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Ferrario CR, Münzberg-Gruening H, Rinaman L, Betley JN, Borgland SL, Dus M, Fadool DA, Medler KF, Morton GJ, Sandoval DA, de La Serre CB, Stanley SA, Townsend KL, Watts AG, Maruvada P, Cummings D, Cooke BM. Obesity- and diet-induced plasticity in systems that control eating and energy balance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1425-1440. [PMID: 39010249 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
In April 2023, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), in partnership with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute on Aging, and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, hosted a 2-day online workshop to discuss neural plasticity in energy homeostasis and obesity. The goal was to provide a broad view of current knowledge while identifying research questions and challenges regarding neural systems that control food intake and energy balance. This review includes highlights from the meeting and is intended both to introduce unfamiliar audiences with concepts central to energy homeostasis, feeding, and obesity and to highlight up-and-coming research in these areas that may be of special interest to those with a background in these fields. The overarching theme of this review addresses plasticity within the central and peripheral nervous systems that regulates and influences eating, emphasizing distinctions between healthy and disease states. This is by no means a comprehensive review because this is a broad and rapidly developing area. However, we have pointed out relevant reviews and primary articles throughout, as well as gaps in current understanding and opportunities for developments in the field.
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Grants
- Reported research was supported by DK130246, DK092587, AT011683, MH059911, DK100685, DK119130, DK124801, DK133399, AG079877, DK133464, T32DC000044, F31DC016817, NSF1949989, DK089056, DK124238, DK138368, DK121995, DK125890, DK118910, DK121531, DK124461, DK130875; Canada Research Chair: 950-232211, CIHRFDN148473, CIHRPJT185886; USDA Predoctoral Fellowship; Endowment from the Robinson Family and Tallahassee Memorial Hospital; Department of Defense W81XWH-20-1-0345 and HT9425-23-1-0244; American Diabetes Association #1-17-ACE-31; W.M. Keck Foundation Award; National Science Foundation CAREER 1941822
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Heike Münzberg-Gruening
- Laboratory of Central Leptin Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - J Nicholas Betley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Monica Dus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Debra A Fadool
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Kathryn F Medler
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Claire B de La Serre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Padma Maruvada
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Diana Cummings
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley M Cooke
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Yang C, Yu Y, An J. Effect of High-Sucrose Diet on the Occurrence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and Dietary Modification Strategies. Nutrients 2024; 16:1393. [PMID: 38732638 PMCID: PMC11085904 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
As the most serious of the many worse new pathological changes caused by diabetes, there are many risk factors for the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). They mainly include hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and so on. Among them, hyperglycemia is the most critical cause, and plays a vital role in the pathological changes of DR. High-sucrose diets (HSDs) lead to elevated blood glucose levels in vivo, which, through oxidative stress, inflammation, the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cause plenty of pathological damages to the retina and ultimately bring about loss of vision. The existing therapies for DR primarily target the terminal stage of the disease, when irreversible visual impairment has appeared. Therefore, early prevention is particularly critical. The early prevention of DR-related vision loss requires adjustments to dietary habits, mainly by reducing sugar intake. This article primarily discusses the risk factors, pathophysiological processes and molecular mechanisms associated with the development of DR caused by HSDs. It aims to raise awareness of the crucial role of diet in the occurrence and progression of DR, promote timely changes in dietary habits, prevent vision loss and improve the quality of life. The aim is to make people aware of the importance of diet in the occurrence and progression of DR. According to the dietary modification strategies that we give, patients can change their poor eating habits in a timely manner to avoid theoretically avoidable retinopathy and obtain an excellent prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China;
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou 325101, China
| | - Yifei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhong An
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China;
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou 325101, China
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3
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Yao Y, Wang X, Li D, Chen S, Li C, Guan H, Wang D, Nie X. Cyclocarya paliurus leaves alleviate high-sucrose diet-induced obesity by improving intestinal metabolic disorders. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:5452-5470. [PMID: 38484370 PMCID: PMC11006468 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
High-sucrose diets are common in daily life but harmful to human health. Cyclocarya paliurus leaves (CPL) are a kind of tea used to alleviate metabolic diseases and are widely used in China. However, the effects of CPL on high-sucrose-induced obesity are unknown. This study aimed to describe the changes in gut metabolism induced by a high-sucrose diet and to reveal the potential mechanisms through which CPL alleviate high-sucrose diet-induced obesity. A high-sucrose-induced obesity model was generated in C57BL/6J and KM mice. The effects of CPL on obese mice were evaluated, and changes in the gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites induced by CPL treatment were observed. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) method was used to prove that the effects of CPL on high-sucrose induced obesity depend on the changes of gut microbiota. The results of the C57BL/6J mouse experiment revealed that high-sucrose intake induced fat deposition and altered the gut microbiota. CPL treatment decreased fat deposition and alleviated disorders of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, CPL treatment increased the utilization of amnio acids, long fatty acids and saccharides and produced more bile acids, indole derivatives and less trimethylamine (TMA). A confirmatory experiment in KM mice also revealed that CPL can alleviate obesity, ameliorate intestinal metabolic disorders, and upregulate the expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal mucosa. These results demonstrated that CPL could prevent high sucrose-induced obesity and generate more beneficial intestinal microbial metabolites but less harmful intestinal microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Haiyu Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiaoli Nie
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
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Glendinning JI, Williams N. Chronic sugar exposure increases daily intake of sugars but decreases avidity for sweeteners in mice. Appetite 2023; 191:107077. [PMID: 37813162 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how chronic sugar consumption impacts avidity for and daily intake of sugars. This issue is topical because modern humans exhibit high daily intakes of sugar. Here, we exposed sugar-naïve C57BL/6 mice (across two 28-day exposure periods, EP1 and EP2) to a control (chow and water) or experimental (chow, water and a 11 or 34% sugar solution) diet. The sugar solutions contained sucrose, glucose syrups, or high-fructose syrups. We used brief-access tests to measure appetitive responses to sucralose and sucrose solutions at three time points: baseline (before EP1), after EP1, and after EP2. We used lick rates to infer palatability, and number of trials initiated/test to infer motivation. Exposure to the control diet had no impact on lick rates or number of trials initiated for sucralose and sucrose. In contrast, exposure to the experimental diets reduced licking for the sweeteners to varying degrees. Lick rates were reduced by exposure to sugar solutions containing the 11% glucose syrups, 34% sucrose, 34% glucose syrups and 34% high-fructose syrups. The number of trials initiated was reduced by exposure to all of the sugar solutions. Despite the exposure-induced reductions in avidity for the sweetener solutions, daily intakes of virtually all of the sugar solutions increased across the exposure periods. We conclude that (i) chronic consumption of sugar solutions reduced avidity for the sweetened solutions, (ii) the extent of this effect depended on the concentration and type of sugar, and (iii) avidity for sweet-tasting solutions could not explain the persistently high daily intake of sugar solutions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Niki Williams
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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5
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Yang J, Tang R, Chen S, Chen Y, Yuan K, Huang R, Wang L. Exposure to high-sugar diet induces transgenerational changes in sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior via H3K27me3 reprogramming. eLife 2023; 12:e85365. [PMID: 37698486 PMCID: PMC10558205 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health is facing a host of new threats linked to unbalanced diets, including high-sugar diet (HSD), which contributes to the development of both metabolic and behavioral disorders. Studies have shown that diet-induced metabolic dysfunctions can be transmitted to multiple generations of offspring and exert long-lasting health burden. Meanwhile, whether and how diet-induced behavioral abnormalities can be transmitted to the offspring remains largely unclear. Here, we showed that ancestral HSD exposure suppressed sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior in the offspring in Drosophila. These behavioral deficits were transmitted through the maternal germline and companied by the enhancement of H3K27me3 modifications. PCL-PRC2 complex, a major driver of H3K27 trimethylation, was upregulated by ancestral HSD exposure, and disrupting its activity eliminated the transgenerational inheritance of sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior deficits. Elevated H3K27me3 inhibited the expression of a transcriptional factor Cad and suppressed sweet sensitivity of the sweet-sensing gustatory neurons, reshaping the sweet perception and feeding behavior of the offspring. Taken together, we uncovered a novel molecular mechanism underlying behavioral abnormalities spanning multiple generations of offspring upon ancestral HSD exposure, which would contribute to the further understanding of long-term health risk of unbalanced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ruijun Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Shiye Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yinan Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kai Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- The Biobank of Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Rui Huang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | - Liming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
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Finnell JE, Ferrario CR. Applying behavioral economics-based approaches to examine the effects of liquid sucrose consumption on motivation. Appetite 2023; 186:106556. [PMID: 37044175 PMCID: PMC10575208 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Overconsumption of sugar contributes to obesity in part by changing the activity of brain areas that drive the motivation to seek out and consume food. Sugar-sweetened beverages are the most common source of excess dietary sugar and contribute to weight gain. However, very few studies have assessed the effects of liquid sucrose consumption on motivation. This is due in part to the need for novel approaches to assess motivation in pre-clinical models. To address this, we developed a within-session behavioral economics procedure to assess motivation for liquid sucrose. We first established and validated the procedure: we tested several sucrose concentrations, evaluated sensitivity of the procedure to satiety, and optimized several testing parameters. We then applied this new procedure to determine how intermittent vs. continuous access to liquid sucrose (1 M) in the home cage affects sucrose motivation. We found that intermittent liquid sucrose access results in an escalation of sucrose intake in the home cage, without altering motivation for liquid sucrose during demand testing (1 M or 0.25 M) compared to water-maintained controls. In contrast, continuous home cage access selectively blunted motivation for 1 M sucrose, while motivation for 0.25 M sucrose was similar to intermittent sucrose and control groups. Thus, effects of continuous home cage liquid sucrose access were selective to the familiar sucrose concentration. Finally, effects of sucrose on motivation recovered after removal of liquid sucrose from the diet. These data provide a new approach to examine motivation for liquid sucrose and show that escalation of intake and motivation for sucrose are dissociable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Psychology Department (Biopsychology Area), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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7
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Chometton S, Tsan L, Hayes AMR, Kanoski SE, Schier LA. Early-life influences of low-calorie sweetener consumption on sugar taste. Physiol Behav 2023; 264:114133. [PMID: 36801464 PMCID: PMC11062773 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Children and adolescents are the highest consumers of added sugars, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Regular consumption of SSB early in life induces a variety of negative consequences on health that can last into adulthood. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are increasingly used as an alternative to added sugars because they provide a sweet sensation without adding calories to the diet. However, the long-term effects of early-life consumption of LCS are not well understood. Considering LCS engage at least one of the same taste receptors as sugars and potentially modulate cellular mechanisms of glucose transport and metabolism, it is especially important to understand how early-life LCS consumption impacts intake of and regulatory responses to caloric sugars. In our recent study, we found that habitual intake of LCS during the juvenile-adolescence period significantly changed how rats responded to sugar later in life. Here, we review evidence that LCS and sugars are sensed via common and distinct gustatory pathways, and then discuss the implications this has for shaping sugar-associated appetitive, consummatory, and physiological responses. Ultimately, the review highlights the diverse gaps in knowledge that will be necessary to fill to understand the consequences of regular LCS consumption during important phases of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chometton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna M R Hayes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Sung H, Vaziri A, Wilinski D, Woerner RKR, Freddolino PL, Dus M. Nutrigenomic regulation of sensory plasticity. eLife 2023; 12:e83979. [PMID: 36951889 PMCID: PMC10036121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet profoundly influences brain physiology, but how metabolic information is transmuted into neural activity and behavior changes remains elusive. Here, we show that the metabolic enzyme O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) moonlights on the chromatin of the D. melanogaster gustatory neurons to instruct changes in chromatin accessibility and transcription that underlie sensory adaptations to a high-sugar diet. OGT works synergistically with the Mitogen Activated Kinase/Extracellular signal Regulated Kinase (MAPK/ERK) rolled and its effector stripe (also known as EGR2 or Krox20) to integrate activity information. OGT also cooperates with the epigenetic silencer Polycomb Repressive Complex 2.1 (PRC2.1) to decrease chromatin accessibility and repress transcription in the high-sugar diet. This integration of nutritional and activity information changes the taste neurons' responses to sugar and the flies' ability to sense sweetness. Our findings reveal how nutrigenomic signaling generates neural activity and behavior in response to dietary changes in the sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Sung
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, The University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Anoumid Vaziri
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, The University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- The Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Daniel Wilinski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, The University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Riley KR Woerner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, The University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Peter L Freddolino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, The University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Monica Dus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, The University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- The Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- The Michigan Neuroscience InstituteAnn ArborUnited States
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9
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Pardo-Garcia TR, Gu K, Woerner RKR, Dus M. Food memory circuits regulate eating and energy balance. Curr Biol 2023; 33:215-227.e3. [PMID: 36528025 PMCID: PMC9877168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, learning circuits play an essential role in energy balance by creating associations between sensory cues and the rewarding qualities of food. This process is altered by diet-induced obesity, but the causes and mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we exploited the relative simplicity and wealth of knowledge about the D. melanogaster reinforcement learning network, the mushroom body, in order to study the relationship between the dietary environment, dopamine-induced plasticity, and food associations. We show flies that are fed a high-sugar diet cannot make associations between sensory cues and the rewarding properties of sugar. This deficit was caused by diet exposure, not fat accumulation, and specifically by lower dopamine-induced plasticity onto mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) during learning. Importantly, food memories dynamically tune the output of MBONs during eating, which instead remains fixed in sugar-diet animals. Interestingly, manipulating the activity of MBONs influenced eating and fat mass, depending on the diet. Altogether, this work advances our fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, causes, and consequences of the dietary environment on reinforcement learning and ingestive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut R Pardo-Garcia
- The Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kathleen Gu
- The Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Riley K R Woerner
- The Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Monica Dus
- The Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Li C, Xiao N, Deng N, Li D, Tan Z, Peng M. Dose of sucrose affects the efficacy of Qiweibaizhu powder on antibiotic-associated diarrhea: Association with intestinal mucosal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, IL-17, and MUC2. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1108398. [PMID: 36744095 PMCID: PMC9893413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to the poor taste of Qiweibaizhu powder (QWBZP), patients have difficulty taking medicine, which leads to poor compliance and limits clinical use to a certain extent. In the trend of restricting sugar intake, sweeteners have gained massive popularity, among which sucrose is a commonly used sweetener in preparations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different sucrose dose addition with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) by intervened QWBZP on intestinal mucosal microbiota. Methods Thirty specific-pathogen-free (SPF) Kunming (KM) male mice were randomly divided into normal group (N), natural recovery group (M), QWBZP group (Q), low dose sucrose group (LQ), medium dose sucrose group (MQ), and high dose sucrose group (HQ). Subsequently, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and GC-MS techniques were used to analyze the intestinal mucosal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) in intestinal contents, respectively, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine mucin 2 (MUC2) and interleukin 17 (IL-17). Results Compared with the Q group, the results showed that with the increase of sucrose dose, the intestinal microbial structure of mice was significantly altered, and the intestinal microbial diversity was elevated, with the poor restoration of the intestinal biological barrier, decreased content of SCFAs, high expression of inflammatory factor IL-17 and decreased content of mucosal protective factor MUC2. In conclusion, we found that the addition of sucrose had an effect on the efficacy of the AAD intervented by QWBZP, which was less effective than QWBZP, showing a certain dose-response relationship. In this experiment, it was concluded that the addition of sucrose might also further lead to intestinal inflammation and the disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and the production of metabolites SCFAs. Discussion The addition of sucrose might also further lead to intestinal inflammation and the disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and the production of metabolites SCFAs. However, these findings still need to be verified in a more extensive study. The effect of adding the sweetener sucrose on the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine in treating diseases also still needs more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiru Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Nenqun Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Na Deng
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Zhoujin Tan,
| | - Maijiao Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,Maijiao Peng,
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