in which the mechanosensory function of CSF-cNs is likely defective, is restricted to the sagittal plane and is not associated with vertebral malformations. By applying orthopedic criteria to analyze the amplitude of the curvature at the apex of the kyphosis, the curve pattern, the sagittal balance and sex bias, we demonstrate that pkd2l1 knock-outs develop a phenotype reminiscent of Scheuermann's disease. Altogether our work consolidates the benefit of combining genetics and analysis of spine deformities in zebrafish to model idiopathic spine disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marie-Hardy
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital (AP-HP), 47 Boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Lotfi Slimani
- URP 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Cité, and Life Imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France
| | - Giulia Messa
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Zaineb El Bourakkadi
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Annick Prigent
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Celia Sayetta
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Koëth
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Hugues Pascal-Moussellard
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital (AP-HP), 47 Boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université (SU), 75013, Paris, France.
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16
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Gaillard AL, Mohamad T, Quan FB, de Cian A, Mosimann C, Tostivint H, Pézeron G. Urp1 and Urp2 act redundantly to maintain spine shape in zebrafish larvae. Dev Biol 2023; 496:36-51. [PMID: 36736605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urp1 and Urp2 are two neuropeptides, members of the Urotensin 2 family, that have been recently involved in the control of body axis morphogenesis in zebrafish. They are produced by a population of sensory spinal neurons, called cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs), under the control of signals relying on the Reissner fiber, an extracellular thread bathing in the CSF. Here, we have investigated further the function of Urp1 and Urp2 (Urp1/2) in body axis formation and maintenance. We showed that urp1;urp2 double mutants develop strong body axis defects during larval growth, revealing the redundancy between the two neuropeptides. These defects were similar to those previously reported in uts2r3 mutants. We observed that this phenotype is not associated with congenital defects in vertebrae formation, but by using specific inhibitors, we found that, at least in the embryo, the action of Urp1/2 signaling depends on myosin II contraction. Finally, we provide evidence that while the Urp1/2 signaling is functioning during larval growth, it is dispensable for embryonic development. Taken together, our results show that Urp1/2 signaling is required in larvae to promote correct vertebral body axis, most likely by regulating muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gaillard
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Teddy Mohamad
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Feng B Quan
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anne de Cian
- Structure and Instability of Genomes (String - UMR 7196 - U1154), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mosimann
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.
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17
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Prendergast AE, Jim KK, Marnas H, Desban L, Quan FB, Djenoune L, Laghi V, Hocquemiller A, Lunsford ET, Roussel J, Keiser L, Lejeune FX, Dhanasekar M, Bardet PL, Levraud JP, van de Beek D, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Wyart C. CSF-contacting neurons respond to Streptococcus pneumoniae and promote host survival during central nervous system infection. Curr Biol 2023; 33:940-956.e10. [PMID: 36791723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) can invade the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cause meningitis with devastating consequences. Whether and how sensory cells in the central nervous system (CNS) become activated during bacterial infection, as recently reported for the peripheral nervous system, is not known. We find that CSF infection by S. pneumoniae in larval zebrafish leads to changes in posture and behavior that are reminiscent of pneumococcal meningitis, including dorsal arching and epileptic-like seizures. We show that during infection, invasion of the CSF by S. pneumoniae massively activates in vivo sensory neurons contacting the CSF, referred to as "CSF-cNs" and previously shown to detect spinal curvature and to control posture, locomotion, and spine morphogenesis. We find that CSF-cNs express orphan bitter taste receptors and respond in vitro to bacterial supernatant and metabolites via massive calcium transients, similar to the ones observed in vivo during infection. Upon infection, CSF-cNs also upregulate the expression of numerous cytokines and complement components involved in innate immunity. Accordingly, we demonstrate, using cell-specific ablation and blockade of neurotransmission, that CSF-cN neurosecretion enhances survival of the host during S. pneumoniae infection. Finally, we show that CSF-cNs respond to various pathogenic bacteria causing meningitis in humans, as well as to the supernatant of cells infected by a neurotropic virus. Altogether, our work uncovers that central sensory neurons in the spinal cord, previously involved in postural control and morphogenesis, contribute as well to host survival by responding to the invasion of the CSF by pathogenic bacteria during meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Prendergast
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo Marnas
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laura Desban
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Feng B Quan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lydia Djenoune
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Valerio Laghi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Hocquemiller
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elias T Lunsford
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julian Roussel
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Keiser
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 18, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francois-Xavier Lejeune
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Mahalakshmi Dhanasekar
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Luc Bardet
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Cité, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina M J E Vandenbroucke-Grauls
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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18
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Sharkova M, Chow E, Erickson T, Hocking JC. The morphological and functional diversity of apical microvilli. J Anat 2023; 242:327-353. [PMID: 36281951 PMCID: PMC9919547 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons use specialized apical processes to perceive external stimuli and monitor internal body conditions. The apical apparatus can include cilia, microvilli, or both, and is adapted for the functions of the particular cell type. Photoreceptors detect light through a large, modified cilium (outer segment), that is supported by a surrounding ring of microvilli-like calyceal processes (CPs). Although first reported 150 years ago, CPs remain poorly understood. As a basis for future study, we therefore conducted a review of existing literature about sensory cell microvilli, which can act either as the primary sensory detector or as support for a cilia-based detector. While all microvilli are finger-like cellular protrusions with an actin core, the processes vary across cell types in size, number, arrangement, dynamics, and function. We summarize the current state of knowledge about CPs and the characteristics of the microvilli found on inner ear hair cells (stereocilia) and cerebral spinal fluid-contacting neurons, with comparisons to the brush border of the intestinal and renal epithelia. The structure, stability, and dynamics of the actin core are regulated by a complement of actin-binding proteins, which includes both common components and unique features when compared across cell types. Further, microvilli are often supported by lateral links, a glycocalyx, and a defined extracellular matrix, each adapted to the function and environment of the cell. Our comparison of microvillar features will inform further research into how CPs support photoreceptor function, and also provide a general basis for investigations into the structure and functions of apical microvilli found on sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sharkova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erica Chow
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Erickson
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Hocking
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Xie H, Kang Y, Liu J, Huang M, Dai Z, Shi J, Wang S, Li L, Li Y, Zheng P, Sun Y, Han Q, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Xu L, Yelick PC, Cao M, Zhao C. Ependymal polarity defects coupled with disorganized ciliary beating drive abnormal cerebrospinal fluid flow and spine curvature in zebrafish. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002008. [PMID: 36862758 PMCID: PMC10013924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is the most common spinal deformity diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence, while the underlying pathogenesis of this serious condition remains largely unknown. Here, we report zebrafish ccdc57 mutants exhibiting scoliosis during late development, similar to that observed in human adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Zebrafish ccdc57 mutants developed hydrocephalus due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow defects caused by uncoordinated cilia beating in ependymal cells. Mechanistically, Ccdc57 localizes to ciliary basal bodies and controls the planar polarity of ependymal cells through regulating the organization of microtubule networks and proper positioning of basal bodies. Interestingly, ependymal cell polarity defects were first observed in ccdc57 mutants at approximately 17 days postfertilization, the same time when scoliosis became apparent and prior to multiciliated ependymal cell maturation. We further showed that mutant spinal cord exhibited altered expression pattern of the Urotensin neuropeptides, in consistent with the curvature of the spine. Strikingly, human IS patients also displayed abnormal Urotensin signaling in paraspinal muscles. Altogether, our data suggest that ependymal polarity defects are one of the earliest sign of scoliosis in zebrafish and disclose the essential and conserved roles of Urotensin signaling during scoliosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicheng Dai
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing China
| | - Jiale Shi
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lanqin Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qize Han
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing China
| | - Pamela C. Yelick
- Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Muqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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20
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Korzh V. Development of the brain ventricular system from a comparative perspective. Clin Anat 2023; 36:320-334. [PMID: 36529666 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system (BVS) consists of brain ventricles and channels filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Disturbance of CSF flow has been linked to scoliosis and neurodegenerative diseases, including hydrocephalus. This could be due to defects of CSF production by the choroid plexus or impaired CSF movement over the ependyma dependent on motile cilia. Most vertebrates have horizontal body posture. They retain additional evolutionary innovations assisting CSF flow, such as the Reissner fiber. The causes of hydrocephalus have been studied using animal models including rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) and zebrafish. However, the horizontal body posture reduces the effect of gravity on CSF flow, which limits the use of mammalian models for scoliosis. In contrast, fish swim against the current and experience a forward-to-backward mechanical force akin to that caused by gravity in humans. This explains the increased popularity of the zebrafish model for studies of scoliosis. "Slit-ventricle" syndrome is another side of the spectrum of BVS anomalies. It develops because of insufficient inflation of the BVS. Recent advances in zebrafish functional genetics have revealed genes that could regulate the development of the BVS and CSF circulation. This review will describe the BVS of zebrafish, a typical teleost, and vertebrates in general, in comparative perspective. It will illustrate the usefulness of the zebrafish model for developmental studies of the choroid plexus (CP), CSF flow and the BVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Khatri D, Putoux A, Cologne A, Kaltenbach S, Besson A, Bertiaux E, Guguin J, Fendler A, Dupont MA, Benoit-Pilven C, Qebibo L, Ahmed-Elie S, Audebert-Bellanger S, Blanc P, Rambaud T, Castelle M, Cornen G, Grotto S, Guët A, Guibaud L, Michot C, Odent S, Ruaud L, Sacaze E, Hamel V, Bordonné R, Leutenegger AL, Edery P, Burglen L, Attié-Bitach T, Mazoyer S, Delous M. Deficiency of the minor spliceosome component U4atac snRNA secondarily results in ciliary defects in human and zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2102569120. [PMID: 36802443 PMCID: PMC9992838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102569120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human genome, about 750 genes contain one intron excised by the minor spliceosome. This spliceosome comprises its own set of snRNAs, among which U4atac. Its noncoding gene, RNU4ATAC, has been found mutated in Taybi-Linder (TALS/microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1), Roifman (RFMN), and Lowry-Wood (LWS) syndromes. These rare developmental disorders, whose physiopathological mechanisms remain unsolved, associate ante- and post-natal growth retardation, microcephaly, skeletal dysplasia, intellectual disability, retinal dystrophy, and immunodeficiency. Here, we report bi-allelic RNU4ATAC mutations in five patients presenting with traits suggestive of the Joubert syndrome (JBTS), a well-characterized ciliopathy. These patients also present with traits typical of TALS/RFMN/LWS, thus widening the clinical spectrum of RNU4ATAC-associated disorders and indicating ciliary dysfunction as a mechanism downstream of minor splicing defects. Intriguingly, all five patients carry the n.16G>A mutation, in the Stem II domain, either at the homozygous or compound heterozygous state. A gene ontology term enrichment analysis on minor intron-containing genes reveals that the cilium assembly process is over-represented, with no less than 86 cilium-related genes containing at least one minor intron, among which there are 23 ciliopathy-related genes. The link between RNU4ATAC mutations and ciliopathy traits is supported by alterations of primary cilium function in TALS and JBTS-like patient fibroblasts, as well as by u4atac zebrafish model, which exhibits ciliopathy-related phenotypes and ciliary defects. These phenotypes could be rescued by WT but not by pathogenic variants-carrying human U4atac. Altogether, our data indicate that alteration of cilium biogenesis is part of the physiopathological mechanisms of TALS/RFMN/LWS, secondarily to defects of minor intron splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Khatri
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
| | - Audrey Putoux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
- Department of Genetics, Clinical Genetics Unit, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares des Anomalies du Développement, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69500Bron, France
| | - Audric Cologne
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique Erable, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sophie Kaltenbach
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, University of Paris, 75015Paris, France
| | - Alicia Besson
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
| | - Eloïse Bertiaux
- Department of Cell Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 1211-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justine Guguin
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
| | - Adèle Fendler
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
| | - Marie A. Dupont
- Laboratory of hereditary kidney diseases, Imagine Institute, U1163 INSERM, University of Paris, 75015Paris, France
| | - Clara Benoit-Pilven
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique Erable, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622Villeurbanne, France
| | - Leila Qebibo
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Trousseau Hospital, 75012Paris, France
| | - Samira Ahmed-Elie
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Trousseau Hospital, 75012Paris, France
| | - Séverine Audebert-Bellanger
- Department of Genetics, Clinical Genetics Unit, Centre de Compétence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Polymalformatifs, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Morvan, 29200Brest, France
| | | | | | - Martin Castelle
- Hematology-Immunology Unit, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Cornen
- Pediatric service, Centre Hospitalier Morlaix, 29600Morlaix, France
| | - Sarah Grotto
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Maternité Port-Royal, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Broca Hôtel-Dieu Hospitals75014Paris, France
| | - Agnès Guët
- Neonatal and Pediatric Units, Louis-Mourier Hospital, 92700Colombes, France
| | - Laurent Guibaud
- Pediatric and Fetal Imaging, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69500Bron, France
| | - Caroline Michot
- Clinical Genetics Department, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares–Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015Paris, France
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, U1163 INSERM, University of Paris, 75015Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, Centre de référence Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes UMR 6290/ Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 1305, 35000Rennes, France
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- NeuroDiderot, UMR1141, University of Paris, 75019Paris, France
- Departement of Genetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, 75019Paris, France
| | - Elise Sacaze
- Pediatric Service, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Brest, 29200Brest, France
| | - Virginie Hamel
- Department of Cell Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 1211-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bordonné
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of Montpellier, UMR5535 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34000Montpellier, France
| | | | - Patrick Edery
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
- Department of Genetics, Clinical Genetics Unit, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares des Anomalies du Développement, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69500Bron, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Trousseau Hospital, 75012Paris, France
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, U1163 INSERM, University of Paris, 75015Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, University of Paris, 75015Paris, France
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, U1163 INSERM, University of Paris, 75015Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
| | - Marion Delous
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292,Genetics of Neurodevelopment Team, 69500Bron, France
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22
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Inada H, Corales LG, Osumi N. A novel feature of the ancient organ: A possible involvement of the subcommissural organ in neurogenic/gliogenic potential in the adult brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1141913. [PMID: 36960167 PMCID: PMC10027738 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1141913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a circumventricular organ highly conserved in vertebrates from Cyclostomata such as lamprey to mammals including human. The SCO locates in the boundary between the third ventricle and the entrance of the aqueduct of Sylvius. The SCO functions as a secretory organ producing a variety of proteins such as SCO-spondin, transthyretin, and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A significant contribution of the SCO has been thought to maintain the homeostasis of CSF dynamics. However, evidence has shown a possible role of SCO on neurogenesis in the adult brain. This review highlights specific features of the SCO related to adult neurogenesis, suggested by the progress of understanding SCO functions. We begin with a brief history of the SCO discovery and continue to structural features, gene expression, and a possible role in adult neurogenesis suggested by the SCO transplant experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Inada
- Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hitoshi Inada,
| | - Laarni Grace Corales
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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23
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Nakamura Y, Kurabe M, Matsumoto M, Sato T, Miytashita S, Hoshina K, Kamiya Y, Tainaka K, Matsuzawa H, Ohno N, Ueno M. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neuron tracing reveals structural and functional connectivity for locomotion in the mouse spinal cord. eLife 2023; 12:83108. [PMID: 36805807 PMCID: PMC9943067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are enigmatic mechano- or chemosensory cells lying along the central canal of the spinal cord. Recent studies in zebrafish larvae and lampreys have shown that CSF-cNs control postures and movements via spinal connections. However, the structures, connectivity, and functions in mammals remain largely unknown. Here we developed a method to genetically target mouse CSF-cNs that highlighted structural connections and functions. We first found that intracerebroventricular injection of adeno-associated virus with a neuron-specific promoter and Pkd2l1-Cre mice specifically labeled CSF-cNs. Single-cell labeling of 71 CSF-cNs revealed rostral axon extensions of over 1800 μm in unmyelinated bundles in the ventral funiculus and terminated on CSF-cNs to form a recurrent circuitry, which was further determined by serial electron microscopy and electrophysiology. CSF-cNs were also found to connect with axial motor neurons and premotor interneurons around the central canal and within the axon bundles. Chemogenetic CSF-cNs inactivation reduced speed and step frequency during treadmill locomotion. Our data revealed the basic structures and connections of mouse CSF-cNs to control spinal motor circuits for proper locomotion. The versatile methods developed in this study will contribute to further understanding of CSF-cN functions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nakamura
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Miyuki Kurabe
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigataJapan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Tokiharu Sato
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Satoshi Miytashita
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Kana Hoshina
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Yoshinori Kamiya
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigataJapan
| | - Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Hitoshi Matsuzawa
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Kashiwaba Neurosurgical HospitalSapporoJapan,Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of MedicineShimotsukeJapan,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
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24
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Yonezawa Y, Guo L, Kakinuma H, Otomo N, Yoshino S, Takeda K, Nakajima M, Shiraki T, Ogura Y, Takahashi Y, Koike Y, Minami S, Uno K, Kawakami N, Ito M, Yonezawa I, Watanabe K, Kaito T, Yanagida H, Taneichi H, Harimaya K, Taniguchi Y, Shigematsu H, Iida T, Demura S, Sugawara R, Fujita N, Yagi M, Okada E, Hosogane N, Kono K, Chiba K, Kotani T, Sakuma T, Akazawa T, Suzuki T, Nishida K, Kakutani K, Tsuji T, Sudo H, Iwata A, Sato T, Inami S, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Terao C, Watanabe K, Okamoto H, Ikegawa S. Identification of a Functional Susceptibility Variant for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis that Upregulates Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1)-Mediated UNCX Expression. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:144-153. [PMID: 36342191 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a serious health problem affecting 3% of live births all over the world. Many loci associated with AIS have been identified by previous genome wide association studies, but their biological implication remains mostly unclear. In this study, we evaluated the AIS-associated variants in the 7p22.3 locus by combining in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analyses. rs78148157 was located in an enhancer of UNCX, a homeobox gene and its risk allele upregulated the UNCX expression. A transcription factor, early growth response 1 (EGR1), transactivated the rs78148157-located enhancer and showed a higher binding affinity for the risk allele of rs78148157. Furthermore, zebrafish larvae with UNCX messenger RNA (mRNA) injection developed body curvature and defective neurogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. rs78148157 confers the genetic susceptibility to AIS by enhancing the EGR1-regulated UNCX expression. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Yonezawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hisaya Kakinuma
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Otomo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshino
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shiraki
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoji Ogura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Koike
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koki Uno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kobe Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ikuho Yonezawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Medical and Dental General Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Yanagida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Taneichi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Katsumi Harimaya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopedic, Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Shigematsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoru Demura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Sugawara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fujita Health University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Yagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eijiro Okada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naobumi Hosogane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuki Kono
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kono Orthopaedic Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kotani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sakuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Akazawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teppei Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kobe Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kakutani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Taichi Tsuji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Sudo
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Iwata
- Department of Preventive and Therapeutic Research for Metastatic Bone Tumor, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamoto
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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D'Gama PP, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Methods to study motile ciliated cell types in the zebrafish brain. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:103-123. [PMID: 37164533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are well conserved hair-like structures that have diverse sensory and motile functions. In the brain, motile ciliated cells, known as ependymal cells, line the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled ventricles, where their beating contribute to fluid movement. Ependymal cells have gathered increasing interest since they are associated with hydrocephalus, a neurological condition with ventricular enlargement. In this article, we highlight methods to identify and characterize motile ciliated ependymal lineage in the brain of zebrafish using histological staining and transgenic reporter lines.
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26
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Farkas C, Recabal A, Mella A, Candia-Herrera D, Olivero MG, Haigh JJ, Tarifeño-Saldivia E, Caprile T. annotate_my_genomes: an easy-to-use pipeline to improve genome annotation and uncover neglected genes by hybrid RNA sequencing. Gigascience 2022; 11:6874526. [PMID: 36472574 PMCID: PMC9724561 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advancement of hybrid sequencing technologies is increasingly expanding genome assemblies that are often annotated using hybrid sequencing transcriptomics, leading to improved genome characterization and the identification of novel genes and isoforms in a wide variety of organisms. RESULTS We developed an easy-to-use genome-guided transcriptome annotation pipeline that uses assembled transcripts from hybrid sequencing data as input and distinguishes between coding and long non-coding RNAs by integration of several bioinformatic approaches, including gene reconciliation with previous annotations in GTF format. We demonstrated the efficiency of this approach by correctly assembling and annotating all exons from the chicken SCO-spondin gene (containing more than 105 exons), including the identification of missing genes in the chicken reference annotations by homology assignments. CONCLUSIONS Our method helps to improve the current transcriptome annotation of the chicken brain. Our pipeline, implemented on Anaconda/Nextflow and Docker is an easy-to-use package that can be applied to a broad range of species, tissues, and research areas helping to improve and reconcile current annotations. The code and datasets are publicly available at https://github.com/cfarkas/annotate_my_genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonia Recabal
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Andy Mella
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Chile,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Daniel Candia-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Maryori González Olivero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Jody Jonathan Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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27
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Bearce EA, Irons ZH, O'Hara-Smith JR, Kuhns CJ, Fisher SI, Crow WE, Grimes DT. Urotensin II-related peptides, Urp1 and Urp2, control zebrafish spine morphology. eLife 2022; 11:e83883. [PMID: 36453722 PMCID: PMC9836392 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The spine provides structure and support to the body, yet how it develops its characteristic morphology as the organism grows is little understood. This is underscored by the commonality of conditions in which the spine curves abnormally such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Understanding the origin of these spinal curves has been challenging in part due to the lack of appropriate animal models. Recently, zebrafish have emerged as promising tools with which to understand the origin of spinal curves. Using zebrafish, we demonstrate that the urotensin II-related peptides (URPs), Urp1 and Urp2, are essential for maintaining spine morphology. Urp1 and Urp2 are 10-amino acid cyclic peptides expressed by neurons lining the central canal of the spinal cord. Upon combined genetic loss of Urp1 and Urp2, adolescent-onset planar curves manifested in the caudal region of the spine. Highly similar curves were caused by mutation of Uts2r3, an URP receptor. Quantitative comparisons revealed that urotensin-associated curves were distinct from other zebrafish spinal curve mutants in curve position and direction. Last, we found that the Reissner fiber, a proteinaceous thread that sits in the central canal and has been implicated in the control of spine morphology, breaks down prior to curve formation in mutants with perturbed cilia motility but was unaffected by loss of Uts2r3. This suggests a Reissner fiber-independent mechanism of curvature in urotensin-deficient mutants. Overall, our results show that Urp1 and Urp2 control zebrafish spine morphology and establish new animal models of spine deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bearce
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Zoe H Irons
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | | | - Colin J Kuhns
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Sophie I Fisher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - William E Crow
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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28
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Wang J, Thomas HR, Thompson RG, Waldrep SC, Fogerty J, Song P, Li Z, Ma Y, Santra P, Hoover JD, Yeo NC, Drummond IA, Yoder BK, Amack JD, Perkins B, Parant JM. Variable phenotypes and penetrance between and within different zebrafish ciliary transition zone mutants. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049568. [PMID: 36533556 PMCID: PMC9844136 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Meckel syndrome, nephronophthisis, Joubert syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome are caused by mutations in proteins that localize to the ciliary transition zone (TZ). The phenotypically distinct syndromes suggest that these TZ proteins have differing functions. However, mutations in a single TZ gene can result in multiple syndromes, suggesting that the phenotype is influenced by modifier genes. We performed a comprehensive analysis of ten zebrafish TZ mutants, including mks1, tmem216, tmem67, rpgrip1l, cc2d2a, b9d2, cep290, tctn1, nphp1 and nphp4, as well as mutants in ift88 and ift172. Our data indicate that variations in phenotypes exist between different TZ mutants, supporting different tissue-specific functions of these TZ genes. Further, we observed phenotypic variations within progeny of a single TZ mutant, reminiscent of multiple disease syndromes being associated with mutations in one gene. In some mutants, the dynamics of the phenotype became complex with transitory phenotypes that are corrected over time. We also demonstrated that multiple-guide-derived CRISPR/Cas9 F0 'crispant' embryos recapitulate zygotic null phenotypes, and rapidly identified ciliary phenotypes in 11 cilia-associated gene candidates (ankfn1, ccdc65, cfap57, fhad1, nme7, pacrg, saxo2, c1orf194, ttc26, zmynd12 and cfap52).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Holly R. Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert G. Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Waldrep
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joseph Fogerty
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Peu Santra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Hoover
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Nan Cher Yeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Iain A. Drummond
- Davis Center for Aging and Regeneration, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Road, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Brian Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John M. Parant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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29
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Chen J, Liu F, Tian J, Xiang M. Laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy in a child with situs inversus totalis: A case report and literature review. Front Surg 2022; 9:1009949. [PMID: 36311920 PMCID: PMC9614072 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1009949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare internal laterality disorder characterized by the mirror arrangement of organs. Multiple gene mutations and maternal environmental factors are thought to cause this variation. It is usually challenging to perform laparoscopic surgery in these cases. Bladder diverticulum is uncommon in children, with an incidence of 1.7%. We report a 14-year-old male patient who was admitted to our department because of lower abdominal pain and frequent urination. A series of examinations confirmed the rare combination of giant bladder diverticulum and SIT. After extensive preoperative discussion, we performed laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy. The operation was successful. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful laparoscopic bladder surgery on a case of SIT. This article summarizes the key technical points and the difficulties of performing this kind of operation. In addition, during the process of reviewing the literature, we found that SIT often coexists with some high-risk factors for bladder diverticulum in some rare syndromes. It is helpful to further understand and provide experience in the diagnosis and treatment of the rare combination of bladder diverticulum and SIT in children.
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30
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Xie H, Li M, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhao C. Zebrafish: an important model for understanding scoliosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:506. [PMID: 36059018 PMCID: PMC9441191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a common spinal deformity that considerably affects the physical and psychological health of patients. Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in scoliosis. However, its etiopathogenesis remain unclear, partially because of the genetic heterogeneity of scoliosis and the lack of appropriate model systems. Recently, the development of efficient gene editing methods and high-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms of scoliosis. Owing to their susceptibility for developing scoliosis and high genetic homology with human, zebrafish are increasingly being used as a model for scoliosis in developmental biology, genetics, and clinical medicine. Here, we summarize the recent advances in scoliosis research on zebrafish and discuss the prospects of using zebrafish as a scoliosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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31
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Terhune EA, Monley AM, Cuevas MT, Wethey CI, Gray RS, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1003-1016. [PMID: 35430722 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research. METHODS In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers. RESULTS Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms. CONCLUSION We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa T Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cambria I Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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32
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Meyer-Miner A, Van Gennip JL, Henke K, Harris MP, Ciruna B. using a new katnb1 scoliosis model. iScience 2022; 25:105028. [PMID: 36105588 PMCID: PMC9464966 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meyer-Miner
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jenica L.M. Van Gennip
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Katrin Henke
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Corresponding author
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33
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Rusterholz TDS, Hofmann C, Bachmann-Gagescu R. Insights Gained From Zebrafish Models for the Ciliopathy Joubert Syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:939527. [PMID: 35846153 PMCID: PMC9280682 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are quasi-ubiquitous microtubule-based sensory organelles, which play vital roles in signal transduction during development and cell homeostasis. Dysfunction of cilia leads to a group of Mendelian disorders called ciliopathies, divided into different diagnoses according to clinical phenotype constellation and genetic causes. Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a prototypical ciliopathy defined by a diagnostic cerebellar and brain stem malformation termed the “Molar Tooth Sign” (MTS), in addition to which patients display variable combinations of typical ciliopathy phenotypes such as retinal dystrophy, fibrocystic renal disease, polydactyly or skeletal dystrophy. Like most ciliopathies, JBTS is genetically highly heterogeneous with ∼40 associated genes. Zebrafish are widely used to model ciliopathies given the high conservation of ciliary genes and the variety of specialized cilia types similar to humans. In this review, we compare different existing JBTS zebrafish models with each other and describe their contributions to our understanding of JBTS pathomechanism. We find that retinal dystrophy, which is the most investigated ciliopathy phenotype in zebrafish ciliopathy models, is caused by distinct mechanisms according to the affected gene. Beyond this, differences in phenotypes in other organs observed between different JBTS-mutant models suggest tissue-specific roles for proteins implicated in JBTS. Unfortunately, the lack of systematic assessment of ciliopathy phenotypes in the mutants described in the literature currently limits the conclusions that can be drawn from these comparisons. In the future, the numerous existing JBTS zebrafish models represent a valuable resource that can be leveraged in order to gain further insights into ciliary function, pathomechanisms underlying ciliopathy phenotypes and to develop treatment strategies using small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D. S. Rusterholz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu,
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34
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Bearce EA, Irons ZH, Craig SB, Kuhns CJ, Sabazali C, Farnsworth DR, Miller AC, Grimes DT. Daw1 regulates the timely onset of cilia motility during development. Development 2022; 149:275714. [PMID: 35708608 PMCID: PMC9270974 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia generate cell propulsion and extracellular fluid flows that are crucial for airway clearance, fertility and left-right patterning. Motility is powered by dynein arm complexes that are assembled in the cytoplasm then imported into the cilium. Studies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed that ODA16 is a cofactor which promotes dynein arm import. Here, we demonstrate that the zebrafish homolog of ODA16, Daw1, facilitates the onset of robust cilia motility during development. Without Daw1, cilia showed markedly reduced motility during early development; however, motility subsequently increased to attain close to wild-type levels. Delayed motility onset led to differential effects on early and late cilia-dependent processes. Remarkably, abnormal body axis curves, which formed during the first day of development due to reduced cilia motility, self-corrected when motility later reached wild-type levels. Zebrafish larva therefore possess the ability to survey and correct body shape abnormalities. This work defines Daw1 as a factor which promotes the onset of timely cilia motility and can explain why human patients harboring DAW1 mutations exhibit significant laterality perturbations but mild airway and fertility complications. Summary: Daw1 promotes the onset of timely cilia motility for robust axial straightening during zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bearce
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Zoe H Irons
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Samuel B Craig
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Colin J Kuhns
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Cynthia Sabazali
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Dylan R Farnsworth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Adam C Miller
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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35
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Wang Y, Troutwine BR, Zhang H, Gray RS. The axonemal dynein heavy chain 10 gene is essential for monocilia motility and spine alignment in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2022; 482:82-90. [PMID: 34915022 PMCID: PMC8792996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common pediatric musculoskeletal disorder worldwide, characterized by atypical spine curvatures in otherwise healthy children. Human genetic studies have identified candidate genes associated with AIS, however, only a few of these have been shown to recapitulate adult-viable scoliosis in animal models. Using an F0 CRISPR screening approach in zebrafish, we demonstrate that disruption of the dynein axonemal heavy chain 10 (dnah10) gene results in recessive adult-viable scoliosis in zebrafish. Using a stably segregating dnah10 mutant zebrafish, we showed that the ependymal monocilia lining the hindbrain and spinal canal displayed reduced beat frequency, which was correlated with the disassembly of the Reissner fiber and the onset of body curvatures. Taken together, these results suggest that monocilia function in larval zebrafish contributes to the polymerization of the Reissner fiber and straightening of the body axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Nutritional Sciences, 200 W 24th Street, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Benjamin R Troutwine
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 200 W 24th Street, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 200 W 24th Street, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Muñoz-Montecinos C, Romero A, Sepúlveda V, Vira MÁ, Fehrmann-Cartes K, Marcellini S, Aguilera F, Caprile T, Fuentes R. Turning the Curve Into Straight: Phenogenetics of the Spine Morphology and Coordinate Maintenance in the Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801652. [PMID: 35155449 PMCID: PMC8826430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column, or spine, provides mechanical support and determines body axis posture and motion. The most common malformation altering spine morphology and function is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a three-dimensional spinal deformity that affects approximately 4% of the population worldwide. Due to AIS genetic heterogenicity and the lack of suitable animal models for its study, the etiology of this condition remains unclear, thus limiting treatment options. We here review current advances in zebrafish phenogenetics concerning AIS-like models and highlight the recently discovered biological processes leading to spine malformations. First, we focus on gene functions and phenotypes controlling critical aspects of postembryonic aspects that prime in spine architecture development and straightening. Second, we summarize how primary cilia assembly and biomechanical stimulus transduction, cerebrospinal fluid components and flow driven by motile cilia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS-like phenotypes. Third, we highlight the inflammatory responses associated with scoliosis. We finally discuss recent innovations and methodologies for morphometrically characterize and analyze the zebrafish spine. Ongoing phenotyping projects are expected to identify novel and unprecedented postembryonic gene functions controlling spine morphology and mutant models of AIS. Importantly, imaging and gene editing technologies are allowing deep phenotyping studies in the zebrafish, opening new experimental paradigms in the morphometric and three-dimensional assessment of spinal malformations. In the future, fully elucidating the phenogenetic underpinnings of AIS etiology in zebrafish and humans will undoubtedly lead to innovative pharmacological treatments against spinal deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Muñoz-Montecinos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Adrián Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Ángela Vira
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karen Fehrmann-Cartes
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Deng S, Gan L, Liu C, Xu T, Zhou S, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tian H, Tang Y. Roles of Ependymal Cells in the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System. Aging Dis 2022; 14:468-483. [PMID: 37008045 PMCID: PMC10017161 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells are indispensable components of the central nervous system (CNS). They originate from neuroepithelial cells of the neural plate and show heterogeneity, with at least three types that are localized in different locations of the CNS. As glial cells in the CNS, accumulating evidence demonstrates that ependymal cells play key roles in mammalian CNS development and normal physiological processes by controlling the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain metabolism, and waste clearance. Ependymal cells have been attached to great importance by neuroscientists because of their potential to participate in CNS disease progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that ependymal cells participate in the development and progression of various neurological diseases, such as spinal cord injury and hydrocephalus, raising the possibility that they may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the disease. This review focuses on the function of ependymal cells in the developmental CNS as well as in the CNS after injury and discusses the underlying mechanisms of controlling the functions of ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaohui Tang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Yaohui Tang, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .
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38
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Diversity and function of motile ciliated cell types within ependymal lineages of the zebrafish brain. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109775. [PMID: 34610312 PMCID: PMC8524669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia defects impair cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and can cause brain and spine disorders. The development of ciliated cells, their impact on CSF flow, and their function in brain and axial morphogenesis are not fully understood. We have characterized motile ciliated cells within the zebrafish brain ventricles. We show that the ventricles undergo restructuring through development, involving a transition from mono- to multiciliated cells (MCCs) driven by gmnc. MCCs co-exist with monociliated cells and generate directional flow patterns. These ciliated cells have different developmental origins and are genetically heterogenous with respect to expression of the Foxj1 family of ciliary master regulators. Finally, we show that cilia loss from the tela choroida and choroid plexus or global perturbation of multiciliation does not affect overall brain or spine morphogenesis but results in enlarged ventricles. Our findings establish that motile ciliated cells are generated by complementary and sequential transcriptional programs to support ventricular development. Glutamylated tubulin is enriched in cilia of foxj1-expressing cells in the zebrafish Motile ciliated ependymal cells in the zebrafish forebrain are highly diverse Gmnc drives the transition from mono- to multiciliated cells at juvenile stage Lack of multiciliation does not impact brain and spine morphogenesis
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Sepúlveda V, Maurelia F, González M, Aguayo J, Caprile T. SCO-spondin, a giant matricellular protein that regulates cerebrospinal fluid activity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:45. [PMID: 34600566 PMCID: PMC8487547 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that occupies the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces within and around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is a dynamic signaling milieu that transports nutrients, waste materials and neuroactive substances that are crucial for the development, homeostasis and functionality of the central nervous system. The mechanisms that enable cerebrospinal fluid to simultaneously exert these homeostatic/dynamic functions are not fully understood. SCO-spondin is a large glycoprotein secreted since the early stages of development into the cerebrospinal fluid. Its domain architecture resembles a combination of a matricellular protein and the ligand-binding region of LDL receptor family. The matricellular proteins are a group of extracellular proteins with the capacity to interact with different molecules, such as growth factors, cytokines and cellular receptors; enabling the integration of information to modulate various physiological and pathological processes. In the same way, the LDL receptor family interacts with many ligands, including β-amyloid peptide and different growth factors. The domains similarity suggests that SCO-spondin is a matricellular protein enabled to bind, modulate, and transport different cerebrospinal fluid molecules. SCO-spondin can be found soluble or polymerized into a dynamic threadlike structure called the Reissner fiber, which extends from the diencephalon to the caudal tip of the spinal cord. Reissner fiber continuously moves caudally as new SCO-spondin molecules are added at the cephalic end and are disaggregated at the caudal end. This movement, like a conveyor belt, allows the transport of the bound molecules, thereby increasing their lifespan and action radius. The binding of SCO-spondin to some relevant molecules has already been reported; however, in this review we suggest more than 30 possible binding partners, including peptide β-amyloid and several growth factors. This new perspective characterizes SCO-spondin as a regulator of cerebrospinal fluid activity, explaining its high evolutionary conservation, its apparent multifunctionality, and the lethality or severe malformations, such as hydrocephalus and curved body axis, of knockout embryos. Understanding the regulation and identifying binding partners of SCO-spondin are crucial for better comprehension of cerebrospinal fluid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Maurelia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maryori González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Alejevski F, Leemans M, Gaillard AL, Leistenschneider D, de Flori C, Bougerol M, Le Mével S, Herrel A, Fini JB, Pézeron G, Tostivint H. Conserved role of the urotensin II receptor 4 signalling pathway to control body straightness in a tetrapod. Open Biol 2021; 11:210065. [PMID: 34375549 PMCID: PMC8354755 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urp1 and Urp2 are two neuropeptides of the urotensin II family identified in teleost fish and mainly expressed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons. It has been recently proposed that Urp1 and Urp2 are required for correct axis formation and maintenance. Their action is thought to be mediated by the receptor Uts2r3, which is specifically expressed in dorsal somites. In support of this view, it has been demonstrated that the loss of uts2r3 results in severe scoliosis in adult zebrafish. In the present study, we report for the first time the occurrence of urp2, but not of urp1, in two tetrapod species of the Xenopus genus. In X. laevis, we show that urp2 mRNA-containing cells are CSF-contacting neurons. Furthermore, we identified utr4, the X. laevis counterparts of zebrafish uts2r3, and we demonstrate that, as in zebrafish, it is expressed in the dorsal somatic musculature. Finally, we reveal that, in X. laevis, the disruption of utr4 results in an abnormal curvature of the antero-posterior axis of the tadpoles. Taken together, our results suggest that the role of the Utr4 signalling pathway in the control of body straightness is an ancestral feature of bony vertebrates and not just a peculiarity of ray-finned fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faredin Alejevski
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Leemans
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Gaillard
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - David Leistenschneider
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Céline de Flori
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Marion Bougerol
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Le Mével
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Mécanismes adaptatifs et évolution UMR 7179 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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41
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Kumar V, Umair Z, Kumar S, Goutam RS, Park S, Kim J. The regulatory roles of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:31. [PMID: 34233705 PMCID: PMC8261947 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultra-filtrated colorless brain fluid that circulates within brain spaces like the ventricular cavities, subarachnoid space, and the spine. Its continuous flow serves many primary functions, including nourishment, brain protection, and waste removal. Main body The abnormal accumulation of CSF in brain cavities triggers severe hydrocephalus. Accumulating evidence had indicated that synchronized beats of motile cilia (cilia from multiciliated cells or the ependymal lining in brain ventricles) provide forceful pressure to generate and restrain CSF flow and maintain overall CSF circulation within brain spaces. In humans, the disorders caused by defective primary and/or motile cilia are generally referred to as ciliopathies. The key role of CSF circulation in brain development and its functioning has not been fully elucidated. Conclusions In this review, we briefly discuss the underlying role of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. We have reviewed cilia and ciliated cells in the brain and the existing evidence for the regulatory role of functional cilia in CSF circulation in the brain. We further discuss the findings obtained for defective cilia and their potential involvement in hydrocephalus. Furthermore, this review will reinforce the idea of motile cilia as master regulators of CSF movements, brain development, and neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Zobia Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiv Kumar
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Mary's Quad, South Street. St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Aboitiz F, Montiel JF. The Enigmatic Reissner's Fiber and the Origin of Chordates. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:703835. [PMID: 34248511 PMCID: PMC8261243 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.703835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reissner’s fiber (RF) is a secreted filament that floats in the neural canal of chordates. Since its discovery in 1860, there has been no agreement on its primary function, and its strong conservation across chordate species has remained a mystery for comparative neuroanatomists. Several findings, including the chemical composition and the phylogenetic history of RF, clinical observations associating RF with the development of the neural canal, and more recent studies suggesting that RF is needed to develop a straight vertebral column, may shed light on the functions of this structure across chordates. In this article, we will briefly review the evidence mentioned above to suggest a role of RF in the origin of fundamental innovations of the chordate body plan, especially the elongation of the neural tube and maintenance of the body axis. We will also mention the relevance of RF for medical conditions like hydrocephalus, scoliosis of the vertebral spine and possibly regeneration of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F Montiel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
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43
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Wu MY, Carbo-Tano M, Mirat O, Lejeune FX, Roussel J, Quan FB, Fidelin K, Wyart C. Spinal sensory neurons project onto the hindbrain to stabilize posture and enhance locomotor speed. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3315-3329.e5. [PMID: 34146485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are GABAergic interoceptive sensory neurons that detect spinal curvature via a functional coupling with the Reissner fiber. This mechanosensory system has recently been found to be involved in spine morphogenesis and postural control but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In zebrafish, CSF-cNs project an ascending and ipsilateral axon reaching two to six segments away. Rostralmost CSF-cNs send their axons ipsilaterally into the hindbrain, a brain region containing motor nuclei and reticulospinal neurons (RSNs), which send descending motor commands to spinal circuits. Until now, the synaptic connectivity of CSF-cNs has only been investigated in the spinal cord, where they synapse onto motor neurons and premotor excitatory interneurons. The identity of CSF-cN targets in the hindbrain and the behavioral relevance of these sensory projections from the spinal cord to the hindbrain are unknown. Here, we provide anatomical and molecular evidence that rostralmost CSF-cNs synapse onto the axons of large RSNs including Mauthner cells and V2a neurons. Functional anatomy and optogenetically assisted mapping reveal that rostral CSF-cNs also synapse onto the soma and dendrites of cranial motor neurons innervating hypobranchial muscles. During acousto-vestibular evoked escape responses, ablation of rostralmost CSF-cNs results in a weaker escape response with a decreased C-bend amplitude, lower speed, and deficient postural control. Our study demonstrates that spinal sensory feedback enhances speed and stabilizes posture, and reveals a novel spinal gating mechanism acting on the output of descending commands sent from the hindbrain to the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Wu
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Martin Carbo-Tano
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Mirat
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Francois-Xavier Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julian Roussel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Feng B Quan
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kevin Fidelin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Two new studies elegantly identify a missing link between idiopathic scoliosis and the Reissner fiber.
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45
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Neupane S, Goto J, Berardinelli SJ, Ito A, Haltiwanger RS, Holdener BC. Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. Glycobiology 2021; 31:988-1004. [PMID: 33909046 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded Thrombospondin Type 1 Repeats (TSRs). The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. Mouse B3glct mutants develop hydrocephalus at high frequency. In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9, suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9, and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin (SSPO) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose, and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. In the B3glct mutant subcommissural organ intracellular SSPO levels were reduced and BiP levels increased, suggesting a folding defect. Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - June Goto
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Steven J Berardinelli
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Atsuko Ito
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Bernadette C Holdener
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Fishy Tales of Crooked Spines. Trends Genet 2021; 37:612-615. [PMID: 33858671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common skeletal disorder, characterized by abnormal spine curvatures. In zebrafish, cilia-driven cerebrospinal fluid flow and urotensin II pathway activity are required for proper spine morphogenesis. Genetic studies with AIS patients now establish a conservation of the zebrafish findings in the etiology of the disease.
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47
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Marie-Hardy L, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Pietton R, Slimani L, Pascal-Moussellard H. The orthopedic characterization of cfap298 tm304 mutants validate zebrafish to faithfully model human AIS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7392. [PMID: 33795825 PMCID: PMC8016992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation relies on the beating of motile cilia projecting in the lumen of the brain and spinal cord cavities Mutations in genes involved in cilia motility disturb cerebrospinal fluid circulation and result in scoliosis-like deformities of the spine in juvenile zebrafish. However, these defects in spine alignment have not been validated with clinical criteria used to diagnose adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The aim of this study was to describe, using orthopaedic criteria the spinal deformities of a zebrafish mutant model of AIS targeting a gene involved in cilia polarity and motility, cfap298tm304. The zebrafish mutant line cfap298tm304, exhibiting alteration of CSF flow due to defective cilia motility, was raised to the juvenile stage. The analysis of mutant animals was based on micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), which was conducted in a QUANTUM FX CALIPER, with a 59 µm-30 mm protocol. 63% of the cfap298tm304 zebrafish analyzed presented a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, that was evolutive during the juvenile phase, more frequent in females, with a right convexity, a rotational component and involving at least one dislocation. We confirm here that cfap298tm304 scoliotic individuals display a typical AIS phenotype, with orthopedic criteria mirroring patient's diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marie-Hardy
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Pietton
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Lotfi Slimani
- EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life Imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France
| | - Hugues Pascal-Moussellard
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
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48
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Thouvenin O, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Keiser L, Gallaire F, Wyart C. Automated Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow and Motile Cilia Properties in The Central Canal of Zebrafish Embryos. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3932. [PMID: 33796606 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an important role during development. In zebrafish embryo, the flow of CSF has been found to be bidirectional in the central canal of the spinal cord. In order to compare conditions and genetic mutants across each other, we recently automated the quantification of the velocity profile of exogenous fluorescent particles in the CSF. We demonstrated that the beating of motile and tilted cilia localized on the ventral side of the central canal was sufficient to generate locally such bidirectionality. Our approach can easily be extended to characterize CSF flow in various genetic mutants. We provide here a detailed protocol and a user interface program to quantify CSF dynamics. In order to interpret potential changes in CSF flow profiles, we provide additional tools to measure the central canal diameter, characterize cilia dynamics and compare experimental data with our theoretical model in order to estimate the impact of cilia in generating a volume force in the central canal. Our approach can also be of use for measuring particle velocity in vivo and modeling flow in diverse biological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France
| | | | | | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France
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49
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Gray RS, Gonzalez R, Ackerman SD, Minowa R, Griest JF, Bayrak MN, Troutwine B, Canter S, Monk KR, Sepich DS, Solnica-Krezel L. Postembryonic screen for mutations affecting spine development in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2021; 471:18-33. [PMID: 33290818 PMCID: PMC10785604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spine gives structural support for the adult body, protects the spinal cord, and provides muscle attachment for moving through the environment. The development and maturation of the spine and its physiology involve the integration of multiple musculoskeletal tissues including bone, cartilage, and fibrocartilaginous joints, as well as innervation and control by the nervous system. One of the most common disorders of the spine in human is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which is characterized by the onset of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine of <10° around adolescence, in otherwise healthy children. The genetic basis of AIS is largely unknown. Systematic genome-wide mutagenesis screens for embryonic phenotypes in zebrafish have been instrumental in the understanding of early patterning of embryonic tissues necessary to build and pattern the embryonic spine. However, the mechanisms required for postembryonic maturation and homeostasis of the spine remain poorly understood. Here we report the results from a small-scale forward genetic screen for adult-viable recessive and dominant zebrafish mutations, leading to overt morphological abnormalities of the adult spine. Germline mutations induced with N-ethyl N-nitrosourea (ENU) were transmitted and screened for dominant phenotypes in 1229 F1 animals, and subsequently bred to homozygosity in F3 families; from these, 314 haploid genomes were screened for adult-viable recessive phenotypes affecting general body shape. We cumulatively found 40 adult-viable (3 dominant and 37 recessive) mutations each leading to a defect in the morphogenesis of the spine. The largest phenotypic group displayed larval onset axial curvatures, leading to whole-body scoliosis without vertebral dysplasia in adult fish. Pairwise complementation testing of 16 mutant lines within this phenotypic group revealed at least 9 independent mutant loci. Using massively-parallel whole genome or whole exome sequencing and meiotic mapping we defined the molecular identity of several loci for larval onset whole-body scoliosis in zebrafish. We identified a new mutation in the skolios/kinesin family member 6 (kif6) gene, causing neurodevelopmental and ependymal cilia defects in mouse and zebrafish. We also report multiple recessive alleles of the scospondin and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (adamts9) genes, which all display defects in spine morphogenesis. Our results provide evidence of monogenic traits that are essential for normal spine development in zebrafish, that may help to establish new candidate risk loci for spine disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Roberto Gonzalez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryoko Minowa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Johanna F Griest
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melisa N Bayrak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Troutwine
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Canter
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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50
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Bozzo M, Lacalli TC, Obino V, Caicci F, Marcenaro E, Bachetti T, Manni L, Pestarino M, Schubert M, Candiani S. Amphioxus neuroglia: Molecular characterization and evidence for early compartmentalization of the developing nerve cord. Glia 2021; 69:1654-1678. [PMID: 33624886 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells play important roles in the development and homeostasis of metazoan nervous systems. However, while their involvement in the development and function in the central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates is increasingly well understood, much less is known about invertebrate glia and the evolutionary history of glial cells more generally. An investigation into amphioxus glia is therefore timely, as this organism is the best living proxy for the last common ancestor of all chordates, and hence provides a window into the role of glial cell development and function at the transition of invertebrates and vertebrates. We report here our findings on amphioxus glia as characterized by molecular probes correlated with anatomical data at the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) level. The results show that amphioxus glial lineages express genes typical of vertebrate astroglia and radial glia, and that they segregate early in development, forming what appears to be a spatially separate cell proliferation zone positioned laterally, between the dorsal and ventral zones of neural cell proliferation. Our study provides strong evidence for the presence of vertebrate-type glial cells in amphioxus, while highlighting the role played by segregated progenitor cell pools in CNS development. There are implications also for our understanding of glial cells in a broader evolutionary context, and insights into patterns of precursor cell deployment in the chordate nerve cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bozzo
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Thurston C Lacalli
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Valentina Obino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bachetti
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Pestarino
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael Schubert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Simona Candiani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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